Compositions and methods for treating diseases and conditions by depleting mitochondrial or genomic DNA from the circulation

Abstract

The present invention describes proteins capable of binding to mtDNA and / or gDNA and depleting circulating mtDNA and / or gDNA from subjects in need thereof. The proteins can be used to treat diseases and conditions such as cancer, myocardial infarction, and traumatic brain injury. The proteins can also be used to detect and measure circulating mtDNA and gDNA.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] [CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 940,457, filed November 26, 2019, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present invention relates to therapeutic methods for treating diseases and conditions such as cancer, myocardial infarction, and traumatic brain injury. [Background technology]

[0003] All publications in this specification are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The following description includes information believed to be useful in understanding the present invention. This is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the invention of this patent application, nor is it an admission that any of the publications specifically or implicitly referenced are prior art.

[0004] Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States. Since 2004, taxanes have become an important mainstay of treatment for advanced PCa and continue to do so today. Taxanes, including docetaxel, paclitaxel, and cabazitaxel, highly stabilize microtubules, inhibit intracellular trafficking and signaling, cause mitotic arrest, and induce apoptotic cell death in many solid tumor types, including ovarian, breast, lung, head and neck, and prostate. Docetaxel was the first taxane to provide an overall survival benefit in men with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. Docetaxel's ability to inhibit androgen signaling supports its importance in PCa anticancer activity. Phase II clinical trials have tested the use of taxanes before androgen-targeted therapy failed and demonstrated positive biochemical tumor responses. Significantly, in the CHAARTED (Randomized Trial of Chemohormonal Therapy Versus Androgen Ablation for Extensive Disease in Prostate Cancer) trial, the combination of hormone therapy with docetaxel in men with castration-sensitive PCa and high disease volume provided a significant survival benefit compared with castration therapy alone. In the STAMPEDE (Systemic Treatment of Advanced or Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Evaluation of Drug Efficacy) trial, docetaxel improved survival for men with primarily metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. Despite the importance of taxanes in the management of PCa, their usefulness is limited by toxicity and the development of chemotherapy resistance. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] Therefore, there is a need in the art for treatments that overcome these challenges. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] The following embodiments and aspects thereof, along with compositions and methods, are described and illustrated by way of example and illustration only and not by way of limitation.

[0007] In various embodiments, provided is a protein comprising a polypeptide that binds to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), or both, and an Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof.

[0008] In various embodiments, the polypeptide that binds to mtDNA, gDNA, or both can comprise a fragment of DEC205 or a fragment of DEC205 with one or more amino acid deletions, additions, or substitutions.

[0009] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can be a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to at least one domain selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can be a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to at least two domains selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can be a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to at least three domains selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can be a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, or both. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can be a polypeptide at least 90% identical to a ricin type B lectin domain and a fibronectin type II lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can be a polypeptide at least 90% identical to a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can be a polypeptide at least 90% identical to at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can be a polypeptide at least 90% identical to at least two C-type lectin domains. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can comprise a polypeptide at least 90% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, and SEQ ID NO:3. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can comprise a polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, and SEQ ID NO:3.In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can comprise a polypeptide at least 90% identical to a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can comprise a polypeptide having at least 168 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can comprise a polypeptide having 168 to 414 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can comprise a polypeptide having 183 to 368 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can comprise a polypeptide having 202 to 322 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 can comprise a polypeptide having 220 to 276 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4.

[0010] In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) comprises the Fc domain of human IgG1 or the Fc domain of human IgG1 with up to 22 amino acid additions, deletions, and / or substitutions. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof can comprise at least 205 contiguous amino acids as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof can comprise a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) can comprise a polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.

[0011] In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) can be the Fc domain of murine IgG1 or the Fc domain of murine IgG1 with up to 21 amino acid additions, deletions, and / or substitutions. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof can comprise at least 209 contiguous amino acids as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof can comprise a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) can comprise a polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.

[0012] In various embodiments, the protein can further comprise a signal sequence, a linker, or both. In various embodiments, the signal sequence can comprise the amino acids as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7.

[0013] In various embodiments, the protein can be selected from a protein having a sequence as set forth in any one of amino acids 24-435 of SEQ ID NO:8, amino acids 24-583 of SEQ ID NO:9, amino acids 24-529 of SEQ ID NO:10, amino acids 24-440 of SEQ ID NO:11, amino acids 24-588 of SEQ ID NO:12, or amino acids 24-534 of SEQ ID NO:13.

[0014] In various embodiments, the protein may be selected from proteins comprising the sequences SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:5, or SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:5, or SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:5, or SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:6.

[0015] In various embodiments, the protein can be selected from a protein having a sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, or SEQ ID NO:13.

[0016] In various embodiments, the polypeptide that binds to mtDNA, gDNA, or both comprises a fragment of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) or a fragment of TLR9 with one or more amino acid deletions, additions, or substitutions.

[0017] In various embodiments, the protein can further comprise an Fc region of an antibody or a fragment thereof.

[0018] In various embodiments, the protein is capable of depleting circulating mtDNA. In various embodiments, the protein is capable of depleting circulating genomic DNA (gDNA).

[0019] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a nucleic acid encoding any one of the proteins of the invention as described herein.

[0020] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are cells that produce any one of the proteins of the present invention.

[0021] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are cells comprising any one of the nucleic acids of the present invention.

[0022] In various embodiments, the cells can be bacterial cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), or baby hamster kidney cells (BHK). In various embodiments, the bacterial cells are Bacillus subtilis or Lactococcus lactis.

[0023] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are combinations comprising any one of the proteins of the present invention and a therapeutic agent.

[0024] In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent can be selected from the group consisting of an anti-tumor agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, an androgen ablation agent, an agent for treating myocardial infarction, an agent for treating traumatic brain injury, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent can be a taxane, an anthracycline, or a platinum-based anti-neoplastic agent. In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent can be docetaxel, paclitaxel, cabazitaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, valrubicin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, irinotecan, or fluorouracil (5FU). In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent can be an androgen receptor antagonist, an androgen synthesis inhibitor, or an antigonadotropin. In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent can be selected from the group consisting of bicalutamide, enzalutamide, apalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, darolutamide, cyproterone acetate, megestrol acetate, chlormadinone acetate, spironolactone, oxendolone, ketoconazole, abiraterone acetate, ceviteronel, aminoglutethimide, finasteride, dutasteride, epristeride, alphatradiol, saw palmetto extract, leuprorelin, cetrorelix, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent can be aspirin, a thrombolytic agent, a heparin, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, nitroglycerin, a beta-blocker, an ACE inhibitor, a statin, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent can be a diuretic, an anticonvulsant, a coma-inducing drug, or combinations thereof.

[0025] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a device comprising at least one inlet, at least one outlet, at least one chamber comprising a solid substrate, and any one of the proteins of the present invention immobilized on the solid substrate.

[0026] In various embodiments, the device can be a microfluidic device.

[0027] In various embodiments, the solid substrate can be dextran beads or sepharose beads.

[0028] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a device comprising any one of the proteins of the present invention immobilized on a solid substrate.

[0029] In various embodiments, the solid substrate can be a multi-well plate. In various embodiments, the solid substrate can be a bead.

[0030] In various embodiments, the protein is further bound to or immobilized on a conductive substrate and is capable of generating a detectable signal upon binding to mtDNA, gDNA, or both.

[0031] In various embodiments, the conductive substrate can be gold, silver, platinum, iridium, or copper.

[0032] In various embodiments, the protein can also be bonded to or immobilized on the silicone.

[0033] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are methods for reducing circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), or both in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to the mammalian subject any one of the proteins of the present invention; administering to the mammalian subject any one of the combinations of the present invention; removing circulating mtDNA, gDNA, or both from the blood of the mammalian subject; or administering to the mammalian subject any one of the bacterial cells of the present invention.

[0034] In various embodiments, a mammalian subject may have or be suspected of having a disease or condition caused by or associated with elevated levels of circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), or both.

[0035] In various embodiments, the disease or condition can be selected from the group consisting of tumors, cancer, myocardial infarction, heart disease, physical trauma, traumatic brain injury, infection, stroke, inflammation, autoimmune disease, cachexia, and lupus.

[0036] In various embodiments, the cancer can be a solid tumor cancer. In various embodiments, the cancer can be prostate cancer or breast cancer.

[0037] In various embodiments, removing circulating mtDNA from the blood of a mammalian subject can include passing the subject's blood through any one of the devices of the present invention.

[0038] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are methods for measuring circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA, or both, comprising obtaining a biological sample, contacting the biological sample with any one of the proteins of the present invention, detecting binding of the protein to mtDNA, gDNA, or both, and quantifying the amount of protein-mtDNA binding complex, protein-gDNA binding complex, or both.

[0039] In various embodiments, the protein can further comprise a label that produces a detectable signal, which in various embodiments can be a colorimetric signal, fluorescence, or luminescence.

[0040] In various embodiments, the protein can be contacted with the biological sample using any one of the devices of the present invention.

[0041] In various embodiments, the device can include a conductive substrate, wherein the protein is bound to or immobilized on the conductive substrate and generates a detectable signal upon binding to mtDNA, gDNA, or both, wherein the detectable signal is impedance, resistance, a change in current, or a change in electrochemical impedance spectrum, and wherein the conductive substrate is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, iridium, and copper.

[0042] Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, various features of embodiments of the present invention.

