How to make synthetic minerals

Abstract

Methods for making synthetic minerals and synthetic mineral precursors and products of said methods.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates generally to methods for making synthetic minerals, such as synthetic phyllosilicates, such as synthetic talc. The present invention further relates to products and intermediate products of the methods and various uses of the products. [Background technology]

[0002] Mineral particles containing silicates, such as germanates, silicogermanates and germanosilicates, can be used in a wide variety of applications in various industrial fields. For example, mineral particles can be used in thermoplastics, elastomers, paper, paints, varnishes, textiles, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fertilizers, etc. Mineral particles can be used as inert fillers (e.g., to dilute other more expensive active ingredients in a composition) or as functional fillers to impart one or more advantageous properties (e.g., to enhance the mechanical properties of a material). Silica salts can be obtained from natural sources and then ground to produce silicate products for use in various industrial applications. However, naturally occurring silicate products may contain a certain level of impurities. Furthermore, naturally occurring silicates may require multiple processing steps to obtain the desired particle size distribution. In contrast, synthetic silicate particles and synthetic germanate particles generally have a higher level of purity and a narrower particle size distribution than the corresponding natural products. It is therefore desirable to provide alternative and / or improved methods for producing synthetic mineral particles containing silicon and / or germanium. Summary of the Invention

[0003] According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for making a synthetic mineral comprising the steps of: forming a synthetic mineral precursor by a precipitation reaction between a metal silicate and / or germanate and a monovalent or divalent metal salt; Provided is the method wherein the precipitation reaction does not include the addition of an acid or hydroxide-base reagent to chemically equilibrate the precipitation reaction. According to an alternative aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for making a synthetic mineral comprising the steps of: forming a synthetic mineral precursor by a precipitation reaction between a metal silicate and / or germanate and a monovalent or divalent metal salt; The method further comprises providing a metal silicate and / or germanate having a molar ratio of metal atoms to silicon and / or germanium atoms of less than about 2. According to a further alternative aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for producing a synthetic mineral, said method comprising forming a synthetic mineral precursor by a precipitation reaction between a metal silicate and / or germanate and a mono- or divalent metal salt, followed by heat treatment of the synthetic mineral precursor under supercritical conditions. According to a further alternative aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for making a synthetic mineral comprising the steps of: forming a synthetic mineral precursor by a precipitation reaction between a metal silicate and / or germanate and a monovalent or divalent metal salt; The method includes the step of preparing a metal silicate and / or germanate comprising a metal disilicate and / or digermanate together with a metal metasilicate and / or metagermanate, in a particular embodiment, the metal silicate and / or germanate comprises a metal disilicate and a metal metasilicate.

[0004] According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for making a synthetic mineral precursor comprising the steps of: comprising a precipitation reaction between a metal silicate and / or germanate and a monovalent or divalent metal salt, the precipitation reaction does not include the addition of an acid or hydroxide-base reagent to chemically equilibrate the precipitation reaction; or the molar ratio of metal atoms to silicon and / or germanium atoms in the metal silicate and / or germanate is less than about 2; or the metal silicate and / or germanate is a metal metasilicate and / or metagermanate and the synthetic mineral precursor is heat-treated under supercritical conditions after the precipitation reaction; or The method is provided wherein the metal silicate and / or germanate comprises a metal disilicate and / or digermanate together with a metal metasilicate and / or metagermanate.

[0005] According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of making a synthetic mineral, the method comprising heat treatment of a synthetic mineral precursor of any aspect or embodiment of the present invention or a synthetic mineral precursor made according to any aspect or embodiment of the present invention. According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a synthetic mineral obtained by and / or obtainable by the method of any aspect or embodiment of the present invention. According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a synthetic mineral precursor obtained by and / or obtainable by the method of any aspect or embodiment of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the synthetic mineral or synthetic mineral precursor is a synthetic silicate or synthetic silicate precursor, respectively. In certain embodiments, the synthetic mineral or synthetic mineral precursor is a synthetic phyllosilicate or synthetic phyllosilicate precursor, respectively. In certain embodiments, the synthetic phyllosilicate or synthetic phyllosilicate precursor is a synthetic talc or synthetic talc precursor, respectively.

[0006] In particular embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a sodium silicate, such as sodium disilicate and / or sodium metasilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a combination of disilicate and / or digermanate and metasilicate / metagermanate in a ratio sufficient to effect an equilibrium precipitation reaction without the external addition of acid or hydroxide base reagents and / or without producing acid or base as a product of the precipitation reaction. In certain embodiments, the divalent or trivalent metal salt is a magnesium salt and / or a zinc salt. In certain embodiments, the divalent or trivalent metal salt is an acetate or sulfate. In certain embodiments, the synthetic mineral precursor is subjected to a heat treatment process, such as a hydrothermal treatment process, to produce the synthetic mineral. In certain embodiments, the heat treatment process is carried out under supercritical conditions. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a metasilicate and the heat treatment process is carried out under supercritical conditions. In certain embodiments, the precipitation reaction is carried out in the presence of a metal carboxylate of formula R-COOM', where R is selected from hydrogen (-H) and alkyl groups containing less than 5 carbon atoms, and M is a monovalent metal. In certain embodiments, the metal carboxylate is a monovalent metal salt, such as a sodium or potassium salt. In certain embodiments, the metal carboxylate is an acetate salt.

[0007] Particular embodiments of any of the aspects of the invention may provide one or more of the following advantages. Fewer reactants required; · Cheaper reactants used; · More economical / environmentally friendly processes; The synthesis product has high purity; The synthesis product has a high degree of crystallinity; The synthesis product has high lamellarity; Desired particle size distribution - No acids and / or bases are produced as products of the precipitation reaction.

