Improved Wet Scrubber

Abstract

The present invention provides a wet scrubber for gas abatement comprising a cleaning vessel defining a chamber, a gas inlet for supplying a gas to be scrubbed and a gas outlet for allowing the exit of the scrubbed gas, the gas inlet and the gas outlet being in fluid communication with each other, and one or more cleaning fluid supply ports, the wet scrubber comprising at least one distribution element connected to the cleaning fluid supply port for distributing the cleaning fluid inside the chamber, the at least one distribution element being a distribution plate comprising a cavity and a plurality of openings arranged to allow the cleaning fluid to flow from the cavity.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a wet scrubber, an apparatus for dispensing a scrubbing solution, a method for scrubbing a gas, and a method for designing a wet scrubber. More particularly, the present invention relates to a wet scrubber for scrubbing ammonia. [Background technology]

[0002] Wet scrubbers are used for the complete or partial abatement of components of a gas stream, such as pollutants, so that the scrubbed gas stream can be discharged to the outside environment or directed to a downstream abatement system. Wet scrubbers may be configured, for example, to scrub ammonia from a gas stream.

[0003] Typically, a wet scrubber comprises a column into which a gas stream is directed, while a backwashing solution is injected towards the gas stream to react with and remove components from the gas stream. The column typically contains packing in the form of a plurality of pall rings or the like, and the washing solution is distributed by several injection nozzles.

[0004] A wet scrubber may be positioned, for example, between the exhaust of a vacuum pump and an abatement system where ammonia and / or other components of the exhaust gas must be scrubbed from the exhaust gas stream.

[0005] The inventors have found that known wet scrubbers, which typically dispense cleaning solution through a spray nozzle, have several drawbacks.

[0006] A first drawback of known wet scrubbers is that the packing volume inside the column is limited because the packing must be positioned well below any of the injection nozzles to allow the injection nozzles to effectively distribute the scrubbing fluid. Therefore, the packing material cannot be close to the injection nozzles. That is, the efficiency of the wet scrubber is impaired because the amount of packing is limited. The size of the column must therefore be increased (in height and / or diameter) if the efficiency of scrubbing is to be improved, or higher operating costs must be incurred, or a heat exchanger or the like must be used. In many cases, the overall size of the wet scrubber is limited by its intended use and / or location.

[0007] Yet another drawback of known wet scrubbers is that they typically require a cyclone or vortex mechanism to direct fluid toward an outlet or drain due to rebound jets or sprays generated, at least in part, by the jet nozzles in the column. The size of the wet scrubber must therefore be large enough to accommodate such a mechanism while allowing sufficient space for the packing material and head space below the jet nozzles. The cyclone or vortex mechanism also increases operating costs.

[0008] A further drawback of known wet scrubbers is that their columns must have a circular axial cross section to provide uniform distribution of scrubbing fluid by the jet nozzles, and efficiency will be compromised in columns with non-circular axial cross sections.

[0009] Yet another problem with known wet scrubbers is the carryover, or accumulation, of unwanted particles at the gas outlet. This is particularly troublesome when the gas stream is subsequently directed to a downstream abatement system. For example, in ammonia abatement, the accumulation of nitrous oxide can adversely affect the effectiveness of the downstream abatement system if the ammonia is not first ablated or reduced to an acceptable level with reduced carryover.

[0010] Therefore, there is a need to improve the performance of wet scrubbers, especially without increasing the size of the wet scrubber or its operating costs. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0011] The present invention is directed to addressing these and other problems with the prior art. [Means for solving the problem]

[0012] Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a wet scrubber for gas abatement comprising a cleaning vessel defining a chamber, a gas inlet for supplying gas to be scrubbed and a gas outlet for allowing the exit of the scrubbed gas, the inlet and outlet being fluidly connected to each other, and one or more cleaning fluid supply ports, the wet scrubber comprising at least first and second distribution elements each connected to the cleaning fluid supply ports for distributing cleaning fluid inside the chamber, the first distribution element being arranged to distribute unused cleaning fluid inside the chamber and the second distribution element being arranged to distribute recycled cleaning fluid inside the chamber.

[0013] As used herein, the term "virgin cleaning fluid" refers to fresh cleaning fluid that has not been previously used (eg, has not been used to clean).

[0014] As used herein, the term "recirculated cleaning fluid" refers to cleaning fluid that initially entered the cleaning vessel as unused, i.e., previously unused, cleaning fluid, and that is subsequently captured and redistributed within the cleaning vessel through a distribution element arranged to distribute the recycled cleaning fluid.

[0015] Providing a wet scrubber according to the first aspect improves the performance of the wet scrubber because the gas to be scrubbed is in contact with both virgin, i.e., previously unused, scrubbing fluid as well as recycled scrubbing fluid. The contaminant output concentration of the gas to be scrubbed is thus improved. The performance improvement is achieved without substantial increased operating costs, such as the cost of providing a larger volume of virgin scrubbing fluid. The performance improvement is also achieved without the need to increase the size of the wet scrubber.

[0016] The second distribution element may be fluidly positioned between the first distribution element and the gas inlet. That is, the gas to be scrubbed is first in contact with the recycled scrubbing fluid or a mixture of unused and recycled scrubbing fluid, and then in contact with only unused scrubbing fluid. The wet scrubber may be arranged so that the scrubbing fluid flows countercurrently to the gas to be scrubbed, which typically flows from the gas inlet to the gas outlet during use. Arranging the wet scrubber so that the scrubbing fluid flows countercurrently to the gas to be scrubbed improves scrubbing. In an embodiment, the wet scrubber is a substantially vertically extending column, and the first distribution element is positioned higher in the column than the second distribution element.

[0017] At least one of the distribution elements may comprise a distribution plate. The distribution plate may comprise a cavity and a plurality of openings arranged to allow the scrubbing fluid to flow from the cavity. Preferably, the second distribution element comprises a distribution plate. In an embodiment, the first and second distribution elements may both comprise distribution plates. In an embodiment, the wet scrubber comprises more than two distribution elements, each of which comprises a distribution plate.

[0018] The washing vessel may be a substantially vertically extending column, and the second distribution element may be positioned substantially in the lower half of the washing vessel, preferably substantially in the bottom third of the washing vessel. In an embodiment, the first distribution element is positioned substantially toward the top end of the washing vessel.

[0019] The wet scrubber may include one or more pumps configured to provide recycled cleaning fluid to a distribution element arranged to distribute the recycled cleaning fluid. The wet scrubber may further include a reservoir for collecting the cleaning fluid to be recycled. Recycling the cleaning fluid may reduce the volume of unused cleaning fluid required for the cleaning process because the cleaning fluid may not be saturated with components, such as ammonia, after a single pass. The cleaning fluid may only be recycled to a concentration where the partial pressure of the contaminant equals the vapor pressure of the contaminant from the dissolved concentration of the contaminant in the recycled cleaning fluid.