[0043] Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in the referenced figures. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein be taken in an illustrative and not a limiting sense. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0044] [Figure 1]Panels A–H show activation of TLR9 and C3a by mtDNA. A: Mitochondrial DNA was measured in conditioned medium (CM) from prostate epithelia after 48 hours of incubation (n=3). B: Protein expression in CAFs treated with LNCaP-CM was visualized by Western blot. C: DEC205 expression in NAFs and CAFs treated with LNCaP-CM was measured by Western blot. D: After incubation of CAFs with LNCaP-CM, DEC205 was immunoprecipitated, crosslinked, and subjected to PCR amplification of mtDNA for MT-CO2. Pre-immunoprecipitation CAF cell lysates or IgG immunoprecipitates were used as total input and negative controls, respectively. E: The mRNA expression profile of NF-κB signaling targets in CAFs incubated with LNCaP-CM was compared with control CM by heat map (n=4). F: Volcano plot showing the distribution of differential mRNA expression levels in CAFs and CAFs incubated with LNCaP-CM. While the heat map illustrates only secreted proteins, the volcano plot displays all 84 NF-κB target genes. G: TLR9 and anaphylatoxin C3a protein expression in CAFs incubated with LNCaP-CM, with or without DNase 1 treatment, was visualized. DNase activity was heat-inactivated after 10 minutes. H: LNCaP-CM contains mtDNA that binds DEC205 for internalization into CAF cells and subsequent TLR9 signaling and anaphylatoxin C3a expression. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. [Figure 2]Panels A–G show the mechanism of C3a production by CAFs. A: TLR9 signaling was examined in mouse prostate fibroblasts derived from wild-type (WT) or TLR9 knockout (TLR9- / -) mouse cultures treated with CpG-ODN or LNCaP-CM in the presence or absence of DNase 1 treatment. B: Secreted C3a in CAF- and NAF-conditioned medium was measured by ELISA after treatment with CpG-ODN, LNCaP-CM, or TRAMPC2-CM (n=3). C: Flow cytometry was used to quantify intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROI) in CAFs incubated with control, CpG-ODN, or LNCaP-CM, as determined by quantifying DCFDA+ cells that did not stain with 7AAD. D: Green DCFDA fluorescence was localized to the cytoplasm as observed by fluorescence microscopy using DAPI nuclear counterstain. Scale bar represents 16 μm. E: Catalase activity in CAFs was quantified after incubation with fresh medium (control), CpG-ODN, or LNCaP-CM. F: Western blot analysis was performed to measure protein expression of complement C3 and anaphylatoxin C3a in CAFs. CAFs were incubated with either CpG-ODN in the presence or absence of the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3AT) or LNCaP-CM in the presence or absence of the reactive oxygen inhibitor n-acetylcysteine ​​(NAC). G: MtDNA in LNCaP-CM binds to DEC205 for internalization into CAF cells and subsequent TLR9 signaling. LNCaP-CM inhibits catalase activity, allowing ROS to be produced in CAFs to generate C3a. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, and ns=not significant. [Figure 3]Panels A-E show the role of C3a in PCa progression. A: Western blots were performed on PCa cell lines incubated (48 hours) in the absence and presence of a C3a receptor agonist peptide for cell viability and proliferation protein expression. B: C57BL / 6 mice were allografted with wild-type (wt) or Tlr9- / - fibroblasts transfected with luciferase-expressing TRAMPC2. Mice were treated with saline or the TLR9 antagonist SB290157. Tumor progression was photographed using luciferase bioluminescence. C: The mean tumor volume (mm3) and standard deviation (SD) for each treatment condition are shown (n=8). [Figure 3-1] D: H&E and immunohistochemical staining of tumor tissues for phosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated histone-H3, and TUNEL was performed and quantified. Corresponding graphs show the mean and SD of staining (n=4). *P<0.05; **P<0.01. Scale bars represent 10 μm. E: FACS analysis of tumor tissues demonstrated that C3a antagonist and TLR9 knockout fibroblasts had similar CD3+ T cell infiltration compared to controls, but their activation status, as determined by CD8+ / CD69+ expression, was significantly different. [Figure 4]Panels A–G show that docetaxel promotes mtDNA release from PCa cells and that paracrine TLR9 signaling contributes to treatment resistance. A: Plasma levels of mtDNA were quantified in PCa patients before and after docetaxel treatment (n=9). B: MtDNA content was quantified in plasma from mice treated with docetaxel (n=3). Data represent mean ± SD; *P<0.05. C: MtDNA secretion by PCa cell lines treated with docetaxel increased in a dose-dependent manner (n=3). Significance was determined by repeated-measures analysis of variance. D: LNCaP cells treated with vehicle or docetaxel were subjected to subcellular sorting. Mitochondrial localization of mitophagy markers p62, Pink1, and Beclin was confirmed by coexpression of Tom20. The cytosolic fraction was confirmed by expression of RhoA. E: MtDNA secretion resulting from ER stress was evident in docetaxel-treated LNCaP and PC3 cells, as indicated by CHOP expression. F: Treatment of a three-dimensional coculture model of PC3 and CAF cells with docetaxel and the TLR9 antagonist SB290157 supported differential epithelial proliferation, as determined by quantifying EPCaM+ / Ki-67+ cells by FACS analysis (n=3). G: Synergistic cooperation was identified via the Chou-Talalay method in PC3 cell viability measured by MTT assay after treatment with docetaxel and SB290157 (n=4). Values ​​below the confidence interval (Cl) of 1 (linear) are considered to indicate a synergistic combination. [Figure 5] Panels A-C show the synergistic effect of docetaxel and SB290157 on tumor growth inhibition. A: Subcutaneous xenografted PC3 and CAF tumor volumes were measured longitudinally. When the mean tumor volume reached 80 mm, mice were treated with vehicle or docetaxel for 20 days in the presence or absence of SB290157 (n=4). Representative images for each group of mice are shown (inset). B: Immunoblots of tumor tissue from each treatment are shown (n=3). [Figure 5-1]C: Immunolocalization of phosphorylated TAK1, complement C3, phosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated histone H3, and TUNEL expression in tumor tissues (brown) was counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Corresponding bar graphs show the mean and SD of each staining (n = 5). Data represent the mean ± SD by one-way ANOVA (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01). Scale bar represents 10 μm. [Figure 6] A schematic diagram of the interaction between PCa epithelium and CAFs is shown. PCa cells produce mtDNA that can bind to plasma membrane-invaginated DEC205 on the CAF cell surface. TLR9 signaling downstream of epithelial-derived mtDNA leads to NF-κB-mediated C3 expression. Accumulation of ROS in CAFs allows for C3a maturation and paracrine signaling with PCa cells, thereby enabling cell survival and proliferation. Docetaxel treatment of PCa cells leads to enhanced ER stress and mitophagy, leading to expanded mtDNA secretion that perpetuates further C3a expression by CAFs. [Figure 7] Panels A–F show the following: A: Relative TLR9 mRNA expression was measured in cultured NAFs or CAFs in the presence or absence of BPH1-conditioned medium (CM) and LNCaP-CM. B: Telomeric DNA and mitochondrial DNA concentrations were measured in conditioned medium from cultured human prostate cancer cells. C: Protein expression of caspase-1 and IL-1β in cultured CAFs treated with LNCaP-CM. Low-molecular-weight cleaved caspase-1 and mature active IL-1β induced by LNCaP-CM were limited by DNase-1 treatment and subsequent heat inactivation. s-actin expression was used as a loading control. D: LNCaP-CM-induced TLR9 mRNA expression by cultured CAFs was limited by DNase-1 but not by sonication of the conditioned medium. E: Inhibition of dynamin-mediated exosome secretion with increasing doses of Dynasoa® did not affect mtDNA secretion by LNCaP cells. F: HMGB1 and HMGA2 protein expression by NAFs and CAFs was subjected to Western blotting after LNCaP-CM treatment. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. [Figure 8]Panels A–C show the following: A: C3a receptor (C3a-R) mRNA expression was similarly expressed by cultured LNCaP, PC3, and TrampC2 cells. B: Western blots were performed on the indicated PCa epithelial cell lines for expression of DEC205, TLR9, HMGB1, and C3a. C: Proliferation of LNCaP, PC3, and TrampC2 cells was quantified by measuring Ki-67 via FACS analysis after 48 h of treatment with C3aR agonist or scrambled peptide (n=3). [Figure 9] Panels A-C show the following. A: To identify the synergistic relationship between SB290157 and docetaxel when PC3 cells were treated with the indicated treatment concentrations using an MTT viability assay, the nn interaction index and confidence interval were calculated using the Chou-Talalay method. B: Mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts of PC3 / CAF tumors were weighed throughout the course of treatment with saline, docetaxel alone, or in combination with SB290157. Data represent the mean ± SD within groups by one-way analysis of variance (ns - not significant). C: H&E images of tumors from each treatment group of subcutaneous xenograft mice. [Figure 10] Figure 1 shows that the extracellular domain of DEC205 contains multiple lectin domains: a ricin B-type lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and ten C-type lectin domains. Three antibody-Fc domain complexes were generated: one with a ricin B-type domain and a fibronectin type II domain (RF-Fc), one with a ricin B-type domain, a fibronectin type II domain, and a C-type lectin domain (RFL-Fc), and one with two C-type lectin domains. [Figure 11] Figure 1 shows the three DEC205 fragments RF, RFL, and 2L complexed with the Fc domain of IgG1. Conditioned medium from CHO-K1 cells stably expressing each construct was subjected to protein G affinity purification on a 10% acrylamide gel and visualized by Coomassie staining. [Figure 12]ELISA assays for RF-Fc and RFL-Fc binding to (A) mtDNA and (B) gDNA are shown. RF-Fc binds to mtDNA twice as much as gDNA. RFL-Fc has similar binding abilities to mtDNA and gDNA. Absorbance was measured at 570 nm. OD values ​​were normalized to the respective Fc concentrations. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001. [Figure 13] We demonstrate that mtDNA-enhanced docetaxel resistance is due to the expression of complement C3 by cancer-associated fibroblastic cells (PNAS 2020 11:8515). When conditioned medium from prostate cancer cells (PC3) was incubated with cancer-associated fibroblastic cells, C3 expression was significantly downregulated by mtDNA depletion using RF-Fc. **P<0.01. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0045] All references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if fully set forth. Unless otherwise defined, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Singleton et al., Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology 3 rd ed., Revised, J. Wiley & Sons (New York, NY 2006), March, Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms andStructure 7 th ed., J. Wiley & Sons (New York, NY 2013), and Sambrook and Russel, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 4 thed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (Cold Spring Harbor, NY 2012) provides a general introduction for those skilled in the art to many of the terms used in this application. For information on how to prepare antibodies, see: D. Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual 2 nd ed. (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor NY, 2013), Kohler and Milstein, (1976) Eur. J. Immunol. 6: 511, Queen et al. US Patent No. 5,585,089, and Riechmann et al., Nature 332: 323 (1988), U.S. Patent No. 4,946,778, Bird, Science 242:423-42 (1988), Huston et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879- 5883 (1988), Ward et al., Nature 334:544-54 (1989), Tomlinson I. and Holliger P. (2000) Methods Enzymol, 326, 461-479, Holliger P. (2005) Nat. Biotechnol. Sep; 23(9): 1126-36).

[0046] One skilled in the art will recognize that there are many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in the practice of the present invention. Indeed, the present invention is in no way limited to the methods and materials described. For purposes of the present invention, the following terms are defined below.

[0047] As used herein, the term "about," when used in conjunction with a referenced numerical designation, means the referenced numerical designation plus or minus up to 5% of the referenced numerical designation, unless otherwise specifically stated herein. For example, the term "about 50%" encompasses a range of 45% to 55%. In various embodiments, the term "about," when used in conjunction with a referenced numerical designation, can mean the referenced numerical designation plus or minus up to 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of the referenced numerical designation, if specifically stated in the claims.

[0048] The term "biological sample," as used herein, refers to a sample collected or isolated from a biological organism. Examples of biological samples include, but are not limited to, bodily fluids, whole blood, plasma, serum, feces, intestinal fluid or intestinal aspirate, and gastric fluid or aspirate, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, sweat, saliva, tears, pulmonary secretions, breast aspirate, prostatic fluid, semen, cervical scraping, amniotic fluid, ocular fluid, mucus, and exhaled breath water. In various embodiments, the biological sample may be whole blood. In various embodiments, the biological sample may be serum. In various embodiments, the biological sample may be plasma. The term also encompasses mixtures of the above samples.

[0049] As used herein, the term "label" refers to a composition capable of producing a detectable signal indicative of the presence of a target. Suitable labels include fluorescent molecules, radioisotopes, nucleotide chromophores, enzymes, substrates, chemiluminescent moieties, magnetic particles, bioluminescent moieties, and the like. Thus, a label is any composition detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, electrical, optical, or chemical means, as required by the methods and devices described herein. For example, a peptide can be labeled with a detectable tag that is detectable using an antibody specific for the label.

[0050] Examples of fluorescent labeling reagents include hydroxycoumarin, succinimidyl ester, aminocoumarin, methoxycoumarin, cascade blue, hydrazide, Pacific blue, maleimide, Pacific orange, Lucifer yellow, NBD, NBD-X, R-phycoerythrin (PE), PE-Cy5 conjugates (cytochrome, R670, tricolor, Quantum Red), PE-Cy7 conjugates, Red 613, PE-Texas Red, PerCP, peridinin chlorophyll protein, TruRed (PerCP-Cy5.5 conjugate), FluorX, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), BODIPY-FF, TRITC, X-rhodamine (XRITC), lissamine rhodamine B, Texas Red, allophycocyanin (APC), APC-Cy7 conjugates, AlexaFluor 350, Alexa Fluor 405, Alexa Fluor 430, Alexa Fluor 488, and Alexa Fluor 500, Alexa Fluor 514, Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 555, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 610, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 647, Alexa Fluor 660, Alexa Fluor 680, Alexa Fluor 700, Alexa Fluor 750, Alexa Fluor 790, Cy2, Cy3, Cy3B, Cy3.5, Cy5, Cy5.5, or Cy7.

[0051] Percent sequence identity (%) with respect to a reference polypeptide sequence is the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical to those in the reference polypeptide sequence after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity; any conservative substitutions are not considered as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in a variety of known ways, for example, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN, or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Appropriate parameters for aligning sequences can be determined, including the algorithms necessary to achieve maximum alignment over the entire length of the sequences being compared. However, for purposes herein, percent amino acid sequence identity values ​​are generated using the sequence comparison computer program ALIGN-2. The ALIGN-2 sequence comparison computer program is the copyrighted work of Genentech, Inc., and the source code, along with user documentation, has been filed with the U.S. Copyright Office, Washington, DC 20559, where it is registered under U.S. Copyright Registration No. TXU510087. The ALIGN-2 program is publicly available from Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., or can be compiled from the source code. The ALIGN-2 program must be compiled for use on UNIX operating systems, including Digital UNIX V4.0D. All sequence comparison parameters are set by the ALIGN-2 program and do not vary.

[0052] In the context of using ALIGN-2 for amino acid sequence comparison, the % amino acid sequence identity of a given amino acid sequence A to, with, or relative to a given amino acid sequence B (which can alternatively be expressed as a given amino acid sequence A having or comprising a certain % amino acid sequence identity to, with, or relative to a given amino acid sequence B) is calculated as follows: multiply the fraction X / Y by 100, where X is the number of amino acid residues scored as perfect matches by the sequence alignment program ALIGN-2 in aligning A and B with the program, and Y is the total number of amino acid residues in B. Of course, if the length of amino acid sequence A is not equal to the length of amino acid sequence B, the % amino acid sequence identity of A to B will not be equal to the % amino acid sequence identity of B to A. Unless specifically specified otherwise, all % amino acid sequence identity values ​​used herein are obtained as described in the immediately preceding paragraph using the ALIGN-2 computer program.