[0008] The details, examples and preferences given with respect to any particular one or more of the above aspects of the invention are described further herein and apply equally to all aspects of the invention. Any combination of all possible variations of the embodiments, examples and preferences described herein is encompassed by the invention, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0009] [Figure 1] 1 shows an X-ray diffractogram of synthetic talc prepared by the method of Example 1 (24-hour treatment). [Diagram 2] 1 shows an X-ray diffractogram of synthetic talc produced by the method of Example 1 (treatment for 6 hours). [Diagram 3] 1 shows an infrared spectrum of synthetic talc produced by the method of Example 1 (treatment for 6 hours). [Figure 4] 1 shows an electron microscope photograph of synthetic talc produced by the method of Example 1 (treatment for 6 hours). [Diagram 5] 1 shows an X-ray diffractogram of the synthetic willemite produced by the method of Example 6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] Provided herein is a method for making a synthetic mineral, the method comprising making a synthetic mineral precursor by a precipitation reaction between one or more metal silicates and / or germanates and one or more divalent or trivalent metal salts. It has been surprisingly and advantageously found that synthetic minerals can be made without the external addition to the precipitation reaction mixture of any reagents previously used to chemically equilibrate the precipitation reaction, particularly acid reagents (e.g., acetic acid) or hydroxide base reagents. In certain embodiments, it has been further surprisingly and advantageously found that synthetic minerals can be made without producing an acid or base as a product of the precipitation reaction. This can be the result, for example, of not adding an external acid or hydroxide base reagent to the precipitation reaction. In particular, in certain embodiments, the one or more metal silicates and / or germanates comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of metal metasilicates and / or metal metagermanates, and the method further comprises hydrothermal treatment under supercritical conditions.

[0011] It has further surprisingly and advantageously been found that synthetic minerals can be made using metal silicates and / or germanates in which the molar ratio of metal atoms to silicon and / or germanium atoms in the metal silicate and / or germanate is about 2. Thus, in certain embodiments, the one or more metal silicates and / or germanates comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of metal disilicates and / or digermanates. For example, the one or more metal silicates and / or germanates may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of metal disilicates. It has further surprisingly and advantageously been found that a combination of disilicate and / or digermanate and metasilicate and / or metagermanate can be used to make synthetic minerals.Thus, in certain embodiments, one or more metal silicates and / or germanates comprise, essentially consist of, or consist of a combination of one or more disilicate and / or digermanate and one or more metasilicate and / or metagermanate.For example, one or more metal silicates and / or germanates comprise, essentially consist of, or consist of a combination of disilicate and metasilicate.

[0012] In certain embodiments, the precipitation reaction does not include the addition of an acid or hydroxide base reagent to chemically equilibrate the precipitation reaction. In certain embodiments, the precipitation reaction does not include the addition of an acid or hydroxide base, regardless of whether the precipitation reaction is equilibrated. In certain embodiments, the precipitation reaction does not include the addition of any reagent to chemically equilibrate the precipitation reaction. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the molar ratio of metal atoms to silicon and / or germanium atoms in the metal silicate and / or germanate is about 2. Alternatively or additionally, in certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate includes a metal disilicate and a metal metasilicate in a relative ratio sufficient to obtain an equilibrium precipitation reaction without, for example, external dropwise addition of a hydroxide reagent and / or without producing an acid or base as a product of the precipitation reaction. In certain embodiments, the methods described herein do not form an acid or base as a product of the precipitation reaction.

[0013] The synthetic minerals produced by the methods described herein may be synthetic silicates, synthetic germanates, or any other synthetic minerals containing silicon and / or germanium, such as silicogermanates and germanosilicates. The term germanosilicate refers to silicates in which less than 50% of the silicon is replaced by germanium. The term silicogermanate refers to germanates in which less than 50% of the germanium is replaced by silicon. The term germanate refers to a material that contains germanate groups (anionic groups that contain germanium). The term silicate refers to a material that contains silicic groups (anionic groups that contain silicon). The silicate can be, for example, a phyllosilicate. The silicate and / or germanate can have, for example, a trigonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic, hexagonal, tetragonal or cubic crystal structure. For example, the silicate can be willemite. Germanium can, for example, partially or totally replace silicon in silicate minerals, so that germanate, silicogermanate and germanosilicate minerals can have a crystal structure that corresponds to that of traditional silicates.

[0014] The term phyllosilicate refers to a material that contains silicic acid groups (anionic groups containing silicon) and has a crystal structure that contains at least one tetrahedral layer and at least one octahedral layer. The number of layers can range from a few units to several thousand units. The phyllosilicate can be, for example, a 2:1 phyllosilicate, in which two tetrahedral layers are on either side of an octahedral layer. The synthetic phyllosilicate or synthetic phyllosilicate precursor may be selected from, for example, synthetic talc, synthetic pyrophyllite, synthetic mica, synthetic smectite (e.g., bentonite, montmorillonite, nontronite, beidellite, saponite), synthetic kaolinite, synthetic serpentine, synthetic chlorite, and mixtures of one or more thereof. In certain embodiments, the synthetic phyllosilicate or synthetic phyllosilicate precursor is synthetic talc (formula Mg 3 S 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ) hydroxylated magnesium silicate. The present invention may tend to be discussed in terms of synthetic talc. However, the invention should not be construed as being limited as such.

[0015] A synthetic silicate and / or germanate (e.g., a synthetic phyllosilicate) may, for example, be non-swelling. This means that its (001) diffraction line is not affected by treatment by placing it in contact with ethylene glycol or glycol, i.e., its interatomic distance corresponding to the (001) (x-ray) diffraction line does not increase after being placed in contact with ethylene glycol or glycol. 2:1 phyllosilicates other than smectites, such as talc and micas, such as muscovite, are non-swelling. Metal silicates and / or germanates contain silicate ions and / or germanate ions. Metal silicates are compounds that combine a metal cation with an anion containing silicon, such as an orthosilicate ion (SiO 4 4- ), [SiO 2+n ] 2n- , {[SiO 3 ] 2-}n or {[SiO 2.5 - ]} n Metal germanates are compounds that contain a metal cation and an anion that contains germanium, such as the orthogermanate ion (GeO 4 4- ) and an oxyanion such as . In a particular embodiment, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a metal silicate. In a particular embodiment, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a metal germanate. In a particular embodiment, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a mixture of a metal silicate and a metal germanate. The invention may tend to be discussed in terms of metal silicates, particularly metal disilicates and / or metal metasilicates. In a particular embodiment, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a mixture of a metal metasilicate and a metal disilicate. However, the invention should not be construed as being so limited.