[0020] In an embodiment, the openings in the or each distribution plate may be substantially uniformly spaced across the bottom surface of said distribution plate.

[0021] The cleaning vessel may contain packing material, which may be substantially adjacent to at least one distribution plate. As used herein, the term "adjacent" refers to the packing material and the distribution plate being in contact with or close to each other. In an embodiment, the wet scrubber includes first and second distribution elements that are distribution plates, and both distribution plates are substantially adjacent to the packing material. In an embodiment, at least one of the distribution plates is positioned so that it rests on the packing material in the cleaning vessel. In other words, the at least one distribution plate is supported by the packing material. In an embodiment, the wet scrubber may include a substantially unoccupied space positioned between the distribution plate and the packing material. Such a space may be provided between the packing material and the top and / or bottom surface of the distribution plate. In an embodiment, the substantially unoccupied space may be provided between the bottom surface of the distribution plate and the packing material so that the cleaning fluid can flow from the distribution plate and drop onto the packing material. The wet scrubber may include means for releasably or permanently securing the distribution plate to the inner wall of the cleaning vessel. For example, the cleaning vessel may include an indentation or abutment, such as a support rim, on which the distribution plate rests during use. The support rim may extend around substantially the entire circumference of the interior wall of the cleaning vessel. Alternatively, the support rim may include a gap or clearance.

[0022] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a wet scrubber for gas abatement comprising a cleaning vessel defining a chamber, a gas inlet for supplying a gas to be scrubbed and a gas outlet for allowing the exit of the scrubbed gas, the inlet and outlet being in fluid communication with each other, and one or more cleaning fluid supply ports, the wet scrubber comprising at least one distribution element connected to the cleaning fluid supply port for distributing the cleaning fluid inside the chamber, the at least one distribution element being a distribution plate comprising a cavity and a plurality of openings arranged to allow the cleaning fluid to flow from the cavity.

[0023] Providing a wet scrubber according to yet another aspect improves the performance of the wet scrubber. In particular, providing a distribution plate can improve the distribution of cleaning fluid within the chamber of the cleaning vessel compared to a wet scrubber equipped only with injection nozzles. The distribution plate can generate less bounce spray than typical injection nozzles. That is, a cyclone or vortex mechanism may not be required to manage the fluid flow within the vessel. Typically, head space is required below the injection nozzles to enable effective distribution of the cleaning fluid. Head space may not be required below the distribution plate. That is, the size of the wet scrubber can be minimized, and if packing material is present, the volume of packing material can be maximized within the chamber to improve the performance of the wet scrubber without increasing operating costs.

[0024] The distribution plate may be positioned to distribute unused or recycled cleaning fluid into the chamber of the cleaning vessel.

[0025] The wet scrubber may comprise multiple distribution elements. In an embodiment, the wet scrubber may comprise a first distribution element comprising one or more injection nozzles and a second distribution element comprising a distribution plate.

[0026] Preferably, the wet scrubber may comprise first and second distribution elements, wherein the first and second distribution elements are distribution plates.

[0027] Providing first and second distribution plates further improves the performance of the wet scrubber because the dimensions of the wet scrubber can be minimized and the packing material, if present, can be maximized in its volume within the chamber.

[0028] The first distribution plate may be positioned to distribute fresh cleaning fluid inside the chamber, and the second distribution plate may be positioned to distribute recycled cleaning fluid inside the chamber. In an embodiment, the first and second distribution plates may be positioned to distribute fresh cleaning fluid inside the chamber.

[0029] Typically, a second distribution plate arranged to distribute the recirculating scrubbing fluid is fluidly positioned between the first distribution plate and the gas inlet of the wet scrubber.

[0030] The openings in each distribution plate may be substantially uniformly spaced across the bottom surface of the distribution plate, meaning that during use, the cleaning fluid is more evenly distributed within the chamber.

[0031] The cleaning vessel can contain a packing material, the packing material being substantially adjacent to at least one distribution plate, and in embodiments, a substantially unoccupied space can be provided between the packing material and the distribution plate.

[0032] When the wet scrubber comprises first and second distribution elements which are distribution plates and the cleaning vessel contains a packing material, preferably both distribution plates can be substantially adjacent to the packing material.

[0033] Wet scrubbers can be configured so that the scrubbing fluid flows countercurrently to the gas to be scrubbed, which typically flows from the gas inlet to the gas outlet during use. The scrubbing vessel can be a substantially vertically extending column, with the first distribution plate positioned toward the upper end of the scrubbing vessel and the second distribution plate positioned substantially in the lower half, preferably the bottom third, of the scrubbing vessel. In an embodiment, the distribution plate configured to distribute the recirculated scrubbing fluid is positioned substantially in the lower half, preferably the bottom third, of the scrubbing vessel. It has been found that positioning the recirculation distribution plate in the lower half of the column improves the performance of the wet scrubber. Similarly, it has been found that positioning the recirculation distribution plate in the upper half of the column can reduce the performance of the wet scrubber.

[0034] The wet scrubber may include a plurality of distribution elements, some of which are distribution plates. In embodiments, the wet scrubber may include a plurality of distribution elements, at least one of which is an injection nozzle and one or more of which are distribution plates.

[0035] In some embodiments, the spray nozzle is positioned toward the top end of the washing vessel, and one, optionally two, or optionally more than two distribution plates, together with the packing material, are positioned below the spray nozzle to form a multi-stage packed column.

[0036] In embodiments, at least one distribution element can be configured to distribute a different scrubbing fluid to at least one other distribution element for multi-stage treatment of the gas supplied to the wet scrubber. In embodiments, each distribution element can be configured to distribute a different scrubbing fluid to each other distribution element. For example, a wet scrubber can include three distribution elements, i.e., a first distribution element can be configured to distribute an acidic and / or oxidizing agent-containing solution, a second distribution element can be configured to distribute a caustic and / or reducing agent-containing solution, e.g., sodium hydroxide, and a third distribution element can be configured to distribute water.

[0037] Typically, in any or all of the above aspects, the distribution plate comprises a top surface, a bottom surface, and a circumferential wall extending between the top and bottom surfaces to define a cavity. The top and bottom surfaces of the distribution plate are typically substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the washing vessel. In other words, the top and bottom surfaces of the distribution plate typically extend substantially across the diameter of the chamber defined by the washing vessel. Typically, the distribution plate comprises a conduit arranged to fluidly communicate with the washing fluid supply port. Typically, the conduit is located on the circumferential wall of the distribution plate.