[0053] Herein, we investigated the role of the PCa microenvironment in docetaxel drug resistance. Stroma-epithelial interactions determine tumor initiation, progression, and treatment resistance. In the prostate tumor microenvironment, stromal fibroblasts coevolve with cancer epithelium in a reciprocal relationship. The central role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was recognized when their absence was found to result in reduced tumor volume. CAFs have been shown to produce paracrine growth factors, proteolytic enzymes, and components of the extracellular matrix, likely in response to cues from tumor cells. Indeed, CAFs from breast cancer patients treated with docetaxel were found to secrete more tumor-supportive factors than CAFs from treatment-naive patients. However, the mechanisms regulating the occurrence of this crosstalk have not been fully elucidated from a chemotherapy perspective.

[0054] A large body of evidence supports the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in PCa. Proteins of mitochondrial complexes I, III, IV, and V, involved in oxidative phosphorylation, are encoded by mtDNA. Mutations in mtDNA are known to increase tumorigenicity in PCa, and deregulated mitochondrial metabolism promotes prostate carcinogenesis. PCa cells have a higher mitochondrial content than benign prostate epithelium, and alterations in mtDNA copy number may reflect disruption of the glandular architecture of the normal prostate. Furthermore, mtDNA instability is a hallmark of human cancer. Patients with PCa have been shown to have measurable concentrations of mtDNA in their serum. Further described herein, we examined whether secreted mtDNA functions as a mediator of epithelial-CAF crosstalk. We hypothesized that mtDNA may signal neighboring cells through pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). We found that a stromal-epithelial reciprocal signaling cascade initiated by docetaxel is associated with TLR9 signaling in CAFs, and downstream paracrine responses by PCa epithelium contribute to taxane therapy resistance.

[0055] As further described herein, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is shed by stressed cells in response to stimuli such as chemotherapy, androgen ablation therapy, myocardial infarction, and traumatic brain injury, often in the form of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). In each case, the mtDNA released by the cell can be recognized by neighboring cells, potentially even distant cells, through a specialized receptor, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). TLR9 signaling can promote an inflammatory cascade that recruits inflammatory cells, promotes tumor cell proliferation, and leads to longer-term side effects, such as an increased risk of cardiac events or dementia-related brain disorders. Therefore, removing the mtDNA trunk so that TLR9 is not activated may prevent downstream inflammatory signals that contribute to multiple pathologies. The present inventors have discovered the impact of mtDNA on tumor growth and treatment resistance. The inventors have further designed a method to deplete mtDNA from the circulation using engineered antibodies comprising the TLR9 mtDNA-binding domain of the present application and DEC205 as a method to target the hepatic vasculature and thereby capture mtDNA for excretion.

[0056] Inflammation suppressors, such as steroids and nonsteroidal analgesics, are available. However, no inhibitors exist that remove the initiators of the inflammatory cascade associated with mtDNA secretion. We designed a method to capture mtDNA from the circulation by using antibody variable regions that mimic TLR9 or DEC205.

[0057] This study advances the functional definition of the crosstalk between tumor epithelium and cancer-associated fibroblastic cells, which contributes to tumor progression and treatment resistance. Independent of protein-based signaling molecules, prostate cancer cells secreted mitochondrial DNA in a positive feedback loop to induce associated fibroblasts to produce the anaphylatoxin C3a, supporting tumor progression. Interestingly, docetaxel, a standard-of-care chemotherapy used to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer, was found to further enhance this novel paracrine signaling axis to mediate treatment resistance. Blockade of anaphylatoxin C3a signaling cooperatively sensitized prostate cancer tumors to docetaxel. We demonstrated that docetaxel resistance is not a cancer cell-autonomous phenomenon and that targeting immune modulators derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts can limit the growth of docetaxel-resistant tumors.

[0058] Our data indicate that reciprocal paracrine signaling between PCa and associated fibroblasts promotes cancer progression and docetaxel resistance. We hypothesized that mtDNA might be a paracrine signaling molecule produced by PCa cells (Figure 6). Docetaxel-induced mtDNA secretion from PCa cells into the tumor microenvironment was significantly higher than the basal level of mtDNA secreted by PCa cells. Accordingly, both prostate tumors in mouse models and in men with prostate tumors demonstrated elevated circulating mtDNA upon treatment with docetaxel. For subsequent CAF signaling, mtDNA required entry into the cytoplasm for TLR9 activation. Based on our previous demonstration of DEC205 capture of CpGs in dendritic cells (24), we investigated a similar scenario in prostate CAFs. Instead of unmethylated bacterial DNA, we demonstrated that DEC205 could actually bind directly to mtDNA in CAF cells, activating TAK1 and the classical pattern recognition receptor TLR9, which regulates NF-κB (37). TLR9 was identified as essential for CAFs to express complement C3 in response to mtDNA, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species emanating from PCa-CMs contributed to C3 cleavage and the generation of the anaphylatoxin C3a. C3a released into the tumor microenvironment increased cancer cell proliferation and enhanced resistance to docetaxel treatment.

[0059] It is clear that PCa-induced paracrine NF-κB activation in CAFs dramatically enhances complement C3 expression (>12 log-fold, Figure 1). Immune defense against bacterial pathogens is well described and includes Toll-like receptor-mediated complement expression and anaphylatoxin production. However, the novel mechanism of TLR9 induction by PCa-derived mtDNA paracrine signaling in CAF cells was not observed in NAF cells (Figure 1). Low levels of cell-free circulating mtDNA are released into plasma under cellular stress, as reported in cases of cancer, trauma, infection, stroke, autoimmune, metabolic, and rheumatic diseases. Although activated T cells can signal dendritic cells through exosome-based delivery of mtDNA, this does not appear to be a means of paracrine communication between PCa and CAFs. Dynamin inhibition or sonication of PCa-CMs had little effect on TLR9 expression / activity by CAFs (Figure 7). The extremely low levels of telomeric DNA secreted by PCa cells are noteworthy, as this is known to inhibit TLR9 signaling. Uniquely, DEC205 is expressed by CAFs in the context of PCa-CM, responsible for plasma membrane delivery of mtDNA and TLR9 activation. This is the first reported example of PCR amplification of the mitochondrial MT-CO2 gene after immunoprecipitation of DEC205. Docetaxel enhanced mtDNA release by PCa cells by more than fivefold (Figures 1 and 4). Docetaxel treatment has been reported to induce mTOR-mediated autophagy in prostate cancer cells. Treatment with chemotherapy drugs can induce ER stress, which enhances autophagic excretion from cells. Our identification of the combination of ER stress and mitophagy provides a means for secreting intact mtDNA from PCa cells (Figure 2). Thus, initiation of a fibroblastic inflammatory cascade may contribute to tumor-derived mtDNA signaling and complement C3 expression.However, activation of the complement system in response to pathogens involves three major pathways: 1) the classical pathway, mediated by antigen-antibody complexes; 2) the lectin pathway, mediated by the binding of pattern-recognition mannose to binding lectins; and 3) the alternative pathway, mediated by any permissive microbial surface. In all three complement activation pathways, the C3 convertase complex cleaves the C3 molecule to form the anaphylatoxin C3a. Another mechanism of C3 conversion, involving hydrogen peroxide-related oxygen radicals, such as hypochlorous acid radicals, identified in neutrophils, has been investigated in relation to the stromal-epithelial signaling axis. We found that catalase inhibition in CAFs by PCa cells is essential for ROS accumulation and maturation of C3 to the anaphylatoxin C3a (Figure 2). These findings explain the absence of C3a in CpG-ODN-treated CAF cells despite NF-κB activation. Tumor-stroma interactions via mtDNA led to C3a expression by prostate fibroblasts, and this interaction was dependent on TLR9 activation and ROS-mediated complement maturation.

[0060] Our findings provide a paradigm that complement activation is undoubtedly important in promoting tumor growth. Existing studies have reported the positive proliferative effects of complement in cancer. Systemic levels of complement proteins have an indirect effect on cancer growth by altering the host immune response to tumors. Wang et al. showed that B16 melanoma growth was slower in C3-deficient mice than in wild-type mice. Anaphylatoxin receptors signal through the PI3K / AKT pathway in cancer cells, and the proliferative effects of C5aR and C3aR stimulation can be abrogated by AKT silencing. Here, we show that PCa cells express the receptor for C3a (Figure 8). CAF-derived C3a resulted in the upregulation of phosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated ERK1 / 2, and BCL2 in PCa epithelium (Figure 3). Antagonizing the TLR9-C3a axis with SB290157 or knocking out TLR9 in the stroma significantly inhibited tumor growth. We found that similar CD3 +T cell infiltration was observed. However, CD8 + / CD69 + Activated cytotoxic T cells were significantly reduced by the C3 antagonist and further reduced to approximately one-third of controls in tumors bearing TLR9 knockout fibroblasts. Thus, T cell-mediated tumor cell lysis was not the mechanism for the observed decrease in tumor size. Instead, C3a appeared to act directly on tumor cells in a paracrine manner.

[0061] Docetaxel resistance is a major clinical challenge in many cancers, including PCa. Activation of multiple survival signaling pathways may promote a resistant phenotype in response to docetaxel treatment. In PCa epithelia, docetaxel and complement signaling have been observed to activate such survival signaling pathways (e.g., AKT and ERK, which are associated with BCL2 expression) as well as autophagy (Figures 3 and 4). While autophagy itself is a means of ensuring the survival of neighboring cells through intracellular catabolism, we have now shown that autophagy, in an extension of autophagy to mitophagy, also contributes to docetaxel-induced mtDNA secretion from PCa cells. Mitochondrial degradation through mitophagy includes its own DNA. However, in the context of ER stress, mitophagy may lead to inappropriate mtDNA degradation. Not surprisingly, docetaxel induced ER stress in PCa cells. The contribution of CAFs to ER stress in PCa, although likely, has not been investigated. However, CAFs reciprocated PCa-derived mtDNA signals via the TLR9-C3 paracrine axis, triggering survival / proliferation signals in PCa cells. Studies in mouse prostate tumors revealed that docetaxel treatment enhanced C3a anaphylatoxin formation and mediated increased proliferative signaling. This proliferative signaling was reduced by blocking the C3a receptor (Figure 4). Notably, antagonizing anaphylatoxin C3a signaling with SB290157 sensitized otherwise resistant PC3 cell lines to docetaxel. Synergistic interaction between docetaxel and SB290157 effectively restricted tumor growth even at reduced docetaxel doses. The significance of the complement signaling axis in cancer cells has the potential to have profound effects on many types of cancer currently treated with taxanes, so a deeper understanding of the complement signaling axis in cancer cells is necessary. Docetaxel is currently undergoing clinical trials in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy to explore its potential synergistic activity in stimulating infiltrating cytotoxic T cells.Docetaxel-mediated induction of the stromal anaphylatoxin C3a may contribute to immune-mediated cancer cell death (Figure 3). We observed that the combination of SB290157 with docetaxel did not result in increased apoptosis compared with docetaxel alone (Figure 5). However, complement inhibition significantly restricted growth and effectively reduced tumor size compared with docetaxel alone. Thus, the benefits of docetaxel-induced immune surveillance must be weighed against the tumor-specific proliferative role of complement signaling.

[0062] Another significance of our results is that the fibroblast response to taxane therapy ultimately translates into cancer epithelial therapeutic response. Circulating mtDNA has been reported to be a prognostic factor for poor outcome in PCa patients. However, due to the limited number of patients analyzed, we were unable to demonstrate a correlation between circulating mtDNA levels and the duration of docetaxel response. Although the epithelial response to docetaxel can be separated from that of stromal fibroblasts, the influence of the stroma on treatment resistance is the result of a paracrine signaling axis, which in this report is initiated in the PCa epithelium. Again, we cannot exclude a direct effect of docetaxel on CAFs, which may also affect epithelial viability. It should be noted that TLR-mediated NF-κB signaling is not limited to mammals. It was originally identified in Drosophila (Toll), and Toll9 is involved in hematopoietic and gastrointestinal development. Although NF-κB regulation remains conserved, gene targets appear to be species-, tissue-, and cell-type-specific and, in this case, dependent on DEC205 expression. The fact that NF-κB effectively mediates fibroblastic complement C3 expression and acts to repurpose the signaling axis for chemotherapy resistance suggests that the wiring of this pathway has a mesenchymal cell origin.

[0063] Based in part on these findings, the inventors describe compositions, therapeutic methods, mtDNA and gDNA detection, and diagnostic methods of the present invention.

