Sensors for vehicle electrical networks

Abstract

The present invention relates to a sensor (S), in particular for an electrical network of an electric drive, in particular an electric vehicle. The sensor according to the invention comprises, firstly, a measuring device (ME) for current and / or voltage measurement in the electrical network, in particular a low-resistance current-sensing resistor for current measurement in a four-wire system. Furthermore, the sensor (S) according to the invention comprises an integrated insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) for monitoring the electrical insulation of the high side and / or low side of the electrical network. The sensor (S) according to the invention is characterized in that the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) actively operates and applies measurement pulses to the electrical network for insulation monitoring.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a sensor for an on-board electrical network of an electrically driven vehicle, in particular an electric car. [Background technology]

[0002] In modern motor vehicles, especially electric vehicles, it is necessary to measure current in the on-board circuitry. For this purpose, the so-called four-wire technique, known for example from US Pat. No. 5,629,999, can be used. The current to be measured passes through a low-resistance current-sensing resistor ("shunt"), and the voltage drop across the low-resistance current-sensing resistor is measured, forming a measurement value of the current to be measured according to Ohm's law. Measurement methods according to this four-wire technique are used by current sensors such as those known from US Pat. No. 5,629,999 and US Pat. No. 5,629,999.

[0003] Additionally, insulation monitoring is required in vehicle networks, as specified, for example, in technical standard DIN EN 61557-8. For this purpose, various semiconductor manufacturers offer chips that enable passive insulation monitoring in addition to current measurement. However, active insulation monitoring is not possible with these known chips. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] European Patent Application Publication No. 0605800 [Patent Document 2] European Patent No. 2542902 [Patent Document 3] International Publication No. 2010 / 121841 [Patent Document 4] German Patent Application Publication No. 102014204870 [Patent Document 5] German Patent Application Publication No. 102015008831 [Patent Document 6] German Patent Application Publication No. 102008010980 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] Therefore, in known vehicle networks, different components are required for current measurement on the one hand and active insulation monitoring on the other hand.

[0006] Finally, with regard to the prior art, reference should also be made to US Pat. No. 5,629,499, US Pat. No. 5,629,499 and US Pat. No. 5,629,499. US Pat. No. 5,629,499 discloses an insulation monitoring system, but this publication differs from the present invention in particular in the type of insulation monitoring and in the type of coupling to the network.

[0007] The invention is therefore based on the object of simplifying current measurement and insulation monitoring in vehicle electrical networks. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] This problem is solved by the sensor according to the invention according to the main claim.

[0009] The invention comprises the general technical teaching of integrating the technical functions of current measurement on the one hand and active insulation monitoring on the other hand into a single sensor, thereby reducing the structural effort of the on-board circuitry.

[0010] Thus, according to the prior art, the sensor according to the invention primarily comprises a measuring device for measuring current and / or voltage in the vehicle electrical network.

[0011] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, this measuring device for current measurement operates according to the known four-wire technique and for this purpose is provided with a low resistance current sensing resistor ("shunt"), as described above with respect to the prior art.

[0012] However, the present invention is not limited to the four-wire technology measurement principle for the operation of the measuring device for current measurement. It is also possible for the measuring device for current measurement to use other measurement principles. For example, the measuring device for current measurement can have a Hall sensor, as known from EP-A-2 511 714. Furthermore, within the scope of the present invention, the measuring device for current measurement can also apply different measurement principles to enable redundant current measurement. For example, the measuring device can have a low-resistance current-sensing resistor and additionally a Hall sensor. This type of redundant current measurement is also described in EP-A-2 511 714.

[0013] In addition, the sensor according to the present invention, like the conventional chip described at the beginning, has an integrated insulation monitoring device that monitors the electrical insulation of the on-board circuitry during high-side and / or low-side operation of the on-board circuitry.

[0014] The sensor according to the invention is characterized in that the integrated insulation monitoring device operates actively and applies measurement pulses to the on-board circuitry for insulation monitoring. In contrast to the chip with integrated insulation monitoring described above, the insulation monitoring device in the sensor according to the invention does not operate passively, or at least not exclusively.

[0015] By integrating the active insulation monitoring device with sensors for current and voltage measurement, users do not need to apply high voltage to the battery management system (BMS), which has the advantages of greatly simplifying the hardware structure, reducing testing efforts during manufacturing, and reducing costs.

[0016] Another advantage of integrating an active insulation monitor into the sensor for current and voltage measurement according to the present invention is that many components can be omitted. For example, known sensors for current and voltage measurement include many components that also require a standalone insulation monitor (e.g., voltage measurement input, A / D converter, microcomputer, galvanic isolation, communication interface). If the active insulation monitor is integrated into the sensor, these components of the current sensor can be shared by the active insulation monitor, so duplication of these components is no longer necessary.

[0017] This specification describes the use of the sensor according to the present invention in an on-board circuitry network. However, the sensor according to the present invention can also be used in stationary battery applications. Therefore, the specific term on-board circuitry network used in the context of the present invention can be replaced by the more general term electrical circuitry network. However, for ease of understanding, the specific term on-board circuitry network will be used in this specification.

