Methods for raising farmed yellowtail fish

Abstract

To provide a breeding method that enables rapid breeding of farmed yellowtail fish. [Solution] Ultrasound is emitted to the abdomen of farmed yellowtail fish that are 24 months or less after hatching to observe the shape of the gonads and determine the sex of each individual. Based on the determined sex, the farmed yellowtail fish are sorted into groups containing only female farmed yellowtail fish or groups containing only male farmed yellowtail fish, and the farmed yellowtail fish are raised in a net cage containing only female farmed yellowtail fish or a net cage containing only male farmed yellowtail fish for a rearing period of at least two months.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for raising fast-growing cultured fish of the genus Yellowtail. [Background technology]

[0002] Attempts are being made to shorten the growing period for farmed fish in order to reduce farming costs, etc. In the case of yellowtail farming, in order to ship earlier than usual, especially in the summer when supply is low, methods such as selecting and growing only the larger juvenile fish (mojako) that are collected, or cultivating artificial seedlings by collecting eggs from parent fish and hatching them, are being used.

[0003] Patent Document 1 describes a method for shortening the rearing period for yellowtail, in which male and female artificially reared yellowtail broodstock are placed in land-based tanks in early September, and after controlling the photoperiod and water temperature to enlarge their ovaries, eggs are harvested in December using an early egg collection technique in which hormones are injected to induce spawning, and some of the resulting larvae are cultured for one year and the resulting adult fish are shipped, while the remaining larvae are raised as broodstock for two years and then the above-mentioned early egg collection technique is used to harvest eggs in December, repeating this process, thereby shortening both the yellowtail farming period and the broodstock rearing period by approximately one year. It is known that the rearing period for farmed yellowtail fish can be shortened by using so-called artificial seedlings, in which the fish are placed in an artificial environment from the hatching stage, and by managing and controlling the rearing environment. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0004] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-300837 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] The present invention aims to provide a rearing method that enables early rearing of cultured yellowtail fish, in addition to or instead of the conventional methods of selecting young fish or using artificial seedlings. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] As a result of extensive research, the present inventors have discovered that early rearing of hatched farmed yellowtail fish, separated by sex, accelerates the growth of both sexes, and have thus completed the present invention. [1] A step of emitting ultrasound to the abdomen of cultured yellowtail fish that are 24 months or less after hatching to observe the shape of the gonads and determine the sex of each individual; Based on the determined sex, the cultured yellowtail fish are sorted into a group containing only female cultured yellowtail fish or a group containing only male cultured yellowtail fish; and The method includes a step of raising cultured yellowtail fish in a cage containing only female yellowtail fish or in a cage containing only male yellowtail fish for a raising period of at least two months. A method for raising farmed yellowtail fish. [2] The method according to [1], wherein the farmed yellowtail fish is at least three months old after hatching. [3] The method according to [1] or [2], which includes artificially hatching eggs collected from parent fish and cultivating the resulting fry. [4] The method according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the cultured yellowtail fish is female. [5] The method according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the frequency of the ultrasonic waves is 5 to 11 MHz. [6] The method according to any one of [1] to [5], wherein a fasting period of 24 hours or more is set before observing the shape by ultrasound. [7] The method according to any one of [1] to [6], wherein the farmed fish of the genus Yellowtail is farmed Yellowtail. [Effects of the Invention]