[0064] Agents and Compositions Various embodiments of the present invention provide proteins that bind to cell-free, circulating mtDNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) and are useful for depleting circulating mtDNA and gDNA from the circulation. The proteins are structurally similar to antibodies, with certain fragments of the protein binding to circulating mtDNA, gDNA, or both, and certain fragments of the protein targeting the entire protein to the liver for processing and removal of mtDNA, gDNA, or both. In various embodiments, these two fragments are located on an antibody backbone to maintain or extend circulating half-life.

[0065] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a protein comprising a polypeptide that binds to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof.

[0066] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a protein comprising a polypeptide that binds to genomic DNA (gDNA) and the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof.

[0067] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a protein comprising a polypeptide that binds to both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and genomic DNA (gDNA) and an Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof.

[0068] In various embodiments, the polypeptide that binds to mtDNA, gDNA, or both comprises a fragment of DEC205 or a fragment of DEC205 with one or more amino acid deletions, additions, or substitutions, in various embodiments, there are 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90, or 91-100 amino acid deletions, additions, or substitutions.

[0069] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to at least one domain selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to at least one domain selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that includes at least one domain selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain.

[0070] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to at least two domains selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to at least two domains selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that includes at least two domains selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain.

[0071] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to at least three domains selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to at least three domains selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that includes at least three domains selected from the group consisting of a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain.

[0072] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, or both. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, or both. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that includes a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, or both.

[0073] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to the ricin type B lectin domain and the fibronectin type II lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the ricin type B lectin domain and the fibronectin type II lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that includes the ricin type B lectin domain and the fibronectin type II lectin domain.

[0074] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is 90% identical to a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that includes a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain.

[0075] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is 90% identical to at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to at least one C-type lectin domain. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that includes at least one C-type lectin domain.

[0076] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is 90% identical to at least two C-type lectin domains. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to at least two C-type lectin domains. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that comprises at least two C-type lectin domains.

[0077] There are 10 C-type lectin domains on DEC205. Thus, in various embodiments of the invention, the at least one C-type lectin domain can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 C-type lectin domains.

[0078] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that is at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 C-type lectin domains. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 is a polypeptide that comprises 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 C-type lectin domains.

[0079] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3.

[0080] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.

[0081] In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide having at least 168 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide having 168 to 414 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide having 183 to 368 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide having 202 to 322 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4. In various embodiments, a fragment of DEC205 comprises a polypeptide having 220 to 276 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:4. Contiguous amino acids can be determined starting from amino acid number 1 to 292 of SEQ ID NO:4. For example, if consecutive amino acids start at amino acid number 292, this would include all amino acids to the end of SEQ ID NO:4. In various embodiments, these fragments of DEC205 have one or more amino acid additions, deletions, or substitutions, for example, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, or 21-25 amino acid additions, deletions, or substitutions.

[0082] In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) comprises the Fc domain of human IgG1 or the Fc domain of human IgG1 with up to 22 amino acid additions, deletions, and / or substitutions, in various embodiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 amino acid additions, deletions, and / or substitutions.

[0083] In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or fragments thereof comprises at least 205 contiguous amino acids as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or fragments thereof comprises 205-215, 216-227 contiguous amino acids as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. Determination of the contiguous amino acids can start from amino acid numbers 1-22.

[0084] In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof comprises a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof comprises a sequence having at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof comprises a polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.

[0085] In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) comprises a polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0086] In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) is the Fc domain of murine IgG1 or the Fc domain of murine IgG1 with up to 21 amino acid additions, deletions, and / or substitutions, in various embodiments, it has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 amino acid additions, deletions, and / or substitutions.

[0087] In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or fragments thereof comprises at least 209 contiguous amino acids as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or fragments thereof comprises 209-214, 215-219, 220-224, 225-229, or 230-232 contiguous amino acids as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. Determination of the contiguous amino acids can start from amino acid numbers 1-23.

[0088] In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof comprises a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof comprises a sequence having at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. In various embodiments, the Fc fragment of the IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) comprises a polypeptide having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.

[0089] In various embodiments, the protein further comprises a signal sequence, a linker, or both. In various embodiments, the signal sequence comprises the amino acids as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. In various embodiments, the signal sequence is at the N-terminus of the protein. In various embodiments, a linker is between the polypeptide that binds to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), or both, and the Fc fragment of IgG receptor gamma (FcgRIIb) or a fragment thereof. In various embodiments, the linker is between the signal sequence and the polypeptide that binds to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), or both. In various embodiments, the linker is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 amino acids in length.

[0090] In various embodiments, the protein is selected from a protein having a sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8-13. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence that is at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13. In various embodiments, the protein is a protein having a sequence at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 13.

[0091] In various embodiments, the protein has a sequence as set forth in any one of amino acids 24 to 435 of SEQ ID NO:8, amino acids 24 to 583 of SEQ ID NO:9, amino acids 24 to 529 of SEQ ID NO:10, amino acids 24 to 440 of SEQ ID NO:11, amino acids 24 to 588 of SEQ ID NO:12, or amino acids 24 to 534 of SEQ ID NO:13.

[0092] In various embodiments, the protein is selected from proteins comprising the sequences of SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:5, or SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:5, or SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:5, or SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:6, or SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:6.

[0093] In various embodiments, the polypeptide that binds to mtDNA, gDNA, or both comprises a fragment of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) or a fragment of TLR9 with one or more amino acid deletions, additions, or substitutions.

[0094] In various embodiments, the protein further comprises an Fc region of an antibody or a fragment thereof.

[0095] In various embodiments, the proteins of the invention are capable of depleting circulating mtDNA.

[0096] In various embodiments, the proteins of the invention are capable of depleting circulating genomic DNA (gDNA).

[0097] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a nucleic acid encoding any one of the proteins of the present invention as described herein.

[0098] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a cell that produces any one of the proteins of the invention as described herein.

[0099] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding any one of the proteins of the invention as described herein.

[0100] In various embodiments, the cells are bacterial cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), or baby hamster kidney cells (BHK).

[0101] In various embodiments, the bacterial cell is Bacillus subtilis or Lactococcus lactis. In various embodiments, the bacterial cell is a Gram-positive bacterium that does not produce endotoxins, including, but not limited to, Lactococcus kimchii, other Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris, Lc. lactis subsp. hordniae, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis, and Lc. lactis subsp. tructae. Additional Bacillus species include, but are not limited to, Bacillus clausii and Bacillus coagulans.

[0102] In various embodiments, provided are methods of producing a protein of the invention as described herein, comprising culturing a cell of the invention as described herein and isolating the protein from the cell or cell culture medium.

[0103] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a combination comprising any one of the proteins of the invention as described herein and a therapeutic agent.

[0104] In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-tumor agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, an androgen ablation agent, a myocardial infarction treatment agent, a traumatic brain injury treatment agent, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a taxane, an anthracycline, or a platinum-based anti-neoplastic agent. In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent is docetaxel, paclitaxel, cabazitaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, valrubicin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, irinotecan, or fluorouracil (5FU). In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an androgen receptor antagonist, an androgen synthesis inhibitor, or an antigonadotropin. In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of bicalutamide, enzalutamide, apalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, darolutamide, cyproterone acetate, megestrol acetate, chlormadinone acetate, spironolactone, oxendolone, ketoconazole, abiraterone acetate, ceviteronel, aminoglutethimide, finasteride, dutasteride, epristeride, alphatradiol, saw palmetto extract, leuprorelin, cetrorelix, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent is aspirin, a thrombolytic agent, a heparin, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, nitroglycerin, a beta-blocker, an ACE inhibitor, a statin, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a diuretic, an anticonvulsant, a coma-inducing agent, or combinations thereof.

[0105] device In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a device comprising at least one inlet, at least one outlet, at least one chamber comprising a solid substrate, and any one of the proteins of the invention as described herein immobilized on the solid substrate.

[0106] In various embodiments, the device is a microfluidic device. In various embodiments, the solid substrate is a dextran bead or a sepharose bead.

[0107] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a device comprising any one of the proteins of the invention as described herein immobilized on a solid substrate.

[0108] In various embodiments, the solid substrate is a multi-well plate. In various embodiments, the device is a plate suitable for an ELISA assay.

[0109] In various embodiments, the solid substrate is a bead. In various embodiments, the beads are suitable for multiplex assays.

[0110] In various embodiments, the protein is further bound to or immobilized on a conductive substrate to generate a detectable signal upon binding to mtDNA, gDNA, or both. In various embodiments, the conductive substrate is gold, silver, platinum, iridium, or copper. In various embodiments, the protein is further bound to or immobilized on silicone.

[0111] In various embodiments, mtDNA is detected using a device or system as described in International Application No. PCT / US2016 / 053145, filed September 22, 2016, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0112] For example, the device may comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of a sample chamber having at least one analyte inlet and a sensor element comprising a conductive metal substrate or a conductive metal deposited or formed on a substrate. The conductive metal provides a reaction surface capable of binding circulating mtDNA having sulfur-containing or sulfur-containing functional groups. The sensor element may further comprise an electrode electrically coupled to the conductive metal and a component for determining an electrical parameter of the metal after mtDNA has bound to the metal surface, such as impedance, resistance, and / or conductance. For example, if the parameter is impedance, the device may further comprise a component for measuring impedance. The conductive metal may be any suitable metal, but is typically selected from gold, silver, platinum, iridium, and combinations thereof, with gold being a particularly suitable metal. The conductive metal may define a fluid flow path through which the analyte solution flows, the metal typically having a thickness between 1 nanometer and 500 nanometers, a width between 0.1 millimeters and about 20 millimeters, and a length between about 0.1 millimeters and about 200 millimeters. The conductive metal may be configured as a straight, curved, bent, and / or serpentine path. The sample chamber may define a plurality of electrically insulating reaction surfaces. The device may also include multiple sample chambers, the multiple sample chambers being arranged in parallel or in series. The disclosed embodiments can be point-of-care devices, and even more particularly, point-of-care devices for detecting the amount of mtDNA in a sample from a subject.

[0113] Certain aspects of the present invention relate to the recognition that the reaction of a molecule with a metal surface, e.g., a gold surface, induces an impedance change in the metal, which can be directly correlated to the amount of molecule reacting with the metal surface or interacting with a capture molecule bound, typically covalently, to the metal surface. For example, a conductive metal substrate can include a receptor biomolecule coupled to a portion of the metal surface through a thiol functional group. In such embodiments, the remainder of the metal surface can include a blocking agent, such as thiolated polyethylene glycol, to prevent target molecules from binding to the surface. In certain embodiments, the receptor molecule is a peptide, e.g., an antibody or an extracellular receptor domain, coupled to the metal surface. One method of coupling the peptide to a surface is by modifying the peptide to have at least one pendant cysteine.

[0114] Systems including embodiments of the disclosed devices are also disclosed. The disclosed systems can include a sensor device defining a disposable sensor unit, the disposable sensor unit including a conductive metal for coupling to a detection device for detecting changes in electrical parameters of the conductive metal following binding of mtDNA. Alternatively, the systems can include a reusable sensor unit including the conductive metal. The disclosed systems can further include one or more of: a central processing unit for controlling the function of the system; a temperature sensor; a data storage unit; a fluid pump for flowing analyte and / or enzyme solutions into and / or through the device; a sample collector; a sample reservoir or cartridge; one or more filtration modules positioned to filter fluid flow into or between components of the system; an enzyme reservoir or cartridge; an enzyme reaction module; a buffer reservoir or cartridge; a power source; and combinations thereof.

[0115] Certain disclosed method embodiments include using a device or system to measure mtDNA in a sample. mtDNA typically has functional groups that contain or have been modified to contain sulfur atoms. Alternatively, mtDNA can have functional groups that are enzymatically, chemically, or thermally converted to thiols. As yet another alternative, mtDNA can be reacted with cysteine ​​to provide a terminal cysteine ​​moiety for detection and measurement using the device.

[0116] Electrical parameters are used to detect mtDNA and quantify the amount of mtDNA. When the electrical parameter is impedance, the measured impedance value can be correlated with the amount of mtDNA in the sample, for example, by using a standard curve.

[0117] Certain disclosed embodiments include the use of a device in which a conductive metal substrate includes a receptor biomolecule coupled to a portion of the metal surface through a thiol functional group. The remainder of the metal surface can include a blocking agent to prevent target molecules from binding to the surface. The receptor molecule can be, for example, a peptide or extracellular receptor domain coupled to the metal surface by a cysteine. The peptide can be modified to have a pendant cysteine ​​amino acid.

