Compositions and methods for applying an alternating electric field to pluripotent stem cells

Abstract

Methods and compositions are disclosed for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Related Patent Cross-References This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 022,162, filed May 8, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [Background technology]

[0002] Tumor treating electric fields, or TTFields, are typically low-intensity (e.g., 1–3 V / cm) alternating electric fields in the mid-frequency range (100–300 kHz). TTFields can deliver alternating electric fields to tumor anatomical regions through noninvasive transducer arrays. TTFields have been established as an anti-mitotic cancer treatment modality because they disrupt correct microtubule assembly during metaphase, ultimately destroying cancer cells in telophase, cytokinesis, or subsequent quiescence. Due to their low intensity, TTFields have been shown not to affect the viability of non-dividing normal cells, nerves, or muscles. TTFields treatment is an approved monotherapy for recurrent glioblastoma and an approved combination therapy with chemotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma and unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma patients. These electric fields are non-invasively induced by transducer arrays (i.e., arrays of electrodes) placed directly on the patient's scalp for glioblastoma treatment and on the patient's torso for pleural mesothelioma treatment. TTFields may also be useful for treating tumors in other parts of the body.

[0003] The use of TTFields in regenerative medicine has previously been described in PCT / US19 / 57716, which describes, in part, the use of TTFields to prevent teratoma formation in stem cell-based therapies, in part, by exposing a population of differentiated progeny cells and remaining pluripotent stem cells to an alternating electric field for a period of time, which results in the death of the pluripotent stem cells.

[0004] Pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs or ES cells) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs or iPS cells), are prime candidates for cell-based therapies due to their capacity for unlimited self-renewal and ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body, including any cell type needed to replace tissue damaged by disease or injury.

[0005] Prior to the filing of PCT / US19 / 57716, several attempts had been made to selectively remove residual pluripotent stem cells from pre-implantation cells while sparing differentiated progeny. These methods included the use of cytotoxic antibodies (Tan et al., 2009; Choo et al., 2008), specific antibody cell sorting (Tang et al., 2011; Fong et al., 2009), genetic manipulation including the introduction of suicide genes (Blum et al., 2009; Schuldiner et al., 2003), pharmacological approaches (Lee et al., 2013; Ben-David et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2017), and radiation therapy (Lee et al., 2017). However, each of these methods has significant disadvantages, such as high cost (cytotoxic antibodies and specific antibody cell sorting), variability between different lots (cytotoxic antibodies and specific antibody cell sorting), non-specific binding (cytotoxic antibodies), the requirement for genetic engineering and stable integration of the toxic gene (genetic engineering), time-consuming procedures (genetic engineering, specific antibody cell sorting, and cytotoxic antibodies), and the use of ionizing radiation (radiotherapy).

[0006] There are several sources of stem cells, such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, peripheral blood, germ cells and embryonic / fetal tissues. Fetal stem cells (FSCs) and embryonic stem cells are considered to be the most potent stem cell sources.

[0007] The ability to control pluripotent stem cell growth or eliminate pluripotent stem cells at sites of unwanted growth or cell development presents a unique means of addressing otherwise uncontrolled pluripotent stem cell development and proliferation. For example, the ability to control pluripotent stem cell growth may aid in the management and treatment of disorders such as cancer or ectopic pregnancy. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0008] [Patent Document 1] PCT / US19 / 57716 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 7,565,205 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 5,804,440 [Patent Document 5] U.S. Patent No. 6,096,441 [Patent Document 6] WO94 / 29348 [Patent Document 7] U.S. Patent No. 4,342,566 [Patent Document 8] U.S. Patent No. 5,565,332 [Patent Document 9] U.S. Patent No. 5,721,367 [Patent Document 10] U.S. Patent No. 5,837,243 [Patent Document 11] U.S. Patent No. 5,939,598 [Patent Document 12] U.S. Patent No. 6,130,364 [Patent Document 13] U.S. Patent No. 6,180,377 [Patent Document 14] U.S. Patent No. 8,977,365 [Non-patent literature]

[0009] [Non-Patent Document 1] F. Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1998 [Non-patent document 2] Morrison, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851 6855 (1984) [Non-licensed Document 3] Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495 (1975) [Non-licensed Document 4] Zoller, MJ Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 3:348-354, 1992 [Non-licensed Document 5] Cole, Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, 77 pages, 1985 [Non-licensed Document 6] Boerner, J. Immunol., 147(1):86 95, 1991 [Non-licensed Document 7] Hoogenboom, J. Mol. Biol., 227:381, 1991 [Non-licensed Document 8] Marks, J. Mol. Biol., 222:581, 1991 [Non-licensed Document 9] Jakobovits, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:2551-255 (1993) [Non-licensed Document 10] Jakobovitsら、Nature、362:255 258 (1993) [Non-licensed Document 11] Bruggermann, Year in Immunol., 7:33 (1993) [Non-licensed Document 12] Triaggiai, An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus, Nat Med. 2004 Aug; 10(8):871-5. (2004) [Non-licensed Document 13] Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986) [Non-Patent Document 14] Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323 327 (1988) [Non-Patent Document 15] Presta, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 2:593-596 (1992) [Non-Patent Document 16] Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239:1534 1536 (1988) [Non-Patent Document 17] Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (19th ed.) ed. AR Gennaro, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA 1995 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] Disclosed is a method for arresting or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, comprising exposing the cells for a period of time to an alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength such that the frequency and field strength of the alternating electric field arrests or inhibits mitosis of the pluripotent stem cells.

[0011] A method of killing pluripotent stem cells is disclosed, comprising exposing the pluripotent stem cells for a period of time to an alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength such that the frequency and field strength of the alternating electric field kills the pluripotent stem cells.

[0012] Disclosed is a method for preventing or inhibiting the division of pluripotent stem cells, comprising exposing the pluripotent stem cells for a period of time to an alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength such that the frequency and field strength of the alternating electric field prevents or inhibits the division of the pluripotent stem cells.

[0013] A method for reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells is disclosed, comprising exposing the cells for a period of time to an alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating electric field reduce the viability of the pluripotent stem cells.

[0014] Disclosed is a method of slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in a subject, comprising exposing pluripotent stem cells for a period of time to an alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating electric field slow the progression of pluripotent stem cell progression or differentiation in the subject.

[0015] A method of treating an ectopic pregnancy in a subject is disclosed, comprising applying an alternating electric field having a frequency and a field strength to a target site in the subject for a period of time, the target site comprising the ectopic pregnancy.

[0016] Additional advantages of the disclosed methods and compositions will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be understood from the description or may be obtained by practice of the disclosed methods and compositions. The advantages of the disclosed methods and compositions will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not limitations of the invention as claimed.

[0017] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the disclosed methods and compositions and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosed methods and compositions. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0018] [Figure 1A] 1 is a graph showing the total cell number (Cell Number) as assessed by trypan blue cell staining of H7 human embryonic stem cells (H7-ESCs) exposed over time to alternating electric fields of various frequencies compared to unexposed controls. [Figure 1B]This is an expanded version of the data shown in Figure 1A for H7-ESCs exposed over time to AC electric fields of various frequencies. [Figure 2] This graph shows the cell viability over time of human ESCs (H7 line) exposed to AC electric fields of various frequencies compared to unexposed controls. Luminescence output was positively correlated with cell number (R2=0.942). RLU stands for relative light units. [Figure 3] 1 is a graph showing cell counts (evaluated by trypan blue staining) of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes (ESC-CMs) after exposure to AC electric fields of various frequencies compared to unexposed control cardiomyocytes. There was no significant difference in cardiomyocyte counts before and after application of the AC electric field at any of the five frequencies tested. [Figure 4] Figure 4A is a graph showing the results of a contraction assay that measured the beating rate of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes after exposure to an AC electric field compared to unexposed (untreated) controls. The beating rate was not significantly different between ESC-CMs exposed to an AC electric field and those not exposed to an AC electric field. Figure 4B is a graph showing the results of a contraction assay that measured the contraction rate of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes after exposure to an AC electric field compared to unexposed (untreated) controls. The contraction rate was not significantly different between ESC-CMs exposed to an AC electric field and those not exposed to an AC electric field. Figure 4C is a graph showing the results of a contraction assay that measured the acceleration of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes after exposure to an AC electric field compared to unexposed (untreated) controls. The acceleration was not significantly different between ESC-CMs exposed to an AC electric field and those not exposed to an AC electric field. [Figure 5A] Distribution of TTFields in and near the ovary. Representation of the anterior field-generating transducer. The dashed line represents the horizontal plane from which an axial slice (Figure 5C) is shown. [Figure 5B] Distribution of TTFields in and near the ovary. Posterior representation of the field-generating transducer. The dashed line represents the horizontal plane from which an axial slice (Figure 5C) is shown. [Figure 5C]Distribution of TTFields in and near the ovary. Electric field distribution simulation. Darker red areas represent fat and muscle tissue. [Figure 5D] Distribution of TTFields in and near the ovary. Overview of organ-specific distribution of TTFields intensity. Electric field (EF) values ​​were calculated using three-dimensional modeling. [Figure 6] 1A-1C are diagrams of possible array placements on the anterior / posterior and lateral surfaces of a patient that can be used with the systems and methods disclosed herein. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 shows examples of frequency, voltage, and EF ranges for specific organs that can be used in the disclosed methods and systems disclosed herein. [Figure 8] 1 is a graph showing the relative cell number of MSC399, MSC397, and MSCAT cells versus electric field frequency (kHz) at 18°C ​​and 22°C. [Figure 9] 1 is a graph showing the relative viability of MSC399, MSC397, and MSCAT cells at 18°C ​​and 22°C versus electric field frequency (kHz). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] The disclosed methods and compositions will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description of specific embodiments and examples contained herein, as well as the drawings and their preceding and following description.

[0020] It is understood that the disclosed methods and compositions are not limited to specific synthetic methods, specific analytical techniques, or particular reagents, as these may vary, unless otherwise specified. It is also understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.

[0021] Disclosed are materials, compositions, and components that can be used for, used in conjunction with, used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed methods and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed, it is understood that, although specific reference to the various individual and collective combinations and permutations of each of these compounds may not be expressly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. Thus, when a class of molecules A, B, and C is disclosed along with a class of molecules D, E, and F, and an example combination of molecules A-D is disclosed, each is individually and collectively contemplated, even if each is not individually listed. Thus, in this example, each of the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from the disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and example combinations A-D. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. Thus, for example, subgroups A-E, B-F, and C-E should be considered specifically contemplated and disclosed from the disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and combination examples A-D. This concept applies to all aspects of this application, including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, where there are various additional steps that may be performed, it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed.

[0022] A.Definition It is understood that the disclosed methods and compositions are not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described, as these may vary. It is also understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is limited only by the appended claims.

[0023] It should be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, so that, for example, reference to "a nanoparticle" includes a single or a plurality of such nanoparticles, reference to "the nanoparticle" is a reference to one or more nanoparticles and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

[0024] Ranges can be expressed herein as "about" or "approximately" from one particular value and / or to "about" or "approximately" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values ​​are expressed as approximately, by use of the antecedent "about" or "approximately," it is understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. It is further understood that the endpoints of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are several values ​​disclosed herein, and that each value is herein disclosed not only as the value itself, but also as "about" that particular value. For example, if the value "10" is disclosed, then "about 10" is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units is disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.

[0025] As used herein, the term "optionally" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes cases where said event or circumstance occurs and cases where it does not occur.

[0026] As used herein, the term "comprising" can include the aspects "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of."

[0027] By "specifically binds" is meant that the antibody or antibody fragment thereof recognizes and physically interacts with its cognate antigen (e.g., a stem cell marker) but does not significantly recognize or interact with other antigens. Such antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal, generated by techniques well known in the art.

