Generation of mechanical / electrical energy from thermal energy using buoyancy factors for evaporation or sublimation and condensation

Abstract

To generate mechanical and electrical energy from heat energy including heat energy from the sun or in the ocean.SOLUTION: A surface / flat container 1 is filled with, e.g., natural gas in a liquid state, and is connected to a liquid chamber 2, so that gas rises above the liquid by heat energy received from the sun or seawater. The top of the chamber is provided with gas chambers 5, 6, 7 which store a gasified fluid with the heat energy and supply the gas to turbines 8, 9, 10. The turbines are connected to a shaft 12, and converted by a generator 13 into electrical energy.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to the generation of mechanical or electrical power from thermal energy, including solar energy or thermal energy present in ocean water, through evaporation / sublimation and condensation cycles brought about by temperature differences with a liquid (or solid or gas), based on adjustable temperature in a closed environment and the use of a buoyancy factor to increase the efficiency of energy generation. [Background technology]

[0002] Thermal energy has been used for a long time. From the beginning of steam engines to modern diesel engines, thermal energy has been converted into mechanical or electrical energy. There are internal combustion engines and external combustion engines. Steam engines are external combustion engines, while diesel and gasoline engines are internal combustion engines. In internal combustion engines, the thermal energy of fuel is converted into mechanical or electrical energy according to the laws of thermodynamics, which consider the temperature-pressure-volume relationship. However, in external combustion engines, steam is produced and used to drive a turbine or to develop a Rankine cycle. Coal or other heat, including solar energy, is used to generate steam.

[0003] In some thermal energy conversions to electrical or mechanical energy, external thermal energy is utilized, as shown below; According to U.S. Patent No. 9,297,366 B2, ions generated by photovoltaics are transferred from a high-concentration vapor to a low-concentration vapor, and the low-concentration vapor is returned as heat by returning it to normal. Similarly, in U.S. Patent No. 8,794,002 B2, a working fluid is used as a heat exchanger to create low- and high-pressure regions, whereby the working fluid is directed from the high-pressure side to the low-pressure side and controlled in the working region where it is converted into mechanical energy.

[0004] According to U.S. Pat. No. 8,011,182 B2A, gas and gravity forces act on devices in natural or artificial liquid media and convert such forces into mechanical energy as efficiently as buoyancy forces. Disclosed is a generator utilizing a method for generating variable density containers, the generator comprising a plurality of weighted, uniquely configured variable density containers that rise and fall in a primarily vertical plane and drive one or more chains, belts, or conveyors having rotating sprockets or pulleys on horizontally aligned shafts in a primarily vertical arrangement.

[0005] Solar panels only capture light energy from the sun and convert it into electrical energy, requiring storage in the form of batteries during times when there is no sunlight, such as during cloudy periods, or at night.

[0006] All of these conversion methods have theoretical efficiencies of less than 65%, and in practice even less.

[0007] Most thermal energy conversion methods use high temperatures. Gasoline and diesel engines heat air to temperatures above 2000°C. The fuel is completely consumed. Steam energy also requires steam to reach approximately 600°C. In other conversion systems, high temperatures are also preferred. Because of the high temperature requirement, thermal energy with mild temperatures, e.g., below 10°C, cannot be used efficiently.

[0008] Therefore, there is a need for inventions or innovations that can use low-temperature thermal energy with high efficiency. There is a need to use the vast amount of solar energy at less cost. There is a need to be able to easily store energy and convert it into electrical energy when needed. There is a need to use renewable solar energy to a certain extent. There is a need to address future energy crises. There is a need to find energy fin-tech systems that can potentially equal or exceed the energy used by the entire world today. There is a need to be able to use wasted energy and waste. There is a need to be able to highly adopt clean energy instead of black energy. There is a need to be able to use solar energy to reduce global warming. There is a need to be able to use abundant solar or geothermal energy to solve the energy crisis. There is a need to be able to use the thermal energy in lakes and oceans during the winter when their surface temperatures are very low. Summary of the Invention

[0009] The generation of mechanical or electrical energy by the process of evaporation or sublimation and condensation, accompanied by the application of a buoyancy factor, increases the efficiency of energy production, whereby the input of heat energy at the required evaporation, boiling or sublimation temperature allows the vapor obtained through the liquid when boiling, or the solid when sublimating, or the gas when pressurized, to rise to a higher level / second in the liquid; The steam is accelerated upwards by buoyancy, The steam rises to a height where the gas passes through the turbine, causing it to rotate, while the turbine remains submerged in the liquid. The vapor is condensed with the aid of a liquid held in a condenser whose temperature, under normal conditions, does not exceed the boiling / sublimation point of the liquid (or solid) inside the vessel being evaporated or sublimated and condensed; Or, The vapor is condensed with the aid of a liquid held in a condenser whose temperature, under normal conditions, does not exceed that of the boiling, evaporated, or sublimated vapor. or The vapor is condensed by any other possible means, The energy gained increases.

[0010] As the vapor rises through the liquid in the liquid chamber, it accelerates upward and then flows into the liquid. The submerged turbine is rotated to generate energy equal to the weight of the liquid, which is equal to the volume of gas passing through the turbine multiplied by the height of the turbine. Further energy is added during the process of vapor flow from the evaporating medium to the condensing medium in the turbine, which is held in the vapor medium.