[0118] method Various embodiments of the present invention provide methods of treatment. In various methods, a patient is treated with a therapeutic agent in combination with a circulating mtDNA-depleting agent. As discussed, mtDNA is excreted by cells undergoing stress caused by therapeutic agents used to treat a disease or condition. This increases circulating mtDNA, which promotes the inflammatory cascade, which influences tumor growth and resistance to therapy. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, depleting mtDNA from circulation may allow therapeutic agents to continue functioning and / or reduce tumor growth.

[0119] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are methods of treating a disease or condition, comprising administering to a mammalian subject a protein of the present invention to treat the disease or condition.

[0120] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are methods of treating a disease or condition, comprising administering to a mammalian subject a combination of a protein of the present invention and a therapeutic agent to treat the disease or condition.

[0121] In various embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of a tumor, cancer, myocardial infarction, and traumatic brain injury.

[0122] In various embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor cancer, hi various embodiments, the cancer is prostate cancer or breast cancer.

[0123] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a method of reducing circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to the mammalian subject any one of the proteins of the present invention as described herein.

[0124] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are methods for reducing circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to the mammalian subject any one of the combinations of the present invention as described herein.

[0125] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are methods for reducing circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a mammalian subject, the method comprising removing circulating mtDNA from the blood of the mammalian subject.

[0126] In various embodiments of the invention, provided is a method of reducing circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a mammalian subject, the method comprising administering any one of the bacterial cells of the invention as described herein.

[0127] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a method of reducing circulating genomic DNA (gDNA) in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to the mammalian subject any one of the proteins of the present invention as described herein.

[0128] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are methods for reducing circulating genomic DNA (gDNA) in a mammalian subject, comprising administering to the mammalian subject any one of the combinations of the present invention as described herein.

[0129] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are methods for reducing circulating genomic DNA (gDNA) in a mammalian subject, the method comprising removing circulating mtDNA from the blood of the mammalian subject.

[0130] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided is a method of reducing circulating genomic DNA (gDNA) in a mammalian subject, the method comprising administering any one of the bacterial cells of the present invention as described herein.

[0131] In various embodiments, the mammalian subject has or is suspected of having a disease or condition caused by or associated with elevated levels of circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In various embodiments, the mammalian subject has or is suspected of having a disease or condition caused by or associated with elevated levels of genomic DNA (gDNA).

[0132] In various embodiments, the mammalian subject has or is suspected of having a disease or condition caused by or associated with elevated levels of circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and genomic DNA (gDNA).

[0133] In various embodiments, the disease or condition caused by or associated with elevated levels of mtDNA, gDNA, or both, is selected from the group consisting of tumors, cancer, myocardial infarction, heart disease, physical trauma, traumatic brain injury, infection, stroke, inflammation, autoimmune disease, cachexia, and lupus. In various embodiments, the disease or condition caused by or associated with elevated levels of mtDNA is selected from the group consisting of tumors, cancer, myocardial infarction, heart disease, physical trauma, traumatic brain injury, infection, stroke, inflammation, autoimmune disease, and cachexia. In various embodiments, the disease or condition caused by or associated with elevated levels of gDNA is lupus.

[0134] In various embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor cancer, hi various embodiments, the cancer is prostate cancer or breast cancer.

[0135] In various embodiments, removing circulating mtDNA from the blood of a mammalian subject comprises passing the subject's blood through any one of the devices of the present invention.

[0136] In various embodiments, removal of circulating mtDNA can be performed in conjunction with chemotherapy, thereby sensitizing the subject to chemotherapy. For example, a subject can undergo one or more cycles of treatment to remove mtDNA. In a non-limiting example, a first cycle can include an initial dose of 3 mg / kg IV on days 1 and 4, followed by 7 mg / kg on day 4, followed by a full dose regimen of 10 mg / kg IV on days 8, 15, and 22. A second cycle can include a single dose of 10 mg / kg IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22. These dosage calculations are based on a maximum body weight of 85 kg. One skilled in the art can adjust the dosage based on the subject's weight and health status. Thus, in various embodiments, the method includes removing circulating mtDNA from the subject's blood and administering a chemotherapy treatment to the subject.

[0137] In various embodiments of the present invention, provided are methods for measuring circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA, or both, comprising obtaining a biological sample, contacting the biological sample with any one of the proteins of the invention as described herein, detecting binding of the protein to mtDNA, gDNA, or both, and quantifying the amount of protein-mtDNA binding complex, protein-gDNA binding complex, or both.

[0138] In various embodiments, the protein further comprises a label that produces a detectable signal. The label can be any of the labels as exemplified herein.

[0139] In various embodiments, the detectable signal is a colorimetric signal, fluorescence, or luminescence.

[0140] In various embodiments, the protein is contacted with the biological sample using any one of the devices of the invention as described herein.

[0141] In various embodiments, the device comprises a conductive substrate, wherein the protein is bound to or immobilized on the conductive substrate and generates a detectable signal upon binding to mtDNA, gDNA, or both, wherein the detectable signal is impedance, resistance, a change in current, or a change in electrochemical impedance spectrum, and wherein the conductive substrate is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, iridium, and copper.

[0142] In various embodiments, the method for measuring circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA, or both, comprises using an ELISA-based assay. In various embodiments, the method for measuring circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA, or both, comprises using a multiplex-based assay.

[0143] Also provided in various embodiments are methods for measuring circulating mtDNA, which may be useful for identifying subjects in need of the mtDNA depletion agents of the invention.

[0144] In various embodiments, provided are methods for measuring circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), comprising obtaining a biological sample, contacting a protein of the invention with the biological sample, detecting binding of the protein to the mtDNA, and quantifying the amount of protein mtDNA.

[0145] In various embodiments, the protein further comprises a label that produces a detectable signal. The label can be any of the labels as exemplified herein.

[0146] In various embodiments, the protein is further bound to a conductive substrate so as to generate a detectable signal upon binding to mtDNA. In various embodiments, the conductive substrate is gold, silver, platinum, iridium, or copper. In various embodiments, the protein is further bound to silicone. In various embodiments, the detectable signal is impedance, resistance, conductance, a change in current, or a change in electrochemical impedance spectrum.

[0147] In various embodiments, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of an inventive protein of the present invention or a combination of the present invention. A "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" generally refers to an excipient that is safe, non-toxic, and useful in the preparation of a desired pharmaceutical composition, including excipients acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. Such excipients may be solid, liquid, semi-solid, or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous.

[0148] In various embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes one or more surfactants (e.g., polysorbate 20 and 80), carbohydrates (e.g., cyclodextrin derivatives), and amino acids (e.g., arginine and histidine), which may help prevent aggregation by this mechanism. Other ingredients can also be used to stabilize proteins, including, but not limited to, cyclodextrin, Pluronic® F68, trehalose, glycine, and amino acids such as arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, and histidine.

[0149] In certain embodiments, compounds of the present invention may possess one or more acidic functional groups and, therefore, can form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, amides, and prodrugs" as used herein refers to carboxylic acid salts, amino acid addition salts, esters, amides, and prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention that, within the scope of sound medical judgment, are suitable for use in contact with patient tissues, are not associated with excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, etc., and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio and are effective for the intended use of the compounds of the present invention. The term "salts" refers to relatively non-toxic inorganic and organic acid addition salts of the compounds of the present invention. Such salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or separately by reacting the purified compounds in their free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid and isolating the salt thus formed. These can include cations based on alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc., as well as non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations, including, but not limited to, ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, etc. (See, e.g., Berge SM, et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci. 66, 1, which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0150] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable esters" refers to the relatively non-toxic esterified products of the compounds of this invention. Such esters can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or separately by reacting the purified compounds in their free acid or hydroxyl forms with a suitable esterifying agent. Carboxylic acids can be converted to esters by treatment with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The term also encompasses lower hydrocarbon groups that can be solvated under physiological conditions, such as alkyl esters, methyl esters, ethyl esters, and propyl esters.

[0151] As used herein, a "pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug" is a salt or prodrug that, within the scope of sound medical judgment, is suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a subject, is not associated with excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, etc., and is commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio, and is effective for their intended use.

[0152] The term "prodrug" refers to a compound that is rapidly converted in vivo to yield a functionally active peptide or peptides as disclosed herein, or mutants, variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof. Thorough discussions are provided in T. Higashi and V. Stella, "Prodrugs as Novel Delivery Systems," Vol. 14 of the ACS Symposium Series, and Bioreversible Carriers in: Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. As used herein, a prodrug is a compound that, upon administration in vivo, is metabolized or otherwise converted to a biologically, pharmaceutically, or therapeutically active compound. Prodrugs of one or more peptides as disclosed herein, or mutants, variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, can be designed to modify the metabolic stability or transport properties of one or more peptides as disclosed herein, or mutants, variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the taste of the compound, or to modify other characteristics or properties of the compound. Once the pharmaceutically active form of one or more peptides as disclosed herein, or mutants, variants, analogs, or derivatives thereof, is known, due to knowledge of pharmacokinetic processes and in vivo drug metabolism, one skilled in the pharmaceutical arts can generally design prodrugs of the compound (see, e.g., Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, NY, pages 388-392).Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrugs are described, for example, in "Design of Prodrugs," ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985. Suitable examples of prodrugs include methyl, ethyl, and glycerol esters of the corresponding acids.

[0153] In various embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention can be formulated for delivery via any route of administration. "Route of administration" can refer to any route of administration known in the art, including, but not limited to, aerosol, nasal, oral, transmucosal, transdermal, or parenteral. "Transdermal" administration can be achieved using topical creams or ointments or by transdermal patch means. "Parenteral" refers to routes of administration generally associated with injection, including intraorbital, infusion, intraarterial, intracapsular, intracardiac, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, intraspinal, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrauterine, intravenous, subarachnoid, subcapsular, subcutaneous, transmucosal, or transtracheal. When administered via the parenteral route, the composition can be in the form of a solution or suspension for infusion or injection, or can be a lyophilized powder. For enteral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of tablets, gel capsules, sugar-coated tablets, syrups, suspensions, liquids, powders, granules, emulsions, or microspheres, nanospheres, lipid vesicles, or polymer vesicles that allow controlled release. For parenteral administration, the composition may be in the form of a solution or suspension for infusion or injection. For topical administration, pharmaceutical compositions based on the compounds according to the present invention may be formulated for the treatment of skin and mucous membranes and may be in the form of ointments, creams, milks, salves, powders, impregnated pads, liquids, gels, sprays, lotions, or suspensions. They may also be in the form of microspheres, nanospheres, lipid vesicles, polymer vesicles, polymer patches, and hydrogels that allow controlled release. These topical compositions may be in either anhydrous or aqueous form depending on the clinical indication. For intraocular administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of eye drops.

[0154] The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention can also contain any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition, or vehicle involved in carrying or transporting a compound of interest from one tissue, organ, or part of the body to another tissue, organ, or part of the body. For example, the carrier may be a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent, or encapsulating material, or a combination thereof. Each component of the carrier must be "pharmaceutically acceptable" in that it must be compatible with the other components of the formulation. The component must be suitable for use in contact with any tissue or organ with which it may come into contact, meaning that the component must not pose a risk of toxicity, irritation, allergic reaction, immunogenicity, or any other complication that unduly outweighs its therapeutic effect.

[0155] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be encapsulated, tableted, or prepared into emulsions or syrups for oral administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable solid or liquid carriers can be added to enhance or stabilize the compositions or facilitate their preparation. Liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, glycerin, saline, alcohol, and water. Solid carriers include starch, lactose, calcium sulfate, dihydrate, terra alba, magnesium stearate or stearic acid, talc, pectin, acacia gum, agar, or gelatin. The carrier can also include a sustained-release material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with a wax.

[0156] Pharmaceutical preparations are prepared according to conventional techniques of pharmacy, which involve milling, mixing, granulating, and, if necessary, compressing for tablet forms; or milling, mixing, and filling for hard gelatin capsule forms. When a liquid carrier is used, the preparation will be in the form of a syrup, elixir, emulsion, or aqueous or non-aqueous suspension. Such liquid preparations can be administered directly po or filled into soft gelatin capsules.

[0157] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be delivered in a therapeutically effective amount. The precise therapeutically effective amount is the amount of the composition that will produce the most effective results in terms of therapeutic efficacy in a given subject. This amount will vary depending on various factors, including, but not limited to, the characteristics of the therapeutic compound (including activity, pharmacokinetic properties, pharmacodynamic properties, and bioavailability), the physiological condition of the subject (including age, sex, type and stage of disease, general physical condition, responsiveness to a given dosage, and type of drug therapy), the nature of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s) in the formulation, and the route of administration. Those skilled in the clinical and pharmacological arts will be able to identify therapeutically effective amounts through routine experimentation, for example, by monitoring the subject's response to administration of the compound and adjusting the dosage accordingly. For further guidance, see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Gennaro ed. 20th edition, Williams & Wilkins PA, USA) (2000).