[0028] The terms "probe," "primer," or "oligonucleotide" refer to a single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule of a defined sequence that can base-pair with a second DNA or RNA molecule containing a complementary sequence ("target"). The stability of the resulting hybrid depends on the degree of base-pairing that occurs. The degree of base-pairing is affected by parameters such as the degree of complementarity between the probe and target molecule and the degree of stringency of the hybridization conditions. The degree of hybridization stringency is affected by parameters such as temperature, salt concentration, and the concentration of organic molecules such as formamide, and is determined by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Probes or primers specific to stem cell markers may have at least 80% to 90% sequence complementarity, preferably at least 91% to 95% sequence complementarity, more preferably at least 96% to 99% sequence complementarity, and most preferably 100% sequence complementarity, with the stem cell marker to which they hybridize. Probes, primers, and oligonucleotides may be detectably radioactively or non-radioactively labeled by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Probes, primers, and oligonucleotides are used for methods involving nucleic acid hybridization, such as nucleic acid sequencing, reverse transcription and / or nucleic acid amplification by polymerase chain reaction, single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, Southern hybridization, Northern hybridization, in situ hybridization, or electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).

[0029] By "specifically hybridize" is meant that a probe, primer, or oligonucleotide recognizes and physically interacts (i.e., base pairs with) a substantially complementary nucleic acid (e.g., a stem cell marker) under high stringency conditions, but does not substantially base pair with other nucleic acids.

[0030] "High stringency conditions" refers to conditions that allow hybridization equivalent to that resulting from the use of a DNA probe at least 40 nucleotides in length at 65°C in a buffer containing 0.5 M NaHPO, pH 7.2, 7% SDS, 1 mM EDTA, and 1% BSA (fraction V), or at 42°C in a buffer containing 48% formamide, 4.8x SSC, 0.2 M Tris-Cl, pH 7.6, 1x Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 0.1% SDS. Other conditions for high stringency hybridization, such as PCR, Northern, Southern, or in situ hybridization, DNA sequencing, etc., are well known to those skilled in the art of molecular biology. (See, e.g., F. Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1998.) The term "nucleic acid," as used herein, refers to a naturally occurring or synthetic oligonucleotide or polynucleotide capable of hybridizing to a complementary nucleic acid by Watson-Crick base pairing, whether DNA, RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrid, single-stranded or double-stranded, sense or antisense. Nucleic acids of the present invention can also include nucleotide analogs (e.g., BrdU) and non-phosphodiester internucleoside linkages (e.g., peptide nucleic acid (PNA) or thiodiester linkages). In particular, nucleic acids can include, but are not limited to, DNA, RNA, cDNA, gDNA, ssDNA, dsDNA, or any combination thereof.

[0031] As used herein, a "target site" is a specific site or location within or present in a subject or patient. For example, a "target site" can refer to, but is not limited to, a cell (e.g., a pluripotent stem cell), a population of cells (e.g., a population of pluripotent stem cells), an organ, or a tissue (e.g., uterine tissue or fallopian tube tissue). In some aspects, organs include, but are not limited to, lung, brain, pancreas, abdominal organs (e.g., stomach, intestine), ovary, breast, uterus, fallopian tube, cervix, prostate, bladder, liver, colon, or kidney. In some aspects, cells or populations of cells include, but are not limited to, pluripotent stem cells (e.g., embryonic or fetal stem cells), lung cells, brain cells, pancreatic cells, abdominal cells, ovarian cells, liver cells, colon cells, or kidney cells. In some aspects, a "target site" can be one or more pluripotent stem cells. In some aspects, the "target site" may be one or more pluripotent stem cells in or on the subject's Cesarean section scar, fallopian tubes, uterus, abdominal cavity, or cervix.

[0032] A "stem cell target site" is a site or location within or present in a subject or patient that contains or is adjacent to one or more pluripotent stem cells, has previously contained one or more pluripotent stem cells, or is suspected of containing one or more pluripotent stem cells. For example, a stem cell target site can refer to a site or location within or present in a subject or patient where pluripotent stem cells tend to adhere or divide.

[0033] As used herein, one or more "alternating current electric fields" refer to very low intensity, directional, intermediate frequency alternating current electric fields delivered to a subject, a sample obtained from a subject, or a specific location (e.g., a target site or stem cell target site) within a subject or patient. In some embodiments, the alternating current electric field can be unidirectional or multidirectional.

[0034] Examples of alternating electric fields include, but are not limited to, tumor-treating electric fields. In some embodiments, TTFields can be delivered through two pairs of transducer arrays that generate perpendicular fields within the tumor being treated. For example, with the Optune™ system (a TTFields delivery system), one pair of electrodes is placed on the left and right (LR) sides of the tumor, and the other pair of electrodes is placed on the anterior and posterior (AP) sides of the target site. Cycling the field in these two directions (i.e., LR and AP) ensures targeting of the widest range of cell orientations.

[0035] As described herein, TTFields have been established as an anti-mitotic cancer treatment modality by disrupting correct microtubule assembly during metaphase, ultimately destroying cells in telophase, cytokinesis, or subsequent quiescence. TTFields target solid tumors and are described in U.S. Patent No. 7,565,205, the teachings of TTFields being incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. As provided herein, TTFields and AC electric fields can also disrupt correct microtubule assembly during metaphase, ultimately destroying pluripotent stem cells in telophase, cytokinesis, or subsequent quiescence.

[0036] In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that the effectiveness of alternating electric fields increases as the field strength increases. Therefore, optimizing the target array placement to increase intensity at the target site is standard practice for the Optune system. Optimizing the array placement can be performed using "rules of thumb" (e.g., placing the array on the scalp as close to the tumor as possible), measurements representing the shape of the patient's head, torso, or other body part or body portion, the size of the tumor or target site, and / or the location of the tumor or stem cells. The measurements used as input can be derived from image data. Image data is intended to include any type of imaging data, such as ultrasound, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) image data, X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) data, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, positron emission tomography (PET) data, data that can be captured by optical instruments (e.g., photographic cameras, charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras, infrared cameras, etc.). In certain implementations, the image data can include 3D data obtained from or generated by a 3D scanner (e.g., point cloud data). Optimization may depend on understanding how the electric field is distributed within the head, torso, or other body part or portion as a function of array position, and in some aspects takes into account variations in the distribution of electrical properties within the head, torso, or other body part or portion of different patients.

[0037] The term "subject" refers to a target of administration, e.g., an animal. Accordingly, the subject of the disclosed methods can be a vertebrate, such as a mammal. For example, the subject can be a human. The term does not denote a particular age or sex. Subject can be used interchangeably with "individual" or "patient." For example, the target of administration can refer to the recipient of an alternating electric field.

[0038] "Optionally" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event, circumstance, or material may or may not occur or be present, and that the description includes instances where the event, circumstance, or material occurs or is present and instances where it does not occur or is not present.

[0039] Ranges may be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value and / or to "about" another particular value. When such ranges are expressed, the range from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value is also considered to be specifically contemplated and disclosed, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Similarly, when values ​​are expressed as approximately, by use of the antecedent "about," it is understood that the particular value forms another specifically contemplated embodiment that should be considered disclosed, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is further understood that each of the endpoints of a range is significant both in relation to the other endpoint and independently of the other endpoint, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Finally, it is to be understood that all individual values ​​and subranges of values ​​within an expressly disclosed range are also considered to be specifically contemplated and disclosed, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The foregoing applies regardless of whether some or all of these embodiments are specifically disclosed in a particular instance.

[0040] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosed methods and compositions belong. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present methods and compositions, particularly useful methods, devices, and materials are described. Publications cited herein and the materials for which they are cited are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Nothing herein should be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. No reference is admitted to constitute prior art. The discussion of references states what their authors assert, and applicants reserve the right to verify the accuracy and pertinence of the cited documents. Although a number of publications have been referenced herein, it is expressly understood that such reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents form part of the common general knowledge in the art.

[0041] Throughout this description and the claims, the words "comprise" and variations of words such as "comprising" and "comprises" mean "including but not limited to" and are not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, ingredients, integers, or steps. In particular, in a method described as including one or more steps or operations, each step is specifically contemplated to include what is recited (unless the step includes a limiting term such as "consisting of") and each step is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, ingredients, integers, or steps not recited in the step.

[0042] B. Pluripotent stem cells Regenerative medicine is an innovative area of ​​medicine that involves the process of creating living, functional tissues to repair or replace tissue or organ function lost due to aging, disease, injury, or congenital defects. This field holds the promise of repairing or replacing damaged tissues and organs in the body by introducing foreign cells, tissues, or even entire organs that integrate with portions of tissue to become part of the tissue or replace the entire organ. Importantly, regenerative medicine has the potential to solve the shortage of donor organs for patients in need of life-saving organ transplants.

[0043] One of the keys to the success of regenerative medicine strategies has been the ability to isolate and generate stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs or ES cells) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs or iPS cells), are prime candidates for cell-based therapies due to their capacity for unlimited self-renewal and ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body, including any cell type needed to replace tissue damaged by disease or injury.

[0044] "Pluripotency" and pluripotent stem cells refer to the ability of such cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of an organism. The definition of pluripotent stem cells is based on two properties: self-renewal and developmental potential. Self-renewal is the ability of a stem cell to divide indefinitely to produce unaltered daughter cells that maintain the same properties of the progenitor cell. Under certain conditions or under certain signals, stem cells can exit self-renewal and commit to programs that result in differentiation into specialized cell types derived from the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).

[0045] There are various types of pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), fetal stem cells (FSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). ESCs are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of preimplantation embryos and can be maintained and expanded indefinitely in a pluripotent state in vitro. Pluripotent stem cells can also be obtained by inducing dedifferentiation of adult somatic cells through a recently developed in vitro technique known as cellular reprogramming.

[0046] Like ESCs, iPSCs can expand indefinitely and differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. The term "induced pluripotent stem cells" encompasses pluripotent cells that, like embryonic stem cells, can be cultured for long periods of time while maintaining the ability to differentiate into all cell types of an organism, but unlike ES cells (derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst), are derived from differentiated somatic cells, i.e., cells that have a narrower, more limited potential and could not give rise to all cell types of an organism in the absence of experimental manipulation. iPSCs have an ESC-like morphology and grow as flattened colonies with a large nucleocytoplasmic ratio, well-defined borders, and prominent nuclei. In addition, iPSC cells express one or more important pluripotency markers known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, alkaline phosphatase, SSEA3, SSEA4, Sox2, Oct3 / 4, Nanog, TRA160, TRA181, TDGF1, Dnmt3b, FoxD3, GDF3, Cyp26a1, TERT, and Zfp42. In addition, iPSCs can form teratomas. In addition, they can form or contribute to ectodermal, mesodermal, or endodermal tissues in living organisms.

[0047] C. Nanoparticles Disclosed herein are methods that involve nanoparticles. Any of the nanoparticles described herein can be used for one or more of the disclosed methods.

[0048] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles can comprise a conductive or semiconductive material. For example, the nanoparticles can comprise carbon gold, ferrous iron, selenium, silver, copper, platinum, iron oxide, graphene, iron dextran, superparamagnetic iron oxide, boron-doped detonation nanodiamond, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles comprise an alloy selected from Au / Ag, Au / Cu, Au / Ag / Cu, Au / Pt, Au / Fe, Au / Cu, or Au / Fe / Cu.

[0049] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles can be conductive nanoparticles. The conductive nanoparticles can increase the conductivity and decrease the impedance at the target site or stem cell target site. Thus, in some embodiments of the disclosed methods, the impedance at the target site or stem cell target site is decreased and / or the conductivity at the target site or stem cell target site is increased.

[0050] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles can be non-conductive nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the non-conductive nanoparticles are ferroelectric nanoparticles. Ferroelectric nanoparticles have emerged as promising tools for enhancing electrical stimulation of cells and tissues. Several nanotransducers have been shown to mediate photodynamic and thermomagnetic effect transduction, locally deliver anti-cancer drug stimuli, and reduce tumor burden in the field of nano-oncology. The cell and tissue penetration of these nanotransducers can be controlled by remote electrical stimulation. Among ferroelectric nanoparticles, barium titanate nanoparticles (BTNPs) have high biocompatibility as well as a high dielectric constant and favorable piezoelectric properties. Such non-conductive nanoparticles can be used in the methods disclosed herein to be taken up by cells via TTFields stimulation and to promote the action of TTFields by enhancing cell cycle-related apoptosis in pluripotent stem cells. In some embodiments, the non-conductive nanoparticles are not ferroelectric nanoparticles. Non-conductive nanoparticles can decrease electrical conductivity and increase impedance at the target site or stem cell target site. In some aspects of the disclosed methods, the impedance at the target site or stem cell target site is increased and / or the conductivity at the target site or stem cell target site is decreased.