[0016] The molar ratio of metal atoms to silicon and / or germanium atoms in the metal silicate and / or germanate may be, for example, less than about 2. For example, the molar ratio of metal atoms to silicon and / or germanium atoms in the metal silicate and / or germanate may be, for example, about 1.5 or less, or about 1 or less. For example, the molar ratio of metal atoms to silicon and / or germanium atoms in the metal silicate and / or germanate may be, for example, greater than 0, for example, about 0.5 or more. For example, the molar ratio of metal atoms to silicon and / or germanium atoms in the metal silicate and / or germanate may be about 1 (for example, when the metal silicate and / or germanate is sodium disilicate Na 2 S 2 O 5 (If yes).

[0017] The metal silicate and / or germanate may be, for example, a metal monosilicate and / or monogermanate or a metal disilicate and / or digermanate. Examples of metal monosilicates include sodium metasilicate (Na2 SiO 3 ), Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate (Na 2 SiO 3 .5H 2 O or Na 2 SiO 2 (OH) 2 .4H 2 O), sodium metasilicate hexahydrate (Na 2 SiO 3 .6H 2 O), sodium metasilicate octahydrate (Na 2 SiO 3 .8H 2 O) or sodium metasilicate nonahydrate (Na 2 SiO 3 .9H 2 O or Na 2 SiO 2 (OH) 2 .8H 2 Examples of metal disilicates include sodium disilicate (Na 2 S 2 O 6 .xH 2 O, e.g., x is close to or equal to about 1). In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is not a metal monosilicate and / or is not a metal monogermanate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is not a metal metasilicate or is not sodium metasilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is not a metal metagermanate.

[0018] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a metal disilicate and / or a digermanate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a metal disilicate, such as sodium disilicate and / or potassium disilicate. The metal silicate and / or germanate may be hydrated or not. For example, the metal silicate and / or germanate may be a pentahydrate, hexahydrate, octahydrate or nonahydrate. The metal silicate and / or germanate may be, for example, a monovalent metal silicate and / or germanate, such as sodium silicate and / or sodium germanate or potassium silicate and / or potassium germanate. The metal silicate and / or germanate may be, for example, potassium metasilicate (K 2 SiO 3 ) may be hydrated or non-hydrated. The sodium silicate and / or potassium silicate may, for example, be in an aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a metal metasilicate and / or a metal disilicate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is sodium metasilicate and / or sodium disilicate.

[0019] The divalent or trivalent metal salt used in the precipitation reaction may, for example, comprise any divalent or trivalent metal. For example, the divalent or trivalent metal salt may comprise beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, cobalt, zinc, copper, manganese, iron, nickel, chromium, or a combination of one or more thereof. The present invention may tend to be described in terms of divalent metal salts, particularly magnesium salts or zinc salts. However, the present invention should not be construed as being so limited. The divalent or trivalent metal salt may be, for example, a non-silicate and / or a non-germanate. The divalent or trivalent metal salt may be, for example, a carboxylate (e.g., acetate), a nitrate, a nitrite, a sulfate, a sulfide, a sulfite, a hydrogen sulfate, a hydrogen sulfite, a halide, a carbonate, a hydrogen carbonate, a chlorate, a chromate, a dichromate, a phosphate, a hydroxide, a thiosulfate, a perchlorate, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the divalent or trivalent metal salt may be a carboxylate (e.g., acetate) or a sulfate. In certain embodiments, the divalent or trivalent metal salt is magnesium acetate or magnesium sulfate. In certain embodiments, the divalent or trivalent metal salt may be a hydrate. In particular embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate is a disilicate, such as sodium disilicate, and the divalent or trivalent metal salt is an acetate or sulfate, such as magnesium acetate or magnesium sulfate.

[0020] The precipitation reaction may, for example, use one or more metal silicates and / or germanates and one or more divalent or trivalent metal salts. The precipitation reaction may, for example, use one or more metal silicates and one or more divalent or trivalent metal salts. The precipitation reaction may, for example, use one metal silicate and / or germanate and / or one divalent or trivalent metal salt. In a particular embodiment, the precipitation reaction uses a mixture of metasilicate and disilicate. The precipitation reaction is carried out by contacting one or more metal silicates and / or germanates and one or more divalent or trivalent metal salts. The metal silicates and / or germanates and the divalent or trivalent metal salts may be in any form suitable for carrying out the precipitation reaction. For example, the metal silicates and / or germanates and the divalent or trivalent metal salts may each independently be in liquid form. For example, the metal silicates and / or germanates and the divalent or trivalent metal salts may each independently be in solution, and the solutions may be mixed to initiate the precipitation reaction. The solvent for the solution of the metal silicates and / or germanates and the divalent or trivalent metal salts may be, for example, water, an alcohol, or a mixture of one or more of these. The alcohol may, for example, be a straight or branched chain alcohol containing less than 10 or less than 7 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol. In certain embodiments, the solvent is water (in other words, the metal silicate and / or germanate and the divalent or trivalent metal salt can each independently be in an aqueous solution).

[0021] The reaction medium and each starting composition may be at least partially hydrated (hence the hydrothermal treatment of the reaction medium is more commonly referred to as solvothermal treatment). The liquid medium can be selected, for example, from water, alcohols and mixtures thereof. For example, the alcohol can be selected from linear or branched alcohols containing less than 10 carbon atoms, for example less than 7 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. For example, the liquid medium of the starting composition and the liquid medium of the reaction medium can be prepared, for example, using water alone or a mixture of water and at least one alcohol.