[0158] kit The present invention also relates to kits for treating a disease or condition as described herein or for measuring the amount of circulating mtDNA, gDNA, or both. The kits are useful for practicing the methods of the present invention for treating a disease or condition as described herein or for measuring the amount of circulating mtDNA, gDNA, or both. A kit is a collection of materials or components, and the kit includes at least one component of the present invention. That is, in some embodiments, the kit includes a composition comprising a protein of the present invention, as described above.

[0159] The exact nature of the components comprising the kits of the invention will depend on their intended purpose. For example, some embodiments are configured for the treatment of a disease or condition, and some embodiments are configured for the measurement of circulating mtDNA, gDNA, or both. In one embodiment, the kit is specifically configured for the treatment of mammalian subjects. In another embodiment, the kit is specifically configured for the treatment of human subjects. In a further embodiment, the kit is configured for veterinary use, treating subjects such as, but not limited to, livestock, domestic, and laboratory animals.

[0160] Instructions for use may be included in the kit. "Instructions for use" typically include practical language describing techniques to be employed in using the components of the kit to produce a desired result, e.g., to treat a disease or condition, or to measure circulating mtDNA, gDNA, or both. Optionally, the kit also includes other useful components, such as diluents, buffers, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, syringes, catheters, applicators, pipetting or measuring tools, binding materials, or other useful paraphernalia, as would be readily apparent to one of skill in the art.

[0161] The materials or components incorporated into the kit can be stored and provided to the user in any convenient and appropriate manner that preserves their operability and utility. For example, the components can be in dissolved, dehydrated, or lyophilized form, and they can be provided at room temperature, refrigerated, or frozen. The components are typically placed in suitable packaging material(s). As used herein, the phrase "packaging material" refers to one or more physical structures used to contain the contents of the kit, such as the compositions of the present invention. The packaging material is preferably configured, by known methods, to provide a sterile, contaminant-free environment. As used herein, the term "package" refers to a suitable solid matrix or material, such as glass, plastic, paper, foil, etc., capable of holding individual kit components. Thus, for example, the package can be a glass vial used to hold an appropriate amount of the compositions of the present invention containing the inventive protein or combination of the present invention. The packaging material generally has an exterior label indicating the contents and / or purpose of the kit and / or its components.

[0162] [Table 1] [Table 1-1] [Table 1-2] [Example]

[0163] The following examples are provided to better illustrate the claimed invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. To the extent that specific materials are described, it is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the invention. Those skilled in the art may develop equivalent means or reactants without the exercise of inventive capacity and without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0164] Example 1 Animal experiments and cell culture: Male C57BL / 6 mice, 7 to 8 weeks old, were housed in a pathogen-free environment at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Animal Facility under the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (No. 3679). Wild-type mouse fibroblasts (6 × 10 5 ) or TLR9- / - mouse fibroblasts (6 × 10 5 ) to mouse prostate epithelial cells TRAMP-C2 (2 × 10 5 ) were used in combination for subrenal capsule transplantation. Two weeks after transplantation, treatment with SB290157 (1 mg / kg, i.p., daily) was initiated and continued for 5 weeks. After 5 weeks of treatment, kidneys, spleens, and lymph nodes of all mice were collected and either paraffin-embedded and fixed for IHC or isolated for FACS analysis. PC3 (5 × 10 5 ) and CAF(15×10 5 Subcutaneous xenografts were performed in combination with docetaxel (6 mg / kg / week) and SB290157 (1 mg / kg, IP, daily). Grafts were monitored by caliper throughout the time course of treatment with docetaxel (6 mg / kg / week) and SB290157 (1 mg / kg, IP, daily). Collected tissues were either paraffin-embedded and fixed for IHC or separated for immunoblot analysis.

[0165] Cultured primary NAFs and CAFs (derived from our laboratory) were treated with LNCaP-CM, CpG-ODN (5 μM, InvivoGen, San Diego, CA), docetaxel (10 nM, SanofiAventis), N-acetylcysteine ​​(10 mM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and SB290157 (1 μM, Calbiochem) for 48 hours. Conditioned medium was treated with DNase 1 (0.1 mg / ml, Sigma-Aldrich) at 37°C for 1 hour, followed by heat inactivation.

[0166] Immunodetection: Paraffin-embedded tissues were processed, and immunohistochemical localization was performed using antibodies against p-AKT, p-TAK, p-histone H3 (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA), C3 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), and TUNEL (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) as previously described (52, 53). All slides were scanned using a Leica SCN400 (Leica Micro System, Buffalo Grove, IL) and analyzed with a Tissue IA Optimizer (Leica). The number of positively stained cells was determined in an unbiased manner. C3a concentrations in culture medium and serum were assayed by sandwich ELISA using a human C3a ELISA kit (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Western blots separated on 10%, 12%, or 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gels were incubated with primary antibodies for TLR9, DEC205 (LS Bio, Seattle, WA), phospho-TAK1, TAK1, phospho-AKT, AKT, phosphor-ERK1 / 2, ERK, BCL2, Beclin, CHOP (Cell Signaling), LC3 (Abeam, Cambridge, MA), C3 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and p62 (ProgenBiotechnik, Heidelberg, Germany). Western blots were visualized using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich). ELISA for the anaphylatoxin C3a was performed according to the manufacturer's guidelines (LS Bio, Inc.).

[0167] DNA quantification: Total DNA was isolated from serum or culture medium using the quick-cfDNA™ Serum and Plasma Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). Total DNA purified from serum and culture medium was PCR-amplified using the mitochondrial-specific MT-CO2 gene (using the following primers: 5'-CCT GCG ACT CCT TGA CGT TG-3' (SEQ ID NO: 14) and 5'-AGC GGT GAA AGT GGT TTG GTT-3' (SEQ ID NO: 15)). Quantification was achieved through the use of a standard curve method by real-time PCR. The telomere-specific sequence (TTAGGG)14 (SEQ ID NO: 16) was measured using the TRAPEZE™ RT Telomerase Detection Kit (Millipore, Burlington, MA).

[0168] Mitochondrial DNA immunoprecipitation (mDIP): The manufacturer's ChIP protocol for the Zymo-Spin CHIP kit (Zymo Research) was followed. Briefly, mtDNA from conditioned medium was immunoprecipitated with either a normal rabbit IgG antibody as a negative control or an anti-DEC205 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). 100 ng of mitochondrial DNA was added to the conditioned medium as a positive control. Non-immunoprecipitated DNA served as a total input control. Purified immunoprecipitated DNA was PCR amplified with mitochondrial-specific primers (MT-CO2) as described above and compared with input DNA.

[0169] Detection of reactive oxygen species: FACS and fluorescent staining were performed to detect ROS in CAFs using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H2-DCFDA) (Sigma-Aldrich). Cells were labeled with 10 μM H2-DCFDA in the dark at 37°C for 30 min, and ROS generation was monitored under a fluorescent microscope and quantified via flow cytometry analysis. FlowJo software (Tree Star Inc., Ashland, OR) was used for FACS analysis.

[0170] Catalase activity assay: Catalase activity in CAF lysates was measured using the OxiSelect™ Catalase Activity Assay Kit (Cell Biolabs, INC., San Diego, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Absorbance was measured at 520 nm in a 96-well plate. 10 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was used as a catalase inhibitor.

[0171] 3D organotypic coculture: 3D organotypic coculture was performed in a collagen matrix. PC3 and CAFs were mixed at a 1:3 ratio in a collagen matrix. The collagen matrix contained 50% rat tail collagen I, 20% Matrigel, 10% 10x DMEM medium, 5% 1x ready-to-use DMEM, 5% 1x ready-to-use RPMI, 5% FBS, and 5% Nu serum. After 72 hours of expansion in the matrix, the cells were treated with docetaxel and SB290157 for 48 hours. Cells were dissociated from the matrix using collagenase and dispase for Ki67 FACS analysis.

[0172] Statistical analysis: Experiments were performed at least three times. Results are presented as mean ± SD. Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for comparisons between groups, and repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine significance for two or more data series. Statistical tests used are recorded in the figure legends, and associated P values ​​were calculated accordingly using Origin software (OriginLab, Northampton, MA). Cell viability was tested using the MTT assay according to the manufacturer's instructions (Thermo Fisher, Canoga Park, CA). Synergistic drug interaction calculations were performed using the Chou-Talalay method (R Package).

[0173] Example 2 Activation of TLR9 and the anaphylatoxin C3a through mitochondrial DNA in cancer-associated fibroblasts. Based on the reported elevation of mtDNA in the blood of PCa patients, we measured the mtDNA content in the conditioned medium of prostate cell lines. We found that PCa lines (PC3, LNCaP, and TRAMPC2) expressed 3- to 10-fold more mtDNA in their conditioned medium than the benign prostate epithelial cell line BPH1 (Figure 1A). To determine whether a paracrine mechanism for PCa epithelial proliferation exists, we incubated CAFs with conditioned medium from PCa epithelia. We examined the expression of the mtDNA cognate receptor TLR9 and its downstream effectors. We found that LNCaP-conditioned medium (CM) significantly upregulated TLR9 mRNA expression by CAFs compared with normal prostate tissue-associated fibroblasts (NAFs) or when either CAFs or NAFs were treated with BPH1-CM (Figure 7A). Examination of the DNA content of LNCaP-CM revealed that mtDNA was approximately 10-fold more abundant than telomeric DNA (Figure 7B). Treatment of CAFs with PCa epithelial conditioned medium resulted in upregulation of TLR9 and downstream phosphorylated TAK1, p65 phosphorylation of NF-κB, cleaved caspase 1, and IL-1β protein expression (Figures 1B and 7C). Sonication of conditioned medium did not significantly alter TLR9 expression compared with DNase treatment, suggesting that exosome-based signaling may not be involved (Figure 7D). This was further supported by the fact that inhibition of exosome production by LNCaP cells with Dynasore (a dynamin inhibitor) resulted in no discernible change in mtDNA content in the medium (Figure 7E). Heat inactivation alone was used as a control because heat inactivation can activate growth factors in serum. Because TLR9 is a cytoplasmic receptor, we attempted to identify mediators for DNA entry into cells. We found that candidate mediators capable of binding to DNA, such as HMGB1, HMGA2, and DEC205, were expressed by CAFs in response to LNCaP-CM (Figure 7F).HMGB1 expression was similarly induced in both NAF and CAF cells in response to LNCaP-CM, whereas HMGA2 expression was constitutively expressed regardless of LNCaP-CM treatment. LNCaP-CM effectively induced DEC205 in CAFs but not in NAFs (Figure 1C). DEC205 is a transmembrane, plasma membrane-involving receptor that has been reported to bind and internalize unmethylated CpGs by dendritic cells. We tested whether mtDNA could bind to DEC205 in CAF cells by applying a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay method, which we named mtDNA immunoprecipitation (mDIP). After immunoprecipitation of DEC205, PCR amplification of the mitochondrial MT-CO2 gene was possible in the presence, but not in the absence, of LNCaP-CM (Figure 1D). Following our discovery that NF-κB signaling in CAFs is a consequence of PCa-derived mtDNA, we performed a focused qPCR array to identify the effect of NF-κB on downstream target genes. As expected, LNCaP-CM induced the expression of multiple inflammatory cytokines by CAFs, including IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL11 (Figure 1E). Interestingly, complement C3 was the CAF gene with the greatest differential expression, exceeding 12 log-fold, as depicted in the volcano plot (Figure 1F). The role of complement C3 in combating invading pathogens has been well described. More recently, C3 has been implicated in enhanced tumor cell proliferation. However, its active component, the anaphylatoxin C3a, is the product of tightly regulated proteolytic cleavage of C3. Interestingly, we found that LNCaP-CM induced TLR9 and C3a expression was sensitive to DNase treatment (Fig. 1G). That is, mtDNA secreted from PCa epithelia could bind to DEC205 on the CAF cell surface, which correlated with TLR9 and C3a mutations (Fig. 1H).