[0018] The coupling of the measurement pulse to the on-board network, which is required in the context of active insulation monitoring, requires coupling of an insulation monitoring device to the on-board network. Preferably, this coupling of the insulation monitoring device for applying the measurement pulse is not performed on the high side (positive battery terminal) or on the low side (negative battery terminal) of the on-board network, but on the chassis ground of the vehicle, as will be explained in more detail.

[0019] In one variant of the invention, a resistive coupling of the insulation monitoring device to the on-board network is provided, whereby the measurement pulses are DC measurement pulses (DC: Direct Current), while in another variant of the invention, a capacitive coupling of the insulation monitoring device to the on-board network is provided, whereby the measurement pulses are AC measurement pulses (AC: Alternating Current), and in a third variant of the invention, a resistive coupling of the insulation monitoring device to the on-board network is also provided, whereby the measurement pulses are AC measurement pulses.

[0020] In the context of the present invention, the term high side preferably means that the on-board circuitry can be connected to the positive terminal of the battery on the high side, as already briefly mentioned above, whereas the term low side preferably means that the on-board circuitry can be connected to the negative terminal of the battery on the low side, which should be distinguished from the so-called chassis ground formed by the vehicle and its chassis.

[0021] Preferably here, the active insulation monitoring device makes it possible to determine the leakage capacitance between the low side and / or high side of the vehicle network on the one hand and the chassis ground on the other hand.

[0022] It is also possible for the active insulation monitoring device to adapt the frequency of the measurement pulses coupled into the vehicle network as a function of the determined leakage capacitance. For example, an active insulation monitoring device with a multi-frequency method is known from EP 2 717 063 A1, the content of which is incorporated herein with regard to the adaptation of the frequency of the measurement pulses.

[0023] It has already been briefly mentioned that the measuring device of the sensor serving to measure currents preferably operates according to the four-wire technique, as described, for example, in patent application WO 2007 / 024990. The sensor therefore preferably has two current connections for feeding the vehicle current to be measured into the sensor or for draining it from the sensor. The measuring device then measures the vehicle network current, for example according to the four-wire technique.

[0024] Active insulation monitoring requires voltage measurements at various measuring points within the vehicle network.

[0025] For this purpose, the sensor according to the present invention first has a first voltage measurement terminal for measuring the voltage at a first measurement point in the onboard circuitry on the high side behind the switchable high-side contactor. It should be noted here that the terms "upstream" and "downstream" refer to the battery's perspective, i.e., the first measurement point is located downstream of the switchable high-side contactor from the battery's perspective. Therefore, the first measurement point is preferably located on the high side of the onboard circuitry between the high-side contactor and a load (e.g., an inverter). Furthermore, it should be noted that the high-side contactor is preferably located in the main path, and a secondary path running parallel to the main path serves to limit the current during the switch-on process and includes a disconnect switch and a resistor (a "pre-charge resistor"). The first measurement point for active insulation monitoring is preferably located in the main path.

[0026] Additionally, the sensor according to the invention has a second voltage measuring terminal for measuring the voltage at a second measuring point on the low side of the on-board network downstream of the switchable low-side contactor. The second measuring point for active insulation monitoring is arranged in the low-side on-board network, i.e. preferably between the low-side contactor and a load (e.g. an inverter).

[0027] Furthermore, the sensor preferably has a third voltage measurement terminal for measuring the voltage at a third measurement point on the high side of the on-board circuitry between the battery and the high-side contactor. Preferably, the on-board circuitry has a fuse on the high side. And the third measurement point for the active insulation monitoring is arranged on the high side, preferably between the battery and the fuse.

[0028] The voltage measurements at these three measuring points in the vehicle network allow for active insulation monitoring, whereby the leakage capacitance and leakage resistance between the low side and / or the high side, on the one hand, and the chassis ground, on the other, can be derived from the voltage measurements. The calculation of the leakage capacitance or leakage resistance is basically known from known methods for active insulation monitoring. Reference is made, for example, to EP 0 654 673, EP 2 256 506 and DE 10 2018 117 296, so a detailed description of the calculation of the leakage resistance or leakage capacitance is not necessary here.

[0029] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the sensor has a controllable, high-voltage tolerant first disconnect switch at the high-side first voltage measurement terminal, which optionally enables measurement detection at the first voltage measurement port or disconnection of the first voltage measurement port.

[0030] Furthermore, the sensor according to the present invention preferably comprises a controllable, high voltage resistant second disconnect switch at the second voltage measuring terminal, which optionally allows for measurement detection at the second voltage measuring terminal or disconnection of the second voltage measuring terminal.

[0031] It has already been mentioned that as part of the active insulation monitoring, the measurement pulses are coupled to the on-board circuitry. To this end, in a preferred embodiment, the sensor according to the invention has a coupled output to allow the sensor to be coupled to the chassis ground of the vehicle, the coupled output of the sensor preferably being of high impedance.