[0051] In some aspects, a population of nanoparticles can be used in the methods disclosed herein. In some aspects, a population of nanoparticles can include conductive and non-conductive nanoparticles.

[0052] It is well known that nanoparticle (NP) internalization into cells depends on particle size and zeta potential. NPs smaller than 200 nm can be phagocytosed by cancer cells through clathrin-dependent or macropinocytosis pathways. In some embodiments, the size of nanoparticles can be between 0.5 nm and 100 nm. In some embodiments, the size of nanoparticles can be between 0.5 nm and 2.5 nm. In some embodiments, the size of nanoparticles can be between 100 nm and 200 nm. In some embodiments, the size of nanoparticles can be greater than 100 nm. In some embodiments, the disclosed methods enable the use of nanoparticles (e.g., metal / magnetic NPs) in the size range of 100 nm to 200 nm (preferably up to 150 nm to avoid accumulation in the liver and spleen) to target pluripotent stem cells in vivo.

[0053] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles have a particular three-dimensional shape, for example, the nanoparticles can be nanocubes, nanotubes, nanodipyramidal, nanoplates, nanoclusters, nanochains, nanostars, nanoshuttles, nanohollows, dendrimers, nanorods, nanoshells, nanocage, nanospheres, nanofibers, or nanowires, or combinations thereof.

[0054] In some aspects, the nanoparticles may be mesoporous or non-porous.

[0055] In some embodiments, nanoparticles may be coated with polysaccharides, polyamino acids, or synthetic polymers. Suitable coatings for nanoparticles can be selected to reduce the toxicity of the nanoparticles and provide them with the ability to selectively interact with various types of cells and biological molecules. Suitable coatings for nanoparticles can be selected to improve nanoparticle biocompatibility and solubility in water and biological fluids by reducing their aggregation potential or increasing their stability. Suitable coatings for nanoparticles can be selected to alter the reactivity or pattern of the nanoparticles, affecting nanoparticle pharmacokinetics, and / or their distribution and accumulation in the body.

[0056] In some embodiments, nanoparticles can be incorporated into the scaffold before introducing the nanoparticles into the subject. In some embodiments, nanoparticles can be loaded into or into the scaffold before or after introducing the scaffold into the subject. For example, a scaffold can be surgically provided to a subject, and then one or more nanoparticles described herein can be administered to the subject under conditions that allow the nanoparticles to be incorporated into the scaffold. Alternatively, nanoparticles can be incorporated into the scaffold outside the subject, and then the nanoparticle-loaded scaffold can be surgically provided to the subject.

[0057] Exemplary scaffolds include, but are not limited to, scaffolds comprising natural polymers such as hyaluronic acid, fibrin, chitosan, and collagen, etc. Exemplary scaffolds include, but are not limited to, scaffolds comprising synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene fumarate (PPF), polyanhydrides, polycaprolactone (PCL), polyphosphazene, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polylactic acid (PLA), and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA).

[0058] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are conjugated to one or more ligands. In some embodiments, the one or more ligands are conjugated to the nanoparticles via a linker. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a thiol group, a C2 to C12 alkyl group, a C2 to C12 glycol group, or a peptide. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a thiol group represented by the general formula HO-(CH)n,-SS-(CH2)m-OH, where n and m are independently between 1 and 5. In some embodiments, the one or more ligands are small molecules, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, peptides, antibodies, antibody fragments, or therapeutic agents. For example, the one or more ligands may be, but are not limited to, an anti-cancer drug, a cytotoxic drug, a pain management drug, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, a non-radioactive isotope (e.g., boron-10 for boron neutron capture therapy), or a photosensitizer (e.g., photofrin, foscan, 5-aminolevulinic acid, mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6, phthalocyanine, metatetra(hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, texaphyrin, or ethyl etiopurinse).

[0059] In some aspects, the nanoparticles can be targeted to stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, or stem cell target sites using stem cell targeting moieties, which can be, but are not limited to, folic acid, transferrin, aptamers, antibodies, antibody fragments, nucleic acids, and peptides, thereby allowing the nanoparticles to be introduced into a subject in a targeted or non-targeted manner.

[0060] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are conjugated to or coated with a stem cell marker, which can be SSEA-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, CD324 (E-cadherin), CD90 (Thy-1), CD117 (c-KIT, SCFR), CD326, CD9 (MRP1, TM4SF DRAP-27, p24), CD29 (β1 integrin), CD24 (HAS), CD59 (protectin), CD133, CD31 (PECAM-1), CD49f (integrin α6 / CD29), TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, or Frizzled 5.

[0061] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are conjugated to or coated with a peptide, antibody, or antibody fragment that specifically binds to or hybridizes with a stem cell marker, which can be SSEA-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, CD324 (E-cadherin), CD90 (Thy-1), CD117 (c-KIT, SCFR), CD326, CD9 (MRP1, TM4SF DRAP-27, p24), CD29 (β1 integrin), CD24 (HAS), CD59 (protectin), CD133, CD31 (PECAM-1), CD49f (integrin α6 / CD29), TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, or Frizzled 5.

[0062] As used herein, the term "antibody" is used broadly and includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In addition to intact immunoglobulin molecules, antibody fragments or polymers of these immunoglobulin molecules, and human or humanized forms of immunoglobulin molecules or fragments thereof, are also disclosed, so long as they are selected for their ability to interact with the polypeptides disclosed herein. An "antibody fragment" is a portion of an intact antibody. An intact antibody refers to an antibody having two intact light chains and two intact heavy chains. An antibody fragment lacks all or part of one or more chains. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, half antibodies and half antibody fragments. A half antibody is composed of a single light chain and a single heavy chain. Half antibodies and half antibody fragments can be generated by reducing an antibody or antibody fragment having two light chains and two heavy chains. Such antibody fragments are referred to as reduced antibodies. Reduced antibodies have exposed reactive sulfhydryl groups. These sulfhydryl groups can be used as reactive chemical groups or linking groups between biomolecules and antibody fragments. A preferred half antibody fragment is F(ab). The hinge region of an antibody or antibody fragment is the region where the light chain ends and the heavy chain continues.

[0063] Antibody fragments for use in the methods disclosed herein can bind to an antigen (e.g., a microorganism-specific antibody or one or more microorganisms described herein). Preferably, the antibody fragment can be specific for the antigen. An antibody or antibody fragment is specific for an antigen if it binds to one epitope with significantly greater affinity than other epitopes. An antigen is any molecule, compound, composition, or portion thereof to which an antibody fragment can bind. For example, the antigen can be a microorganism-specific antibody or one or more microorganisms described herein. The analyte can be any molecule, compound, or composition of interest. The antibody or antibody fragment can be tested for the desired activity using the in vitro assays described herein or by similar methods.

[0064] The term "monoclonal antibody," as used herein, refers to an antibody obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies within the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in a minor subset of antibody molecules. Also disclosed are "chimeric" antibodies in which a portion of the heavy or light chain is identical to or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain is identical to or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, and fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired antagonist activity. (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567 and Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855 (1984)).

[0065] Monoclonal antibodies can be made using any procedure that produces monoclonal antibodies. For example, the disclosed monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using the hybridoma method, such as that described by Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495 (1975). In the hybridoma method, typically, a mouse or other suitable host animal is immunized with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce, or are capable of producing, antibodies capable of specifically binding to the immunizing agent.

[0066] Monoclonal antibodies can also be made by recombinant DNA methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567 (Cabilly et al.). DNA encoding the disclosed monoclonal antibodies can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies). Libraries of antibodies or active antibody fragments can also be produced and screened using phage display techniques, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,440 to Burton et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,441 to Barbas et al.

[0067] In vitro methods are also suitable for preparing monovalent antibodies. Digestion of antibodies to generate antibody fragments, such as Fv, Fab, Fab', or other antigen-binding portions of antibodies, can be accomplished using conventional techniques known in the art. For example, digestion can be performed using papain. Examples of papain digestion are described in WO 94 / 29348, published December 22, 1994, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,566, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for their teaching of papain digestion of antibodies to prepare monovalent antibodies. Papain digestion of antibodies typically produces two identical antigen-binding fragments, called Fab fragments, each with a single antigen-binding site, and a residual Fc fragment. Pepsin treatment results in a fragment with two antigen-binding sites that is still capable of cross-linking antigen.

[0068] Whether or not they bind to other sequences, fragments can also include insertions, deletions, substitutions, or other selected modifications of specific regions or specific amino acid residues, so long as the activity of the antibody or antibody fragment is not significantly altered or impaired compared to the unmodified antibody or antibody fragment. These modifications may provide additional properties, such as removing / adding amino acids capable of disulfide bonding, increasing in vivo longevity, or altering secretion characteristics. In either case, the antibody or antibody fragment must retain biologically active properties, such as specific binding to its cognate antigen. Functional or active regions of an antibody or antibody fragment can be identified by mutagenesis of specific regions of the protein, followed by expression and testing of the expressed polypeptide. Such methods are readily apparent to those skilled in the art and may include site-directed mutagenesis of nucleic acids encoding the antibody or antibody fragment. (Zoller, MJ Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 3:348-354, 1992).

[0069] As used herein, the term "antibody" or "antibodies" can also refer to human or humanized antibodies. Many non-human antibodies (e.g., those derived from mice, rats, or rabbits) are naturally antigenic in humans and can thereby generate an undesired immune response when administered to humans. Thus, the use of human or humanized antibodies in the present methods serves to reduce the likelihood that antibodies administered to humans will provoke an undesired immune response.

[0070] Human antibodies can be prepared using any technique. Exemplary techniques for producing human monoclonal antibodies include those described by Cole et al. (Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, p. 77, 1985) and Boerner et al. (J. Immunol., 147(1):86-95, 1991). Human antibodies (and fragments thereof) can also be produced using phage display libraries (Hoogenboom et al., J. Mol. Biol., 227:381, 1991; Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581, 1991).

[0071] Human antibodies can also be obtained from transgenic animals. For example, transgenic mutant mice capable of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in response to immunization have been described. (See, e.g., Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:2551-255 (1993); Jakobovits et al., Nature, 362:255-258 (1993); Bruggermann et al., Year in Immunol., 7:33 (1993)). Specifically, homozygous deletion of the antibody heavy-chain joining region (J(H)) gene in these chimeric and germline mutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production, and successful transfer of a human germline antibody gene array into such germline mutant mice results in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge. Antibodies with the desired activity are selected using the Env-CD4 receptor complex described herein.

[0072] Optionally, human antibodies can be made from memory B cells using methods for Epstein-Barr virus transformation of human B cells. (See, e.g., Triaggiai et al., "An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus," Nat Med. August 2004; 10(8):871-5. (2004), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for teachings of how to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells.) Briefly, memory B cells from a subject surviving natural infection are isolated and immortalized with EBV in the presence of irradiated mononuclear cells and CpG oligonucleotides, which act as polyclonal activators for memory B cells. The memory B cells are cultured and analyzed for the presence of specific antibodies. EBV-B cells from the culture that produce antibodies of the desired specificity are then cloned by limiting dilution and cultured in the presence of irradiated mononuclear cells with the addition of CpG 2006, which increases cloning efficiency. After culturing EBV-B cells, monoclonal antibodies can be isolated. Such methods result in (1) antibodies produced by immortalizing memory B lymphocytes that are stable for life and easily isolated from peripheral blood, and (2) antibodies isolated from antigen-primed naive hosts surviving natural infection, thereby eliminating the need for immunization of laboratory animals that may exhibit different susceptibility and therefore different immune responses.