[0174] Critically, C3a has been reported to promote cancer epithelial growth, but the pathway of tumor-associated complement activation is unknown. To investigate the role of TLR9 in C3a expression, prostate fibroblasts from wild-type and TLR9 knockout mice were treated with CpG oligonucleotide, ODN 1826 (a synthetic ligand for TLR9, CpG-ODN), or LNCaP-conditioned medium. TAK1 phosphorylation and C3a expression by LNCaP-CM were found to be dependent on TLR9 expression (Figure 2A). DNase 1 treatment of LNCaP-CM reduced TLR9 protein expression and C3a expression by wild-type mouse fibroblasts. Examination of prostate fibroblasts generated from TLR9 knockout mice demonstrated neither TAK1 activation nor C3a expression under the same conditions. However, when prostate fibroblasts were treated with CpG-ODN, C3a production was dramatically reduced compared to that observed when LNCaP-CM was treated with LNCaP-CM and was comparable to that observed when LNCaP-CM was treated with DNase. ELISA studies confirmed that TRAMPC2-CM and LNCaP-CM induced significantly higher levels of C3a release into the CAF medium than NAFs, whereas CpG-ODN did not (Figure 2B). These results indicated that LNCaP-CM induced TLR9 and C3a protein expression, which was inhibited by DNase treatment of CM. This indicates that PCa-derived mtDNA can mediate paracrine signaling in CAFs to induce TLR9 downstream signaling.

[0175] It is interesting to note that while CpG / mtDNA was sufficient to activate TLR9 downstream of DEC205 in CAFs, only PCa epithelial CM was sufficient to express and secrete C3a. Complement processing can occur through an enzymatic activation cascade or an alternative pathway resulting in the cleavage of complement C3. C3 cleavage leads to the generation of C3a and C3b, which are well documented for microbial opsonization and activation of proinflammatory signaling. Because the classical pathway involving the complex of complement proteins C1b and C2b for C3 cleavage is unlikely in cultured fibroblasts, an alternative pathway involving reactive oxygen-mediated cleavage was tested in CAFs. As expected, treatment of CAFs with LNCaP-CM resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen, as demonstrated by DCFDA fluorescence quantification by FACS analysis and visualized by fluorescence microscopy (Figures 2C and 2D). CpG-ODN treatment did not promote any such reactive oxygen signaling, and N-acetylcysteine ​​(used as a reactive oxygen inhibitor) suppressed LNCaP-induced reactive oxygen and C3a production. Because catalase may reduce cellular reactive oxygen content, catalase activity was measured in CAFs. Catalase activity in CAFs was found to be significantly suppressed by LNCaP-CM compared with untreated controls or CpG-ODN treatment (Figure 2E). Western blotting demonstrated that N-acetylcysteine ​​suppression blocked LNCaP-CM-induced C3 to C3a conversion (Figure 2F). Catalase inhibition with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole did not affect C3a production when combined with CpG-ODN. Finally, both CpG-ODN and LNCaP-CM induced C3 expression in CAFs, whereas C3a expression was dependent on the suppression of catalase activity and the induction of reactive oxygen species by LNCaP-CM (Fig. 2G).

[0176] C3a signaling enhances PCa growth. In an attempt to identify reciprocal epithelial responses to the anaphylatoxin C3a expressed by CAFs, we tested the effects of established complement agonists and antagonists on PCa growth. LNCaP, PC3, and TRAMPC2 were all found to express the anaphylatoxin C3a receptor (C3aR, Figure 8A). Reinforcing the need for a paracrine TLR9-mediated anaphylatoxin C3a signaling axis, we found that while HMGB1 was heterogeneously expressed, expression of DEC205, TLR9, and C3a by the three PCa epithelial lines was restricted (Figure 8B). Next, we tested the effect of C3a signaling on PCa cells by incubating LNCaP, PC3, and TRAMPC2 with a C3aR agonist peptide or a scrambled peptide. Because anaphylatoxins are extremely unstable, we used an agonist peptide for C3aR rather than C3a itself. Exposure to 0.1 μM C3aR agonist for 48 hours increased proliferation in LNCaP (28%), PC3 (30%), and TRAMPC2 (21%) cells compared with cells treated with scrambled peptide, as measured by Ki67 expression (Figure 8C). We further investigated the effect of the C3aR agonist peptide on the PI3K / AKT signaling pathway in PCa cells and found that stimulation of C3aR resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of AKT (Figure 3A). We also found that C3a potently activated downstream MAP kinase signaling pathways through phosphorylation of p42 / 44 MAPK (p-ERK1 / 2). Upregulation of Bcl-2 expression was identified as a downstream signaling molecule of AKT, supporting cell survival.

[0177] To confirm the observation of C3a signaling, we allografted mouse prostate fibroblasts together with PCa epithelium into syngeneic C57B / 6 mice. We implanted either wild-type or TLR9 knockout fibroblasts and recombined them with luciferase-expressing TRAMPC2 cells under the kidney capsule. After visualizing tumors by bioluminescence imaging, mice were treated with either vehicle (control) or the C3aR antagonist SB290157. Within 3 weeks of implantation, tumors using wild-type fibroblasts reproducibly grew, whereas treatment with SB290157 resulted in significantly smaller tumor sizes than vehicle-treated mice (Figures 3B and 3C). Interestingly, allografts using TLR9 knockout fibroblasts resulted in negligible tumor growth, confirming the role of the associated paracrine signaling axis, which is dependent on TLR9 and C3a. Because sufficient tissue could not be obtained from the TLR9 knockout fibroblast grafts, immunohistochemistry was only performed on the wild-type fibroblast and TRAMPC2 grafts. Tumor cell mitosis, as determined by phosphorylated histone H3 expression, was significantly reduced when the host mice were treated with SB29157 (Figure 3D). AKT activation, as localized by phosphorylated AKT staining, was elevated in tumor cells from mice allografted with wild-type fibroblasts, but was reversed in mice treated with SB290157. SB290157 significantly reduced tumor growth and increased cell death, as localized by TUNEL staining.

[0178] Complement anaphylatoxins have a wide range of proinflammatory effects. C3a is particularly involved in the chemotaxis of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Because T lymphocytes are recognized regulators of tumor progression and are known to respond to C3a, we measured the effect of C3a antagonism on T cell recruitment to tumors. FACS analysis of CD3+ T cells showed that these cells were similarly recruited to tumors regardless of C3a antagonist or fibroblast TLR9 status (Figure 3E). However, CD8+ T cell activation, as determined by expression of the costimulatory molecule CD69+, was significantly downregulated by C3a antagonist and even more so in tumors treated with TLR9-knockout fibroblasts. These findings suggest that cytotoxic T cell recruitment is unlikely to be a mediator of the tumor stromal-epithelial reciprocal TLR9 / C3a signaling axis.

[0179] The synergistic effect of docetaxel and SB290157 inhibits tumor growth. Based on the observed activation of AKT by C3a in PCa epithelium, we were interested in the role of this pro-survival signal in mediators of cell death, e.g., chemotherapy. To initially identify the clinical relevance of the TLR9 / C3a signaling axis in PCa patients, we measured plasma mtDNA content in a paired fashion in pretreatment and docetaxel-treated men. Docetaxel induced a dramatic increase in circulating mtDNA in PCa patients (P = 0.006, Figure 4C). In parallel, mice treated with docetaxel (6 mg / kg / week) for 3 weeks showed a significant increase in plasma mtDNA content (P < 0.05, Figure 4B). In examining the direct effects of docetaxel on PCa epithelium, we found that docetaxel significantly increased mtDNA secretion by LNCaP, PC3, and TRAMPC2 cells in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 4C). Note that a higher dose of docetaxel was used in PC3 cells than in the other two cell lines due to their inherent resistance. In an attempt to determine why increased mtDNA secretion was associated with docetaxel treatment, we found elevated LC3 activation, p62, and beclin expression in both the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of cells, suggesting both autophagy and mitophagy induction (Figure 4D). Curiously, chemotherapy-induced cell death resulted in the release of mtDNA without its degradation. In LNCaP and PC3, docetaxel-induced induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins p62 and CHOP, concomitant mitophagy, and upregulation of Beclin supported a strategy to prevent mtDNA degradation (Figure 4E). The impact of stromal-epithelial crosstalk in the development of docetaxel resistance was examined by coculture of PC3 cells and CAFs in a three-dimensional matrix of collagen I and Matrigel. Coculture of EpCAM+ / Ki67+ proliferative epithelium with PC3 and CAFs was twice as potent as PC3 cells grown alone (Figure 4F). Additional treatment with docetaxel did not appreciably reduce the CAF-induced proliferative epithelial fraction. The CAF antagonist SB290157 restored docetaxel sensitivity in PC3 cells.Drug interaction studies revealed that low doses of SB290157 sensitized otherwise resistant PC3 cells to docetaxel in a synergistic manner (fractional inhibitory concentration index less than 0.5, Figure 4G, Figure 9A).

[0180] The therapeutic significance of the observed stromal-epithelial crosstalk was examined in male nude mice bearing tissue-engineered xenografts of CAF and PC3 cells. Tumor growth curves, showing tumor volume, were not significantly reduced by treatment with low-dose docetaxel (6 mg / kg / week) alone compared with vehicle treatment (Figure 5A). However, combined treatment with docetaxel and SB290157 significantly restricted tumor growth (P<0.05). No significant effect on body weight was observed in any treatment group, supporting the minimal toxicity of the taxane treatment strategy (Figure 9B). Western blot analysis of tumor tissue revealed increased activation of TAK1, AKT, and ERK1 / 2 in docetaxel-treated mice compared with vehicle treatment (Figure 5B). Upregulation of plasma mtDNA in docetaxel-treated mice supported increased TAK phosphorylation. We also observed that SB290157 reduced docetaxel-induced AKT and ERK1 / 2 phosphorylation, while downstream C3a expression was unaffected by SB290157. Importantly, Blc2 expression was reduced by SB290157. Tumor histology and immunohistochemistry of corresponding tissues allowed us to localize and quantify relevant signaling molecules (Figures 5C and 9C). The significant induction of phosphorylated TAK1, C3, and TUNEL staining by docetaxel was not altered by C3 antagonism. However, the induction of cell survival pathways and mitosis, as quantified by AKT phosphorylation and phosphorylated histone-H3, respectively, by docetaxel treatment was significantly reduced by combined docetaxel and SB290157 treatment. The combination of SB290157 and low-dose docetaxel also restricted tumor growth.

[0181] Example 3 Based on the identification of DEC205 (LY75, CD205, DEC-205) as binding to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; PNAS 2020 11:8515), we identified the protein domains involved in mtDNA binding (Figures 10 and 11). ELISAs designed to immobilize mtDNA or genomic DNA (gDNA) on 96-well plates followed by incubation with RF-Fc or RFL-Fc demonstrated concentration-dependent binding of both DNA subtypes compared to the Fc domain alone. Ricin B-type lectin and fibronectin type II lectin domains (RF) conjugated to IgG1 Fc (RF-Fc) demonstrated twofold higher affinity for mtDNA than for gDNA (Figure 12). In comparison, ricin B-type lectin, fibronectin type II lectin domain, and one C-type lectin domain (RFL) conjugated to IgG1 Fc (RFL-Fc) demonstrated similar affinity for mtDNA and gDNA. The remaining C-type lectin domains were found to bind to both genomic DNA (gDNA) and mtDNA with similar affinities based on binding analysis of 2L-Fc and 6L-Fc (data not shown). Conjugation of the DEC205 domain to an antibody Fc domain enabled superior protein folding, expression, and stability. DNA binding of RF-Fc and RFL-Fc was normalized to that of Fc binding at the same concentration. Each DEC205 domain was conjugated to a mouse IgG1 antibody Fc domain. The highly conserved human IgG1 antibody Fc domain can replace the mouse Fc domain for human therapeutic applications.

[0182] Expression of complement C3 by cancer-associated fibroblasts in response to cancer cell-produced mtDNA has been demonstrated to mediate resistance to chemotherapy, namely docetaxel, in prostate cancer cells (PNAS 2020 11:8515). Depletion of mtDNA by RF-Fc significantly reduced C3 expression (Figure 13).