[0011] Any common temperature difference of a few degrees can be easily utilized, and even low temperatures (e.g., about 0°C and below -10°C) can generate energy multiplied by the buoyancy factor. Even at low temperatures, the technology's capabilities allow for the use of easy energy storage media, such as salts and hydroxides (e.g., NaOH) that store thermal energy during dehydration, or salts stored in the melting phase or obtained with hydration or latent heat from salts stored in the melting phase, or even water beneath the ocean where temperatures above 0°C on the surface freeze during winter, acting as a natural reservoir. Alternatively, natural or other warm water sources can also be utilized as thermal energy storage sources. [Effects of the Invention]

[0012] This invention can convert low-temperature thermal energy into mechanical or electrical energy. It can convert more than 100% of input thermal energy into output without the expenditure of extra materials or energy. The vast thermal energy from the sun, which is currently a bottleneck in its use, can be harnessed with simple, easy-to-use, and inexpensive technology. It has an easy storage mechanism that can store vast amounts of energy and even utilize it as needed. With this technology, 100 megawatts can be easily stored for several months or more at low cost. Such low-temperature power storage provided by chemicals (e.g., hydration and dehydration of salts or hydroxides) can be transported without losing the stored energy. Waste materials that can provide thermal energy can be best utilized. Because solar energy is renewable and clean, it can be best utilized and stored, thereby reducing black energy and global energy consumption. This ultimately helps to solve the future energy crisis to some extent. The vast energy present in the ocean, where water temperatures exceed 0°C and surface temperatures freeze in winter, can be best utilized to generate electrical energy, a previously unavailable method. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0013] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is an exemplary embodiment of a plurality of towers for implementing a process for generating mechanical and electrical energy from thermal energy using sunlight, as well as a storage system for sunlight / winter nights / winter. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is an exemplary embodiment of a single tower for implementing the process of generating mechanical and electrical energy from thermal energy using only solar energy during the day. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is an exemplary embodiment of multiple towers for implementing a process for generating mechanical and electrical energy from thermal energy using only solar energy during the day. [Figure 4]FIG. 4 is an exemplary embodiment of multiple towers for implementing the process of generating mechanical and electrical energy from thermal energy on a frozen lake / sea / ocean, especially in winter (day and night). [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is an exemplary embodiment of multiple towers for implementing the process of generating mechanical and electrical energy from thermal energy on hot water areas (day / night and any season when hot water is available).

[0014] The present invention uses the following parts / elements: [Explanation of symbols]

[0015] 1: Surface / flat container 2, 3, 4: Liquid chamber 5, 6, 7: Gas chamber 8, 9, 10: Liquid turbine 11: Gas turbine 12: Axis 13: Generator 14: Tower 15: Steam pipe (steam flow pipe) 16: Liquid discharge pipe 17: Pipe going into the condenser 18: Pipe coming out of the condenser 19: Water pipe 20: Water pipe 21: Water pipe 22: Hot water circulation pipe 23:Liquid re-injection part 24,25: Washer 26: Gas-liquid phase valve 27, 28: Chamber valve (also simply referred to as valve or valve) 29: Liquid injection valve 30: Liquid output valve 31: Condenser 32: Cylinder 33: Multi-pipe 34: Pusher 35: Chemical storage tank 36: Heat generating tank 37, 38, 39: Motor 40: Hot water reservoir 41:Water heater 42: Water tank 43: Dehydration container DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] Figure 1 will be explained using technical terms. The other figures [Figures 1-5] are largely similar to each other and only the differences will be explained.

[0017] The surface / flat vessel 1 is where heating is required for evaporation or sublimation. It is usually made flat to maximize surface area when immersed in heat from the sun, hot water from a heat storage medium, or the ocean. However, the shape of the vessel can be modified depending on the heat source being applied.

[0018] There is liquid in the surface container, and the surface container 1 is held in a heatable state. Therefore, for solar energy, it continues to face the sunlight [Figs. 1, 2, 3]. For energy from seawater or lake water, in the case of a frozen top surface, it is immersed in the water below the ice surface [Figs. 4, 5].

[0019] Heating can also be achieved over a relatively small surface area if the thermal energy source used is capable of producing high temperatures, such as with hydrogen gas, natural gas, or other fuels. The vessel is connected to the liquid chamber 2 via a pipe 15 and a gas-liquid phase valve 26. The liquid present in the chamber can be the same as or different from that in the vessel. For liquids in vessel 1, such as pentene, butane, which do not dissolve in water, water can be used as the liquid in the liquid chamber separated by a valve, but the liquid chamber must contain a liquid to provide buoyancy.

[0020] At the top of the chamber is a liquid turbine 8, which is also submerged in the liquid. The top of the chamber is connected to a gas chamber 5. For multiple chambers [Figures 1, 3, 4, 5], gas chamber 5 is connected to liquid chamber 3 via valve 27. At the top of chamber 3 is turbine 9. Liquid chamber 3 is connected to the next gas chamber 6, which is then connected to liquid chamber 4 by valve 28. As mentioned above, at the top of liquid chamber 4 is turbine 10. Liquid chamber 4 is finally connected to gas chamber 7. Depending on the temperature of the liquid and vapor in the liquid chamber (i.e., the BP of the liquid), additional series of liquid and gas chambers can be added, but only three are considered here for purposes of illustration.

[0021] All turbines 8, 9, and 10 are connected to a shaft 12, which is connected to a generator 13. The shaft and chambers are all supported by a tower 14. A liquid re-entry section 23 is located below the gas chamber 7. Just above the liquid re-entry section 23 is the next gas turbine 11, through which gas flows through a cylinder 32 to a condenser 31. The gas turbine 11 is also connected to the shaft 12, two valves 29 and 30, and a washer 25 in the liquid re-entry section 23. Pipes 17 and 18 are connected to the inside and outside of the condenser 31, respectively. The washers 24 and 25 are joined with the same upward and downward flow. A pusher 34, connected to an external circuit, is located above the washer 24 in the gas chamber 7 and below the turbine 11.