[0038] In any or all of the above aspects, the or each distribution plate may include a circumferential wall adjacent to the inner wall of the washing vessel. Alternatively, a space may be provided between the circumferential wall of the distribution plate and the inner wall of the washing vessel.

[0039] In any or all of the above aspects, the virgin cleaning fluid may include water. The water may be tap water or deionized water. In embodiments where the gas to be cleaned is acidic, the water is preferably tap water. In any or all of the above aspects, the virgin cleaning fluid may include an acidic or alkaline fluid and / or may include a reducing agent or an oxidizing agent, or a mixture thereof. In embodiments where the gas to be cleaned contains ammonia, the cleaning fluid may include sulfuric acid. In embodiments, the virgin cleaning fluid may comprise, for example, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, or a peroxide, or a mixture thereof. The virgin cleaning fluid may comprise water and additives to reduce water consumption and maximize cleaning efficiency.

[0040] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the packing material of the cleaning vessel may comprise a plurality of pall rings.

[0041] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the wet scrubber may not have means arranged to create a cyclone, vortex or the like within the chamber.

[0042] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the cleaning vessel comprises a column having a height of 2 meters or less, preferably 1500 mm or less, and more preferably about 910 mm or less, and the second distribution element is positioned at a height of 125 mm to 450 mm from the bottom of the column, preferably 125 mm to 358 mm from the bottom of the column, more preferably about 250 mm from the bottom of the column, and even more preferably 253 mm from the bottom of the column. In an alternative embodiment, the column has a height of about 756 mm, and the second distribution element is positioned at a height of 125 mm to 450 mm from the bottom of the column, preferably 125 mm to 358 mm from the bottom of the column, more preferably about 250 mm from the bottom of the column, and even more preferably 253 mm from the bottom of the column. For example, a "sub-fab" location below a semiconductor manufacturing system may include a wet scrubber comprising a cleaning vessel having a column having a height of 2 meters or less.

[0043] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the column has an outer diameter of about 125 mm and an inner diameter of about 115 mm.

[0044] In an embodiment of any or all of the above aspects, the or each distribution plate comprises a cylinder having a height of about 50 mm and a diameter of about 115 mm.

[0045] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the virgin scrubbing fluid is supplied to the wet scrubber at a temperature of from about 1° C. to about 30° C. Preferably, the scrubbing fluid is supplied to the wet scrubber at a temperature of from about 1° C. to about 10° C. Typically, the cleaning efficiency of the wet scrubber is improved when the temperature of the scrubbing fluid is minimized.

[0046] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the recycled washing fluid is supplied to the wet scrubber at a temperature that is lower, i.e., colder, than the temperature of the unused washing fluid entering the washing vessel, or up to about 6° C. warmer than the temperature of the unused washing fluid entering the washing vessel.

[0047] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the virgin cleaning fluid is supplied to the first distribution element at a temperature of about 7° C. to about 8° C. and a pressure of about 0.8 Bar to about 1 Bar. In embodiments, the recycled cleaning fluid is supplied to the second distribution element at a temperature of about 9° C.

[0048] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the virgin scrubbing fluid is supplied to the wet scrubber at a flow rate of about 0.5 liters / minute to about 10 liters / minute.

[0049] In any embodiment of all of the above aspects, the recycled scrubbing fluid is supplied to the wet scrubber at a flow rate of about 50 liters / hour to about 300 liters / hour.

[0050] In an embodiment, the or each distribution plate opening has a diameter that is sufficient to allow a selected flow rate of cleaning fluid to substantially exit the distribution plate.

[0051] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the openings in the distribution plate may be substantially equal in diameter. In other embodiments, the openings in the distribution plate may not be substantially equal in diameter.

[0052] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the wet scrubber may be an ammonia wet scrubber configured to abate or reduce the amount of ammonia in the gas to be scrubbed. In embodiments, the wet scrubber is a pre-scrubber and is positioned between the vacuum pump and the downstream abatement system to reduce the amount of ammonia entering the downstream abatement system, i.e., the amount of nitrous oxide formed in the downstream abatement system.

[0053] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the wet scrubber is adapted to scrub ammonia from the gas stream, and the ammonia is supplied to the wet scrubber at a flow rate of about 2 liters per minute (lpm) to about 40 liters per minute. In embodiments, the ammonia is supplied to the wet scrubber with about 0 lpm to about 1200 lpm of dilute nitrogen. In embodiments, the ammonia is supplied to the wet scrubber at about 50 lpm to about 200 lpm. In embodiments, the ammonia is supplied to the wet scrubber with about 150 lpm of dilute nitrogen.

[0054] In embodiments of any or all of the above aspects, the wet scrubber can be configured to abate or reduce (from the waste gas stream) epitaxial growth, e.g., epitaxial silicon growth, or other silicon or silicon-associated substrates. Waste gas streams associated with epitaxial silicon growth typically may contain significant amounts of hydrogen and other potentially toxic components, such as dichlorosilane (SiClH), trichlorosilane (SiClH), and / or hydrogen chloride (HCl).

[0055] In an embodiment, the wet scrubber may be configured to abate or reduce the amount of dichlorosilane (SiCl2H2), trichlorosilane (SiCl3H), and / or hydrogen chloride (HCl) from the process gas.

[0056] In an embodiment, the wet scrubber can be configured to abate or reduce the amount of components having the following composition from the process gas: SiCl(x)H(4-x), where x=1 to 3.

[0057] As used herein, the term "epitaxial growth" refers to the growth of a crystalline layer or film on a substrate.

[0058] In an embodiment, the wet scrubber may be a pre-scrubber.

[0059] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a gas abatement system comprising a wet scrubber according to any or all of the above aspects. The gas abatement system may further comprise a gas abatement unit. The gas abatement system may further comprise one or more pumps configured to facilitate flow of the gas to be abated into or through the gas abatement system. In an embodiment, the gas abatement system may be adapted to reduce ammonia from a gas stream.

[0060] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a distribution plate for a wet scrubber, the distribution plate comprising a top surface, a bottom surface, and a circumferential wall connecting the top surface and the bottom surface to define a cavity, the circumferential wall comprising a conduit arranged to be in fluid communication with a scrubbing fluid supply port of the wet scrubber, the distribution plate further comprising one or more channels extending between the top surface and the bottom surface, each channel arranged to allow fluid to pass therethrough from the top surface to the bottom surface and vice versa during use, the bottom surface comprising a plurality of openings arranged to allow scrubbing fluid to flow from the cavity.