[0073] Antibody humanization techniques generally involve the use of recombinant DNA technology to manipulate the DNA sequence encoding one or more polypeptide chains of an antibody molecule. Thus, humanized forms of non-human antibodies (or fragments thereof) are chimeric antibodies or antibody chains (or fragments thereof, such as Fv, Fab, Fab', or other antigen-binding portions of antibodies) that contain a portion of the antigen-binding site from the non-human (donor) antibody incorporated into the framework of a human (recipient) antibody.

[0074] To generate a humanized antibody, residues from one or more complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of a recipient (human) antibody molecule are replaced with residues from one or more CDRs of a donor (non-human) antibody molecule known to have the desired antigen-binding characteristics (e.g., a certain level of specificity and affinity for the target antigen). In some instances, Fv framework (FR) residues of the human antibody are replaced with corresponding non-human residues. Humanized antibodies may contain residues that are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences. Generally, humanized antibodies have one or more amino acid residues introduced into them from a non-human source. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues, and possibly some FR residues, are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies. A humanized antibody generally comprises at least a portion of an antibody constant region (Fc), typically that of a human antibody (Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); and Presta, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 2:593-596 (1992)).

[0075] Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art. For example, humanized antibodies can be generated by substituting rodent CDR or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody according to the method of Winter and coworkers (Jones et al., Nature, 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239:1534-1536 (1988)). Methods that can be used to make humanized antibodies are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567 (Cabilly et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332 (Hoogenboom et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,367 (Kay et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,243 (Deo et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,598 (Kucherlapati et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,364 (Jakobovits et al.), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,377 (Morgan et al.). The antibodies disclosed herein can also be administered to a subject. Nucleic acid approaches for antibody delivery also exist. Broadly neutralizing antibodies and antibody fragments against the polypeptides disclosed herein can also be administered to a subject, or as a nucleic acid preparation (e.g., DNA or RNA) encoding the antibody or antibody fragment, such that the subject's own cells take up the nucleic acid and produce and secrete the encoded antibody or antibody fragment.

[0076] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles can be labeled nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the labeled nanoparticles can be magnetic nanoparticles, nanoparticles decorated with Gd3+, nanoparticles decorated with radioisotopes (e.g., technetium-99m, iodine-123, iodine-131, fluorine-18 carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, gallium-68, zirconium-89, and rubidium-82), nanoparticles decorated with fluorescent labels (e.g., quantum dots), nanoparticles decorated with photosensitizers (e.g., photofrin, phoscan, 5-aminolevulinic acid, mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6, phthalocyanine, metatetra(hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, texaphyrin, or ethyl etiopurinse), or nanoparticles decorated with dyes. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles can be coated with a labeled antibody, thereby indirectly labeling the nanoparticles. In some embodiments, if there are size constraints, the nanoparticles can be small enough to accommodate the larger moiety when decorated with or conjugated to the larger moiety.

[0077] Other examples of nanoparticles include, but are not limited to, silica nanoparticles, hydrophilic polymers (e.g., polyacrylamide (PAA), polyurethane, poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylamide) (pHEMA), certain poly(ethylene glycol)), and hydrophobic polymers (e.g., polystyrene nanoparticles).

[0078] In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a target site. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a stem cell target site. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a location in a subject suspected of containing one or more stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a site or location within or present in a subject or patient prone to dividing or differentiating stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a site or location within or present in a subject or patient prone to dividing or differentiating stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into stem cells or pluripotent stem cells via injection. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a site adjacent to a target site. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a site adjacent to a location in a subject suspected of containing one or more dividing or differentiating stem cells or pluripotent stem cells.

[0079] In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a target site adjacent to a stem cell target site. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a stem cell target site adjacent to stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a stem cell target site adjacent to a location in a subject suspected of containing one or more stem cells. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a stem cell target site adjacent to a site or location within or present in a subject or patient where pluripotent stem cells tend to undergo mitosis, division, differentiation, or progression. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a stem cell target site adjacent to a site or location of mitosis, division, or progression of pluripotent stem cells within or present in a subject or patient. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a stem cell target site adjacent to a stem cell or pluripotent stem cell via injection. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a stem cell target site adjacent to a stem cell or pluripotent stem cell via intracellular injection (e.g., under computed tomography guidance during surgery or biopsy).

[0080] In some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced intratumorally, intracranially, intracerebroventricularly, intrathecally, epidurally, intradurally, intravascularly, intravenously (targeted or non-targeted), intraarterially, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, orally, intranasally, via intracellular injection (e.g., under computed tomography guidance during surgery or biopsy), or via inhalation. In some aspects, nanoparticles can be targeted to stem cells or stem cell target sites using stem cell targeting moieties. Stem cell targeting moieties can be, but are not limited to, folic acid, transferrin, aptamers, antibodies, antibody fragments, nucleic acids, and peptides. Thus, in some aspects, nanoparticles can be introduced into a subject in a targeted or non-targeted manner.

[0081] In some embodiments, nanoparticles can be introduced at a concentration based on cell volume, method of delivery, constraints of the device applying the AC electric field, patient weight, patient age, cell size, cell type, cell location, patient age, or any other physical or genotypic characteristics of the patient, stem cells, or pluripotent stem cells. In some embodiments, the size of the nanoparticles can be used to determine the concentration of nanoparticles to be introduced. In some embodiments, nanoparticles can be introduced at a concentration of 1 / 2 mm of stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. 3 The antibody may be introduced at about 0.001 to 0.01, 0.01 to 0.1, 0.1 to 0.5, 0.5 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 50, 50 to 100, 100 to 200, 200 to 300, 300 to 400, 400 to 500, 500 to 600, 600 to 700, 700 to 800, 800 to 900, or 900 to 1000 ng per antibody. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles may be introduced at about 0.001 to 0.01, 0.01 to 0.1, 0.1 to 0.5, 0.5 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 50, 50 to 100, 100 to 200, 200 to 300, 300 to 400, 400 to 500, 500 to 600, 600 to 700, 700 to 800, 800 to 900, or 900 to 1000 μg.

[0082] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles may be introduced into the subject one, two, three or more times.

[0083] D. Pharmaceutical Compositions Disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more nanoparticles as described herein.In some embodiments, the nanoparticles as described herein can be provided in pharmaceutical compositions.For example, the nanoparticles as described herein can be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0084] Disclosed herein are compositions comprising one or more nanoparticles described herein, further comprising a carrier, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. For example, disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the nanoparticles disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0085] For example, the nanoparticles described herein may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. By "pharmaceutically acceptable" is meant a material or carrier well known to those skilled in the art, selected to minimize any degradation of the active ingredient and to minimize any adverse side effects in the subject. Examples of carriers include dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), phosphate-buffered saline, or multivesicular liposomes. For example, PG:PC:cholesterol:peptide or PC:peptide may be used as a carrier in the present invention. Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and their formulations are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (19th ed.) ed. A.R. Gennaro, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA 1995. Typically, an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is used in the formulation to make the formulation isotonic. Other examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, saline, Ringer's solution, and dextrose solution. The pH of the solution can be about 5 to about 8 or about 7 to about 7.5. Further carriers include sustained-release preparations such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the composition, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, for example, films, stents (implanted in blood vessels during revascularization procedures), liposomes, or microparticles.It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that certain carriers may be more preferable depending, for example, on the route of administration and the concentration of nanoparticles administered.Most typically, these are standard carriers for administering drugs to humans, including solutions such as sterile water, saline, and buffered solutions at physiological pH.

[0086] Pharmaceutical compositions may also contain carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, etc., so long as the intended activity of the polypeptides, peptides, nucleic acids, and vectors of the invention is not impaired. Pharmaceutical compositions may also contain one or more active ingredients (in addition to the compositions of the invention), such as antibacterial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, etc. Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired and on the area to be treated.

[0087] Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic / aqueous solutions, emulsions, or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as antibacterial agents, antioxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases.

[0088] Formulations for optimal administration include ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.

[0089] Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets, or tablets. Thickeners, flavorings, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids, or binders may be desirable. Some compositions may also be administered as pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base addition salts formed by reaction with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, thiocyanic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid, and organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid, or by reaction with inorganic bases such as sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and organic bases such as mono-, di-, trialkyl, and aryl amines and substituted ethanolamines.

[0090] In the methods described herein, delivery (or administration or introduction) of the nanoparticles or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein to a subject can be via a variety of mechanisms.

[0091] E. Methods for Blocking or Inhibiting Mitosis of Pluripotent Stem Cells As described herein, the ability to control the growth of pluripotent stem cells or eliminate pluripotent stem cells at sites of unwanted growth or cell development presents a unique means of addressing otherwise uncontrolled pluripotent stem cell development and proliferation. For example, the ability to control pluripotent stem cell growth may aid in the management and treatment of disorders such as cancer or ectopic pregnancy.

[0092] In women, fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube, while differentiation of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) (Yamanaka et al., 2006) and the transition from totipotency to pluripotency typically occur during embryogenesis in the uterus (Surani et al., 2007). In the majority of pregnancies, embryonic development during conception occurs in the woman's uterus. Ectopic pregnancy refers to a pregnancy that occurs outside the uterine cavity. In humans, this accounts for approximately 1-2% of all pregnancies (approximately 100,000 cases per year in the United States and 10,000 cases per year in the United Kingdom). When an ectopic pregnancy occurs in the fallopian tube, the cellular processes of embryonic development can continue within the tube until clinical intervention. An ectopic pregnancy can rupture the fallopian tube. If untreated, a ruptured fallopian tube can cause life-threatening bleeding. If a fallopian tube becomes dilated or ruptures and begins to bleed, it may be necessary to remove part or all of it. In this case, the bleeding must be stopped quickly and emergency surgery is required.

[0093] The pathology of ectopic pregnancy is recognized and often results in many maternal deaths during the first trimester of pregnancy. There are several classifications of ectopic pregnancy, including (i) tubal pregnancy, (ii) non-tubal ectopic pregnancy, (iii) simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy, and (iv) persistent ectopic pregnancy. Tubal pregnancy occurs when an oocyte is fertilized and subsequently remains in the fallopian tube. Non-tubal ectopic pregnancy occurs in the ovary, cervix, or abdominal cavity and accounts for approximately 2% of all ectopic pregnancies. In rare cases of ectopic pregnancy, two fertilized eggs may be present, one outside the uterus and the other inside, referred to as simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy. Persistent ectopic pregnancy refers to the persistence of trophoblastic growth after surgical intervention to remove the ectopic pregnancy. In certain circumstances, the embryo may implant itself into the cesarean section scar.

[0094] Treatment of ectopic pregnancy can be harsh and invasive. Early treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate is a viable alternative to surgical treatment. When administered early in pregnancy, methotrexate terminates the development of the developing embryo, which may then be resorbed by the woman's body or lost with menstruation. Contraindications for methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy include liver, kidney, or blood disease and an ectopic embryonic mass larger than 3.5 cm. Treatment with methotrexate may also cause inadvertent termination of an undetected intrauterine pregnancy or severe abnormalities in any viable embryo. Therefore, it is recommended that methotrexate be administered only when hCG is continuously monitored and increases by less than 35% over 48 hours, effectively ruling out a viable intrauterine pregnancy.

[0095] Surgical intervention may be necessary if bleeding due to an ectopic pregnancy has already occurred, but in stable patients with minimal evidence of a clot on ultrasound, whether to perform surgical intervention is often a difficult decision.

[0096] The compositions, systems, and methods disclosed herein overcome many of the challenges currently faced in treating ectopic pregnancy by relying on a less invasive approach using TTFields. The compositions, systems, and methods disclosed herein can be used when current standard therapies and treatments are not available to a subject. For example, methotrexate may not be feasible for women with high blood pressure who are taking anticoagulants for any other reason or who are breastfeeding. Because methotrexate treatment is teratogenic (which can be avoided with TTFields), contraception should be used throughout methotrexate treatment and for three months afterward. Methotrexate and its metabolites are known to cause birth defects and remain in the body for periods ranging from one to twelve months after treatment. Therefore, a waiting period of at least three to six months is recommended for women planning to become pregnant after discontinuing methotrexate therapy (which can also be avoided with TTFields). Additionally, there is a risk of toxicity following co-administration of methotrexate with NSAIDs (i.e., aspirin, etodolac, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, sulindac), antibiotics (i.e., trimethoprim, cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, penicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, piperacillin / tazobactam, probenecid, vancomycin), proton pump inhibitors (i.e., omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole), cyclosporine, or vitamin C. The compositions, systems, and methods disclosed herein can also be used to treat such patients and subjects.