[0032] To generate measurement pulses for active insulation monitoring, the sensor of the preferred embodiment comprises a pulsed voltage source that generates and outputs measurement pulses at a combined output of the sensor during active insulation monitoring.

[0033] Optionally, the sensor may have a controllable high voltage tolerant third disconnect switch at the coupled output of the sensor, whereby the third disconnect switch optionally couples or isolates the pulsed voltage source to chassis ground.

[0034] Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment, the sensor comprises a calculation unit for calculating at least one resistance value and at least one capacitance value within the scope of active insulation monitoring. Methods for calculating the leakage resistance and / or leakage capacitance are described in the already mentioned patent applications EP 0 654 673, EP 2 256 506 and DE 10 2018 117 296, so that a detailed explanation of the calculations is not necessary here.

[0035] For example, the computing unit may calculate the following quantity as a function of the voltage measurement and the measurement pulse of the pulsed voltage source: a first leakage resistor between the high side of the on-board circuitry before the high side contactor on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground on the other hand; a first leakage capacitance between the high side of the on-board circuitry in front of the high side contactor on the one hand and the chassis ground of the vehicle on the other hand; a second leakage resistor between the low side of the on-board network in front of the low side contactor on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground on the other hand; a second leakage capacitance between the low side of the on-board circuitry in front of the low side contactor on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground on the other hand; a third leakage resistor between the high side of the on-board circuitry downstream of the high-side contactor on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground on the other hand; a third leakage capacitance between the high side of the on-board circuitry downstream of the high side contactor on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground on the other hand; a fourth leakage resistor between the low side of the on-board network downstream of the low side contactor on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground on the other hand; a fourth leakage capacitance between the low side of the on-board circuitry downstream of the low side contactor on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground on the other hand; can be calculated.

[0036] Therefore, within the scope of the present invention, the leakage resistance and leakage capacitance to chassis ground can preferably be determined separately for the high side and low side of the on-board circuitry, both in the DC-PACK and in the DC-LINK.

[0037] Combining the results of the insulation monitoring with the results of the voltage measurements at the three measurement points allows for the determination of the insulation level in the HV battery or the electric vehicle's powertrain and the polarity of the insulation fault (HV-Pos or HV-Neg) on the DC link side. In addition to the insulation measurement on the DC pack side (when the switch in the secondary path parallel to the high-side contactor is open while the main contactor is open, and when the disconnect switches are open in the measurement paths of the first and second measurement points), the insulation monitoring device, in combination with the measurement voltage at the third measurement point, determines the polarity of the insulation fault for HV-Pos / HV-Neg and the individual values of the leakage resistance to chassis ground within the HV pack side. If the main contactor is closed, the insulation value of the entire vehicle is determined as the parallel value between the HV pack and the HV link. Taking into account the measurement voltage at the third measurement point, the polarity of the insulation fault for HV-Pos / HV-Neg and the individual values of the leakage resistance can also be calculated, allowing the leakage resistance to chassis ground after the contactor.

[0038] The three voltage measurement terminals mentioned above are used for the active insulation monitoring as described above, but the sensor may also have other voltage measurement terminals for measuring the voltage of the on-board circuitry at other measurement points.

[0039] For example, a fourth voltage measurement terminal can be provided for measuring the voltage in the on-board network at a fourth measurement point on the high side of the on-board network before the switchable high-side contactor. In a preferred embodiment, the fourth measurement point is located on the high side after the fuse and before the above-mentioned branching into the main and secondary paths that serve for current limiting.

[0040] Furthermore, a fifth voltage measurement terminal can be provided to measure the voltage at a fifth measurement point of the aforementioned secondary path running parallel to the switchable high-side contactor on the high side of the on-board circuitry. Such secondary paths running parallel to the switchable high-side contactor are known from the prior art and allow a soft switch-on procedure when the high-side contactor is switched on. For this purpose, the switch of the secondary path is first closed, during which a resistor ("pre-charge resistor") limits the current. Only afterwards is the high-side contactor closed.

[0041] Furthermore, the sensor may have a sixth voltage measurement terminal for measuring the voltage at a sixth measurement point on the low side of the on-board network before the switchable low-side contactor, the sixth measurement point preferably being located on the low side between the fuse and the low-side contactor.

[0042] The three additional voltage measurement terminals can be used for purposes other than active insulation monitoring.

[0043] It should further be noted that the integration of the current / voltage measurement sensor on the one hand and the active insulation monitor on the other hand can take place in a common integrated circuit ("chip"), however it is also possible for both components (current / voltage measurement sensor and active insulation monitor) to be arranged exclusively on a common printed circuit board or in a common housing.

[0044] It should be further noted that the present invention does not claim protection only for the sensor according to the present invention as a single component. Rather, the present invention also claims protection for a Battery Management System (BMS) for the on-board circuitry of an electrically powered vehicle, which includes such a sensor according to the present invention, and which also includes a measurement path between the voltage measurement terminal of the sensor and the associated measurement point. Furthermore, the BMS, in turn, also includes a coupling path between the coupling output of the sensor and the chassis ground of the vehicle.