[0022] Condenser 31, connected to final gas chamber 7 (single gas chamber for Figure 2) via cylinder 32 and condenser in pipe 17, contains a cooling liquid (typically water), where multiple pipes 33 act as an interface between the vapor and the cooling liquid. The multiple pipes of condenser 31 are finally connected to liquid recharge 23 via condenser outlet pipe 18. Liquid recharge 23 is finally connected to surface vessel 1 via pipe 16.

[0023] The shaft 12 is connected to a generator 13 which converts the rotational mechanical energy of the turbine / shaft into electrical energy.

[0024] Alternatively, to generate electricity without using sunlight, hot water obtained from chemicals such as NaOH hydrate or molten salt is used, as shown in Figure 1. The dehydrated salt or hydroxide is placed in a chemical storage tank 35 connected to a heat generating tank 36 with the aid of a motor 37. A water pipe 21 from a water tank 42 is connected to the heat generating tank 36 via a motor 38. The heat generating tank 36 is surrounded by a hot water reservoir 40. A hot water circulation pipe 22 from the hot water reservoir 40 is connected to each flat / surfaced vessel 1 from below via a motor 39. The heat generating tank 36 is connected to a water heater 41, which houses the water tank 42, as described above. The water heater 41 is finally connected to a dehydration vessel 43. The dehydration vessel is a simple vessel with a larger surface area covered with a transparent medium such as glass or plastic. The hydrated salt or hydroxide is evaporated by direct sunlight, storing heat from the sunlight. The dehydrated salts or hydroxides from vessel 43 are retained for longer storage or reused by transferring them to storage tank 35 .

[0025] Furthermore, when utilizing heat from a lake, sea, or ocean whose upper layer is frozen in winter as shown in Fig. 4, or when utilizing heat from a hot water source such as a hot spring lake as shown in Fig. 5, the surface / flat container 1 is immersed in the lake, sea, or ocean. As in Fig. 4 or Fig. 5, the container immersed in water here is also connected to a discharge pipe 16 from the liquid re-introduction section 23 and a pipe 15 connected to the liquid chamber via a gas-liquid phase valve 26.

[0026] According to the present invention, a liquid (or solid or gas) is placed in a completely sealed flat-surfaced container 1 that can boil (or sublimate or pressurize) in the presence of heat. It can be heated by other means, such as sunlight [Figures 1, 2, 3] or heated water [Figure 1], immersed in a lake or ocean [Figures 4, 5], or even by other sources, such as hydrogen gas, natural gas, fossil fuels, or waste materials. However, using a source capable of providing high temperatures, vessel 1 does not require a larger surface area. When the liquid boils (or the solid sublimes or the gas pressurizes), the vapor flows through pipe 15 and through gas-liquid valve 26 into liquid chamber 2. Liquid chamber 2 is completely filled to the brim with the same or another liquid. Above the liquid chamber is a turbine, called liquid turbine 8, submerged in the liquid. The upward flow of liquid vapor rotates liquid turbine 8. The rotated turbine rotates shaft 12, which in turn rotates and generates electricity from generator 13, supported by tower 14.

[0027] Meanwhile, steam travels from liquid chamber 2 to the top of liquid chamber 2 above turbine 8 and encounters gas chamber 5. In Figures 1, 3, 4, and 5, when the pressure of the gas in gas chamber 5 rises and exceeds the weight of the liquid in liquid chamber 3 in the gas-liquid section, the gas flows through valve 27 into liquid chamber 3. At the top of liquid chamber 3, turbine 9 rotates as turbine 8, and the steam is sent to gas chamber 6. Again, when the pressure in gas chamber 6 exceeds the weight of the liquid in the gas-liquid section, the gas enters another liquid chamber 4 through valve 28. At the top of liquid chamber 4, the steam rotates turbine 10, and the gas enters gas chamber 7. Turbines 9 and 10 can also be connected to shaft 12 to generate electricity, further increasing the series of liquid and gas chambers. In this way, the gas (steam) is sent to the final gas chamber (here, gas chamber 7).

[0028] Within the gas chamber 7, the steam pressure increases over time. The steam with increased pressure is sent to the condenser 31 through the gas turbine 11 and cylinder 32. The gas is sent through cylinder 32 to the condenser 31, controlling the pressure, the magnitude of which depends on the temperature of the input energy and the condensation rate. A larger cylinder is required for lower condensation and higher evaporation. For example, when high-temperature thermal energy such as hydrogen gas is applied to a working liquid, such as dichloromethane with a boiling point of 39.6°C, the pressure may rise more rapidly than the condenser's capacity allows. Therefore, the cylinder can hold the steam for a certain period of time before condensation. The gas turbine 11 is also connected to a shaft 12, which generates electricity when it rotates. Here, the gas is sent to the condenser 31. In the condenser 31, the gas passes through pipe 17 and enters multiple pipes 33. The multiple pipes, which act as an interconnecting medium between the steam and the liquid in the condenser 31, are maintained to increase the surface area of ​​the steam in contact with the external cryogenic liquid (typically water or other liquids / gases based on temperature requirements). Since the temperature of the water (or other liquid) in the condenser 31 is lower than the temperature of the steam in the multi-pipe 33 , the steam condenses and transfers heat to the water (or other liquid) in the condenser 31 .