[0061] That is, the scrubbing fluid can flow from the cavity through the openings into the chamber of the wet scrubber. Separately, fluid, e.g., gas flowing from the gas inlet towards the gas outlet, or scrubbing fluid from an upstream distribution element, can flow in either direction through the or each channel of the distribution plate, i.e., from top to bottom or vice versa.

[0062] In embodiments, the distribution plate is arranged to distribute the recirculated cleaning fluid within the cleaning vessel of the wet scrubber and can be positioned below the different distribution elements. In these embodiments, the channel or channels are configured so that the fluid flows from the top to the bottom of the distribution plate and the gas flows from the bottom to the top of the distribution plate, i.e., toward the gas outlet, without any fluid being able to enter the cavity. That is, in embodiments, the distribution plate may be arranged to distribute the recirculated cleaning fluid without requiring any changes to the configuration of an existing wet scrubber. In other words, the distribution plate can be retrofitted into the wet scrubber. For example, the distribution plate can be installed in a packed tower of an abatement system, the packed tower being downstream of the combustion unit.

[0063] The or each channel may be bounded by a separation wall configured to separate said channel from the cavity, i.e. in use the cavity is not in fluid communication with the or each channel.

[0064] The distribution plate may have a substantially circular axial cross-section. Alternatively, the distribution plate may have a substantially non-circular axial cross-section. The distribution plate may have an axial cross-section shaped to correspond to the axial cross-section of the chamber of the washing vessel of the wet scrubber.

[0065] The distribution plate may comprise a plurality of channels. The distribution plate may comprise two, three, four or five channels. The distribution plate may comprise more than five channels. The or each channel may have a substantially circular axial cross-section.

[0066] The diameter of the or each channel can be configured depending on the expected fluid flow rate of a particular application. The or each channel should typically be small enough that most of the bottom surface of the distribution plate is available with openings to improve distribution of the cleaning fluid, yet large enough in diameter to avoid pressure drop or blockage of the channel.

[0067] The plurality of openings can be substantially uniformly spaced across the bottom surface of the distribution plate, i.e., the cleaning fluid can be more evenly distributed within the cleaning vessel.

[0068] The diameter and / or depth of the distribution plate can be configured depending on the expected fluid flow rate of a particular application.

[0069] In embodiments, the distribution plate may comprise a cylinder having a height of about 50 mm and a diameter of about 115 mm. Each of the distribution plates may comprise five channels having a diameter of about 18 mm. The conduits in the circumferential wall of the distribution plate may have 3 / 8 inch septa through which cleaning fluid is supplied during use. Each of the plurality of openings in the bottom surface may have a diameter of about 1.2 mm. In embodiments, the bottom surface may comprise from about 50 to about 300 openings. For example, the bottom surface may comprise from about 80 to about 90 openings, e.g., 88 openings.

[0070] In embodiments, the distribution plate may comprise means for capturing scrubbing fluid flowing above the upper surface of the distribution plate during use. The distribution plate may be arranged to redistribute the captured scrubbing fluid. In embodiments, the distribution plate may be arranged to distribute recycled scrubbing fluid, and the distribution plate may be positioned below another distribution element in the wet scrubber. In these embodiments, a distribution plate arranged to distribute recycled scrubbing fluid may comprise means for capturing scrubbing fluid flowing from an upper distribution element. The distribution plate may be configured to allow captured scrubbing fluid to enter a cavity to be distributed through a plurality of openings in the bottom surface of the distribution plate.

[0071] In alternative embodiments, the distribution plate may be positioned to facilitate removal of trapped scrubbing fluid from the wet scrubber. For example, the distribution plate may be connectable to a drain that discharges the scrubbing fluid flowing above the upper surface of the distribution plate. In embodiments, the scrubbing fluid distributed by the distribution plate may be configured to scrub only within a predetermined portion of the scrubbing vessel. In these embodiments, a further distribution plate may be positioned to capture the scrubbing fluid flowing from the upstream distribution and remove the trapped scrubbing fluid from the wet scrubber. The wet scrubber may be positioned to transport the trapped scrubbing fluid to a separate portion of the scrubbing or abatement system.

[0072] In an embodiment, the distribution plate includes one or more venturi scrubbers, which have converging and diverging gas flow channels, and a scrubbing fluid is injected into the throat of the venturi scrubber. The scrubbing fluid is atomized by the turbulent flow in the throat, improving gas-liquid contact. The gas-liquid mixture then decelerates as it passes through the diverging section of the scrubber, causing particle-droplet collisions and droplet coalescence, thereby facilitating scrubbing of soluble gases and fine particles that can be suspended in the gas phase.

[0073] The venturi scrubber minimizes or prevents water carryover, which is detrimental to any subsequent abatement process. Water carryover can also cause blockages in the scrubbing or abatement system. In an embodiment, one or more of the channels of the distribution plate are equipped with a venturi scrubber. In an embodiment, the distribution plate includes five channels, with at least one channel, preferably each channel, equipped with a venturi scrubber. The diameter of the throat of the venturi scrubber depends on the pressure drop suitable for use with the wet scrubber in which the distribution plate is positioned. In an embodiment, the diameter is about 10 gal / 1000 ft 3 There is an optimum liquid-to-gas ratio for a venturi scrubber of 0.04 liters / minute of scrubbing fluid per venturi scrubber, for example, when 150 liters / minute of gas is distributed substantially evenly among the channels of a distribution plate with five channels, and each channel of the distribution plate is equipped with a venturi scrubber.

[0074] In an embodiment, the distribution plate comprises one or more venturi scrubbers. The distribution plate may comprise the or each venturi scrubber instead of a channel extending therethrough. In an embodiment, the distribution plate comprises five venturi scrubbers positioned between the top and bottom surfaces of the distribution plate.

[0075] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a composition comprising: a) directing the gas to be scrubbed into a wet scrubber; b) treating the gas with virgin scrubbing fluid and recycled scrubbing fluid as the gas passes from the gas inlet to the gas outlet in the wet scrubber; A method for scrubbing a gas comprising:

[0076] The gas to be scrubbed may be first contacted by recycled scrubbing fluid or a mixture of recycled and virgin scrubbing fluid, and then by virgin scrubbing fluid alone, as the gas passes from the gas inlet to the gas outlet of the wet scrubber.

[0077] In an embodiment, the flow rate of the cleaning fluid into the distribution element is determined by achieving optimal gas entrapment while minimizing vapor pressure.