[0045] Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the present invention also claims the protection of the complete on-board circuitry of a vehicle having a battery management system equipped with a sensor according to the invention, which on-board circuitry may for example comprise the following further components: a battery for powering the vehicle's onboard circuitry, the battery preferably being rechargeable; a discharge circuit between the high side and the low side of the on-board network downstream of the high-side contactor and the low-side contactor; - inverter, It can also include:

[0046] Finally, the invention also claims the protection of a complete vehicle (for example an electric vehicle) with an on-board circuitry, such as a battery management system comprising a sensor according to the invention. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0047] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows a circuit diagram of an on-board circuit network for an electric drive vehicle according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0048] As is known from the prior art, the on-board network connects the DC pack of an electric vehicle to the DC link via two switchable contactors RHV+ and RHV-, one on the high side and one on the low side, respectively.

[0049] The onboard network is powered by a rechargeable battery BAT, the positive terminal + of the battery BAT is connected to the high side of the onboard network, and the negative terminal - of the battery BAT is connected to the low side of the onboard network. The low side of the onboard network therefore forms the battery ground, represented by the symbols GND, VMGND1, and VMGMD2. However, the chassis ground GND is not usually connected to the onboard network. Chassis It needs to be distinguished from.

[0050] In the on-board circuitry, fuses F+, F- are placed on both the high and low side of the DC pack, as is known from the prior art.

[0051] It should further be mentioned that the secondary path is connected in parallel with the switchable contactor RHV+ on the high side of the onboard circuitry and includes a resistor PRES ("pre-charge resistor") on the one hand and a disconnect switch PR on the other hand. Before the two contactors RHV+, RHV- are turned on, the disconnect switch PR is closed first, so that a smaller current flows first through the secondary path. After that, only the contactor RHV+ is closed. This gradual closing of the disconnect switch PR and the contactor RHV+ prevents a sudden increase in current in the onboard circuitry during the switch-on process.

[0052] In the DC link between the high and low sides, a buffer capacitor C DC-Link is connected.

[0053] Furthermore, although only shown here schematically, a discharge circuit Rx is connected to the DC link between the high sides.

[0054] Finally, an inverter INV is supplied from the on-board network, also shown here only diagrammatically.

[0055] The vehicle network now has a sensor S according to the invention which has two functions: on the one hand, the sensor S allows the measurement of the vehicle network current I according to the four-wire technique, and on the other hand, the sensor S also allows active insulation monitoring, both of which functions are explained below.

[0056] For the current measurement, the sensor S has two current connections A1, A2 for introducing the vehicle network current I to be measured into the sensor S and for discharging it from the sensor S. A measuring device ME then measures the vehicle network current I in the sensor S, so that the measuring device can operate according to the four-wire technique, as is known, for example, from DE 199 02 14 566 A1.

[0057] In addition, the sensor S has three voltage measurement terminals M1, M2 and M3 for active insulation monitoring, measuring the voltage of the on-board network at three measurement points 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

[0058] For active insulation monitoring, the sensor S also comprises a pulsed voltage source IQ which outputs a measurement pulse via a coupling resistor Rk and a controllable switch S3 to a coupled output AK, which is connected to the chassis ground GND. Chassis The measuring device ME then determines the following leakage resistance or leakage capacitance from the voltage measurements at measuring points 1, 2, and 3: The high side of the vehicle circuitry in front of the high-side contactor RHV+ and the vehicle chassis ground GND Chassis A first leakage resistor Rf1 between One is the high side of the onboard circuitry in front of the high side contactor RHV+, and the other is the vehicle chassis ground GND Chassis and a first leakage capacitance Cy1 between One is the low side of the onboard circuit network upstream of the low side contactor RHV-, and the other is the vehicle chassis ground GND Chassis and a second leakage resistor Rf2 between One is the low side of the onboard circuit network in front of the low side contactor RHV-, and the other is the vehicle chassis ground GND Chassis A second leakage capacitance Cy2 between The high side of the onboard circuitry downstream of the high-side contactor RHV+ on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground GND on the other hand Chassis A third leakage resistor Rf3 between The high side of the on-board circuitry downstream of the high-side contactor RHV- on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground GND on the other hand Chassis A third leakage capacitance Cy3 between The low side of the on-board circuitry downstream of the low-side contactor RHV- on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground GND on the other hand Chassis A fourth leakage resistor Rf4 between The low side of the on-board circuitry downstream of the low-side contactor RHV- on the one hand and the vehicle chassis ground GND on the other handChassis The fourth leakage capacitance Cy4 between can be calculated.

[0059] The calculation of the leakage resistances Rf1, Rf2, Rf3, Rf4 and leakage capacitances Cy1, Cy2, Cy3, Cy4 can be performed in a conventional manner, for example as described in EP 0654673, EP 2256506 and DE 102018117296.

[0060] Furthermore, the sensor S has a plurality of disconnection switches S1, S2, S3 that are high voltage resistant and can disconnect the voltage measurement terminals M1, M3, M3 from the coupled output section AK, respectively.