[0029] Finally, the condensed vapor in liquid form in the condenser multi-pipe 33 (or solid or dense gas, depending on the nature of the material being evaporated, sublimated, or pressurized in the flat / surface vessel 1) moves through the condenser outlet pipe 18 and the liquid inlet valve 29 to the liquid re-inlet 23. When the weight of the condensed liquid in the liquid re-inlet 23 and the condenser outlet pipe 18, which are held vertically, becomes greater than the weight of the washer and the pressure above the washer 24, it gradually pushes the washer 25 upward together with the washer 24. As the washer 24 is gradually pushed up to the pusher 34, the weight of the condensed liquid in the pipe 18 from the condenser 31 increases, and the washer is further pushed up to the pusher's switching section, which, when touched by the washer 24, starts the flow of electricity to the pusher's motor, which is connected to an external circuit. The pusher pushes the washer 24 together with the washer 25 downward, expelling the liquid in the liquid re-inlet 23 to the outside. Once the pusher has pushed washer 24 to its minimum level, power to the pusher motor is switched off and the pusher stops pushing. The washer will slowly rise again as described above due to the increasing weight of the condensed liquid in pipe 18 exiting the condenser entering liquid re-entry section 23. Thus, the up and down movement of both washers 24 and 25 There is a movement and a continuous flow of condensed liquid accumulated in liquid recharge section 23 passes through valve 30 to pipe 16 and then to surface vessel 1. Condensed vapor can be recharged into the vessel by application of an external motor.

[0030] In this way, when there is a heat supply in vessel 1, there is continuous evaporation and condensation, and the system generates electricity via generator 13, which includes an alternator rotated by shaft 12. The mechanical or electrical energy generated by the evaporation and condensation processes is greatly increased using a buoyancy factor that depends on the height of the tower chamber, i.e., the height to which the gas rises in the liquid. By maintaining different liquid-gas chambers for the evaporation and condensation processes, the gas can be raised to very high heights in one liquid chamber, or to heights several times lower.

[0031] Here, the buoyancy factor is used to increase efficiency. If the buoyancy factor allows something lighter than the liquid it is immersed in to move freely, it will move upward with a force equal to the weight of the freely floating material and the liquid displaced by the height of the liquid. Here, the freely floating material is the vapor produced during evaporation. Thermal energy impinging on the container evaporates the liquid in the container depending on the intensity of the thermal energy, the surface area, the boiling point of the liquid, the mass of the liquid, and the enthalpy of vaporization of the liquid. The vapor acts as a immersed material with a lower density than the liquid. There is an upward flow of vapor toward the top of the liquid chamber. Here, the upward flowing vapor carries energy that depends on the weight of the displaced liquid and the height of the turbine. The higher the turbine, the more the vapor accelerates upward due to a continuous upward force acting on it, called buoyancy.

[0032] This system can generate excess energy using a buoyancy factor due to the difference between the amount of material input at the bottom level and the amount of material rising due to external thermal energy. Most buoyancy / gravity mechanisms do not work because the energy gained from raising a low-density material in a liquid must be equally used to introduce that material to the bottom of the liquid to make it continuous. Or, in other words, the energy gained is equal to the energy lost. In a liquid of density "d" and height "h," a low-density material with weight "w" and volume "v" is introduced to the bottom. It accelerates upward due to buoyancy. The energy gained is then equal to the weight of the liquid displaced to the height of the liquid minus the weight of the material rising. Gravity pulls the material downward. therefore, Energy gain = [(v * d) * g * h] - w * h(i) Energy = mass of fluid displaced * acceleration due to gravity * height & Mass = Volume * Density]

[0033] Additionally, there is an energy input which is an energy loss when the same material is added from the lowest level to continue the process. This input energy loss is the energy gained from a material falling from an increased height minus the energy expended in inputting it due to the change in the total volume of the liquid at the top when the same material is placed at the same pressure of the liquid at the bottom. Or the change in pressure at the bottom due to an increase in volume at the top. The lost energy is also the same. Energy loss = - [(P * v) - w * h] Energy of volume change = pressure * Change in volume of liquid = change in pressure due to rise in liquid, previous height * volume of substance We, Pressure = Force / Area = Weight of liquid displaced / Area of ​​liquid displaced for a given structure I know. = (v * d) * g / a therefore, Energy loss = ((v * d) * g / a) * v Here, Height (h) = Volume (v) / Area (a) is. Therefore, again, Energy loss = -[ [(v * d) * g * h] - w * h] (ii) This becomes: therefore, Energy gain = Energy loss (i) and (ii) is.

[0034] However, in our system, the input material at the bottom is a liquid with a lower density, which can rise after being converted to vapor by external thermal energy. Here, vapor with the same mass as the input but several times lower density or larger volume rises to a certain height, gaining increased energy from buoyancy. The increased energy is due to the difference in volume between the input material (condensed liquid) and the rising material (evaporated vapor). And this increase is equal to the volume of vapor that can rise times the volume of the condensed liquid input at the bottom.

[0035] In the above equation, the volume of vapor is "n" times the volume of liquid, Energy gained (from steam rise) = (n * v * d) * g * h(iii) is.

[0036] Let the volume of vapor be n times the volume of liquid of the same mass. or, n = Vv / Vl = Dl / Dv [i.e., liquid vs. vapor density] is.

[0037] Since the vapor is replaced by liquid before injection, Energy loss (when liquid is added) = ΔP * v = [(v * d * g) / a] * v = [v * d * g * h] Energy gain / Energy loss = [(n * v * d * g * h) / (v * d * g * h)] = n and, Net energy obtained = [v * g *d * h] * (n-1) and, Net power = [(v * d) * g * h) * (n-1)] / t

[0038] Here, the volume multiplied by the density is the mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity, therefore Net energy = w * h(n-1) Net power = w * h(n-1) / t is.