[0007] According to the present invention, it is possible to rapidly raise cultured yellowtail fish in addition to or instead of the conventional selection of fry or the use of artificial seedlings. Furthermore, the present invention makes it possible to provide cultured yellowtail fish that have a higher body weight than conventional fish during the raising period after hatching. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1] 1 is a flow chart of an example of a method for raising cultured yellowtail fish of the present invention. [Figure 2] 1 is a schematic diagram of an example of the sex determination step in the method for raising cultured yellowtail fish of the present invention. FIG. [Figure 3] Figure 3A shows an example of an abdominal ultrasound image of a female farmed yellowtail fish 10 months after hatching, and a photograph of the fish with its abdomen cut open. Figure 3B shows a photograph of the fish with its abdomen cut open. [Figure 4] Figure 4A shows an example of an abdominal ultrasound image of a 10-month-old male farmed yellowtail, and a photograph of the fish with its abdomen cut open. Figure 4B shows a photograph of the fish with its abdomen cut open. [Figure 5] 1 is a graph showing the change in average fish weight of farmed yellowtail in each group in a reference example. [Figure 6] 1 is a graph showing the average fish weight of farmed yellowtail in each area as of late May in a reference example. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0009] 1.Definition As used herein, the term "genus Seriola" refers to fish classified in the family Carangidae of the order Perciformes, and is known by the scientific name Seriola. Fish of the genus Seriola include yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), amberjack (Seriola dumerili), yellowtail (Seriola lalandi), long-finned amberjack (Seriola rivoliana), Seriola carpenteri, Seriola fasciata, Seriola hippos, Seriola peruana, Seriola quinqueradiata, and Seriola zonata. In particular, yellowtail or amberjack is included. In particular, yellowtail is included.

[0010] As used herein, "farmed fish" refers to fish that have been fed and raised under controlled conditions in fish pens or other containers before shipping, regardless of the length of the period. As used herein, "farmed fish" includes both natural seedlings and artificially hatched seedlings. In contrast, "wild fish" refers to fish that have not been fed or raised under controlled conditions after being caught at sea until shipping. "Under controlled conditions" as used here refers to an environment in which various conditions are artificially controlled. Specific conditions are described in Section "2. Raising methods for farmed yellowtail fish."

[0011] 2. Cultivation method for farmed yellowtail fish A first aspect of the present invention is a method for raising cultured yellowtail fish. The method of this embodiment is characterized by comprising the steps of: emitting ultrasound to the abdomens of cultured yellowtail fish that are 24 months or less after hatching to observe the shape of the gonads and determine the sex of each individual; sorting the yellowtail fish into groups containing only female yellowtail fish or groups containing only male yellowtail fish based on the determined sex; and raising the yellowtail fish in a cage containing only female yellowtail fish or a cage containing only male yellowtail fish for a raising period of at least two months.

[0012] When farmed yellowtail fish are raised in separate pens for males and females, their growth rate increases significantly and their maturity decreases compared to when they are raised together. The reason for this is not clear, but it is thought that when male and female yellowtail fish are raised in the same pen, the presence of the opposite sex stimulates them to mature faster, and nutrients are used more for the formation of the gonads than for the growth of the fish itself, whereas when they are raised separately for males and females, more nutrients are used for the growth of the fish itself.

[0013] Methods for separating farmed yellowtail fish into males and females include observing the shape of the gonads in the fish and detecting genetic sex-identification markers based on genetic analysis of collected tissues such as fins, but from the perspective of ease of operation, separation by observing the shape of the gonads is more suitable. A conventional method for observing the shape of the gonads has been to insert a cannula into the gonads via the cloaca to observe the gonads, but the inventors have discovered that the shape of the gonads can be more easily determined by emitting ultrasound into the body from outside the fish using an ultrasonic echo, and have thus completed the present invention.

[0014] FIG. 1 shows a flow diagram of an example of a method for raising farmed yellowtail fish of this embodiment. The illustrated example shows a method for raising farmed yellowtail fish that have been artificially hatched, but the method of this embodiment is not limited to this example. The method of the illustrated example includes a hatching process, a mixed raising process after hatching, a sex determination process, and a subsequent raising process in separate cages for males and females. In the method of the illustrated example, the sex determination process further includes a bait removal process, an anesthesia process, an ultrasound imaging process, and an image analysis process. Each step of the method of this embodiment will be described below.

[0015] 2-1 Hatching process The cultured yellowtail fish raised by the method of this embodiment may be wild-caught fry (natural seedlings) or may be eggs collected from parent fish and artificially hatched (artificial seedlings). When natural seedlings are used, unlike artificial seedlings, the period after hatching cannot be accurately determined in days, but can be estimated in months from the spawning period of normal wild yellowtail fish. In the method of this embodiment, it is preferable to raise artificial seedling fry. When artificial seedlings are used, a step of hatching fertilized eggs collected from parent fish is required.