[0022] The precipitation reaction may be carried out, for example, at room temperature and pressure or near room temperature and pressure and / or ambient temperature and pressure. For example, at a temperature in the range of about 15°C to about 30°C or about 15°C to about 25°C. For example, at a pressure in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.5 MPa, for example in the range of about 0.09 to about 0.2 MPa, for example at about 0.1 MPa. Alternatively, the precipitation reaction may be carried out at a higher temperature and / or pressure to dissolve the salt in water more quickly, for example at a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 70°C. Alternatively, the precipitation reaction may be carried out immediately prior to the heat treatment process described herein and therefore at a temperature and pressure suitable for the heat treatment process described herein. The metal silicate and / or germanate may be mixed with the divalent or trivalent metal salt, for example by manual stirring, magnetic stirring and / or ultrasound. The concentration of each solution is, for example, about 10 -3 mol / L to about 10 mol / L, for example about 10 -2 mol / L to about 5 mol / L, for example about 10 -1 The concentration may be in the range of 0.5 mol / L to about 3 mol / L. The metal silicate and / or germanate may be combined with a divalent or trivalent metal salt in a stoichiometric ratio to obtain the desired synthetic mineral (the ratio of the metal silicate and / or germanate to the divalent or trivalent metal salt corresponds to the ratio of these elements in the desired synthetic mineral).

[0023] In the previously described processes, an acidic reagent, such as acetic acid, was added to the precipitation reaction to chemically equilibrate the reaction so that no base appears as a product of the precipitation reaction. However, it has surprisingly been found that synthetic minerals can be made without adding any reagent, particularly an acidic or hydroxide-based reagent, to chemically equilibrate the precipitation reaction. Thus, in certain embodiments, no acidic or hydroxide-based reagent is added to the precipitation reaction in an amount or under conditions suitable to equilibrate the reaction. In certain embodiments, no acidic or hydroxide-based reagent is added to the precipitation reaction. In certain embodiments, no additional reagent is added to the precipitation reaction in an amount or under conditions suitable to equilibrate the reaction. This means that no acidic or hydroxide-based reagent is added to the metal silicate and / or germanate and divalent or trivalent metal salt before or during the precipitation reaction. In certain embodiments, no acidic or hydroxide-based reagent is added to the metal silicate and / or germanate and divalent or trivalent metal salt after the precipitation reaction. In this context, added reagents do not include metal silicates and / or germanates and divalent or trivalent metal salts required for the precipitation reaction. They also do not include the addition of metal carboxylates of formula R-COOM' as described herein that may be added to facilitate the synthesis of synthetic minerals during heat treatment and / or to provide precursors with improved particle size with less interparticle agglomeration. In this context, acids and bases refer to acids and bases according to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, so that acids are species that can lose protons and bases are species that can accept protons. Hydroxide base reagents refer to any reagent that forms hydroxides when present in the reaction medium for the precipitation reaction. For example, sodium alkoxides dissolve in water to give alcohols and NaOH, which can be used as hydroxide bases to chemically balance the precipitation reaction.

[0024] In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate comprises a metal disilicate and / or digermanate. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate and / or germanate comprises a metal disilicate / digermanate and a metal metasilicate / metagermanate. The metal disilicate / digermanate and the metal metasilicate / metagermanate may be used together without the external addition of an acid or hydroxide base reagent, e.g., without the external addition of any additional reagent. When using a combination of a metal disilicate and / or digermanate and a metal metasilicate and / or metagermanate, the disilicate and / or digermanate and the metasilicate and / or metagermanate can be used in the stoichiometric ratio required to obtain the desired synthetic mineral product, e.g., without the addition of an acid or hydroxide base as a reagent in the precipitation reaction and / or without producing an acid or hydroxide base as a product of the precipitation reaction. The precipitation reaction can be, for example, as follows: Na 2 S 2 O 5 +2Na 2 SiO 3 +3Mg(CH 3 COO)2+n'H 2 O →Mg 3 S 4 O 11 ,n'H 2 O+6(CH 3 COO)Na

[0025] In a particular embodiment, the precipitation reaction involves the addition or is carried out in the presence of one or more metal carboxylates of formula R-COOM', where R is selected from hydrogen (-H) and alkyl groups containing less than 5 carbon atoms, and M' is a monovalent metal. This can act to promote the formation of synthetic minerals during the heat treatment process. Alternatively or additionally, the heat treatment described herein is carried out in the presence of one or more metal carboxylates of formula R-COOM' as described herein. In a particular embodiment, one or more metal carboxylates of formula R-COOM' are used in addition to the metal source for the precipitation reaction (divalent or trivalent metal salt), which may be a carboxylate. The metal carboxylates of formula R-COOM' do not provide a metal source for the synthetic mineral. In certain embodiments, R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain embodiments, R is methyl or ethyl. In certain embodiments, R is methyl (R-COO is acetic acid). In certain embodiments, M' is a monovalent metal, such as sodium, potassium, or a combination of one or more thereof. In certain embodiments, M' is sodium or potassium. In certain embodiments, M' is the same metal as the metal in the metal silicate and / or germanate. In particular embodiments, the metal carboxylate is sodium acetate or potassium acetate. The metal carboxylate may be used, for example, in a concentration that allows a synthetic mineral to be obtained after a reduced duration of hydrothermal treatment. The metal carboxylate may be used, for example, in a concentration ranging from about 0.1 mol / L to about 10 mol / L, for example, from about 0.2 mol / L to about 8 mol / L, for example, from about 0.5 mol / L to about 6 mol / L, for example, from about 1 mol / L to about 5 mol / L, for example, from about 1 mol / L to about 4 mol / L. The molar ratio of the metal carboxylate to silicon and / or germanium can be, for example, about 0.05 to about 25, such as about 0.05 to about 20, for example, about 0.1 to about 15, for example, about 0.1 to about 10.