[0039] where t is the time required for the liquid to be replaced by vapor as the vapor rises to that height or as the vapor is replaced by liquid and liquid is added, whichever occurs first.

[0040] Therefore, the energy available is the multiple of the volume of vapor greater than the volume of liquid. However, when two different liquids are used, the density of both liquids will affect the power output. The steam travels multiple times the liquid input at the elevation where the turbine is maintained. Therefore, the energy to rotate the turbine can be calculated by the weight of the volume displaced and the elevation at which the turbine is located. Or, in other words, the potential energy of the liquid displaced at the elevation of the turbine due to the steam minus the potential energy of the liquid displaced at that elevation when the condensed liquid is input is the total energy produced.

[0041] Energy generated in the liquid turbine (E1) = Weight of liquid displaced (W) * Turbine height (H) * (ratio of vapor to liquid densities - 1)

[0042] This is given by the following formula: Net energy (E1) = energy produced - energy lost = [w * h] * [(Dl / Dv)-1]

[0043] Here, the weight of the liquid replaced by vapor depends on the latent heat of vaporization of the liquid, the rate of energy precipitation per unit time and unit area, the surface area of ​​the evaporation vessel, the acceleration due to gravity, the density of the liquid, and the density of the vapor.

[0044] Here, the weight of liquid displaced during evaporation is calculated as follows: W = (the rate of energy input into the vessel (Ef) * Surface area (A) * Time (T) * (Liquid Density) * g / latent heat of vaporization of liquid (Lv) * (vapor density)

[0045] Considering the same condensation rate, the weight of liquid displaced during the introduction of condensed vapor is given by; W = (energy drop rate of the vessel (Ef) * Surface area (A) * Time (T) * g / latent heat of vaporization of liquid (Lv)

[0046] therefore, E1 = ([(Ef / Lv) * A * T] * g * H * [(Dl / DV)])-[(Ef / Lv) * A * T] * g * H E1 =( ([Ef * A * T] * g * H) / Lv) * [(Dl / Dv)-1]

[0047] Furthermore, the vapor can be condensed by external energy, entering the system in a smaller volume but denser form than the vapor phase. During condensation, some energy can be obtained due to the change in pressure. For condensation, the vapor passes from the vapor chamber to the condenser, and this flow of vapor also generates some energy.

[0048] The energy produced by the change in volume of gas in the gas chamber through the gas turbine can be calculated as the work done by the change in volume.

[0049] If E2 is the energy produced during time T by condensation of a volume V of gas at pressure P, the energy produced can be calculated as follows; Gas turbine power generation energy (E2) = Volume change * pressure =ΔV * P =( [Ef * A * T] / Lv) [(1 / Dv)-(1 / Dl)] * P

[0050] [Condensation rate = evaporation rate]

[0051] The total energy produced is (TE) = E1 + E2 is given by

[0052] Total Energy (TE) = (([Ef * A * T] * g * H) / Lv)[(Dl / Dv) - 1] + ([Ef * A * T] / Lv) [(1 / Dv) -(1 / Dl)] * P = [(Ef / Lv) * A * T] * g * H * [(Dl / Dv)-1] + [(Ef / Lv)* A * T] [(1 / Dv)-(1 / Dl)] * P

[0053] The power is given as follows: Power (P) = Total Energy (TE) / Time (T) = (([Ef * A * T] * g * H) / (Lv * T))[(Dl / Dv)-1]+ ([Ef * A * T] / (Lv * T))[(1 / Dv)-(1 / Dl)] * P = [(Ef / Lv) * A] * g * H * [(Dl / Dv)-1] + [(Ef / Lv) * A] [(1 / Dv) -(1 / Dl)] * P

[0054] The energy efficiency of the system is given by; Efficiency = (output energy / input energy) * 100% = (([(Ef / Lv) * A * T] * g * H [(Dl / Dv)-1] + [(Ef / Lv) * A * T] [(1 / Dv)-(1 / Dl)] * P) / (Ef * A * T)) * 100% = (( [g * H][(Dl / Dv)-1] +[P][(1 / Dv)-(1 / Dl)]) / Lv ) * 100%

[0055] Since atmospheric pressure is maintained in the condensation chamber, Setting P = 101,325 N / m 2, g = 9.8 m / s 2 Let's say.

[0056] Efficiency = ((9.8 H [(Dl-Dv) / Dv] +101,325 (Dl-Dv) / (Dl * Dv) ) / Lv) * 100% = [(Dl / Dv)-1] * [9.8 H+ 101325 / Dl] / Lv * 100%

[0057] The efficiency of a system can be increased by increasing the total power output, i.e., the energy produced for a given input. For a given liquid, all factors in the total energy or efficiency cannot be changed except for height.

[0058] The efficiency of the energy produced is therefore directly related to the height of the tower chamber through which the vapor flows from the bottom. Therefore, increasing the height to the required extent can increase the efficiency even beyond 100%.

[0059] Furthermore, the efficiency is always positive because the density of the liquid is always greater than that of the vapor. Therefore, the system works because of the difference in volume of a given mass in the vapor and liquid phases, and is supported by increasing height.

[0060] However, as the height increases, the pressure at the bottom increases. The increase in pressure at the bottom of the chamber reduces the volume of the vapor. Due to the decrease in the volume of the vapor, the buoyancy force decreases downward and gradually increases as you accelerate upward. Therefore, the buoyancy force gradually increases, resulting in meta-acceleration.