[0097] Disclosed are methods for using TTFields to block or inhibit mitosis of pluripotent stem cells. The method comprises exposing the pluripotent stem cells to an alternating electric field for a period of time, the alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength that blocks or inhibits mitosis of the pluripotent stem cells. In some embodiments, the pluripotent stem cells are fetal stem cells or embryonic stem cells.

[0098] As used herein, the term "blocking mitosis" or "blocking mitosis" can refer to arresting a cell (e.g., a pluripotent stem cell) in one or more of the mitotic stages (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase). As used herein, the term "inhibiting mitosis" or "inhibiting mitosis" can refer to altering or arresting a cell (e.g., a pluripotent stem cell) in one or more of the mitotic stages (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase). In some aspects, mitosis can be blocked or inhibited in a cell's current or subsequent round or phase of mitosis. In some aspects, pluripotent stem cells exposed to an alternating electric field undergo mitotic slippage. Mitotic slippage occurs when an arrested cell completes mitosis without dividing. When cells undergo mitotic slippage, they exit mitosis without undergoing cytokinesis and become tetraploid. In cells that undergo mitotic slippage, exposure to an alternating electric field can prevent further mitosis. In some aspects, the cells are blocked or inhibited in a current or subsequent round or phase of mitosis.

[0099] Disclosed are methods for arresting or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells at a target site in a subject, the method comprising applying to the target site in the subject an alternating current electric field having a frequency and field strength for a period of time, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject arrests or inhibits mitosis of pluripotent stem cells at the target site. In some aspects, the target site is a stem cell target site. In some aspects, the pluripotent stem cells are fetal stem cells or embryonic stem cells. In some aspects, the target site is the fallopian tubes, uterus, peritoneal cavity, or cervix of the subject.

[0100] Disclosed are methods of using TTFields to block or inhibit mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, further comprising administering to a subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the methods of blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells or methods of blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells at a target site in a subject further comprise administering to a subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments of the method for blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell mitosis or the method for blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell mitosis at a target site, the subject is pregnant, has elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels, or has been diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy, has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels, or has been identified or diagnosed by (transvaginal) ultrasound. In some embodiments, the subject has one or more of the following characteristics selected from the group consisting of: (i) a gestational sac size ranging from about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm; and (ii) a β-hCG concentration ranging from about 200 to about 100,000 IU / L. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 1 cm to about 8 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 6 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 5 cm.

[0101] In some aspects, the method further comprises observation, laparoscopy, open surgery, or medication. In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof.

[0102]

[0001] A method for arresting or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells is disclosed, the method comprising exposing the pluripotent stem cells to an alternating electric field for a period of time, the frequency and field strength of the alternating electric field arresting or inhibiting mitosis of the pluripotent stem cells, and the method further comprising altering the electrical impedance of the alternating electric field.

[0002] A method for arresting or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells is disclosed, the method comprising exposing the pluripotent stem cells to an alternating electric field for a period of time, the frequency and field strength of the alternating electric field arresting or inhibiting mitosis of the pluripotent stem cells, and the method further comprising altering the electrical impedance of the alternating electric field at a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject; and applying the alternating electric field to a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject, wherein the electrical impedance at the site of the pluripotent stem cells adjacent to the alternating electric field is altered.

[0103] F. Methods of killing pluripotent stem cells Methods for killing pluripotent stem cells using TTFields are disclosed. The methods include exposing the pluripotent stem cells to an alternating electric field for a period of time, the alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength that kills the pluripotent stem cells. In some embodiments, the pluripotent stem cells are fetal stem cells or embryonic stem cells.

[0104] Disclosed are methods for killing pluripotent stem cells at a target site in a subject, comprising applying to the target site in the subject an alternating current electric field having a frequency and field strength for a period of time, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject kills the pluripotent stem cells at the target site. In some aspects, the target site is a stem cell target site. In some aspects, the pluripotent stem cells are fetal stem cells or embryonic stem cells. In some aspects, the target site is the fallopian tube, uterus, peritoneal cavity, or cervix of the subject.

[0105] Disclosed are methods of killing pluripotent stem cells using TTFields, further comprising administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method of killing pluripotent stem cells or the method of killing pluripotent stem cells at a target site in a subject further comprises administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments of the method for killing pluripotent stem cells or the method for killing pluripotent stem cells at a target site, the subject is pregnant, has elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), or has been diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy, has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), or has been identified or diagnosed by (transvaginal) ultrasound. In some embodiments, the subject has one or more of the following characteristics selected from the group consisting of: (i) a gestational sac size ranging from about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm; and (ii) a β-hCG concentration ranging from about 200 to about 100,000 IU / L. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 1 cm to about 8 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 6 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 5 cm.

[0106] In some aspects, the method further comprises observation, laparoscopy, open surgery, or medication. In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof.

[0107] Disclosed is a method for killing pluripotent stem cells, comprising exposing the pluripotent stem cells for a period of time to an alternating current electric field having a frequency and field strength, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating current electric field kill the pluripotent stem cells, and further comprising altering the electrical impedance of the alternating current electric field at the site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject, comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject; and applying the alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject, wherein the electrical impedance at the site of the pluripotent stem cells adjacent to the alternating current electric field is altered.

[0108] G. Methods for preventing or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division Methods for preventing or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division using TTFields are disclosed. The methods include exposing pluripotent stem cells to an alternating electric field for a period of time, the alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength that prevents or inhibits the division of the pluripotent stem cells. In some embodiments, the pluripotent stem cells are fetal stem cells or embryonic stem cells.

[0109] Disclosed are methods for preventing or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division at a target site in a subject, the method comprising applying to the target site in the subject an alternating current electric field having a frequency and field strength for a period of time, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject prevents or inhibits pluripotent stem cell division at the target site. In some aspects, the target site is a stem cell target site. In some aspects, the pluripotent stem cells are fetal stem cells or embryonic stem cells. In some aspects, the target site is the fallopian tubes, uterus, peritoneal cavity, or cervix of the subject.

[0110] Disclosed are methods of using TTFields to block or inhibit pluripotent stem cell division, further comprising administering to a subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the methods of blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division or blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division at a target site in a subject further comprise administering to a subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments of the method for preventing or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division or the method for preventing or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division at a target site, the subject is pregnant, has elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels, or has been diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy, has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels, or has been identified or diagnosed by (transvaginal) ultrasound. In some embodiments, the subject has one or more of the following characteristics selected from the group consisting of: (i) a gestational sac size ranging from about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm; and (ii) a β-hCG concentration ranging from about 200 to about 100,000 IU / L. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 1 cm to about 8 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 6 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 5 cm.

[0111] In some aspects, the method further comprises observation, laparoscopy, open surgery, or medication. In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof.

[0112] Disclosed is a method for preventing or inhibiting the division of pluripotent stem cells, comprising exposing the pluripotent stem cells for a period of time to an alternating current electric field having a frequency and field strength, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating current electric field prevent or inhibit the division of the pluripotent stem cells, and further comprising the step of altering the electrical impedance of the alternating current electric field at the site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject, comprising the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject, wherein the electrical impedance at the site of the pluripotent stem cells adjacent to the alternating current electric field is altered.

[0113] H. Methods for reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells Disclosed are methods for reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells using TTFields. The method comprises exposing the pluripotent stem cells to an alternating electric field for a period of time, the alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength that reduces the viability of the pluripotent stem cells. In some embodiments, the pluripotent stem cells are fetal stem cells or embryonic stem cells.

[0114] Disclosed are methods for reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells at a target site in a subject, the method comprising applying to the target site in the subject an alternating current electric field having a frequency and field strength for a period of time, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject reduces the viability of the pluripotent stem cells at the target site. In some aspects, the target site is a stem cell target site. In some aspects, the pluripotent stem cells are fetal stem cells or embryonic stem cells. In some aspects, the target site is the fallopian tubes, uterus, peritoneal cavity, or cervix of the subject.

[0115] Disclosed are methods of reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells using TTFields, further comprising administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method of reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells or reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells at a target site in a subject further comprises administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments of the method for reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells or the method for reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells at a target site, the subject is pregnant, has elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), or has been diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy, has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), or has been identified or diagnosed by (transvaginal) ultrasound. In some embodiments, the subject has one or more of the following characteristics selected from the group consisting of: (i) a gestational sac size ranging from about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm; and (ii) a β-hCG concentration ranging from about 200 to about 100,000 IU / L. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 1 cm to about 8 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 6 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 5 cm.

[0116] In some aspects, the method further comprises observation, laparoscopy, open surgery, or medication. In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof.

[0117] Disclosed is a method for reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, comprising exposing the pluripotent stem cells for a period of time to an alternating current electric field having a frequency and field strength, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating current electric field reduce the viability of the pluripotent stem cells, and the method further comprises the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject, wherein the electrical impedance of the alternating current electric field at the site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells is altered.

[0118] I. Methods for Delaying Pluripotent Stem Cell Progression or Differentiation Methods for slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells using TTFields are disclosed. A method for slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells in a subject is disclosed, comprising exposing the pluripotent stem cells for a period of time to an alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating electric field slow the progression or differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells in the subject. In some aspects, the pluripotent stem cells are fetal stem cells or embryonic stem cells.

[0119] Disclosed are methods for slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells at a target site in a subject, comprising applying to the target site in the subject an alternating current electric field for a period of time, the alternating current electric field having a frequency and field strength, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject slows the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells at the target site. In some aspects, the target site is a stem cell target site. In some aspects, the pluripotent stem cells are fetal stem cells or embryonic stem cells. In some aspects, the target site is the fallopian tubes, uterus, peritoneal cavity, or cervix of the subject.

[0120] Disclosed are methods of slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells using TTFields, further comprising administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the methods of slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells at a target site in a subject further comprise administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments of the method for delaying the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or the method for delaying the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells at a target site, the subject is pregnant, has elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), or has been diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy, has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), or has been identified or diagnosed by (transvaginal) ultrasound. In some embodiments, the subject has one or more of the following characteristics selected from the group consisting of: (i) a gestational sac size ranging from about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm; and (ii) a β-hCG concentration ranging from about 200 to about 100,000 IU / L. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 1 cm to about 8 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 6 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 5 cm.

[0121] In some aspects, the method further comprises observation, laparoscopy, open surgery, or medication. In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof.

[0122] Disclosed is a method for slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, comprising exposing the pluripotent stem cells for a period of time to an alternating current electric field having a frequency and field strength, wherein the frequency and field strength of the alternating current electric field slow the progression or differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells, and further comprising altering the electrical impedance of the alternating current electric field at the site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject, comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells in the subject, wherein the electrical impedance at the site of the pluripotent stem cells adjacent to the alternating current electric field is altered.

[0123] J. Methods of Treating Ectopic Pregnancy Methods for treating an ectopic pregnancy in a subject using TTFields are disclosed. The methods for treating an ectopic pregnancy in a subject include applying an alternating electric field having a frequency and field strength for a period of time to a target site in the subject, the target site comprising the ectopic pregnancy. In some embodiments, the target site is a stem cell target site. In some embodiments, the target site is the fallopian tube, uterus, peritoneal cavity, or cervix of the subject.