[0061] Finally, the sensor S has three further voltage measurement terminals M4, M5, M6, which allow voltage measurements at three further measurement points 4, 5, 6 of the on-board network. However, the voltage measurements at measurement points M4, M5, M6 are optional and have no bearing on the active insulation monitoring.

[0062] The present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments described above. Rather, numerous variations and modifications are possible, which also utilize the ideas of the present invention and therefore fall within the scope of protection. In particular, the present invention also claims protection for the subject matter and features of the dependent claims, independently of the claims to which it refers in each case, and which do not specifically involve the features of the main claim. Thus, the present invention comprises various inventive aspects which enjoy protection independently of each other.

[0063] [Note] [Appendix 1] A sensor (S) for an electric network, in particular for an on-board network of an electrically driven vehicle, in particular an electric motor vehicle, comprising: a) a measuring device (ME) for measuring current and / or voltage in said electrical network, in particular using a low-resistance current-sensing resistor for current measurement according to the four-wire technique; b) an integrated insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) for monitoring the electrical resistance of the high side and / or low side of the electrical network, c) A sensor (S) characterized in that the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) operates actively and applies measurement pulses to the electrical network for insulation monitoring.

[0064] [Appendix 2] a) a resistive coupling of the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) to the electrical network, and the measurement pulse is a DC measurement pulse, or b) capacitive coupling of the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) to the electrical network, the measurement pulses being optionally AC measurement pulses, or c) a resistive coupling of the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) to the electrical network, and the number of measurement pulses is an AC measurement pulse; 2. The sensor (S) according to claim 1,

[0065] [Appendix 3] a) the electrical network has a high side connectable to a positive terminal (+) of a battery (BAT); b) the electrical network comprises a low side that can be connected to the negative terminal (-) of the battery (BAT); c) Chassis ground (GND) Chassis ) is provided, in particular on the vehicle, d) the active insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) is connected to the low side and / or the high side of the electrical network on the one hand and the chassis ground (GND) of the electrical network on the other hand Chassis ) and define the leakage capacitances (Cy1, Cy2, Cy3, Cy4) between the e) the active insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) adapts the frequency of the measurement pulses as a function of the defined leakage capacitances (Cy1, Cy2, Cy3, Cy4), 3. The sensor (S) according to claim 2,

[0066] [Appendix 4] a) a first current connection (A1) for introducing the main current (I) of the electrical network into the sensor (S); b) a second current connection (A2) for discharging the main current (I) of the electrical network from the sensor (S), c) the measuring device (ME) measures the main current (I), 4. A sensor (S) according to any one of appendices 1 to 3.

[0067] [Appendix 5] a) a first voltage measurement terminal (M1) for measuring a voltage at a first measurement point (1) on the high side of the electrical network downstream of a switchable high-side contactor (RHV+) on the high side of the electrical network; and b) a second voltage measuring terminal (M2) for measuring the voltage at a second measuring point (2) on the low side of the electrical network downstream of the switchable low-side contactor (RHV-) on the low side of the electrical network; and c) a third voltage measurement terminal (M3) for measuring the voltage at the third measurement point (3) on the high side of the electrical network between the battery (BAT) on the high side of the electrical network and the high side contactor (RHV+); Including, 5. A sensor (S) according to any one of appendices 1 to 4.

[0068] [Appendix 6] a) a controllable, high-voltage tolerant first disconnect switch (S1) at the first voltage measurement terminal (M1), the first disconnect switch (S1) selectively enabling measurement detection at the first voltage measurement terminal (M1) or disconnecting the first voltage measurement terminal (M1); and / or b) a controllable, high-voltage tolerant second disconnect switch (S2) at the second voltage measurement terminal (M2), the second disconnect switch (S2) optionally enabling measurement detection at the second voltage measurement terminal (M2) or disconnecting the second voltage measurement terminal (M2); 6. The sensor (S) according to claim 5,

[0069] [Appendix 7] a) Connect the sensor (S) to the chassis ground (GND Chassis a coupled output (AK) for coupling to the power supply (1), in particular to a vehicle, said coupled output (AK) preferably being of high impedance; b) a pulsed voltage source (IQ) for active insulation monitoring, which generates the measurement pulses during active insulation monitoring and outputs them at the combined output (AK); c) optionally a controllable, high-voltage tolerant third disconnect switch (S3) at the combined output (AK) of the sensor (S), which third disconnect switch (S3) optionally couples the pulsed voltage source (IQ) to or isolates it from the electrical network; Including, 7. A sensor (S) according to any one of appendices 1 to 6.