[0061] For our purposes, we can consider the average volume of vapor to account for the mass of liquid displaced. Bottom pressure (P2) = [weight / area] + P1 =( [area * height * density *Gravitational acceleration] / area) + P1 = [Height * Density * g] + P1

[0062] Bottom volume (Vb) = (P1 * Vt) / P2 = (P1 * Vt) / ((Dl * H * g) + P1) = (P1 * [Ef / Lv * A * T] / Dv) / [(Dl * H * g)+ P1]

[0063] Top volume (Vt) = [Ef / Lv * A * T] / Dv

[0064] Average volume (Va) = (Vb + Vt) / 2 = (((P1 * [Ef / Lv * A * T] / Dv) / ((Dl * H * g) + P1))+ ([Ef / Lv * A * T] / Dv)) / 2 = ( [Ef / Lv * A * T] / Dv) * [P1 / [(D1 * H * g)+P​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​* g) + 2P1]) / (2Dv [(Dl * H * g) + P1]) = (Vt * [P2 + P1]) / 2[P2] = Vt / 2 + Vt P1 / 2P2

[0065] The average volume decreases with increasing pressure, but always remains more than half at STP.

[0066] Here, P1 is constant for a given input, but is atmospheric pressure, and Vt is the volume of a mass at atmospheric pressure, so both P2 and Vt increase with increasing height. Therefore, the average volume decreases with increasing height, thereby increasing the density of the vapor [Dv].

[0067] The decrease in average volume with increasing height results in a decrease in power generation and efficiency of the system. Dv = m / Vt

[0068] The new density is given by: Dv2 = m / Va = m / [Vt / 2 +Vt / 2(P1 / P2)] = m / [Vt / 2(1 +P1 / P2)] = m / [Vt / 2 +Vt / 2[P1 / ((Dl * H * g) +P1)]]

[0069] Thus, although the density of the vapor increases, the density never increases by more than a factor of two.

[0070] The volume Vt of mass "m" is constant, as is the atmospheric pressure P1.

[0071] The new efficiency is given below; = [Dl / Dv2 - 1] * ([9.8 H +101325 / Dl] / Lv) * 100% = [Vv2 / V1-1] * ([9.8 H+ 101325 / Dl] / Lv) * 100%

[0072] The new density can be up to twice the previous density, or the average volume of the vapor can be up to half the average volume at the top, and the efficiency can be down to 50% of what it was before when the vapors at the top and bottom were considered the same. However, it can still reach over 100% as the height increases. This height can be achieved before the critical temperature and pressure of the vapor of the evaporated and / or sublimated and / or pressurized gas is reached.

[0073] Effect of increased height and pressure on the latent heat of vaporization

[0074] As pressure increases, the density of the vapor increases, and at the critical pressure, the boiling point is the temperature at which the latent heat of vaporization is zero. Thus, as pressure increases, the boiling point increases, but the latent heat of vaporization decreases.

[0075] The increased height has the following advantages: It increases the pressure of the boiling liquid on the container. This reduces the latent heat of vaporization and increases efficiency.

[0076] As more mass is displaced to the gaseous state with the same heat input onto the surface with increasing height, the mass of liquid at that height increases with a volume equal to the volume of gas evaporated from the liquid in the container. Thus, as height increases, efficiency increases, exceeding 100%. However, the increment is not infinite, but is limited to the critical temperature and pressure of the liquid that can be displaced to vapor using thermal energy.

[0077] The efficiency of pentane liquid at different heights can be seen in the attached table below; The English text for each table is as follows: Density of Liquid Density of water Density of gas Latent heat of vaporization Specific heat capacity K of steel Thickness Boiling point Flow rate Radius Radius Room temperature Heat falling rate Acceleration due to gravity g Atmospheric pressure p Auto ignition Explosive limit Molar mass Universal gas constant Input motor liquid expel Figures Units Height Pressure of liquid at vessel Effect on temperature Power Effect Pressure of liquid at bottom of liquid chamber Volume at bottom Volume at top [Table 1-1] [Table 1-2] [Example]

[0078] For example, suppose 330 W of energy is input per square meter. The surface area of ​​the container [A] is 1 square meter and solar power is input to it. The calculation time is 1 hour. The latent heat of vaporization of the liquid is 323 kJ / kg. The density of the liquid is 1323 kg / m 3 , the density of steam is 2.114 kg / m 3 Let's say. Energy Input [EI] = 330 * 3600 = 1188 KJ Energy Output = (330 * 1 * 3600 * 1323 * 9.8 * 1) / ( 323 * 1000 * 2.114) = 22,557.7 J

[0079] The efficiency is given as: Efficiency = (output energy / input energy) * 100% = (22557.7 / 1,188,000) * 100% = 1.9%

[0080] In the above example, if the turbine height is increased to, say, 60 meters, the calculations of the present invention are as follows: It will look like this: Output Energy (OE) = (330 * 1 * 3600 * 1323 * 9.8 * 60) / ( 323 * 1000 * 2.114) = 1,353,462 J

[0081] The efficiency of the present system reaches 115%. Efficiency = (output energy / input energy) * 100% = (1,353,462 / 1,188,000) * 100% = 114.7%

[0082] Here, the surface area of ​​the metal surface that traps the vapor is maintained so that the heat necessary to condense the vapor into a liquid can be transferred at the rate at which the vapor is produced. Therefore, the heat lost during vaporization is equal to the enthalpy of vaporization. That is, the total energy lost is equal to the total energy gained during evaporation.