[0026] The precipitation reaction forms a synthetic mineral precursor. The synthetic mineral precursor comprises silicon and / or germanium. The precursor may be, for example, a suspension, for example a white suspension, or may be, for example, a hydrate of the formula (Si x’ Ge 1-x’ ) 4 M 3 O 11 ,n'H 2 O, where M is a metal, x' is a value between 0 and 1 inclusive, and n' is the number of water molecules associated with the gel. For example, the synthetic mineral precursors can be recovered, for example, after centrifugation (e.g. 3000-15,000 rpm for 5-60 minutes) and removal of the supernatant, optionally washed with demineralized water and then dried (e.g. in an oven, e.g. at 60° C. for 2 days), or by freeze-drying, or by atomization, or by microwave irradiation. The synthetic mineral precursors may therefore be stored in powder form with a view to a possible subsequent heat treatment. The synthetic mineral precursor is then treated to produce synthetic mineral particles. The treatment may include, for example, a heat treatment, such as a hydrothermal treatment process. For example, the precipitation medium of the precipitation reaction may be subjected to a heat treatment, such as a hydrothermal treatment process, to produce the synthetic mineral. When the precipitation reaction is carried out using a solution of metal silicate and / or germanate and / or divalent or trivalent metal salt, the solvent (e.g. water) may be the precipitation medium that undergoes the heat treatment process.

[0027] The methods described herein can, for example, involve a heat treatment process in a batch or continuous process. The methods described herein can, for example, involve heat treatment of synthetic mineral precursors as described, for example, in US2017 / 0066655, US2014 / 0205528, or US2013 / 0343980, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Continuous reactors suitable for the process described herein include, for example, constant volume continuous reactors, such as piston reactors or piston flow type reactors, or reactors that can be modeled by a series of stirred reactors. It can be, for example, the case of tubular reactors, where the flow of the reaction medium takes place under laminar, turbulent or intermediate regimes. Furthermore, any co-current or counter-current reactor can be used for the introduction and placing in contact the various compositions and / or liquid media that are placed in contact in the process described herein. Injection can also be carried out using T or Y injectors. The continuous reactor has at least one inlet suitable for allowing the continuous introduction of the reactants to the reaction zone and at least one outlet for the continuous removal of the synthetic mineral product. The thermal treatment can be carried out, for example, in an autoclave, such as an autoclave made of a nickel-based alloy, such as Hastelloy® (commercially available from Haynes International, Kokomo, United States), or a titanium autoclave, or a steel autoclave with an internal polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lining, if the hydrothermal treatment temperature does not exceed 250° C. The autoclave may have any volume, for example, a volume ranging from about 200 ml to about 50 L. The heat treatment may be carried out, for example, with mechanical stirring. Thus, the autoclave may be equipped, for example, with an internal metal screw.

[0028] Any temperature suitable for the formation of synthetic minerals as a function of pressure and reaction time may be used. The heat treatment process may be carried out at a temperature of, for example, about 100° C. or higher. For example, the heat treatment process may be carried out at a temperature of about 120° C. or higher, or about 140° C. or higher, or about 150° C. or higher, or about 160° C. or higher, or about 170° C. or higher, or about 180° C. or higher, or about 190° C. or higher, or about 200° C. or higher, or about 210° C. or higher, or about 220° C. or higher, or about 230° C. or higher, or about 240° C. or higher, or about 250° C. or higher, or about 260° C. or higher, or about 270° C. or higher, or about 280° C. or higher, or about 290° C. or higher, or about 300° C. or higher. The heat treatment process may be carried out at a temperature of, for example, up to about 600° C., or up to about 590° C., or up to about 580° C., or up to about 570° C., or up to about 560° C., or up to about 550° C., or up to about 540° C., or up to about 530° C., or up to about 520° C., or up to about 510° C., or up to about 500° C. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the heat treatment process ranges from about 150° C. to about 600° C., or from about 200° C. to about 400° C., or from about 200° C. to about 350° C., or from about 350° C. to about 450° C., or from about 250° C. to about 350° C.

[0029] Any pressure suitable for the formation of synthetic minerals as a function of temperature and reaction time may be used. The heat treatment process may be carried out, for example, at a pressure of about 5 bar (0.5 MPa) or more. For example, the heat treatment process may be carried out at a pressure of about 10 bar (1 MPa) or more, or about 20 bar (2 MPa) or more, or about 30 bar (3 MPa) or more, or about 40 bar (4 MPa) or more, or about 50 bar (5 MPa) or more. The heat treatment process may be carried out, for example, at a pressure of up to about 300 bar (30 MPa) or up to about 250 bar (25 MPa) or up to about 200 bar (20 MPa) or up to about 150 bar (15 MPa). The heat treatment may be carried out, for example, under autogenous pressure, i.e. at a pressure at least equal to the saturated vapor pressure of water (pressure at which the gas phase is in equilibrium with the liquid phase). The autogenous pressure reached in the autoclave during the thermal treatment therefore depends, inter alia, on the temperature at which said thermal treatment is carried out, on the volume of the autoclave and on the amount of water present. Likewise, the hydrothermal treatment can be carried out at a pressure higher than the saturated vapour pressure of water or higher than the autogenous pressure in the vessel in which the thermal treatment is carried out. For that purpose, a gas which is chemically neutral with respect to the thermal reaction can be injected, for example, into the autoclave or vessel in which the hydrothermal treatment is carried out. Such gases are inert gases (noble gases), in particular argon, nitrogen (N 2 ), carbon dioxide and air (compressed air). For example, water (preferably distilled water) may be added to the autoclave in an amount at least sufficient to create a saturated vapor pressure inside the autoclave once it has been brought to the processing temperature.