[0016] 2-2 Mixed growth process The method of this embodiment includes a step of raising hatched cultured yellowtail fish in a mixed-sex environment until they are able to be sexed. Sexing is preferably performed as early as possible, but a certain period of time is required after hatching before the gonad shape can be observed. Therefore, the mixed-sex raising step is preferably performed up to 24 months after hatching, particularly up to 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, or 3 months after hatching. More preferably, the mixed-sex raising step is performed up to 6 to 12 months after hatching, and even more preferably up to 8 to 10 months after hatching.

[0017] Alternatively, the mixed rearing process may be carried out until the body weight of the farmed yellowtail fish reaches 500g or more, particularly 600g or more, 700g or more, 800g or more, 900g or more, 1000g or more, 1100g or more, 1200g or more, 1300g or more, 1400g or more, 1500g or more, 1600g or more, 1700g or more, 1800g or more, 1900g or more, or 2000g or more.

[0018] 2-3 Male and female discrimination process The method of this embodiment includes a step of emitting ultrasound to the abdomen of farmed yellowtail fish to observe the shape of the gonads and determine the sex of each individual (sexing step). This step is not particularly limited as long as it includes the observation of the shape of the gonads of each individual using ultrasonic echoes and image analysis thereof, but it is preferable that it also includes a feeding withholding step and an anesthesia step. Figure 2 shows an overview of an example of the sexing step. In the illustrated example, the sexing step further includes a feeding withholding step, an anesthesia step, an ultrasound imaging step, and an image analysis step.

[0019] 2-3-1 Feed stopping process This process may include a step of ceasing feeding (feeding stoppage step) before observing the farmed yellowtail fish using ultrasonic echography. By providing a feeding stoppage step, it is possible to reduce the influence of feed interference on abdominal echography. The feeding stoppage period can be, for example, one day or more, particularly two days or more, three days or more, four days or more, five days or more, six days or more, or seven days or more. It is most preferably about two days. A longer feeding stoppage period tends to increase the size of the gallbladder, which is located near the gonads. Therefore, an appropriate feeding stoppage period may be set in advance so that the size of the gallbladder is large enough to more easily determine the sex in the subsequent image analysis step.

[0020] 2-3-2 Anesthesia process This process may include anesthetizing each individual farmed yellowtail fish before observing them using ultrasonic echography. The anesthesia process is useful for preventing scratches on the surface of the fish due to the individual fish's thrashing during the subsequent echography process, particularly when contact inspection is performed. Specific anesthesia methods may be any of those commonly used for anesthetizing farmed fish. For example, FA100 (manufactured by Bussan Animal Health), an anesthetic for fish and crustaceans containing eugenol as its main component, may be added to seawater at a concentration of 0.005 to 0.02% by weight, and the landed farmed yellowtail fish may be immersed in this solution.

[0021] 2-3-3 Echocardiography process This process involves ultrasound imaging of the abdomen of each individual farmed yellowtail fish. Ultrasound imaging can be performed by contacting the probe of an ultrasound imaging observation device with the abdomen of an individual fish removed from water and emitting ultrasound waves, or by non-contactly emitting ultrasound waves to the abdomen of an individual fish immersed in liquid and detecting the reflected waves (echoes). A preferred embodiment involves directly contacting the probe with the abdomen of an individual fish removed from water. When directly contacting the probe, it is usually possible to observe the tissues around the gonads by contacting it vertically with a site 1 to 3 cm cranial to the cloaca. The probe may be directly contacted with the individual fish, or may be contacted via a sheet, gel, or the like. It is preferable to complete the ultrasound imaging process as quickly as possible to minimize strain on the fish, for example, within 3 minutes, particularly within 1 minute, and even within 30 seconds.

[0022] The ultrasound imaging observation device may be any commercially available device for farmed yellowtail fish, but it is particularly preferable to use an ultrasound diagnostic device for animals. The commercially available ultrasound imaging observation device for animals is not particularly limited, but examples include the HS-1600V (manufactured by Honda Electronics Co., Ltd.) and the HS-103V (manufactured by Honda Electronics Co., Ltd.). Examples of the probe that can be used include a linear probe (e.g., HLS-884M (manufactured by Honda Electronics Co., Ltd.), HLV-275M (manufactured by Honda Electronics Co., Ltd.)) and a convex probe (e.g., HCS-8712M (manufactured by Honda Electronics Co., Ltd.)).