[0078] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of designing a wet scrubber having a cleaning vessel defining a chamber, a gas inlet, and a gas outlet, one or more cleaning fluid supply ports, and one or more cleaning fluid distribution elements, at least one of said distribution elements being a distribution plate arranged to distribute recirculating cleaning fluid inside the chamber, the method comprising: a. determining the configuration and dimensions of a cleaning vessel, a gas inlet, a gas outlet, and a cleaning fluid supply port; b. determining the content and flow rate of the gas to be scrubbed into the gas inlet; c. determining the content and flow rate of the cleaning fluid through one or more distribution elements; and d. positioning the or each distribution plate within the scrubbing vessel so that the output concentration of contaminants to be scrubbed from the gas is substantially minimized; Equipped with.

[0079] In an embodiment, the optimal position of the distribution plate depends on the temperature of the scrubbing fluid entering the wet scrubber. In an embodiment, a first distribution plate is positioned to distribute unused scrubbing fluid, and a second distribution plate is positioned to distribute recycled scrubbing fluid. Typically, when the recycled scrubbing fluid temperature is increased relative to the unused scrubbing fluid temperature, the recycled scrubbing fluid removes less contaminants from the gas because the vapor pressure of the contaminants is greater at higher temperatures. That is, typically, when the temperature of the recycled scrubbing fluid is higher than the temperature of the unused scrubbing fluid entering the wet scrubber, the optimal position of the distribution plate positioned to distribute the recycled scrubbing fluid is lower in the scrubbing vessel.

[0080] For the avoidance of doubt, all aspects described above may be combined with each other.

[0081] Preferred features of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0082] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a cutaway view of a wet scrubber. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a wet scrubber. [Figure 3] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a wet scrubber with a distribution plate. [Figure 4] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the recirculating water flow rate of the first example. [Figure 5] FIG. 10 illustrates another example of optimal distribution plate position. [Figure 6] FIG. 10 illustrates yet another example of optimal distribution plate position. [Figure 7] FIG. 10 illustrates the effect of increasing the temperature of fresh and recirculated water in another example. [Figure 8] FIG. 10 illustrates the effect of temperature changes on fresh and recirculated water in another example. [Figure 9] FIG. 10 shows optimum distribution plate position for recirculating water temperature at 7° C. fresh water for yet another example. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an ammonia concentration output in yet another example. [Figure 11] FIG. 10 illustrates the effect of fresh water flow rate in another example. [Figure 12] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the effect of the presence or absence of recirculated water on the ammonia flow rate in yet another example of the ammonia output concentration. [Figure 13] FIG. 10 illustrates the effect of varying flow rates on two different diameter washing vessels in yet another example. [Figure 14] FIG. 10 illustrates the effect of distribution plate position when using only fresh water and only recirculated water in another example wet scrubber. [Figure 15] FIG. 10 illustrates the combined effect of fresh water and recycled water in another example wet scrubber. [Figure 16] FIG. 10 illustrates the combined effect of fresh water and recycled water in another example wet scrubber. [Figure 17] 10A and 10B illustrate optimal positions of distribution plates arranged to distribute recirculating cleaning fluid in yet another example. [Figure 18] FIG. 1 shows the throat diameter of a venturi scrubber. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0083] 1 shows a cutaway view of a wet scrubber 1 according to the present invention. The wet scrubber 1 is configured to scrub one or more components of an inlet gas stream from the gas stream as part of a gas abatement process. For example, the wet scrubber 1 can be configured to scrub ammonia from the inlet gas stream.

[0084] The wet scrubber 1 includes a cleaning vessel 2 that defines a chamber. The cleaning vessel 2 is an upwardly extending cylinder having an upper end 3, a lower end 4, and a circumferential wall 5. The cleaning vessel 2 is a fillable cleaning vessel that contains a plurality of pall rings 22 that increase the total surface area of ​​the chamber.

[0085] The wet scrubber 1 further comprises a gas inlet 6 and a gas outlet 7. The gas inlet 6 is configured to provide gas to be scrubbed into the chamber. The gas outlet 7 is configured to allow the scrubbing gas to exit the chamber once the gas has been treated. The gas inlet 6 and the gas outlet 7 are in fluid communication with each other and with the chamber of the scrubbing vessel 2.

[0086] A gas inlet 6 is positioned towards the lower end 4 of the cleaning vessel 2, and the gas to be cleaned travels generally upward in the chamber towards a gas outlet 7. The gas outlet 7 is positioned at the upper end 3 of the cleaning vessel 2.

[0087] The wet scrubber 1 further comprises two cleaning fluid supply ports 8, 9. The cleaning fluid supply ports 8, 9 provide a cleaning fluid, e.g., water, into the chamber of the cleaning vessel 2. In the embodiment of Figure 1, the first supply port 8 is configured to supply fresh, unused cleaning fluid to the cleaning vessel 2. The second supply port 9 is configured to supply recycled cleaning fluid to the cleaning vessel 2. The wet scrubber 1 further comprises a reservoir 12 positioned below the cleaning vessel 2 and arranged to collect the cleaning fluid.

[0088] The wet scrubber 1 further comprises first and second distribution elements 10, 11. The distribution elements 10, 11 are distribution plates. The first distribution plate 10 is positioned towards the upper end 3 of the washing vessel 2. The second distribution plate 11 is positioned in the lower half of the washing vessel 2, approximately in the bottom third of the washing vessel 2.

[0089] Each distribution plate 10, 11 is arranged to allow fluid to flow across said distribution plate. In other words, fluid can flow across each distribution plate between the gas inlet 6 and the gas outlet 7. During use, gas flows across the first and second distribution plates 10, 11 towards the gas outlet 7. Cleaning fluid from the first distribution plate 10 flows across the second distribution plate 11 towards the reservoir 12. The distribution plates 10, 11 are described in more detail below.

[0090] The first distribution plate 10 is configured to distribute unused fresh water supplied through the first cleaning fluid supply port 8. Fresh water is therefore distributed from the top end of the cleaning vessel 2 by the first distribution plate 10 during use. The second distribution plate 11 is configured to distribute recycled water that has passed through the cleaning vessel 2 and collected in a reservoir 12. Recirculated cleaning fluid is supplied to the second distribution plate 11 through the second cleaning fluid supply port 9.

[0091] 2, the wet scrubber 1 comprises a pump 23 for recirculating the water collected in the reservoir 12 and supplying the water to the second distribution plate 11. The wet scrubber 1 further comprises a heat exchanger for controlling the temperature of the scrubbing fluid to be recirculated into the scrubbing vessel 2.

[0092] Each distribution plate 10, 11 is contacted by packing material in the washing vessel 2. The bottom surface of the first distribution plate 10 is in contact with the packing material. The top and bottom surfaces of the second distribution plate 11 are in contact with the packing material. The second distribution plate 11 is therefore substantially bounded by the packing material in the washing vessel 2.