[0030] The heat treatment may, for example, be carried out with a synthetic mineral precursor that is liquefied and has a liquid / solid ratio (amount of liquid expressed in cm3 and amount of solid expressed in grams, referring to the amount of dry synthetic mineral precursor only, i.e. without taking into account any optional metal carboxylate) of 2 to 20, in particular 5 to 15. Optionally, if necessary, a suitable amount of water may be added to said liquefied synthetic mineral precursor to achieve said ratio. The heat treatment process may be carried out, for example, under subcritical or supercritical conditions. The heat treatment process may be carried out, for example, under supercritical conditions with respect to the reaction medium or liquid medium in which the reaction occurs. For example, the heat treatment process may be carried out under supercritical conditions with respect to water. For example, in the presence of an essentially or solely aqueous reaction medium, supercritical conditions are temperatures and pressures above the critical point of water (22.1 MPa and 374°C). Thus, the heat treatment process may be carried out, for example, at temperatures above about 375°C and pressures above about 22.3 MPa. In particular, the heat treatment process may be carried out under supercritical conditions when the metal silicate and / or germanate comprises or is a metasilicate and / or metagermanate, for example, sodium metasilicate and / or sodium metagermanate. The heat treatment process may be carried out for a period ranging from about 5 seconds to about 30 days, for example. For example, the heat treatment process may be carried out for a period ranging from about 1 minute to about 25 days, or from about 5 minutes to about 20 days, or from about 10 minutes to about 15 days, or from about 1 hour to about 24 hours, or from about 2 hours to about 12 hours, or from about 4 hours to about 8 hours. For example, the heat treatment process may be carried out for a period ranging from about 5 seconds to about 1 minute, or from about 10 seconds to about 30 seconds. For example, when a continuous process is utilized and / or when supercritical conditions are utilized, the heat treatment process may be carried out for a period of less than about 60 seconds.

[0031] At the end of the heat treatment of the synthetic mineral precursor, a composition can be obtained in the form of a colloidal solution containing mineral particles, for example with at least one non-expanded phase. These synthetic mineral particles in the solution can be in such a state that they are sufficiently individualized from each other, with little or no agglomeration. At the end of the heat treatment, a colloidal composition can be recovered, which contains synthetic mineral particles in suspension in an aqueous solution of metal carboxylate. The colloidal composition can then be subjected to a drying step, after an optional washing step with water, in order to at least partially remove the metal carboxylate. The washing step can include at least one washing / centrifugation cycle of the colloidal composition.

[0032] The synthetic silicates obtained by the methods described herein, such as synthetic phyllosilicates, may, for example, have in X-ray diffraction at least one diffraction line characteristic of the plane (001) located at a distance between 9.40 Å and 9.90 Å. The presence of said diffraction lines is characteristic of a product very similar to natural talc. Furthermore, the synthetic silicates may not have in X-ray diffraction the diffraction lines characteristic of the plane located at a distance between 12.00 Å and 18.00 Å, which conventionally indicate the remnants of an expanded phase with interlamellar voids in which interlamellar cations and possibly water molecules are found. Furthermore, the synthetic silicates may have in X-ray diffraction at least one diffraction line characteristic of the plane (002) located at a distance between 4.60 Å and 4.80 Å. The synthetic mineral may have, for example, faces (113) that are spaced apart by X-ray diffraction from about 2.75 Å to about 2.95 Å. Alternatively or in addition, the synthetic mineral may have faces (110) that are spaced apart by X-ray diffraction from about 6.9 Å to about 7.1 Å, and / or faces (300) that are spaced apart by about 4.0 Å to about 4.2 Å, and / or faces (220) that are spaced apart by about 3.4 Å to about 3.6 Å, and / or faces (410) that are spaced apart by about 2.55 Å to about 2.75 Å, and / or faces (223) that are spaced apart by about 2.2 Å to about 2.4 Å, and / or faces (333) that are spaced apart by about 1.75 Å to about 1.95 Å.

[0033] The synthetic silicate may have the following characteristic diffraction peaks in X-ray diffraction: face (001) at a distance between 9.50 Å and 10.25 Å; face (020) at a distance between 4.50 Å and 4.61 Å; face (003) at a distance of 3.10 Å to 3.20 Å; The face (060) at a distance of 1.50 Å to 1.55 Å. The synthetic phyllosilicates may have the following characteristic diffraction lines in X-ray diffraction: The plane (001) located at a distance between 9.40 Å and 9.90 Å; the plane (002) located at a distance of 4.60 Å to 4.80 Å; the surface (003) located at a distance of 3.10 Å to 3.20 Å; face (060) located at a distance of 1.51 Å to 1.53 Å; The intensity of the diffraction line characteristic of the (002) plane is greater than the intensity of the signal corresponding to the (020) plane located at a distance of 4.40 Å to 4.60 Å, and the ratio between the intensity of the diffraction line characteristic of the (001) plane and the intensity of the diffraction line characteristic of the (003) plane is 0.20 to 5, for example, about 0.20 to 4, or about 0.20 to about 3, or about 0.20 to about 2, or about 0.20 to about 1.5.

[0034] In particular, in the case of a long heat treatment and / or at a sufficiently high temperature and / or after anhydrous heat treatment, the composition may have, in X-ray diffraction, a diffraction line characteristic of the (002) plane located at a distance of 4.60 Å to 4.80 Å that is much stronger than the intensity of the diffraction line characteristic of the (020) plane located at a distance of 4.40 Å to 4.60 Å, and the diffraction line characteristic of the (020) plane may be hidden by the diffraction line characteristic of the (002) plane. Moreover, the near infrared spectrum of synthetic silicates may have lines characteristic of the vibrational bands of natural talc. Advantageously, according to the invention, the composition of the invention contains in the near infrared the Mg of talc. 3 Typical vibration of -OH bond at 7185cm -1 In addition, the near infrared spectrum of synthetic silicates contains a vibrational band at 5000 cm -1 ~5500cm -1 Thus, synthetic talcs may have vibrational bands located at 5000 cm in the near infrared, which correspond to the presence of water molecules bound to the talc at the lamina edges. -1 ~5500cm -1 , especially 5200cm -1 ~5280cm -1 The presence of this vibrational band with high intensity can make it possible to distinguish synthetic talc from natural talc, the other infrared vibrational bands of which are similar. The synthetic minerals can have particle sizes, for example, from about 10 nm to about 900 nm, such as from about 10 nm to about 600 nm.