[0023] The frequency of the ultrasound output from the ultrasound image observation device is not particularly limited as long as it allows for observation of the shape of the gonads of cultured yellowtail fish, but is preferably 5 to 11 MHz, particularly 6 to 9 MHz, and even more preferably 7.5 to 8.5 MHz. The output intensity of the ultrasound is also not particularly limited as long as it allows for observation of the shape of the gonads of cultured yellowtail fish and does not cause significant injury to the individual fish.

[0024] The images obtained by echography may be subjected to image analysis in real time, either simultaneously with data storage or without data storage. Alternatively, the images may be printed out or stored as image data and then subjected to a subsequent image analysis step. Preferably, the images are subjected to the image analysis step in real time.

[0025] 2-3-4 Image analysis process The method of this embodiment includes a step of analyzing the images obtained in the ultrasound imaging step and determining the sex of each individual farmed yellowtail (Seriola spp.). Abdominal ultrasound images of farmed yellowtail (Seriola spp.) show different characteristics between males and females. Figure 3 shows an example of an abdominal ultrasound image of a female yellowtail 10 months after hatching, along with a photograph of the fish with its abdomen open. Figure 3A shows an abdominal ultrasound image, and Figure 3B shows a photograph of the fish with its abdomen open. The dashed line in Figure 3B indicates the area where the ultrasound image was taken before abdominal opening. Numerous characteristic fine white shadows were observed in the area corresponding to the ovaries. Figure 4 shows an example of an abdominal ultrasound image of a male yellowtail 10 months after hatching, along with a photograph of the fish with its abdomen open. Figure 4A shows an abdominal ultrasound image, and Figure 4B shows a photograph of the fish with its abdomen open. The dashed line in Figure 4B indicates the area where the ultrasound image was taken before abdominal opening. In the male's abdominal ultrasound image, the gallbladder was relatively clearly visible, but no clear image was observed in the area corresponding to the testes. Thus, it was confirmed that there are clear differences in the gonads observable in ultrasound images in yellowtail 10 months after hatching.

[0026] Sex determination can be performed visually, or it can be performed automatically using, for example, artificial intelligence (AI). When using AI, a database can be constructed by acquiring abdominal ultrasound image data of multiple farmed yellowtail fish whose age after hatching and sex are known in advance. Using this database as training data, a trained model can be constructed through machine learning using a known neural network. This trained model can be used to determine and output the sex of farmed yellowtail fish of unknown sex from their abdominal ultrasound image data. In particular, when constructing the database, annotating the ultrasound image data with tissue areas having a granular surface, which are characteristic of female farmed yellowtail fish, and areas where the image of the gallbladder is unclear, makes it possible to more accurately distinguish images characteristic of females.

[0027] The image analysis step may be performed using stored data after the ultrasound imaging step, but it is preferable to distinguish in real time during ultrasound imaging and quickly separate the individuals into males and females while they are still anesthetized.

[0028] 2-4 Male and female breeding process The cultured fish of the genus Yellowtail, whose sex has been determined in the sexing process, are then raised in separate terrestrial tanks or marine cages for each sex. When the fish are raised in cages, it is preferable that the cages are not adjacent to each other, but are spaced at least 5 m apart, preferably at least 10 m apart. The distance between the cages for the separated male and female Yellowtail cultured fish is not particularly limited, but it is desirable that the cages be spaced apart enough that the male and female Yellowtail cultured fish cannot distinguish from each other.

[0029] The rearing period for sexed farmed yellowtail fish is 2 months or more, preferably 3 months or more, 4 months or more, 5 months or more, 6 months or more, 7 months or more, 8 months or more, 9 months or more, 10 months or more, 11 months or more, 12 months or more, 18 months or more, 19 months or more, 20 months or more, 21 months or more, 22 months or more, 23 months or more, 2 years or more, or 3 years or more. Preferably, the rearing period is 6 years or less, 5 years or less, 4 years or less, 3 years or less, 2 years or less, 23 months or less, 22 months or less, 21 months or less, or 20 months or less.