[0124] In some embodiments of the methods of treating an ectopic pregnancy, the method further comprises the additional step of first diagnosing an ectopic pregnancy in the subject. In some embodiments of the methods of treating an ectopic pregnancy, the subject is pregnant, has elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy, has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), or has been identified or diagnosed by (transvaginal) ultrasound. In some embodiments of the methods for treating ectopic pregnancy, the method further comprises the additional step of first diagnosing the subject as pregnant, having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), having an abnormal pattern of increased human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels, having diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy, having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), having an abnormal pattern of increased human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels, or being identified or diagnosed by (transvaginal) ultrasound. In some embodiments, the subject has one or more of the following characteristics selected from the group consisting of: (i) a gestational sac size ranging from about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm; and (ii) a β-hCG concentration ranging from about 200 to about 100,000 IU / L. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 1 cm to about 8 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 6 cm. In some embodiments, the gestational sac size ranges from about 3 cm to about 5 cm.

[0125] In some aspects, the method further comprises observation, laparoscopy, open surgery, or medication. In some aspects, the method further comprises administering to the subject gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof.

[0126] K. Changes in impedance at the target site The methods disclosed herein may further comprise the step of altering the electrical impedance of an alternating current electric field at a site adjacent to the subject's pluripotent stem cells or the target site. The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise the step of altering the electrical impedance of an alternating current electric field at a site adjacent to the subject's pluripotent stem cells or the target site, comprising the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to the subject's pluripotent stem cells or the target site, wherein the electrical impedance of the alternating current at the site adjacent to the subject's pluripotent stem cells or the target site is altered.

[0127] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell mitosis, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further include the steps of introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the subject pluripotent stem cells or the target site; and applying an alternating current electric field to the site adjacent to the subject pluripotent stem cells or the target site, wherein the electrical impedance of the alternating current at the site adjacent to the subject pluripotent stem cells or the target site is changed, and the current density and / or power loss density of the alternating current at the site adjacent to the subject pluripotent stem cells or the target site is changed. In some aspects, the electrical conductivity at the site adjacent to the target site is decreased. In some aspects, the impedance at the site adjacent to the subject pluripotent stem cells or the target site is increased. In some aspects, the electrical conductivity at the pluripotent stem cells or the target site is increased. In some aspects, the impedance at the pluripotent stem cells or the target site is decreased. In some embodiments, the non-conductive nanoparticles are not ferroelectric nanoparticles.

[0128] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise altering the electrical impedance of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject, comprising introducing conductive nanoparticles to the target site in the subject, and applying an alternating current electric field to the target site in the subject, wherein the electrical impedance of the alternating current at the target site in the subject is altered.

[0129] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise altering the electrical impedance of the alternating current field at the target site in the subject, comprising the steps of introducing conductive nanoparticles to the target site in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to the target site in the subject, wherein the electrical impedance of the alternating current at the target site in the subject is changed, the current density and / or power loss density of the alternating current at the target site in the subject is changed, the impedance at the target site is decreased, and / or the conductivity at the target site is increased.

[0130] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell mitosis, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further include the steps of introducing conductive nanoparticles to a target site in a subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to the target site in the subject, changing the electrical impedance of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject, wherein the electrical impedance of the alternating current at the target site in the subject is changed, and the current density and / or power loss density of the alternating current at the target site in the subject is changed, and the method further includes the steps of introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject. In some embodiments, the current density and / or power loss density of the alternating current at the target site in the subject is changed. In some embodiments, the electrical conductivity at the site adjacent to the target site is decreased. In some embodiments, the impedance at the site adjacent to the target site is increased. In some aspects, the electrical conductivity at the target site is increased, hi some aspects, the impedance at the target site is decreased.

[0131] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell mitosis, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further include a method for changing the electrical impedance of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising the steps of introducing conductive nanoparticles into a target site in a subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to the target site in the subject, wherein the electrical impedance of the alternating current at the target site in the subject is changed, and the current density and / or power loss density of the alternating current at the target site in the subject is changed, and the non-conductive nanoparticles are not ferroelectric nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the impedance at the target site is increased and / or the conductivity at the target site is decreased.

[0132] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell mitosis, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further include a method for altering the electrical impedance of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising the steps of: introducing conductive nanoparticles into a target site in a subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to the target site in the subject, wherein the electrical impedance of the alternating current at the target site in the subject is altered, thereby changing the current density and / or power loss density of the alternating current at the target site in the subject, and the alternating current electric field is a tumor-treating electric field. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are nanoparticles that increase tissue permittivity. In some embodiments, the target site is a stem cell target site. In some embodiments, the change in the electrical impedance of the alternating current at the stem cell target site in the subject results in an increase in the mitotic effect of the alternating current electric field at the stem cell target site.

[0133] In some aspects, a population of nanoparticles can be used in the methods disclosed herein. In some aspects, a population of nanoparticles can include conductive and non-conductive nanoparticles.

[0134] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise combining the alternating electric field with an effective dose of an agent that targets dividing cells, including, but not limited to, an alkylating agent.

[0135] Alkylating agents are known to act by alkylating macromolecules, such as DNA, in cancer cells and are typically strong electrophiles. This activity can inhibit DNA synthesis and cell division. Examples of alkylating agents suitable for use herein include nitrogen mustards and their analogs and derivatives, such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, estramustine, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, melphalan, and uracil mustard. Other examples of alkylating agents include alkylsulfonates (e.g., busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine, lomustine, and streptozocin), triazenes (e.g., dacarbazine and temozolomide), ethylenimines / methylmelamines (e.g., altretamine and thiotepa), and methylhydrazine derivatives (e.g., procarbazine). Platinum-containing alkylating agents, including carboplatin, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin, are included in the group of alkylating agents.

[0136] Additional drugs may include, but are not limited to, folic acid, pyrimidine, purine, and cytidine analogs and derivatives. Suitable folic acid-based drugs for use herein include, but are not limited to, methotrexate (amethopterin), pemetrexed, and their analogs and derivatives. Suitable pyrimidine drugs for use herein include, but are not limited to, cytarabine, floxuridine, fluorouracil (5-fluorouracil), capecitabine, gemcitabine, and their analogs and derivatives. Suitable purine drugs for use herein include, but are not limited to, mercaptopurine (6-mercaptopurine), pentostatin, thioguanine, cladribine, and their analogs and derivatives. Suitable cytidine drugs for use herein include, but are not limited to, cytarabine (cytosine arabinoside), azacitidine (5-azacytidine), and their analogs and derivatives.

[0137] Antimitotic agents suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, and their analogs and derivatives, and podophyllotoxins, including, but not limited to, etoposide, teniposide, and their analogs and derivatives. Antineoplastic agents suitable for use herein include, but are not limited to, bleomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, idarubicin, epirubicin, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, pentostatin, plicamycin, and their analogs and derivatives. Camptothecin analogs and derivatives suitable for use herein include camptothecin, topotecan, and irinotecan.

[0138] L. AC electric field The methods disclosed herein utilize alternating current electric fields. In some embodiments, the alternating current electric fields used in the methods disclosed herein are tumor treatment electric fields. In some embodiments, the alternating current electric field (e.g., tumor treatment electric field) may vary depending on the type or condition of the cells to which the alternating current electric field is applied. In some embodiments, TTFields may be applied via one or more electrodes placed on the subject's body. In some embodiments, there may be more than one pair of electrodes. For example, FIG. 6 shows a diagram of a possible arrangement of arrays on the anterior / posterior and lateral surfaces of a patient that can be used with the systems and methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments in which two pairs of electrodes are used, TTFields may alternate between the two pairs of electrodes. For example, as seen in FIG. 6, a first pair of electrodes can be placed on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the subject, and a second pair of electrodes can be placed on both lateral surfaces of the subject; TTFields can then be applied, alternating between the anterior and posterior electrodes, and then the left and right electrodes.

[0139] In some embodiments, the frequency of the AC electric field can be 200 kHz. The frequency of the AC electric field can also be, but is not limited to, about 200 kHz, between 50 and 500 kHz, between 100 and 500 kHz, between 25 kHz and 1 MHz, between 50 and 190 kHz, between 25 and 190 kHz, or between 210 and 400 kHz.

[0140] In some embodiments, the field strength of the alternating electric field can be 1 to 4 V / cm RMS. In some embodiments, a range of field strengths can be used (e.g., between 0.1 and 10 V / cm).

[0141] In some embodiments, the AC electric field can be applied for various intervals ranging from 0.5 hours to 72 hours. In some embodiments, various durations can be used (e.g., between 0.5 hours and 14 days). In some embodiments, the application of the AC electric field can be repeated periodically. For example, the AC electric field can be applied daily for a duration of 2 hours.

[0142] In some embodiments, the frequency of the alternating electric field may be 50 kHz, 100 kHz, 200 kHz, 300 kHz, 400 kHz, 500 kHz, or any frequency therebetween.

[0143] In some embodiments, the frequency of the alternating electric field is from about 200 kHz to about 400 kHz, from about 250 kHz to about 350 kHz, and may be around 300 kHz. In some embodiments, the field is at least 1 V / cm. In some embodiments, the field is between 1 and 4 V / m. In other embodiments, a combination of field strengths is applied, e.g., two or more frequencies are used together simultaneously and / or two or more frequencies are applied at different times.

[0144] In some embodiments, the exposure may last for at least 12 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 36 hours, at least 48 hours, or at least 72 hours or more.

[0145] In some aspects, the nanoparticles are nanoparticles that increase the tissue or cell dielectric constant.

[0146] In some aspects, the alternating current electrical impedance change at the target site or stem cell target site of a subject results in an increased antimitotic effect of the alternating electric field at the target site. For example, an increased antimitotic effect can refer to disruption of correct microtubule assembly during metaphase, which can ultimately destroy cells (e.g., pluripotent stem cells) within or present at the target site during telophase, cytokinesis, or subsequent quiescence.

[0147] M. Multiple Frequency The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further include altering the electrical impedance at the target site or stem cell target site with a frequency that causes nanoparticles to enter the pluripotent stem cells at the target site or stem cell target site, and then applying a second frequency to the target site or stem cell target site, wherein the electrical impedance at the target site or stem cell target site to the second frequency is altered.

[0148] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further include altering electrical impedance at the target site or stem cell target site with a frequency (a first frequency) that causes nanoparticles to enter the pluripotent stem cells at the target site or stem cell target site, and then applying a second frequency to the target site or stem cell target site, where the electrical impedance at the target site or stem cell target site to the second frequency is altered, and the method further includes applying the first and second frequencies multiple times. For example, disclosed methods for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy include applying a first alternating electric field at a first frequency to a target site or stem cell target site for a first period of time, wherein application of the first alternating electric field at the first frequency to the target site or stem cell target site for the first period of time permeabilizes the cell membranes of pluripotent stem cells present at the target site or stem cell target site. The method may further include altering the electrical impedance of an alternating current electric field at a target site or stem cell target site of interest, including increasing the permeability of the cell membrane; introducing nanoparticles into the target site or stem cell target site, where the increased permeability of the cell membrane allows the nanoparticles to cross the cell membrane; and applying a second alternating current electric field at a second frequency to the target site or stem cell target site for a second period of time, where the second frequency is different from the first frequency, thereby changing the impedance of the second alternating current electric field at the second frequency at the target site or stem cell target site of interest. In some embodiments, the current density and / or power loss density of the alternating current at the target site or stem cell target site of interest is changed. In some embodiments, the cells are pluripotent stem cells. In some embodiments, the pluripotent stem cells are embryonic stem cells (ESCs), fetal stem cells (FSCs), or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In some embodiments, the step of introducing nanoparticles begins at a given time, and the step of applying the first alternating current electric field ends at least 12 hours after the given time.In some embodiments, the step of applying the first alternating electric field begins at least one hour before the given time. In some embodiments, the second period of time includes multiple non-consecutive intermittent periods when the second alternating electric field is applied to the pluripotent stem cells at the second frequency, the multiple non-consecutive intermittent periods totaling at least one week.