[0035] After processing to form the synthetic mineral, the synthetic mineral product may be dried by any powder drying technique, such as by freeze drying or in an oven, for example at a temperature in the range of about 60° C. to about 130° C. for 1 to 48 hours, under microwave irradiation, or by micronization. Furthermore, the composition comprising synthetic mineral particles obtained after the heat treatment can be subjected to anhydrous heat treatment in air at a temperature higher than about 350° C. and lower than the decomposition temperature of the synthetic mineral particles. Advantageously, according to the invention, the composition comprising synthetic mineral particles obtained after the heat treatment is subjected to anhydrous heat treatment at a temperature between about 350° C. and about 850° C., in particular between about 400° C. and about 750° C., in particular between about 450° C. and about 600° C., for example for a duration of about 30 minutes to about 24 hours. After said hydrothermal treatment, said composition comprising synthetic mineral particles may be subjected to anhydrous heat treatment. Said heat treatment or "annealing" can further increase the crystallinity of the particles obtained. EXAMPLES

[0036] Working Example Example 1: Synthesis of talc using sodium disilicate (Si / Na=1) In a first beaker (A), 22.2 g (0.1 mol) of sodium disilicate hydrate was dissolved in 150 mL of distilled water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. In a second beaker (B), 32.17 g (0.15 mol) of magnesium acetate tetrahydrate was dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. The contents of beaker (B) were rapidly added to the contents of beaker (A) with manual stirring to obtain a white suspension. The resulting aqueous suspension was treated in a hydrothermal reactor for 24 h or 6 h at 300 °C under autogenous pressure (85 bar). At the end of the hydrothermal treatment, a white gel was obtained and washed several times with distilled water. The resulting white paste may be dried in an oven at 120 °C for several hours. The resulting solid was ground in an agate mortar to a white powder and analyzed (infrared (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), field emission gun-scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM)). The results are shown in Figures 1-4. The results demonstrated that the reaction product was a synthetic talc. Figure 1 relates to the synthetic talc made with 24 hours of treatment, and Figures 2-4 relate to the synthetic talc made with 6 hours of treatment.

[0037] Example 2: Synthesis of talc using sodium disilicate (Si / Na=1) with sodium acetate as a booster In a first beaker (A), 22.2 g (0.1 mol) of sodium disilicate hydrate was dissolved in 150 mL of distilled water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. 60 g of anhydrous sodium acetate was added. In a second beaker (B), 32.17 g (0.15 mol) of magnesium acetate tetrahydrate was dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. The contents of beaker (B) were rapidly added to the contents of beaker (A) with manual stirring to obtain a white suspension. The resulting aqueous suspension was treated in a hydrothermal reactor for 6 hours at 300° C. under autogenous pressure (85 bar). At the end of the hydrothermal treatment, a white gel was obtained and washed several times with distilled water. The resulting white paste may be dried in an oven at 120° C. for several hours. The resulting solid was ground in an agate mortar to a white powder and analyzed (IR, XRD, NMR, FEG-SEM). The results demonstrated that the product was synthetic talc.

[0038] Example 3: Synthesis of talc using sodium disilicate (Si / Na=1) with potassium acetate as a booster In a first beaker (A), 22.2 g (0.1 mol) of sodium disilicate hydrate was dissolved in 150 mL of distilled water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. 60 g of anhydrous sodium acetate was added. In a second beaker (B), 32.17 g (0.15 mol) of magnesium acetate tetrahydrate was dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. The contents of beaker (B) were rapidly added to the contents of beaker (A) with manual stirring to obtain a white suspension. The resulting aqueous suspension was treated in a hydrothermal reactor for 3 hours at 300° C. under autogenous pressure (85 bar). At the end of the hydrothermal treatment, a white gel was obtained and washed several times with distilled water. The resulting white paste may be dried in an oven at 120° C. for several hours. The resulting solid was ground in an agate mortar to a white powder and analyzed (IR, XRD, NMR, FEG-SEM). The results demonstrated that the product was synthetic talc.

[0039] Example 4: Sodium Silicate (Na 2 O.xSiO 2 , x=3.4) in water; Aqueous solution: 36% dry matter In a first beaker (A), an aqueous solution of 21.7 g (0.1 mol) of sodium silicate was mixed with 100 mL of distilled water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. In a second beaker (B), 16.08 g (0.075 mol) of magnesium acetate tetrahydrate was dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. The contents of beaker (B) were rapidly added to the contents of beaker (A) with manual stirring to obtain a white suspension. The resulting aqueous suspension was treated in a hydrothermal reactor for 24 hours at 300 °C under autogenous pressure (85 bar). At the end of the hydrothermal treatment, a white gel was obtained and washed several times with distilled water. The resulting white paste may be dried in an oven at 120 °C for several hours. The resulting solid was ground in an agate mortar to a white powder and analyzed (IR, XRD, NMR, FEG-SEM). The results demonstrated that the product was synthetic talc.

[0040] Example 5: Synthesis of talc using sodium disilicate (Si / Na=1) and magnesium sulfate In a first beaker (A), 22.2 g (0.1 mol) of sodium disilicate hydrate was dissolved in 150 mL of distilled water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. In a second beaker (B), 36.93 g (0.15 mol) of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate was dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. The contents of beaker (B) were rapidly added to the contents of beaker (A) with manual stirring to obtain a white suspension. The resulting aqueous suspension was treated in a hydrothermal reactor for 96 hours at 300 °C under autogenous pressure (85 bar). At the end of the hydrothermal treatment, a white gel was obtained and washed several times with distilled water. The resulting white paste may be dried in an oven at 120 °C for several hours. The resulting solid was ground in an agate mortar to a white powder and analyzed (IR, XRD, NMR, FEG-SEM). The results demonstrated that the product was synthetic talc.