[0030] The water temperature in the cages or tanks during the above-mentioned rearing period is preferably 13 to 28° C., particularly 18 to 27° C., and even more preferably 20 to 25° C. Because cages for farmed yellowtail fish are usually installed on the sea, it is difficult to artificially adjust the water temperature in the cages after installation. However, by appropriately selecting the installation location of the cages, it is possible to carry out farming under desired temperature conditions.

[0031] The stocking density of yellowtail in the cages is 3 to 20 kg / m 3 , especially 7 to 16 kg / m 3 The size of the fish preserve or tank is not particularly limited as long as each individual fish can swim without coming into contact with other fish, but for example, it can be approximately 8 to 60 m in length and width and 8 to 25 m in depth.

[0032] During the above-mentioned rearing period, feeding is preferably carried out by scattering food in the cage at least once every two days. Regarding the feed used, any feed known to be suitable for fry of farmed yellowtail fish can be used before they reach adulthood. For example, live feed such as small sardines, granular or pelleted compound feed, moist pellets, etc. can be used. During the rearing period after they reach adulthood, any feed known to be suitable for farmed yellowtail fish can be used, for example, live feed such as mackerel or sardines, or compound feed such as pellets. The period until farmed yellowtail fish reach adulthood varies greatly depending on the fish species and rearing conditions, but in the case of artificial seedlings, it is usually 14 to 36 months after hatching.

[0033] 2-5 Other The cultured fish of the genus Seriola raised by the method of this embodiment are preferably female. The present inventors have found that when cultured fish of the genus Seriola are raised in separate fish pens for males and females, and particularly when only females are raised, the fish weight increases significantly compared to when males and females are raised in mixed pens.

[0034] The type of cultured fish of the genus Seriola to be raised by the method of this embodiment is not particularly limited as long as it belongs to the genus Seriola, but may be, for example, yellowtail or amberjack. In particular, yellowtail may be used. In one aspect of the method of this embodiment, the start of the rearing period for male and female yellowtail can be set to 12 months or less after hatching. In this case, it is possible to raise mature yellowtail 14 to 20 months after hatching that meet the following criteria: Fish weight: 2.4 kg or more, preferably 2.5 kg or more, 2.6 kg or more, 2.7 kg or more, 2.8 kg or more, 2.9 kg or more, or 3.0 kg or more. Gonadal Somatic Index (GSI): for males, less than 1.0, preferably less than 0.95, less than 0.90, less than 0.85 or less than 0.8; for females, less than 0.4, preferably less than 0.39, less than 0.38, less than 0.37, less than 0.36, less than 0.35, less than 0.34, less than 0.33, less than 0.32, less than 0.31 or less than 0.30.

[0035] The sex-separated rearing period for obtaining farmed yellowtail 14 to 20 months after hatching varies depending on the time of sex separation, but is at least 2 months and at most 20 months. The earlier the sex separation is performed, the longer the rearing period can be.

[0036] 3. Farmed Yellowtail The second embodiment of the present invention is a cultured yellowtail. More specifically, the cultured yellowtail of this embodiment is a cultured yellowtail raised by one embodiment of the method described in Section 2, "Method for Raising Cultured Yellowtail of the Genus Seriola." The cultured yellowtail of this embodiment is preferably a mature cultured yellowtail 14 to 20 months after hatching, with a body weight of 2.4 kg or more and a gonadosomatic index (GSI) of less than 1.0 for males and less than 0.4 for females.

[0037] The cultured yellowtail of this embodiment preferably satisfies the following criteria. Fish weight: 2.4 kg or more, in particular 2.5 kg or more, 2.6 kg or more, 2.7 kg or more, 2.8 kg or more, 2.9 kg or more or 3.0 kg or more. Gonadal Somatic Index (GSI): for males, less than 1.0, in particular less than 0.95, less than 0.90, less than 0.85 or less than 0.8; for females, less than 0.4, in particular less than 0.39, less than 0.38, less than 0.37, less than 0.36, less than 0.35, less than 0.34, less than 0.33, less than 0.32, less than 0.31 or less than 0.30.