[0070] [Appendix 8] In insulation monitoring, a calculation unit for calculating at least one resistance value (Rf1, Rf2, Rf3, Rf4) and / or at least one capacitance value (Cy1, Cy2, Cy3, Cy4) is included. 8. The sensor (S) according to claim 7,

[0071] [Appendix 9] a) The calculation unit calculates the following variables as a function of the voltage measurement value at at least one of the voltage measurement terminals (M1 to M3) and the measurement pulse of the pulse voltage source (IQ): a1) on the one hand the high side of the electrical network before the high side contactor (RHV+) and on the other hand the chassis ground (GND Chassis ) and / or a first resistor (Rf1) between a2) on the one hand, the high side of the electrical network upstream of the high side contactor (RHV+) and on the other hand, the chassis ground (GND Chassis ) the first capacitance (Cy1) between and / or b) The calculation unit calculates the following variables as a function of the voltage measurement value at at least one of the voltage measurement terminals (M1 to M3) and the measurement pulse of the pulse voltage source (IQ): b1) on the one hand, the low side of the electrical network before the low side contactor (RHV-) and on the other hand, the chassis ground (GND Chassis ) and / or a second resistor (Rf2) between b2) the low side of the electrical network upstream of the low side contactor (RHV-) on the one hand, and the chassis ground (GND) on the other hand Chassis ) the second capacitance (Cy2) between and / or c) The calculation unit calculates the following variables as a function of the voltage measurement value at at least one of the voltage measurement terminals (M1 to M3) and the measurement pulse of the pulse voltage source (IQ): c1) the high side of the electrical network after the high side contactor (RHV+) on the one hand and the chassis ground (GND) on the other hand Chassis ) and / or a third resistor (Rf3) between c2) the high side of the electrical network after the high side contactor (RHV+) on the one hand and the chassis ground (GND) on the other hand Chassis ) the third capacitance (Cy3), and / or d) The calculation unit calculates the following variables as a function of the voltage measurement value at at least one of the voltage measurement terminals (M1 to M3) and the measurement pulse of the pulse voltage source (IQ): d1) on the one hand, the low side of the electrical network after the low side contactor (RHV-) and on the other hand, the chassis ground (GND Chassis ) and / or a fourth resistor (Rf4) between d2) the low side of the electrical network after the low side contactor (RHV-) on the one hand and the chassis ground (GND) on the other hand Chassis ) the fourth capacitance (Cy4), Calculate 9. The sensor (S) according to claim 8,

[0072] [Appendix 10] a) a fourth voltage measuring terminal (M4) for measuring the voltage at a fourth measuring point (4) on the high side of the electrical network before the switchable high-side contactor (RHV+) on the high side of the electrical network, b) a fifth voltage measurement terminal (M5) for measuring the voltage at a fifth measurement point (5) in a secondary path running in parallel with the switchable high-side contactor (RHV+) on the high side of the electrical network, and / or c) a sixth voltage measuring terminal (M6) for measuring the voltage at a sixth measuring point (6) on the low side of the electrical network upstream of the switchable low-side contactor (RHV-), on the low side of the electrical network; Including, 10. A sensor (S) according to any one of appendices 1 to 9.

[0073] [Appendix 11] a) a sensor (S) according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 10; b) a first measurement path from the first voltage measurement terminal (M1) of the sensor (S) to the first measurement point (1) on the high side of the electrical network downstream of the high side contactor (RHV+); c) a second measurement path from the second voltage measurement terminal (M2) of the sensor (S) to the second measurement point (2) on the low side of the electrical network downstream of the low side contactor (RHV-); d) a third measurement path from the third voltage measurement terminal (M3) of the sensor (S) to the third measurement point (3) on the high side of the electrical network before the high side contactor (RHV+); e) The coupling output (AK) of the sensor (S) and the chassis ground (GND Chassis ) the bond path between Including, Battery management system for an electric network, in particular for an on-board network of an electrically powered vehicle.

[0074] [Appendix 12] 12. An electrical circuitry, in particular an on-board circuitry of a vehicle, comprising a battery management system according to claim 11, in particular comprising: a) a battery (BAT) for powering the electrical network, the battery (BAT) being rechargeable; and / or b) a discharge circuit (Rx) between the high side and the low side of the electrical network downstream of the high side contactor (RHV+) and downstream of the low side contactor (RHV-), and / or c) an inverter (INV) fed from the high side and the low side of the electrical network; An electrical circuit network comprising the components.

[0075] [Appendix 13] 13. A vehicle, in particular an electric vehicle, comprising an electrical circuit network according to claim 12. [Explanation of symbols]