[0041] Example 6: Synthesis of Willemite using Sodium Disilicate (Si / Na=1) In a first beaker (A), 11.1 g (0.05 mol) of sodium disilicate hydrate was dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. In a second beaker (B), 43.90 g (0.2 mol) of zinc acetate dihydrate was dissolved in 200 mL of distilled water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. The contents of beaker (B) were rapidly added to the contents of beaker (A) with manual stirring to obtain a white suspension. The resulting aqueous suspension was treated in a hydrothermal reactor for 24 hours at 300° C. under autogenous pressure (85 bar). At the end of the hydrothermal treatment, a white gel was obtained and washed several times with distilled water. The resulting white paste may be dried in an oven at 120° C. for several hours. The resulting solid was ground in an agate mortar to a white powder and subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis. The results are shown in FIG. 5. The results demonstrated that the reaction product was a synthetic willemite.

[0042] Example 7: Synthesis of talc using sodium metasilicate under supercritical conditions First, 1.6084 g (0.0075 mol) of magnesium acetate tetrahydrate (Mg(CH3 COO) 2 .4H 2 Prepare a magnesium acetate solution by adding 2.12 g (0.01 mol) of sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (Na 2 O) to 250 mL of distilled water. 2 OSiO 2 .5H 2 Prepare a sodium metasilicate solution by adding 100 mL of sodium metasilicate (Na2SO4) to 250 mL of distilled water. A peristaltic pump transported the two solutions separately through an Inconel pipe with an outer diameter of 1 / 4 inch (6.35 mm) and an inner diameter of 2.13 mm at a flow rate of 4 mL / min each, i.e., a total flow rate of 8 mL / min. Mixing of the two solutions was continuous a few centimeters before the inlet of the reaction pipe. The temperature in the chamber was 400°C and the pressure in the reaction pipe was maintained at about 25 MPa (with the aid of a pressure regulator) so that the reaction medium circulating in the reaction pipe in the chamber was above the critical point of water (374°C, 221 bar).

[0043] Thus, the precursor gel obtained from the mixing and precipitation of the two solutions, which takes place in a third pipe section upstream of the inlet of the reaction pipe, undergoes a hydrothermal treatment at 400° C. in the reaction chamber, which allows converting this precursor gel into a suspension of synthetic talc. The residence time in the reaction pipe between the inlet and the outlet is 20 seconds. After cooling, the suspension obtained at the outlet of the reactor is a colloidal suspension of synthetic talc particles in a salty aqueous medium (sodium acetate). It has the appearance of a milky white composition that settles over a period of several tens of minutes. The talc particles are separated by filtering the suspension using a ceramic sinter. After separation, on the one hand, the talc composition is recovered and, on the other hand, the supernatant, which contains, inter alia, sodium acetate, is recovered. The supernatant can then be recovered and optionally recycled. The talc composition recovered after separation is finally dried in an oven at 80° C. for 12 hours. The product was analyzed by XRD, and the results demonstrated that the product was synthetic talc.

[0044] Example 8: Synthesis of talc using a combination of sodium disilicate and sodium metasilicate In a first beaker (A), 22.2 g (0.1 mol) of sodium disilicate hydrate and 42.42 g (0.2 mol) of sodium metasilicate pentahydrate were dissolved in 200 mL of distilled water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. In a second beaker (B), 64.34 g (0.3 mol) of magnesium acetate tetrahydrate were dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water under magnetic stirring and ultrasound. The contents of beaker (B) were rapidly added to the contents of beaker (A) with manual stirring to obtain a white suspension. The resulting aqueous suspension was treated in a hydrothermal reactor for 18 hours at 300° C. under autogenous pressure (85 bar). At the end of the hydrothermal treatment, a white gel was obtained and washed several times with distilled water. The resulting white paste may be dried in an oven at 120° C. for several hours. The resulting solid was ground in an agate mortar to a white powder and analyzed (IR, XRD, NMR, FEG-SEM). The results demonstrated that the product was a synthetic talc.

[0045] The foregoing description broadly describes specific embodiments of the present invention without limiting the invention. Variations and modifications that will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as set forth in and defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. 1. A method for making at least one synthetic mineral, comprising the steps of: preparing a precursor of said synthetic mineral by a precipitation reaction between a metal silicate and a divalent or trivalent metal salt; The metal silicate is sodium disilicate (Si / Na=1) or a combination of sodium disilicate (Si / Na=1) and sodium metasilicate; The method, wherein the precipitation reaction does not include the addition of an acid or hydroxide-base reagent to chemically equilibrate the precipitation reaction.

2. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of metal atoms to silicon atoms in the metal silicate is less than 2.

3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of metal atoms to silicon atoms in the metal silicate is 1 or less.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the divalent or trivalent metal salt is a magnesium salt or a zinc salt.

5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the divalent or trivalent metal salt is not a silicate or a germanate.

6. 6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the divalent or trivalent metal salt is a carboxylate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, sulfide, sulfite, hydrogensulfate, hydrogensulfite, halide, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, chlorate, chromate, dichromate, phosphate, hydroxide, thiosulfate, perchlorate, or a combination thereof.

7. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the precipitation reaction is carried out in the presence of a metal carboxylate of the formula (R-COO)M', where R is selected from hydrogen (-H) and alkyl groups containing less than 5 carbon atoms, and M' is a monovalent metal.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the metal carboxylate of formula (R-COO)M' is an acetate.

9. 9. The method of claim 7 or 8, wherein M' is the same metal as in the metal silicate.

10. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein M' is sodium or potassium.

11. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, further comprising a heat treatment process.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the thermal treatment process is a hydrothermal treatment process.

13. 13. The method according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the thermal or hydrothermal treatment process is carried out at a temperature of 100° C. or higher and / or the thermal treatment process is carried out at a pressure of 5 bar or higher.

14. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the thermal or hydrothermal treatment process is carried out under supercritical conditions.

15. The method of claim 1, comprising mixing a metal silicate and a divalent or trivalent metal salt in a stoichiometric ratio to obtain at least one synthetic mineral, wherein the ratio of the metal silicate to the divalent or trivalent metal salt corresponds to the ratio of the metal silicate to the divalent or trivalent metal salt in the at least one synthetic mineral.

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