[0093] Returning to FIG. 1 , the general flow of fluids into and within the wet scrubber 1 during use is shown. A gas stream is supplied to the wet scrubber 1 through the gas inlet 6. In the embodiment of FIG. 1 , the gas inlet 6 is positioned to supply gas into the region of the wet scrubber 1 containing the reservoir 12. Scrubbing fluid, in the form of fresh water at the first distribution plate 10 and recycled water at the second distribution plate 11, is forced into the scrubbing vessel 2. During use, the scrubbing fluid flows downward from each distribution plate 10, 11 through the packing material 22. The configuration of the distribution plates 10, 11 and the packing material 22 results in a substantially uniform distribution of the scrubbing fluid in the scrubbing vessel 2. The scrubbing fluid therefore flows countercurrently to the gas to be scrubbed, which flows generally upward from the gas inlet 6 toward the gas outlet 7. That is, the gas comes into contact with recycled water and / or a mixture of recycled water and fresh water before flowing across the second distribution plate 11. The gas then passes through the second distribution plate 11 where it comes into contact with only fresh water and flows towards the first distribution plate 10 and towards the gas outlet 7 .

[0094] The reservoir 12 includes a drain 21 configured to allow the scrubbing fluid to exit the wet scrubber 1. During use, the scrubbing fluid is fed into the scrubbing vessel 2 and recirculated, the scrubbing fluid becoming saturated with components of the gas to be scrubbed and finally being discharged from the wet scrubber 1.

[0095] In the embodiment of FIG. 1 , the scrubbing vessel is approximately 910 mm high. The wet scrubber 1 is configured to scrub ammonia from the inlet gas stream. The second distribution plate 11 is optimally positioned approximately 253 mm from the bottom of the scrubbing vessel 2 when the following conditions are met: 14 liters / minute of ammonia in 150 liters / minute of diluted nitrogen is supplied through the gas inlet 6; 120 liters / hour of fresh water at approximately 7°C is supplied to the first distribution plate 10; and 150 liters / hour of recirculated water at approximately 9°C is supplied to the second distribution plate 11. The scrubbing vessel 2 has approximately 557 mm of packing between the first and second distribution plates and approximately 258 mm of packing below the second distribution plate. The optimal position of the second distribution plate 11 is lower when the temperature of the recirculated water is higher than that of the fresh water supplied from the first distribution plate 10. In this embodiment, the second distribution plate 10 reduces the ammonia gas output concentration from about 300 ppm to less than 150 ppm compared to a wet scrubber 1 lacking a second distribution plate 11 that supplies recirculated water.

[0096] The inventors have found that the following variables do not alter the optimum position of the second distribution plate: total column height, fresh water flow rate to the first distribution plate, ammonia flow rate, and dilution nitrogen flow rate. The inventors have also found that the following variables do alter the optimum position of the second distribution plate: the temperature of the second distribution plate relative to the temperature of the fresh water flowing from the first distribution plate, and column diameter.

[0097] Additionally or alternatively, the wet scrubber may be configured to remove or reduce the amount of one or more compounds associated with epitaxial silicon growth, such as dichlorosilane (SiClH), trichlorosilane (SiClH), and / or hydrogen chloride (HCl), from the process gas.

[0098] Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a part of a wet scrubber 1 with a distribution plate 10. Part of the scrubbing vessel 2 and the gas outlet 7 are shown.

[0099] The cleaning vessel 2 is substantially cylindrical. The gas outlet 7 is configured as a substantially cylindrical duct extending perpendicularly away from the cleaning vessel.

[0100] The distribution plate 10 includes a top surface 13, a bottom surface 14, and a circumferential wall 15 extending between the top surface 13 and the bottom surface 14 to define a cavity 16. The distribution plate 10 includes a conduit 17 disposed in fluid communication with the fluid supply port 8 of the washing vessel 2. The distribution plate 10 fits within the washing vessel 2 such that there is substantially no gap between the circumferential wall of the distribution plate 10 and the inner surface of the washing vessel 2.

[0101] The distribution plate 10 further includes a plurality of openings 18 spaced substantially uniformly across the bottom surface 14 and positioned to allow cleaning fluid to flow from the cavities.

[0102] The distribution plate further comprises a number of channels 19 extending between the top surface 13 and the bottom surface 14 and arranged to allow fluid to pass therethrough. Each channel 19 has a substantially cylindrical axial cross-section. Each channel 19 comprises a separation wall 20 separating the channel from the cavity 16. That is, cleaning fluid cannot flow into the channel from the cavity, and gas flowing towards the gas outlet 7 during use cannot enter the cavity 16.

[0103] The distribution plate 10 has a height sufficient to allow the cavities 16 to handle the flow rate of the cleaning fluid entering the cavities 16 from the cleaning fluid supply port 8. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the distribution plate has a height of approximately 50 mm and a diameter of approximately 115 mm. The distribution plate 10 includes five channels 19, each having a diameter of approximately 18 mm. The channels 19 are evenly spaced across the diameter of the distribution plate 10. The cavities 16 are fed with cleaning fluid through a 3 / 8 inch septum water supply connection at the fluid supply port 8. Each of the openings 18 in the distribution plate 10 is approximately 1.2 mm in diameter. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the bottom surface 14 of the distribution plate 10 includes 88 openings that are relatively evenly spaced across the bottom surface 14.

[0104] The washing vessel 2 is filled with a distribution plate 10 and an adjacent pall ring 22 .

[0105] The wet scrubber 1 can be used on the wet side of the abatement system downstream of the combustor.

[0106] The wet scrubber 1 and each distribution plate are made of polypropylene.

[0107] Example

[0108] Example 1 Example 1 - Water Carryover The inventors have found that in contrast to known wet scrubbers equipped only with injection nozzles, the water carryover is significantly less in a wet scrubber according to the present invention. The water carryover in a wet scrubber equipped with i) injection nozzles according to known wet scrubbers and ii) a second distribution plate arranged to distribute the recirculated scrubbing fluid is shown in Table 1.

[0109] [Table 1]

[0110] Table 1 shows that a cyclone mechanism may not be necessary if a distribution plate configured to distribute the recirculating cleaning fluid is used. Therefore, the volume of the cleaning vessel saved by eliminating the cyclone allows for additional packing material in the cleaning vessel, i.e., increased cleaning capacity in a cleaning vessel with the same volume. The theoretical water vapor in Table 1 is obtained using the Antoine equation.