[0038] The cultured yellowtail of this embodiment is preferably female. Compared to males, females reared in separate sexes tend to have larger fish body weights and smaller GSIs than those reared in mixed sexes. [Example]

[0039] [Reference example] Survey of growth status of sex-segregated yellowtail aquaculture (1) Raising artificial Mojako On January 18, first-generation artificially hatched yellowtail (12 females and 8 males) were artificially inseminated to obtain fertilized eggs. After confirming hatching on January 20, the fish were placed in land-based tanks for rearing. From February 28 to March 5, they were released into the ocean and continued rearing in the fish pens. On June 9, the fish were measured. The average fish weight was 74.4 g. On July 11, they were vaccinated and measured. The average fish weight was 176.7 g. Each fish was then tagged for individual identification and sexed. On August 9, the fish were divided into 250 males (male group), 250 females (female group), and 259 mixed-sex groups (mixed group) and placed in separate pens for further rearing. The pens for each group were spaced at least 30 m apart. The distance between each cage was set so that the yellowtail raised in each cage could not recognize each other directly by sight or indirectly by secreting sex hormones. For example, the separation distance was set to approximately three times the length and width of the cage, but this is not limited to this. The size of each cage was 4m long x 4m wide x 4m deep, and from the 15th month of sea surface rearing onwards, it was set to 8m long x 8m wide x 8m deep. The water temperature in the cages was 15.2-31.0°C. Formulated feed was used.

[0040] (2) Rearing and measuring fish weight After measuring the fish body weight on July 11th, the yellowtail in each cage were reared for approximately 10 months until May of the following year, during which time fish weight was measured 10 times at regular intervals of approximately one month. Figure 5 shows the change in average fish weight in each area. Fish weight measurements were taken on 50 fish randomly sampled from each test area. Figure 6 shows the fish weight in each area as of late May. Fish weight was high in all cages reared separately for males and females, with the female area showing particularly high fish weight. On the other hand, fish weight in the mixed area was lower than in the female and male areas, and no difference between males and females was observed.

[0041] [Example] Sexing of yellowtail using ultrasonic echo images As in the Reference Example, artificially hatched farmed yellowtail were raised for 6 months after hatching. Thirty individuals of unknown sex were landed and transferred to a work bench. A linear probe (HLS-884M, manufactured by Honda Electronics Co., Ltd.) connected to an ultrasound imaging observation device (HS-1600V, manufactured by Honda Electronics Co., Ltd.) was placed in contact with the individual 1 to 3 cm from the cloaca toward the head. Ultrasound was emitted, and image data of the reflected waves (echo images) were obtained. The frequency of the emitted ultrasound was 8.5 MHz.

[0042] The obtained image data was visually analyzed to determine sex. The primary indicator for sex determination was the presence of two connected oval organs with granular surfaces between the swim bladder and the intestine in the abdominal cavity. As a result, of the 30 fish photographed by ultrasound, 20 were identified as female and 10 as male.

[0043] All individuals that underwent ultrasound imaging were abdominally opened and their gonads visually inspected. The results showed that 21 were female and 9 were male. Of the 20 fish identified as female from ultrasound images, 17 were actually female, for a conformance rate of 85%. Furthermore, of the 21 actual female fish, 17 were identified as female by ultrasound imaging, for a reproducibility rate of 81%. This confirmed that ultrasound imaging can be used to non-invasively determine the sex of farmed yellowtail fish.

Claims

1. a step of emitting ultrasound to the abdomen of cultured yellowtail fish that are 24 months or less after hatching, observing the shape of the gonads, and determining the sex of each individual; Based on the determined sex, the cultured fish of the genus Yellowtail are sorted into a group containing only female cultured fish of the genus Yellowtail or a group containing only male cultured fish of the genus Yellowtail; and The method includes a step of raising cultured yellowtail fish in a cage containing only female yellowtail fish or in a cage containing only male yellowtail fish for a raising period of at least two months. A method for raising farmed yellowtail fish.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the farmed yellowtail fish are at least three months old after hatching.

3. The method according to claim 1, comprising artificially hatching eggs collected from parent fish and cultivating the resulting fry.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the farmed yellowtail fish is female.

5. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ultrasonic frequency is 5 to 11 MHz.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein a fasting period of 24 hours or more is carried out before observing the shape by ultrasound.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the farmed fish of the genus Seriola is farmed yellowtail.

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