[0183] Example 4 Applications of RF-Fc or RFF-Fc 1) RF-Fc and RFL-Fc can be used to detect mtDNA content in blood. Currently, DNA must first be extracted before a PCR-based assay for mtDNA content is required. A simple sandwich ELISA-based assay using RF-Fc for mtDNA detection is also possible. RFL-Fc can similarly be used to detect total circulating DNA (gDNA and mtDNA). Detection assays can include ELISAs similar to those demonstrated in Figure 12, in which subject-derived plasma is coated with RF-Fc or RFL-Fc in a 96-well plate for subsequent incubation. The RF-Fc or RFL-Fc is conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) directly or via a secondary antibody strategy for development by a standard colorimetric peroxidase reaction. Another iteration using RF-Fc or RFL-Fc is possible, where the Fc complex is immobilized on the plate before plasma incubation, followed by washing, and then RF-Fc crosslinked with HRP is used to detect mtDNA. Similarly, RFL-Fc cross-linked with HRP can be used for gDNA detection. Alternatively, either RF-Fc or RFL-Fc can be immobilized on beads as part of a bead array in a multiplex assay (e.g., Lumina box). Other direct immobilization techniques, such as immobilization on gold substrates, can enable impedance changes. Circulating cell-free DNA is a mediator of systemic inflammation. Elevated circulating mtDNA is observed in patients with cancer, trauma, infection, stroke, autoimmunity, cachexia, and heart disease. Lupus patients are diagnosed by detecting circulating cell-free DNA. There are many triggers for cell-free mtDNA secretion, including inflammatory cytokines and therapeutic agents used in cancer patients (e.g., docetaxel, cisplatin, doxorubicin, and androgen-targeted therapy). Easy detection of circulating mtDNA or gDNA can identify subjects who may require DNA-depleting therapy.

[0184] 2) RF-Fc and RFL-Fc can be used to deplete circulating mtDNA / gDNA, thereby sensitizing tumors to chemotherapy.

[0185] i) Direct intravenous injection. Introduction of RF-Fc or RFL-Fc into individuals with elevated circulating mtDNA or gDNA can be used to deplete antigens via Fc gamma receptors found on liver endothelial cells. The trapped mtDNA or gDNA is then likely excreted via the feces.

[0186] The Fc complexes can be administered for 28 days during chemotherapy treatment using the following dosing schedule: split dose regimen (maximum body weight for dose calculation = 85 kg): During Cycle 1, Days 1 and 4: Initial dose: 3 mg / kg IV as a single dose on day 1, followed by 7 mg / kg on day 4, followed by full dose regimen: 10 mg / kg IV as a single dose on days 8, 15, and 22. Cycle 2 and beyond: 10 mg / kg IV as a single dose on days 1, 8, 15, and 22

[0187] ii) RF-Fc or RFL-Fc is immobilized on dextran beads, Sepharose beads, or other solid substrates for passing blood through a hemofiltration system. This hemofiltration system can selectively remove mtDNA / gDNA from circulating blood. Blood would enter the device through medical tubing, and the filtration chamber would come into contact with the subject's blood, providing an opportunity to capture DNA. The blood would then be returned to the individual. Such a process could be used before a chemotherapy infusion cycle for cancer patients.

[0188] iii) RF-Fc or RFL-Fc proteins expressed by Bacillus subtilis (or other gut bacteria, e.g., Lactococcus lactis) and introduced into the gut microbiota via ingestion. Colonization with gut bacteria can occur prior to chemotherapy treatment. Chemotherapy is known to cause "leaky gut," i.e., the breakdown of the tight junctions in the colonic epithelium that separate colonic contents from the circulation. Chemosensitization may be possible through the introduction of RF-Fc or RFL-Fc into the circulation and the depletion of mtDNA / gDNA via the hepatic Fc gamma receptor for excretion. Gut bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and Lactococcus lactis, are known to improve gut health.

[0189] Applications of RF-Fc or RFL-Fc include cancer patients, and cachexia patients are also known to have elevated circulating mtDNA associated with toll-like receptor-mediated inflammation, which causes muscle wasting. Depletion of mtDNA in cachexia patients may limit muscle wasting. Similarly, lupus patients are widely recognized to have circulating gDNA associated with disease inflammation. RFL-Fc can be used in lupus patients.

[0190] Various embodiments of the present invention have been described in the foregoing detailed description. While these descriptions directly describe the embodiments, it will be understood that those skilled in the art may conceive of modifications and / or variations to the specific embodiments shown and described herein. Any such modifications or variations that fall within the scope of this description are intended to be included therein as well. Unless specifically noted, it is the inventors' intention that the words and phrases in the specification and claims be given the ordinary and accustomed meaning to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art(s).

[0191] The foregoing description of various embodiments of the present invention has been provided in terms of what was known to the applicant at the time of filing this application and is intended for purposes of illustration and description. The description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The described embodiments serve to illustrate the principles of the present invention and its practical application, and to enable those skilled in the art to utilize the invention with various modifications that are appropriate for the particular uses contemplated in the various embodiments. Therefore, it is not intended that the invention be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed for carrying out the invention.

[0192] While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based on the teachings herein, changes and modifications can be made without departing from the present invention and its broader aspects, and therefore, the appended claims are intended to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, in general, the terms used herein are generally intended to be "non-limiting" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including, but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "including, but not limited to," etc.).

[0193] As used herein, the terms "comprising" or "comprises" are used to refer to compositions, methods, and each component(s) thereof that are useful for an embodiment, but further embrace the inclusion of unspecified elements, whether useful or not. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in general, the terms used herein are generally intended to be "open-ended" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including, but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "including, but not limited to," etc.). While the open-ended term "comprising" is used herein to describe and claim the present invention as synonymous with terms such as including, containing, or having, the invention or embodiments thereof may alternatively be described using alternative terms such as "consisting of" or "consisting essentially of."

[0194] Unless otherwise specified, terms without specific numerical designations (such as "a," "an," and "the") and similar descriptions used in the context of describing particular embodiments of an application (particularly in the context of the claims) can be construed to encompass both the singular and the plural. The recitation of ranges of values ​​herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of individually referring to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise stated herein, each separate value is incorporated herein as if each value were individually listed herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise stated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples or illustrative language (e.g., "such as") provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to facilitate a more complete understanding of the application and does not impose any limitations on the scope of the application other than as defined by the claims. The abbreviation "eg" is derived from the Latin "exempli gratia" and is used herein to indicate a non-limiting example. Thus, the abbreviation "eg" is synonymous with the term "for example." No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the application.

[0195] Drawing translation Figure 1A conditioned media Figure 1B β-actin Figure 1C β-actin Figure 1D Input control cond.media Conditioned medium Figure 1E control Figure 1F Log10(p value) Log10(P value) Log2 fold change Log2 fold change Figure 1G DNAse heat β-actin Figure 2A DNase DNase heat β-actin Figure 2D control Figure 2E control catalaseU / ml catalaseU / ml Figure 2F β-actin Figure 2G catalase Figure 3A C3a Agonist β-actin Figure 3B allograft wtfibro. Wild type fibroblasts Tlr9 - / - fibro. Tlr9 - / - fibroblasts saline Luminescence Figure 3C tumor volume control TLR9 - / - fibro. TLR9 - / - fibroblasts Figure 3D control normalizedexp. Normalized expression level Figure 3E control TLR9 - / - fibro. TLR9 - / - fibroblasts Figure 4A humanplasma mtDNA human plasma mtDNA pvalue P value control Figure 4B mouseplasma mtDNA mouse plasma mtDNA control Figure 4C cond.media Conditioned medium pvalue P value Figure 4D cytoplasm mito Beclin Figure 4E Beclin1 Beclin1 β-actin Figure 4F cellcount cell count control Figure 4G antagonistism synergy Figure 5A tumor volume Days control Figure 5B control β-actin Figure 5C control norm.expression Normalized expression level Figure 6 PCaprogression PCa progression DOCETAXEL Docetaxel Figure 7A relative mRNA expression Figure 7B DNAconc. DNA concentration Figure 7C heat DNase DNase caspase1 cleavedcaspase 1 cleaved caspase 1 proIL-1β proIL-1β activeIL-1β activeIL-1β β-actin Figure 7D relativemRNA exp. Relative mRNA expression heat DNase DNase sonication Figure 7F β-actin Contrast Figure 8B β-actin Figure 8C cellcount cell count Figure 9A Docetaxel Interactionindex Interaction index Lowerbound Conf interval Lower bound of the confidence interval Upperbound Conf interval Upper bound of the confidence interval Figure 9B mouseweight mouse weight control days Figure 9C control Figure 10 Ricin B-type domain Fibronection type II domain C-type lectin domain Fc domain Figure 12A mtDNA binding with DEC205 fragments Absorbance (OD) Figure 12B gDNA binding with DEC205 fragments Absorbance (OD) Figure 13 C3Relative Expression

Claims

1. a polypeptide that binds to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), or both, the polypeptide being a fragment of DEC205, the polypeptide comprising (i) a ricin type B lectin domain and a fibronectin type II lectin domain, or (ii) a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain; a human or mouse IgG1 Fc domain or a fragment thereof; containing, containing protein, A medicament for use in the treatment of a disease or condition caused by or associated with elevated levels of circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), or both.

2. 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of tumor, cancer, myocardial infarction, heart disease, physical trauma, traumatic brain injury, infectious disease, stroke, inflammation, autoimmune disease, cachexia, and lupus.

3. The cancer is selected from: 1) The cancer is a solid tumor cancer. 2) the cancer is prostate cancer or breast cancer; The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 2.

4. The DEC205 fragment is 1) comprises a polypeptide that is at least 90% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2; or 2) comprising a polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2; The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1.

5. The human or mouse IgG1 Fc domain 1) comprising a human IgG1 Fc domain or a human IgG1 Fc domain with up to 22 amino acid additions, deletions, and / or substitutions; 2) comprising a polypeptide having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5; 3) a murine IgG1 Fc domain or a murine IgG1 Fc domain with up to 21 amino acid additions, deletions, and / or substitutions; or 4) A polypeptide having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6, The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

6. The human or mouse IgG1 Fc domain or a fragment thereof is 1) comprising at least 205 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:5; 2) Contains a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 5; 3) comprises at least 209 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 6; or 4) Contains a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6; The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

7. The pharmaceutical according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the protein further comprises a signal sequence, a linker, or both.

8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein the signal sequence comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:

7.

9. The protein is 1) a protein having a sequence as set forth in any one of amino acids 24 to 435 in SEQ ID NO:8, amino acids 24 to 583 in SEQ ID NO:9, amino acids 24 to 440 in SEQ ID NO:11, or amino acids 24 to 588 in SEQ ID NO:12; 2) SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 6, or or a protein comprising the sequence 3) a protein having a sequence shown in any one of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, or SEQ ID NO: 12; The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of 1) to 3).

10. 1) circulating mtDNA, or 2) Circulating genomic DNA (gDNA) and / or further comprising an Fc region of an antibody or a fragment thereof, The pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

11. The medicament according to any one of claims 1 to 10, Therapeutic drugs and A pharmaceutical comprising a combination comprising:

12. The therapeutic agent is 1) selected from the group consisting of antitumor agents, chemotherapeutic agents, androgen ablation agents, myocardial infarction treatment agents, traumatic brain injury treatment agents, and combinations thereof; 2) a taxane, anthracycline, or platinum-based anticancer drug; 3) docetaxel, paclitaxel, cabazitaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, valrubicin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, irinotecan, or fluorouracil (5FU), 4) an androgen receptor antagonist, an androgen synthesis inhibitor, or an antigonadotropin; 5) selected from the group consisting of bicalutamide, enzalutamide, apalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, darolutamide, cyproterone acetate, megestrol acetate, chlormadinone acetate, spironolactone, oxendolone, ketoconazole, abiraterone acetate, ceviteronel, aminoglutethimide, finasteride, dutasteride, epristeride, alphatradiol, saw palmetto extract, leuprorelin, cetrorelix, and combinations thereof; 6) aspirin, thrombolytics, heparin, platelet aggregation inhibitors, nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, statins, and combinations thereof; or 7) Diuretics, anticonvulsants, coma-inducing drugs, or combinations thereof; A medicament comprising the combination according to claim 11.

13. 1. A method for measuring circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA, or both in a biological sample, comprising: a polypeptide that binds to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), or both, the polypeptide being a fragment of DEC205, the polypeptide comprising (i) a ricin type B lectin domain and a fibronectin type II lectin domain, or (ii) a ricin type B lectin domain, a fibronectin type II lectin domain, and at least one C-type lectin domain; a human or mouse IgG1 Fc domain or a fragment thereof; contacting a protein with the biological sample; detecting binding of the protein to the mtDNA, gDNA, or both; quantitating the amount of protein mtDNA binding complex, protein gDNA binding complex, or both; A method comprising:

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the protein further comprises a label that produces a detectable signal.

15. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the detectable signal is a colorimetric signal, fluorescence, or luminescence.

16. The protein is a device comprising at least one inlet, at least one outlet, at least one chamber comprising a solid substrate, and said protein immobilized on said solid substrate; 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the biological sample is contacted with

17. the device comprises a conductive substrate, the protein being bound to or immobilized on the conductive substrate and producing a detectable signal upon binding to mtDNA, gDNA, or both; the detectable signal is an impedance, resistance, current change, or electrochemical impedance spectrum change; 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the conductive substrate is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, iridium, and copper.

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