[0076] 1 First measuring point on the high side of the vehicle network after the switchable contactor RHV+ 2 Second measuring point on the low side of the on-board network, after the switchable contactor RHV- 3 Third measuring point on the high side of the vehicle network, in front of the switchable contactor RHV+ 4. Fourth measuring point on the high side of the vehicle network upstream of the switchable contactor RHV+ 5. Fifth measuring point on the high side of the on-board network in the secondary path parallel to the switchable contactor RHV+ 6. A sixth measuring point on the low side of the vehicle network upstream of the switchable contactor A1 Current connection for introducing the vehicle network current to the sensor A2 Current connection for draining the vehicle network current from the sensor AK sensor combined output BAT storage battery C DC-Link Buffer Capacitor Cy1 High side of the vehicle circuitry before the switchable contactor and chassis ground GND Chassis Leakage capacitance between Cy2 Low side of the vehicle circuitry before the switchable contactor and chassis ground GND Chassis Leakage capacitance between Cy3 High side of the vehicle circuitry behind the switchable contactor and chassis ground GND Chassis Leakage capacitance between Cy4 Low side of mains power supply behind switchable contactor and chassis ground GND Chassis Leakage capacitance between F- Fuse on the low side of the vehicle network F+ Fuse on the high side of the vehicle network GND Battery ground GND Chassis Chassis Ground I Vehicle network current INV Inverter IQ Pulse Voltage Source M1~M6 Sensor voltage measurement terminals ME sensor measuring device + Positive pole of battery BAT - Negative pole of battery BAT PR Switch in secondary path parallel to switchable contactor RHV+ PRES Resistor in the secondary path parallel to the switchable contactor RHV+ RHV - Switchable contactor on the low side of the vehicle network Switchable contactor on the high side of the RHV+ vehicle network Rk coupling resistance Rx discharge circuit Ry1 High side of the vehicle circuitry before the switchable contactor and chassis ground GND Chassis Leakage resistance between Ry2 Low side of the vehicle circuitry before the switchable contactor and chassis ground GND Chassis Leakage resistance between Ry3 High side of the vehicle circuitry behind the switchable contactor and chassis ground GND Chassis Leakage resistance between Ry4 Low side of the vehicle circuitry behind the switchable contactor and chassis ground GND Chassis Leakage resistance between S sensor S1~S3 Controllable Disconnect Switches VMGND1 Battery ground VMGND2 Battery ground

Claims

1. A sensor (S) for an electrical network, in particular for an on-board network of an electrically driven vehicle, in particular an electric motor vehicle, comprising: a) a measuring device (ME) for measuring current and / or voltage in said electrical network; b) an integrated insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) for monitoring the electrical resistance of the high side and / or low side of the electrical network, c) the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) is actively operating and applies measurement pulses to the electrical network for insulation monitoring; d) a resistive coupling of the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) to the electrical network, the measurement pulse being a DC measurement pulse, or e) capacitive coupling of the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) to the electrical network, the measurement pulses optionally being AC measurement pulses, or f) a resistive coupling of the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) to the electrical network, the measurement pulses being AC measurement pulses; g) the electrical network has a high side connectable to a positive terminal (+) of a battery (BAT); h) the electrical network comprises a low side that can be connected to the negative terminal (-) of the battery (BAT); i) A chassis ground (GND Chassis) is provided, particularly in the vehicle; j) the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) defines leakage capacitances (Cy1, Cy2, Cy3, Cy4) between the low side and / or the high side of the electrical network on the one hand and the chassis ground (GND Chassis) of the electrical network on the other hand, k) the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) adapts the frequency of the measurement pulses as a function of the defined leakage capacitances (Cy1, Cy2, Cy3, Cy4), A sensor (S) characterized in that

2. A sensor (S) for an electrical circuit network, in particular a sensor (S) for an on-board circuit network of an electrically driven vehicle, in particular an electric vehicle, comprising: a) a measuring device (ME) for measuring current and / or voltage in said electrical network; b) an integrated insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) for monitoring the electrical resistance of the high side and / or low side of the electrical network, c) the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) is actively operating and applies measurement pulses to the electrical network for insulation monitoring; d) a coupling output (AK) for coupling the sensor (S) to a chassis ground (GND Chassis), in particular to a vehicle, said coupling output (AK) preferably being of high impedance; e) a pulsed voltage source (IQ) for active insulation monitoring, which generates the measurement pulses during active insulation monitoring and outputs them at the combined output (AK); f) optionally a controllable, high-voltage-resistant third disconnect switch (S3) at the coupled output (AK) of the sensor (S), which third disconnect switch (S3) optionally couples the pulsed voltage source (IQ) to the electrical network or isolates it from the electrical network; Including, g) in insulation monitoring, a calculation unit for calculating resistance values (Rf1, Rf2, Rf3, Rf4) between the electric circuit network and the chassis ground (GND Chassis) and / or capacitance values (Cy1, Cy2, Cy3, Cy4) between the electric circuit network and the chassis ground (GND Chassis), h) The calculation unit calculates the following variables as a function of the voltage measurement value at at least one voltage measurement terminal (M1 to M3) that measures the voltage at a measurement point in the electrical circuit network and the measurement pulse of the pulse voltage source (IQ): h1) on the one hand, the high side of the electrical network before the high side contactor (RHV+) and on the other hand, the chassis ground (GND Ｃｈａｓｓｉｓ ) and / or h2) on the one hand, the high side of the electrical network upstream of the high side contactor (RHV+) and on the other hand, the chassis ground (GND Ｃｈａｓｓｉｓ ) a first capacitance (Cy1) between and / or i) The calculation unit calculates the following variables as a function of the voltage measurement value at at least one of the voltage measurement terminals (M1 to M3) and the measurement pulse of the pulse voltage source (IQ): i1) on the one hand the low side of the electrical network before the low side contactor (RHV-) and on the other hand the chassis ground (GND Ｃｈａｓｓｉｓ ) a second resistor (Rf2) between the i2) on the one hand the low side of the electrical network upstream of the low side contactor (RHV-) and on the other hand the chassis ground (GND Ｃｈａｓｓｉｓ a second capacitance (Cy2) between and / or j) The calculation unit calculates the following variables as a function of the voltage measurement value at at least one of the voltage measurement terminals (M1 to M3) and the measurement pulse of the pulse voltage source (IQ): j1) on the one hand, the high side of the electrical network after the high side contactor (RHV+) and on the other hand, the chassis ground (GND Ｃｈａｓｓｉｓ ) a third resistor (Rf3) between the j2) on the one hand, the high side of the electrical network after the high side contactor (RHV+) and on the other hand, the chassis ground (GND Ｃｈａｓｓｉｓ a third capacitance (Cy3) between and / or k) The calculation unit calculates the following variables as a function of the voltage measurement value at at least one of the voltage measurement terminals (M1 to M3) and the measurement pulse of the pulse voltage source (IQ): k1) on the one hand, the low side of the electrical network after the low side contactor (RHV-) and on the other hand, the chassis ground (GND Ｃｈａｓｓｉｓ ) a fourth resistor (Rf4) between the k2) on the one hand, the low side of the electrical network after the low side contactor (RHV-) and on the other hand, the chassis ground (GND Ｃｈａｓｓｉｓ a fourth capacitance (Cy4) between Calculate A sensor (S) characterized in that