[0083] Heat loss = Total energy (TE) above Surface area (A) = (Lv * Steam volume (V) * Vapor density (D) * Metal thickness (l) / (metal thermal constant (k) * Time (t) * Temperature difference (ΔT))

[0084] The system according to the present invention functions under conditions where boiling and condensation are possible. Under natural conditions, water has a freezing point of 0°C. Therefore, water can be used in the condenser, and the boiling point of the liquid in the container must always be higher than that of the liquid in the condenser. If the room temperature is 20°C, any liquid with a boiling point above 30°C can usually be used. Therefore, a temperature difference of typically 15°C can be used between the boiling point of the liquid in the container to be boiled and the room temperature at which the liquid in the condenser will not freeze. Generally, we can use water in the condenser and liquids such as dichloromethane (Bp: 34.6°C), methanol (Bp: 63.4°C), ethanol (Bp: 74°C), etc. in the container.

[0085] The liquid to be boiled is air-locked and does not come into contact with air, so liquids with autoignition temperatures above 350°C can be used. The vapor temperature never exceeds 100°C.

[0086] Since the boiling liquid is entirely inside the pipes and chambers and cannot come into contact with the outside environment, the danger of the liquid in vapor phase is completely minimized.

[0087] From the above, we can see that power generation begins when the liquid begins to evaporate (boil), and the boiling points of commonly used liquids are low. When using ethanol, its boiling point is about 64°C, which easily reaches the boiling point in a few minutes at room temperature of about 30°C. Alternatively, when using dichloromethane, which has a boiling point of 34.6°C, power generation begins even when the room temperature is around 20°C, even if there is sufficient heat from the sun or other sources.

[0088] That is, with sufficient thermal energy, power generation can be initiated even at low temperatures. This characteristic of the system of the present invention can be better utilized. Power generation can be initiated even in places with little sunlight.

[0089] storage: Furthermore, energy storage is possible with materials that can release low-temperature thermal energy and return to their original form. When sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium chloride (CaCl2), or calcium hydroxide (CaOH2) is dissolved in water, thermal energy is released, raising the temperature of the water to approximately 80°C or higher. With sufficient quantities of such heat-dissipating materials, electrical energy can be generated. Again, these materials can be evaporated in sunlight or other sources and reused to generate electrical energy in the absence of sunlight.

[0090] Similarly, various salts have low melting points that allow them to be used for storage because they store and release heat equal to the latent heat of vaporization when they crystallize. Furthermore, some salts, such as sodium acetate (CH3COONa), calcium nitrate (CaNO3), and others, are supercooled or metastable liquids that do not crystallize below their melting point. They also release heat equal to the latent heat of vaporization when they crystallize, even at room temperature. Therefore, for such salts, it is not necessary to maintain temperatures above their melting point before using them, making them easier to store.

[0091] Let's take sodium hydroxide, which generates heat when dissolved in water. When dissolved in water, NaOH·H2O releases 21.4 kJ / kg of energy. This has a 1:1 dissolving capacity at 100°C. Therefore, dissolving 1 kg of sodium hydroxide in 1 liter of water yields 548.97 kJ per kg of thermal energy (@21.4 kJ / mol). Since our system converts more than 100% of the thermal energy into electrical energy, we can obtain at least 100 percent of the energy, or 548.97 kJ of electrical energy, from 1 kg of dry NaOH. 1 MW requires energy storage of (1 MJ * 84,600 seconds = ) 84,600 MJ / day, which can be stored in 157.39 Mt of NaOH.

[0092] Similarly, considering the energy released when dissolving calcium hydroxide in water @ 16.2 KJ / mol, we can store 1 MW-day of energy in 297.66 MT of CaOH2, which requires dehydration for reuse (297.66 cubic meters * 0.005 height).

[0093] Furthermore, taking into account the energy released when calcium chloride is dissolved in water, 81.3 KJ / mol (=739 J / gm), 1 MW-day of energy can be stored in 116.913 MT.

[0094] When sodium acetate is heated above its melting point, i.e., 58°C, it releases 264-289 Kj / kg of heat energy during crystallization, even at room temperature. Therefore, 306.5 tons of sodium acetate are required to store 1 MW-day of energy. Furthermore, excess heat energy can be released during cooling and used efficiently.

[0095] When calcium nitrate is heated above its melting point, i.e., 42.7°C, it releases 153 KJ / Kg (36.1 Kj / mol) of heat energy during crystallization, even at room temperature. Therefore, 552.9 tonnes of sodium acetate are required to store 1 MW-day of energy. Furthermore, excess heat energy can be released during cooling and used efficiently.

[0096] In winter, sea levels can range from below -4°C to below -30°C, and even lower in some northern and southern regions. Due to these low temperatures, the upper part of the sea or ocean freezes over, but there is still water below the ice thickness that protects underwater wildlife. Thus, the temperature of the water is certainly above 0°C. Considering liquid butane, which has a boiling point of -1°C and a melting point of -114°C, we can use it in our system to generate electrical energy.

[0097] Here, boiling occurs with water under ice above 0°C, and condensation can occur on surfaces that are generally below -4°C, even when temperatures reach -50°C or lower. A huge amount of energy can be obtained from this. One liter of water has 4.1 kJ / kgK. Or, in other words, one cubic meter of water can store 4 MJ of energy with a temperature difference of only one degree. Thus, thousands of megawatts of energy can easily be generated from this enormous source.

[0098] However, if temperatures above the surface are consistently below -10°C, other liquids can be used for greater efficiency. Chlorine has a boiling point of -35°C. Therefore, if the surface temperature drops persistently below -35°C, a chlorine liquid can be used instead of butane. Similarly, isopropane has a boiling point of -10°C, which means it can be used for temperatures sustained below -10°C. However, in summer, these liquids, such as butane, isopropane, and chlorine, can convert to gas and should be kept in cryogenic storage or storage tanks that can handle the necessary pressure. The liquid in the system also varies depending on the temperature. At temperatures around 20°C, dichloromethane (BP: 39.6°C), pentane (BP: 36°C), or similar liquids with boiling points above 30°C are suitable. The low boiling point liquid can then be reused next winter when temperatures drop below -4°C.