[0149] Also contemplated herein are methods that use heat or hyperthermia to kill or eliminate cells at a target site or a pluripotent stem cell target site. For example, the methods disclosed herein can use one or more nanoparticles disclosed herein, where the nanoparticles are introduced into cells at a target site or a stem cell target site, and then exposed to an alternating current electric field or an alternating current magnetic field (AMF). Exposing the cells at a target site or a stem cell target site to an alternating current electric field or an AMF can heat the nanoparticles (e.g., reach a temperature of more than 100 degrees Fahrenheit), resulting in the death of cells at the target site or a stem cell target site.

[0150] Disclosed herein is a method for killing or removing cells at a target site or stem cell target site by using a frequency that allows nanoparticles to enter cells at the target site or stem cell target site, and then applying an alternating electric field or magnetic field to the target site or stem cell target site, wherein the nanoparticles convert the alternating electric field or magnetic field into thermal energy, thereby killing or removing cells at the target site or stem cell target site. In some aspects, the methods disclosed herein can further include applying the first and second frequencies multiple times.

[0151] For example, a method for killing or ablating cells at a target site or stem cell target site in a subject is disclosed, comprising the steps of: applying a first alternating electric field at a first frequency for a first period of time to the target site or stem cell target site, wherein the application of the first alternating electric field at the first frequency to the target site or stem cell target site for the first period of time increases the permeability of the cell membrane of cells present at the target site or stem cell target site; introducing nanoparticles into the target site or stem cell target site, wherein the increased permeability of the cell membrane allows the nanoparticles to cross the cell membrane; and applying a second alternating electric field at a second frequency or an alternating magnetic field to the target site or stem cell target site for a second period of time, wherein one or more cells present at the target site or stem cell target site are killed or ablated. In some embodiments, the second alternating electric field is a tumor-treating electric field.

[0152] In any of the methods disclosed herein, a subject can be exposed or a system can be applied to a subject, where the system includes one or more controllable low-energy HF (high frequency) carrier signal generating circuits, one or more data processing devices for receiving control information, one or more amplitude modulation control signal generators, and one or more amplitude modulation frequency control signal generators. In some aspects, the amplitude modulation frequency control signal generators are adapted to precisely control the frequency of the amplitude modulation relative to one or more determined or predetermined reference amplitude modulation frequencies to an accuracy of at least 1000 ppm, most preferably within about 1 ppm. Additional embodiments and specific frequencies for specific cancers are described in U.S. Patent No. 8,977,365, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference for its teachings of systems and methods useful for affecting cellular function or dysfunction in a subject.

[0153] N. Increasing the activity of TTF by changing the distribution of the electric field using nanoparticles The methods of blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy disclosed herein may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in the subject, the method comprising the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; introducing conductive nanoparticles to the target site in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to the target site and a site adjacent to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased.

[0154] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; introducing conductive nanoparticles to the target site in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to the target site in the subject and a site adjacent to the target site, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased and the magnitude of the current density of the alternating current electric field is increased at the target site.

[0155] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; introducing conductive nanoparticles to the target site in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to the target site and a site adjacent to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased and impedance at the target site is decreased.

[0156] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; introducing conductive nanoparticles to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to the target site and a site adjacent to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased, the conductivity at the target site is increased, and / or the impedance at the site adjacent to the target site is increased.

[0157] The methods of blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy disclosed herein may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; introducing conductive nanoparticles to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to the target site and a site adjacent to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased, and the alternating current electric field is a tumor treating electric field.

[0158] The methods of blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy disclosed herein may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; introducing conductive nanoparticles to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to the target site in the subject and a site adjacent to the target site, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased, and the target site is a tumor target site.

[0159] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; introducing conductive nanoparticles to the target site in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to the target site and a site adjacent to the target site in the subject, wherein the increased effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site results in an increased anti-mitotic effect of the alternating current electric field at the target site.

[0160] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased.

[0161] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased, and the nanoparticles are non-conductive nanoparticles.

[0162] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased, and the impedance at a non-target site adjacent to the target site is increased, and / or the conductivity at a non-target site adjacent to the target site is decreased.

[0163] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased, the impedance at the target site is decreased, and / or the conductivity at the target site is increased.

[0164] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising the steps of: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased and the magnitude of the current density of the alternating current electric field is decreased at non-target sites adjacent to the target site.

[0165] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased, and the method further comprises introducing conductive nanoparticles to the target site in the subject. In some aspects, impedance at the target site is reduced.

[0166] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased, and the alternating current electric field is a tumor treating electric field.

[0167] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell mitosis, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting pluripotent stem cell division, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further include increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site in the subject is increased, and the target site is a tumor target site. In some aspects, the increased effectiveness of the alternating current electric field at the target site results in an increased mitotic effect of the alternating current electric field at the target site. In some aspects, the nanoparticles are introduced into pluripotent stem cells at the target site. In some aspects, the nanoparticles are introduced into pluripotent stem cells via injection after primary tumor resection. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are introduced into pluripotent stem cells via intracellular injection (eg, under computed tomography guidance during surgery or biopsy).

[0168] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to the site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the nanoparticles are capable of increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a ... 3 The vector is introduced at about 0.001 to 0.01, 0.01 to 0.1, 0.1 to 0.5, 0.5 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 50, 50 to 100, 100 to 200, 200 to 300, 300 to 400, 400 to 500, 500 to 600, 600 to 700, 700 to 800, 800 to 900, or 900 to 1000 ng per vector.

[0169] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating electric field to the adjacent or target site, wherein the nanoparticles are introduced at about 0.001 to 0.01, 0.01 to 0.1, 0.1 to 0.5, 0.5 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 50, 50 to 100, 100 to 200, 200 to 300, 300 to 400, 400 to 500, 500 to 600, 600 to 700, 700 to 800, 800 to 900, or 900 to 1000 μg.

[0170] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the nanoparticles are introduced once, twice, three times, or more.

[0171] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to the site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the conductive nanoparticles comprise or consist of carbon gold, ferrous iron, selenium, silver, copper, platinum, iron oxide, graphene, iron dextran, superparamagnetic iron oxide, boron-doped detonation nanodiamond, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the conductive nanoparticles comprise an alloy selected from Au / Ag, Au / Cu, Au / Ag / Cu, Au / Pt, Au / Fe, Au / Cu, or Au / Fe / Cu.

[0172] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; and applying an alternating current electric field to the site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the size of the nanoparticles is between 0.5 nm and 100 nm.

[0173] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the size of the nanoparticles is between 0.5 nm and 2.5 nm.

[0174] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to the site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the size of the nanoparticles is greater than 100 nm.

[0175] The methods disclosed herein for blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy may further comprise increasing the effectiveness of an alternating current electric field at a target site in a subject, the method comprising: introducing non-conductive nanoparticles to a site adjacent to the target site in the subject; applying an alternating current electric field to a site adjacent to the target site or to the target site in the subject, wherein the size of the nanoparticles is between 100 nm and 200 nm.

[0176] O. Device Disclosed are devices for effectively blocking or inhibiting mitosis of pluripotent stem cells, killing pluripotent stem cells, blocking or inhibiting division of pluripotent stem cells, reducing the viability of pluripotent stem cells, slowing the progression or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, and treating ectopic pregnancy. The device includes a signal generator; a temperature sensor electrically connected to the signal generator; and a pair of electrodes receiving an AC voltage from the signal generator, wherein the signal generator is configured to generate an electric field between the pair of electrodes to change the orientation of nanoparticles within the pluripotent stem cells, the temperature sensor measures the temperature surrounding the pluripotent stem cells, and the signal generator is configured to vary the strength of the electric field based on the measured temperature.

[0177] Disclosed is a device comprising: a signal generator; a temperature sensor electrically connected to the signal generator; and a pair of electrodes that receive an AC voltage from the signal generator, wherein the signal generator is configured to generate an electric field between the pair of electrodes to change the orientation of nanoparticles adjacent to the pluripotent stem cells, the temperature sensor measures the temperature surrounding the pluripotent stem cells, and the signal generator is configured to change the strength of the electric field based on the measured temperature.

[0178] In some embodiments, the electric field has a frequency of about 100 KHz to about 500 KHz.

[0179] In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are conductive nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are non-conductive nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the non-conductive nanoparticles are ferroelectric nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the ferroelectric particles have a diameter of greater than about 0 nm to about 50 nm or less. In some embodiments, the ferroelectric particles comprise BaTiO3 or SrTiO3.

[0180] In some embodiments, the first electrode and the second electrode comprise a ferroelectric material.

[0181] A device is disclosed that includes: a first electrode and a temperature sensor on one surface of a first patch; a second electrode and a temperature sensor on one surface of a second patch; and a signal generator electrically connected to the first and second electrodes, wherein the signal generator is configured to generate an electric field between the first and second electrodes to change the orientation of a nanoparticle probe in the pluripotent stem cells; each of the first and second temperature sensors measures the temperature surrounding the pluripotent stem cells; and the signal generator is configured to change the strength of the electric field based on the measured temperature, such that division of the pluripotent stem cells is inhibited in response to the change in the orientation of the nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle probe includes nanoparticles and multiple biomarkers bound to the nanoparticles, and the biomarkers can target the pluripotent stem cells and a passivation film coated on the nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle probe is movable within the pluripotent stem cells by the electric field.

[0182] A device is disclosed that includes a signal generator; first and second electrodes facing each other; third and fourth electrodes facing each other; and a temperature sensor electrically connected to the signal generator, wherein the first and second electrodes receive a first AC voltage from the signal generator, the third and fourth electrodes receive a second AC voltage from the signal generator, the signal generator generates a first electric field between the first and second electrodes to change the orientation of nanoparticles within pluripotent stem cells, and the signal generator generates a second electric field between the third and fourth electrodes to change the orientation of polar molecules within cancer cells, and the first and second electric fields have different frequencies from each other. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are conductive nanoparticles.

[0183] A device is disclosed that includes a signal generator; first and second electrodes facing each other; third and fourth electrodes facing each other; and a temperature sensor electrically connected to the signal generator, wherein the first and second electrodes receive a first AC voltage from the signal generator, the third and fourth electrodes receive a second AC voltage from the signal generator, the signal generator generates a first electric field between the first and second electrodes to change the orientation of nanoparticles within pluripotent stem cells, and the signal generator generates a second electric field between the third and fourth electrodes to change the orientation of polar molecules within cancer cells, the first and second electric fields having different frequencies from each other. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are non-conductive nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the non-conductive nanoparticles are ferroelectric nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the ferroelectric particles have a diameter of greater than about 0 nm to about 50 nm or less. In some embodiments, the ferroelectric particles comprise BaTiO3 or SrTiO3.

[0184] In some embodiments, TTFields may be applied via one or more electrodes placed on the subject's body. In some embodiments, there may be more than one pair of electrodes. For example, FIG. 6 shows a diagram of a possible arrangement of arrays on the anterior / posterior and lateral surfaces of a patient that can be used with the systems and methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments in which two pairs of electrodes are used, TTFields may alternate between the two pairs of electrodes. For example, as seen in FIG. 6, a first pair of electrodes can be placed on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the subject, and a second pair of electrodes can be placed on each side of the subject; TTFields can then be applied, alternating between the anterior and posterior electrodes, and then the left and right electrodes.

[0185] P.Kit The materials described above and other materials can be packaged together in any suitable combination as a useful kit for carrying out or assisting in carrying out the method of the present disclosure. The components of a given kit are useful when designed and adapted for combined use in the method of the present disclosure. For example, kits for imaging and / or treatment are disclosed. In some embodiments, the kit can include one or more nanoparticles of the present disclosure. The kit can also include an apparatus for applying an alternating electric field.

[0186] Disclosed herein are kits comprising one or more nanoparticles described herein and a device capable of applying an alternating electric field. For example, disclosed herein are kits comprising one or more nanoparticles described herein and a TTFields device (e.g., Optune®, Novocure Ltd.). [Example]

[0187] Cell seeding onto glass coverslips. Human pluripotent stem cells (including human embryonic stem cells [ESCs] and human induced pluripotent stem cells [iPSCs]) were maintained in Essential 8 (E8) medium supplemented with 10 μM ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. ESCs (WA07 [H7] line) or iPSCs were seeded onto the center of 22 mm diameter glass or plastic coverslips in 6-well plates. Coverslips were pre-coated with Matrigel diluted 1:200 in DMEM / F12 for at least 1 hour at 37°C in a conventional tissue culture incubator (37°C, 95% air, 5% CO2). Once the cells attached to the coverslips, a total of 2 mL of E8 medium supplemented with 10 μM ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 was added to each well. The medium was changed daily for 1–2 days when cells were allowed to recover before transferring the coverslips to the ceramic dish of the Inovitro™ TTFields device (Novocure Inc., Haifa, Israel).