[0111] The first distribution plate has the advantage of reducing water carryover; i.e., a cyclone is not required in this embodiment of the present invention. However, if the cyclone is appropriately sized and has a high gas velocity, it can remove fine particles entrained in the gas phase. Higher inlet velocities to the cyclone increase efficiency and allow for the removal of smaller particles. The optimal inlet velocity has been determined to be approximately 9 meters / second. It has been found that cyclone efficiency can drop at inlet velocities of 17 meters / second, with pressure drop increasing substantially from 9 meters / second to 17 meters / second. This size is believed to allow the cyclone to fit within the distribution plate channels, i.e., it is believed that additional functionality can be achieved without sacrificing space within the wet scrubber. Additionally, there may be a possibility of water carryover when very high gas flow rates are used. In this case, the addition of one or more cyclones within the distribution plate channels can reduce water carryover without increasing space requirements.

[0112] Example 2 Example 2 - Distribution plate for distributing recirculated water In a wet scrubber such as that described above, fresh water is supplied at 7 to 8°C and 0.8 to 1 bar to a first distribution plate positioned towards the top of the scrubbing vessel.

[0113] Unless otherwise stated, the following conditions were established: wash vessel column height 910 mm, column internal diameter 115 mm, packing with 16 mm polypropylene Pall rings, packing height 810 mm, ammonia feed 14 lpm, dilution nitrogen feed 150 lpm, fresh water flow rate at first distribution plate 120 lph, fresh water temperature 7°C, recirculation water flow rate at second distribution plate 150 lph, and recirculation water temperature 9°C.

[0114] Water is discharged into a reservoir at the bottom of the wet scrubber. This water contains dissolved ammonia. A portion of the water is collected and pumped through a heat exchanger before flowing through a second distribution plate positioned to distribute recycled cleaning fluid to the lower half of the cleaning vessel. The recycled water is at 9°C when it enters the filled cleaning vessel.

[0115] A second distribution plate in the lower half of the washing vessel allows the water descending from the first distribution plate to pass through the channels of the second distribution plate and then mix with the recirculated water below the second distribution plate. The channels are large enough to avoid high pressure losses or blockages, and small enough that most of the distribution plate face is provided with openings to provide a uniform distribution of the washing fluid.

[0116] The position of the second distribution plate, as well as the flow rate of recirculated scrubbing fluid entering the second distribution plate, is important to the performance of the wet scrubber. If the second distribution plate is positioned too low in the scrubbing vessel, the recirculated water will flow over a smaller amount of packing material during use, resulting in less time for cleaning. If the second distribution plate is positioned too high in the scrubbing vessel, the packing material above the second distribution plate will be reduced, and the fresh water flowing from the first distribution plate will have a smaller volume of packing material, resulting in reduced performance. Furthermore, if the second distribution plate is positioned too high in the scrubbing vessel, the vapor pressure of ammonia in the recirculated water will be higher than the ammonia concentration at the same point as if the column were fed only fresh water.

[0117] The recirculation water flow rate should not be so high that flooding occurs. It should be high enough that there is a large gas-liquid contact area. The liquid in the lower half of the column is a mixture of low-concentration "fresh" water flowing from the first distribution plate and high-concentration recirculation water flowing from the second distribution plate. That is, the higher the recirculation flow rate, the higher the concentration of the liquid mixture in the lower half of the wash vessel, i.e., the higher the vapor pressure.

[0118] Therefore, the optimum flow rate must be determined keeping gas entrapment and vapor pressure in mind.

[0119] In this example, the column of wash vessels has an outer diameter of 125 mm, an inner diameter of 115 mm, and a height of 910 mm. The first and second distribution plates each have a height of 50 mm, meaning that the packing material has a total height of 810 mm when both distribution plates are installed.

[0120] With the second distribution plate located 125 mm from the bottom of the washing vessel, performance improves as the recirculated water flow rate increases. The observed improvement reaches a plateau around 150 liters / hour. The results are shown in Figure 4.

[0121] Example 3a Example 3a - Recirculation Distribution Plate Location The second distribution plate was tested at various positions from the bottom of the washing vessel. The distribution plate was tested at 128 mm, 253 mm, 378 mm, and 435 mm from the bottom of the 910 mm high washing vessel, leaving 682 mm, 557 mm, 432 mm, and 357 mm of packing above the second distribution plate and below the first distribution plate, respectively. The ammonia and dilution nitrogen flow rates entering the wet scrubber were 14 lpm and 150 lpm, respectively. 120 lph of fresh water at approximately 7°C was supplied to the first distribution plate located at the top of the washing vessel, and 150 lph of recycled water at approximately 9°C was supplied to the second distribution plate at various positions. The results are shown in Figure 5.

[0122] Of the positions tested, the optimum position for the second distribution plate was 253 mm from the bottom of the washing vessel.

[0123] Example 3b Example 3b - Position of recirculation distribution plate relative to column and distribution plate height As shown in Figure 6, when the height of the washing vessel is reduced from 910 mm to 756 mm, the optimum position of the second distribution plate remains the same.

[0124] The inventors have also found that the optimum position is the same when the height of the distribution plate is less than 50 mm, and more packing material may be positioned in the washing vessel.

[0125] The ammonia output concentration is reduced from 300 ppm to less than 150 ppm when the second distribution plate is placed 125 mm to 358 mm from the bottom of the wash vessel column. This improvement results in reduced nitrous oxide formation in the downstream abatement system without the need to increase the fresh water flow rate, increase the wash vessel height, decrease the wash water temperature, increase the column diameter, or reduce dilution nitrogen.

[0126] Example 5 Example 5 - Temperature A change in the temperature of the recirculated water supplied from the second distribution plate relative to the temperature of the fresh water supplied from the first distribution plate will result in a change in the optimum position of the second distribution plate.

[0127] When the temperature of the recirculated water is increased relative to the temperature of the fresh water, the recirculated water supplied from the second distribution plate removes less ammonia from the gas phase. This is because the vapor pressure of ammonia is higher at higher temperatures. That is, when the temperature of the recirculated water increases relative to the temperature of the fresh water, the optimal position of the second distribution plate becomes lower within the column. The performance of the wet scrubber also decreases with increasing temperature of the recirculated water.

[0128] When both the fresh water and the recirculated water increase in temperature, the improvement from adding a second distribution plate remains since both the fresh water and the recirculated water are affected by the same temperature increase, as shown in FIGS.

[0129] Figure 7 shows the following conditions: height of the second distribution plate from the bottom of the wash column is 253 mm, column height is 820 mm, fresh water flow rate is 120 lph, recirculated water flow rate is 150 lph, column internal diameter is 115 mm, and ammonia flow rate is 14 lpm.