[0099] In summary, it can be said that the claimed invention provides the following uses and advantages: The invention converts thermal energy into mechanical or electrical energy. - Thermal energy is converted to mechanical / electrical energy at over 100% in a way that was not possible before. - The present invention utilizes clean energy such as solar, geothermal, and hydrogen. - If necessary, other waste materials, garbage, forest products, or even fossil fuels can be used to generate heat and convert it into mechanical and electrical energy. - Heat losses from machinery or other industries can be utilized. - It converts low-temperature thermal energy into electrical or mechanical energy by over 100%, so that easy storage methods can be used. - Energy can be stored at low cost and capital using readily available, environmentally friendly chemicals. - Low-cost, low-capital energy storage is possible, providing huge energy backup for periods of days, months, or even longer in areas or times when there is no sunlight or other reasonable heat source. - Large amounts of available solar energy can be converted into mechanical / electrical energy and utilized to meet the world's bulk energy needs. - It will solve the future energy crisis the world is facing for the foreseeable future. - Increase the production and consumption of clean and renewable energy to a huge extent, helping to reduce global warming. - Reduce the use of black energy and utilize waste and food scraps to produce energy, thereby contributing to reducing pollution. - Help meet the energy needs facing the Fin-Tech system, which by 2020 will require as much energy as the entire world uses today. - It helps harness the ocean's vast energy reserves during the winter when there is no sunlight and temperatures range from below 0°C to below -30°C.

Claims

1. A thermal-buoyancy efficient system for the generation of mechanical and electrical energy, including: At least one heatable vessel (also called a flat vessel or boiler) containing a liquid (1); a plurality of continuous liquid chambers, each in the form of an elongated pipe and containing a liquid therein; a pipe (15) for passing steam, which connects the at least one heatable container to the first of a number of successive liquid chambers in which the steam from the at least one heatable container (1) acquires buoyancy; - at least one gas-liquid phase valve (26), which separates the liquid in the at least one heatable container (1) from the liquid in the first of the plurality of successive liquid chambers; Each liquid chamber opens from its upper side into a gas chamber, which, in the case of a series of liquid and gas chambers, is connected to the bottom of the successive liquid chambers, except for the last gas chamber, which has a chamber valve installed in the connection between the gas chamber and the bottom of the successive liquid chambers, and the last gas chamber is connected to the gas turbine (11); a liquid turbine immersed in liquid at the top of each liquid chamber and configured to rotate as the steam flows through the liquid turbine; a tower (14) supporting said liquid chamber; a generator (13) connected to the liquid turbine via an axle (12), wherein the generator converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy; a cylinder (32) connected to the gas turbine; and a condenser (31) connected to the cylinder (32) for regulating the temperature and pressure in the cylinder (32), the condenser (31) comprising a multi-pipe (33) immersed in the condensed liquid, the condenser (31) opening into at least one heatable vessel (1) through a pipe (18) leaving the condenser, a pusher (34) or a motor and a liquid discharge pipe (16) in the liquid re-injection section (23) for re-injecting the condensed liquid into at least one heatable vessel (1) for the continuation of the production of energy;

2. 10. The system of claim 1, comprising a series of liquid and gas chambers joined at the bottom with a chamber valve to achieve increased efficiency.

3. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the cylinder (32) is installed before the condenser (31) for temporarily storing steam before passing the steam to the condenser (31) and for adjusting the pressure and temperature according to the temperature of the heat source and the volume of steam passing to the condenser (31).

4. Thermal-buoyancy efficient systems for generating mechanical and electrical energy, including: At least one heatable container (1) containing a liquid; a series of liquid chambers, where each liquid chamber is in the form of an elongated pipe and contains a liquid; a steam-flowing pipe (15) that connects at least one heatable container (1) to the first of a number of successive liquid chambers in which the liquid vapor (gas) from said at least one heatable container (1) becomes buoyant; at least one gas-liquid phase valve (26), which separates the liquid in the at least one heatable container (1) from the liquid in the first of a plurality of successive liquid chambers; Each liquid chamber opens from its upper side into a gas chamber, wherein the gas chamber is connected to the bottom of the succeeding liquid chamber, except for the last gas chamber, for a series of liquid and gas chambers, a chamber valve is installed at the connection between the gas chamber and the bottom of the succeeding liquid chamber, and the last gas chamber is connected to the gas turbine (11); a liquid turbine, which is immersed in the liquid at the top within each liquid chamber and which is configured to rotate on its own as the steam flows through it; a generator (13), connected to the turbine via the shaft (12) and adapted to convert the turbine's mechanical energy into electrical energy; a cylinder (32) connected to the gas turbine (11); and a condenser (31) connected to the cylinder (32) via a pipe (17) entering the condenser for adjusting the pressure in the cylinder (32), the condenser (31) comprising a multi-pipe (33) immersed in the condensed liquid, the condenser (31) opening into at least one heatable container (1) via a pipe (18) leaving the condenser, a pusher (34) or a motor and a liquid discharge pipe (16) in the liquid re-injection section (23) for re-injecting the liquid into at least one heatable container (1) for generating energy at room temperature;

5. 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the at least one heatable container (1) receives heat from the air of the surrounding environment or from ocean water, and the liquid used in the at least one heatable container (1) can boil at or below room temperature and above the temperature of the condenser (31).

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