[0188] The seeding procedure for human ESC- or iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (ESC-CMs or iPSC-CMs) was similar to that for pluripotent stem cells, except that the recovery period after seeding was longer (approximately 5 days) until clear spontaneous beating was observed. ESC-CMs and iPSC-CMs were also maintained in RPMI 1640 medium containing B27 supplement and insulin. After a single monolayer of beating cardiac cells was visualized on the coverslip, tumor treatment electric field experiments were initiated. Cell imaging was performed using a Leica DM IL LED inverted fluorescence microscope (Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL) or a Revolve microscope (Echo Laboratories, San Diego, CA).

[0189] Trypan blue cell counting assay using an automated cell counter. Coverslips in ceramic dishes were prepared for cell counting by washing with two 2 mL portions of PBS and then removing the medium. The coverslips were then transferred to a 6-well plate, to which 0.5 mL of trypsin-LE (TrypLE) was added. Detached cells were suspended in a 15 mL Falcon tube containing 4.5 mL of E8 medium supplemented with 10 μM ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 (for both ESCs and iPSCs). The cells were centrifuged at 300 g for 5 minutes at room temperature. Once pelleted, the supernatant was aspirated, and the cells were resuspended in 10 mL of Essential 8 for cell counting.

[0190] A 10 μL aliquot was taken and placed in a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube. Next, 10 μL of 0.4% trypan blue solution was added to the cell culture aliquot, mixed by pipetting, and added to one of the wells of a cell counting slide. Cells were counted using a LUNA-FL dual-wavelength fluorescent automated cell counter (Logos Biosystems, Annandale, VA, USA). The total number of live and dead cells was calculated from three technical replicates for each experimental condition (e.g., control [no TTF], 50 kHz, 100 kHz, 200 kHz, 300 kHz, 400 kHz, and 500 kHz) and averaged. The total cell number was extrapolated based on a 1:10 dilution factor from the initial cell suspension.

[0191] Quantitative Measurement of Cell Viability Using the CellTiter-Glo 2.0 Assay. Cell viability for human pluripotent stem cells was quantitatively measured using the CellTiter-Glo 2.0 Assay (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The CellTiter-Glo 2.0 Assay provides a uniform method for determining the number of viable cells in culture by quantifying the amount of ATP present, which indicates the presence of metabolically active cells. Monooxygenation to luciferin is catalyzed by luciferase in the presence of Mg2+, ATP (contributed by viable cells), and molecular oxygen. A volume of CellTiter-Glo 2.0 Reagent equal to the volume of cell culture medium present in each well was added (e.g., 0.5 mL of CellTiter-Glo 2.0 Reagent was added to 0.5 mL of medium containing cells). The contents were mixed on an orbital shaker for 2 minutes to induce cell lysis. The 6-well plate was incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes to stabilize the luminescent signal. Then, 50 μl from each well was transferred in triplicate to a white 96-well plate. Luminescence was recorded using a 1-second integration time on a Synergy HTX multimode plate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA). Luminescence signals were analyzed using BioTek Gen5 3.03 software.

[0192] Contraction assay. Contractility of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes was assessed using a Sony SI8000 live-cell imaging system (Sony Biotechnology, San Jose, CA) before and after application of a tumor-treating electric field. ESC-CMs or iPSC-CMs were treated with various AC electric field frequencies (e.g., 50 kHz, 100 kHz, 200 kHz, 300 kHz, 400 kHz, and 500 kHz) for 72 hours. Control dishes were not exposed to an AC electric field. Data were acquired using a high-performance video camera that utilizes proprietary motion vector software to capture cell movement with high temporal and spatial fidelity. After image acquisition, the displacement and magnitude of cell movement were calculated using a motion detection algorithm developed by Sony Biotechnology. Regions of interest (ROIs) were set around single cells or entire clusters of cardiac cells, and various contraction and relaxation parameters were calculated.

[0193] Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and cell cycle analysis. For FACS and cell cycle analysis studies, H7 ESCs were harvested after the specified AC electric field experimental conditions and washed with PBS. Cells were then fixed with ice-cold 70% ethanol for 2 hours at -20°C. After fixation, cells were collected by centrifugation and stained with 1.0 mL of PBS containing 10 μg / mL propidium iodide (PI), 100 μg / mL RNase A, and 0.05% Triton X-100. Cells were incubated in the PI solution for 15 minutes in the dark at room temperature, washed once with PBS, resuspended in 0.5 mL PBS, and evaluated for live and dead cells using InCyte software and cell cycle status using Guava cell cycle analysis software on a Guava FACS analyzer (EMD Millipore, Burlington, MA). Results were analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR) for determination of live / dead cells and cell cycle status.

[0194] Culture and maintenance of iPSCs for human pluripotent stem cell (hESC and hiPSC) generation. Percutaneous fibroblasts from healthy human donors were reprogrammed into iPSCs using non-integrating Sendai virus vectors carrying the following transcription factors: Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and cMyc.

[0195] ESC culture and maintenance. The human ESC line used in these experiments was the WA07 (H7) line transfected with a lentiviral vector expressing luciferase and Tomato Red under the EF1a promoter. ESCs were grown to 90% confluence on Matrigel-coated plates (ESC-qualified, BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA) using synthetic E8 medium as previously described. Medium was changed daily, and cells were passaged every 3–4 days using EDTA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, CA). 10 μM ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 was supplemented to dissociated cells before plating to prevent apoptosis.

[0196] Cell injection into mice. Female immunodeficient nude (NU / NU) mice were anesthetized with 2% isoflurane and injected subcutaneously with approximately 500,000 H7 ESCs. H7 ESCs were suspended in 100 μL of Matrigel and injected into the right flank of the mice using a 28-gauge syringe needle. Additionally, AC electric field-treated H7 ESCs (i.e., treated at 300 kHz for 3–4 days) were injected subcutaneously into the left flank of the mice. An injection of Matrigel alone into the left scapula served as a control. The syringe was kept on ice before injection to prevent solidification of Matrigel at room temperature. The Stanford Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care (APLAC) approved all animal procedures.

[0197] Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of transplanted cells to assess cell survival and teratoma formation was performed to track cell proliferation over the course of this study. In vivo BLI was performed using an IVIS Spectrum Imaging System (Xenogen Corporation, Alameda, CA) for up to 5 weeks after cell injection. Cell survival and proliferation were monitored at days 0, 1, 3, and 7, and every 7 days for up to 35 days after cell transplantation. One gram of D-luciferin firefly potassium salt was diluted in 23 mL of PBS, and 300 μl of this mixture was administered intraperitoneally using a 28-gauge insulin syringe needle. Ten minutes after intraperitoneal injection, animals were imaged for 20 minutes using an acquisition window ranging from 1 second to 5 minutes. Bioluminescence images at various time points were analyzed using Living Image software (Caliper LifeSciences, version 4.3.1). ROIs were drawn over the sites of cell injection and control areas. The luminescence signal was quantified in luminance units of photons per steradian per square centimeter per second (photons / sec / cm2 / sr).

[0198] Teratoma explantation and histology. After the teratomas grew to a size of approximately 15 mm in diameter, the mice were euthanized, and the teratomas were excised, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and sent to the pathology core laboratory for paraffin sectioning and H&E staining.

[0199] Statistical Analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (version 7.04) and SPSS (IBM, version 21). Tests with a significance level alpha set at P<0.05 were considered significant. Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated.

[0200] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the method and compositions described herein which equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Claims

1. 1. A combination for use in a method of treating an ectopic pregnancy in a subject, comprising nanoparticles and a system for applying an alternating electric field to a target site in the subject, the combination comprising: The method includes introducing nanoparticles into a target site in a subject and applying an alternating current electric field to the target site with a system for a period of time; A combination, wherein the target site comprises an ectopic pregnancy.

2. 10. The combination of claim 1, wherein the target site is in the subject's fallopian tube or cesarean section scar.

3. The combination according to claim 1 or 2, which is used in a subject together with gefitinib, methotrexate, or a combination thereof.

4. 4. The combination of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the subject has been identified as having elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).

5. 5. The combination of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the subject has been identified as having an abnormal pattern of increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).

6. 6. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the subject has been identified or diagnosed by (transvaginal) ultrasound examination.

7. 7. The combination of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the current density and / or power loss density of the alternating current at the target site of the subject is changed.

8. 7. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which reduces impedance at the target site.

9. 7. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which increases the electrical conductivity at the target site.

10. 7. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which increases impedance at the target site.

11. 7. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which reduces electrical conductivity at the target site.

12. 12. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the alternating electric field is a tumor-treating electric field.

13. 7. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the nanoparticles are nanoparticles that increase the tissue permittivity.

14. 14. A combination according to any one of claims 7 to 13, which increases the effectiveness of an alternating electric field at a target site in a subject.

15. 15. A combination according to any one of claims 7 to 14, wherein the magnitude of the current density of the alternating electric field is increased at the target site.

16. 16. The combination of claim 14 or 15, wherein the increased effectiveness of the alternating electric field at the target site results in an increased antimitotic effect of the alternating electric field at the target site.

17. 17. The combination according to any one of claims 8 to 16, wherein the nanoparticles are introduced into embryonic cells.

18. the system includes a device comprising: a signal generator; a temperature sensor electrically connected to the signal generator; and a pair of electrodes receiving an AC voltage from the signal generator; 18. The combination of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the signal generator is configured to generate an electric field between a pair of electrodes to change the orientation of the nanoparticles inside the embryonic cell, the temperature sensor measures the temperature surrounding the embryonic cell, and the signal generator is configured to change the strength of the electric field based on the measured temperature.

19. 19. The combination of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the electric field has a frequency of about 100 KHz to about 500 KHz.

20. 20. The combination according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the nanoparticles are conductive nanoparticles.

21. 20. The combination according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the nanoparticles are non-conductive nanoparticles.

22. 22. The combination of claim 21, wherein the non-conductive nanoparticles are ferroelectric nanoparticles.

23. 23. The combination of claim 22, wherein the ferroelectric particles have a diameter of greater than about 0 nm to about 50 nm.

24. 23. The combination of claim 21 or 22, wherein the ferroelectric particles comprise BaTiO3 or SrTiO3.

25. 25. The combination of any one of claims 18 and 21 to 24, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode comprise a ferroelectric material.

26. 26. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 25 for effectively blocking or inhibiting mitosis of embryonic cells, killing embryonic cells, blocking or inhibiting division of embryonic cells, reducing the viability of embryonic cells, or slowing the progression or differentiation of embryonic cells.

27. the combination further comprises a nanoparticle probe comprising the nanoparticles, and the device comprises: a first electrode and a temperature sensor on one surface of a first patch; a second electrode and a temperature sensor on one surface of a second patch; and a signal generator electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode; A combination described in claim 18, or any one of claims 19 to 26 citing claim 18, wherein the signal generator is configured to generate an electric field between the first electrode and the second electrode to change the orientation of the nanoparticle probe in the embryonic cell, each of the first and second temperature sensors measures the temperature surrounding the embryonic cell, the signal generator is configured to change the strength of the electric field based on the measured temperature, and division of the embryonic cell is inhibited in response to the change in orientation of the nanoparticle probe.

28. 28. The combination of claim 27, wherein the nanoparticle probe further comprises a plurality of biomarkers bound to the nanoparticles, the biomarkers being capable of targeting embryonic cells and a passivation film coated on the nanoparticles.

29. 29. The combination of claim 27 or 28, wherein the nanoparticle probe is mobile inside the embryonic cell by an electric field.

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