3. A sensor (S) for an electrical circuit network, in particular a sensor (S) for an on-board circuit network of an electrically driven vehicle, in particular an electric vehicle, comprising: a) a measuring device (ME) for measuring current and / or voltage in said electrical network; b) an integrated insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) for monitoring the electrical resistance of the high side and / or low side of the electrical network, c) the insulation monitoring device (ME, IQ, Rk, S3) is actively operating and applies measurement pulses to the electrical network for insulation monitoring; d) a fourth voltage measuring terminal (M4) for measuring the voltage at a fourth measuring point (4) on the high side of the electrical network before the switchable high-side contactor (RHV+) on the high side of the electrical network; e) a fifth voltage measurement terminal (M5) for measuring the voltage at a fifth measurement point (5) in a secondary path running in parallel with the switchable high-side contactor (RHV+) on the high side of the electrical network; and / or f) a sixth voltage measuring terminal (M6) for measuring the voltage at a sixth measuring point (6) on the low side of the electrical network, upstream of the switchable low-side contactor (RHV-) on the low side of the electrical network; Including, A sensor (S) characterized in that

4. a) a first current connection (A1) for introducing the main current (I) of the electrical network into the sensor (S); b) a second current connection (A2) for discharging the main current (I) of the electrical network from the sensor (S), c) the measuring device (ME) measures the main current (I); Sensor (S) according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

5. a) a first voltage measurement terminal (M1) for measuring a voltage at a first measurement point (1) on the high side of the electrical network downstream of a switchable high-side contactor (RHV+) on the high side of the electrical network; and b) a second voltage measuring terminal (M2) for measuring the voltage at a second measuring point (2) on the low side of the electrical network downstream of the switchable low-side contactor (RHV-) on the low side of the electrical network; and c) a third voltage measurement terminal (M3) for measuring the voltage at a third measurement point (3) on the high side of the electrical network between a battery (BAT) on the high side of the electrical network and the high side contactor (RHV+); Including, Sensor (S) according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

6. a) a controllable, high-voltage resistant first disconnection switch (S1) at the first voltage measurement terminal (M1), which selectively enables measurement detection at the first voltage measurement terminal (M1) or disconnects the first voltage measurement terminal (M1); and / or b) a controllable, high-voltage tolerant second disconnection switch (S2) at the second voltage measurement terminal (M2), the second disconnection switch (S2) optionally enabling measurement detection at the second voltage measurement terminal (M2) or disconnecting the second voltage measurement terminal (M2); Sensor (S) according to claim 5, characterized in that

7. a) a sensor (S) according to claim 5, b) a first measurement path from the first voltage measurement terminal (M1) of the sensor (S) to the first measurement point (1) on the high side of the electrical network downstream of the high side contactor (RHV+); c) a second measurement path from the second voltage measurement terminal (M2) of the sensor (S) to the second measurement point (2) on the low side of the electrical network downstream of the low side contactor (RHV-); d) a third measurement path from the third voltage measurement terminal (M3) of the sensor (S) to the third measurement point (3) on the high side of the electrical network before the high side contactor (RHV+); Including, Battery management system for an electric network, in particular for an on-board network of an electrically powered vehicle.

8. 8. An electric circuitry, in particular an on-board circuitry of a vehicle, comprising a battery management system according to claim 7, in particular comprising: a) a battery (BAT) for powering the electrical network, the battery (BAT) being rechargeable; and / or b) a discharge circuit (Rx) between the high side and the low side of the electrical network downstream of the high side contactor (RHV+) and downstream of the low side contactor (RHV-), and / or c) an inverter (INV) fed from the high side and the low side of the electrical network; An electrical circuit network comprising the components.

9. A vehicle, in particular an electric vehicle, comprising an electrical network according to claim 8.

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