[0130] When the temperature of both the fresh water and the recirculated water is increased by 7°C, there is still about a 50% improvement over fresh water alone at the higher temperature.

[0131] The temperature of the recirculated water may be affected by the temperature of the fresh water, the enthalpy of solution of the dissolved ammonia, the thermal evaporation of water vapor in the column, the heat from the pump as water is pumped from the sump tank, the presence and condition of heat exchangers, or ambient air conditions.

[0132] The maximum points on each curve shown in Figure 9 indicate the optimum position of the second distribution plate from the bottom of the washing vessel at temperatures of 4°C, 10°C, 15.5°C, and 21.1°C when the temperature of the fresh water flowing from the first distribution plate is 7°C. Figure 9 shows that the optimum position decreases slightly as the temperature increases.

[0133] Returning to Figure 8, if the temperature of the recirculating water increases too much relative to the fresh water temperature, there will be no improvement over washing with fresh water alone. Figure 8 relates to a wash column having an overall height of 830 mm and with a second distribution plate positioned 378 mm from the bottom of the column.

[0134] Example 6 Example 6 - Fresh Water 10 shows that when fresh water is supplied to both the first and second distribution plates, there is some improvement over supplying fresh water to the first distribution plate and recirculated water to the second distribution plate. This is due to the lower vapor pressure when fresh water is supplied to both distribution plates. However, when the fresh water flow rate is not constrained, the inventors have found that directing a high flow rate to one distribution plate is better than splitting it across two plates because the fresh water can then flow across a larger fill volume, resulting in a higher cleaning rate.

[0135] Example 7 Example 7 - Flow Rate The effect of reducing the fresh water flow rate while keeping the recirculating water flow rate constant is shown in Figure 11. The conditions were fresh water temperature 8°C, recirculating water temperature 10°C, column height 910 mm, and column internal diameter 115 mm.

[0136] The addition of recycled water fed through a second distribution plate allows the fresh water flow rate to be reduced while maintaining performance.

[0137] FIG. 12 shows the performance improvement for ammonia flow rates from 2 lpm to 14 lpm under the conditions described above and with the second distribution plate in the optimum position described above.

[0138] Example 8 Example 8 - Column Diameter Figure 13 shows the results of testing a 125 mm diameter column and a 160 mm diameter column, both with a height of 910 mm and a recirculation distribution plate 253 mm from the bottom of the column, showing some improvement with the larger diameter column.

[0139] Example 9 Example 9 - Comparison of recycle and fresh water distribution as position within the column changes. Figure 14 shows how the recirculation portion of the column cleans as the column height increases, compared to how fresh water cleans as the column height increases. This assumes there is no fresh water above the recirculation distribution plate. Above 620 mm, recirculated water performs worse than fresh water. Between 400 mm and 620 mm, there is little improvement from adding a second distribution plate to distribute the recirculated water. Below 450 mm, there is the greatest difference between recirculated water and fresh water. That is, the optimum location for the second distribution plate is somewhere up to 450 mm from the bottom of the column.

[0140] Figure 14 also shows that when the temperature of the recirculated water is increased, the "recirculated" line appears higher in Figure 14 due to higher steam pressure. The lower the plate position, the smaller the difference between the fresh water wash and the recirculated water wash, and the optimum position appears lower in the column at higher temperatures.

[0141] If the flow rate of ammonia or nitrogen is changed, both lines in FIG. 14 move up and down in the same manner, so the optimum position does not change substantially under the conditions described above.

[0142] Example 10 Example 10 - Synergistic Effect of Fresh Water and Recycled Water Figure 15 shows the ammonia concentration from the bottom to the top of the column using only fresh water. Figure 15 also shows the ammonia concentration for recirculating water distribution through the second distribution plate from positions between 130 mm and 500 mm, with positions labeled 8, 7, and 6. Positions 8, 7, and 6 represent 125 mm, 253 mm, and 378 mm from the bottom of the column, respectively.

[0143] From each of the concentrations at positions 8, 7, and 6, the dashed lines show how the height of fresh water above the second distribution plate can reduce the ammonia concentration. Figure 16 shows the top of the column and the height that would be needed to reduce the ammonia output to 100 ppm. With the second distribution plate at position 7, i.e., the smallest height needed to produce 100 ppm, it can therefore be assumed by calculation to be the optimum position.

[0144] Using this method, the full range of heights can be calculated, as shown in Figure 17. The Y-axis represents the height remaining in the column subtracted from the theoretical height required to produce 100 ppm; the higher this value, the better the position. Figure 17 shows 200 mm from the bottom of the column as the theoretical optimum position. The difference between the calculated and measured positions is due to variations in mixing and flow distribution at the point where the two flows mix, as well as temperature variations.

[0145] Example 11 Example 11 - Venturi Scrubber Figure 18 shows how the throat diameter of a venturi scrubber depends on the pressure drop appropriate for the process and gas flow rate. 3 There is an optimum liquid-to-gas ratio for the Venturi scrubber of 0.04 L / min. In an embodiment, 150 L / min of gas is split between five passes, and 0.04 L / min of scrubber water is considered to be required per Venturi scrubber throat.

[0146] Reference number table 1. Wet scrubber 2 cleaning containers 3 Top of the cleaning container 4 Bottom edge of cleaning container 5. Circumferential wall of cleaning vessel 6 Gas inlet 7 Gas outlet 8 First cleaning fluid supply port 9 Second cleaning fluid supply port 10 First distribution plate 11 Second distribution plate 12 Reservoir 13 Top of distribution plate 14 Bottom of distribution plate 15 Distribution plate circumferential wall 16 cavities 17 Conduit 18 Aperture 19 channels 20 Separation wall 21 Drain pipe 22 Pall Ring 23 Pump

Claims

1. 1. A distribution plate for a wet scrubber, comprising: The top surface and The bottom and a circumferential wall connecting the top and bottom surfaces to define a cavity; Equipped with the circumferential wall comprising a conduit disposed in fluid communication with a scrubbing fluid supply port of a wet scrubber; the distribution plate further comprising one or more channels extending between said top and bottom surfaces, said channels being arranged to allow fluid to pass therethrough from said top surface towards said bottom surface and vice versa, in use; the bottom surface includes a plurality of openings arranged to allow cleaning fluid to flow from the cavity; A distribution plate characterized by:

2. A distribution plate as described in claim 1, characterized in that the channel is bounded by a separation wall configured to separate the channel from the cavity.

3. 3. A distributor plate according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein at least one of the channels is provided with a venturi scrubber.

4. 1. A wet scrubber for gas abatement, comprising: a cleaning vessel defining a chamber; a gas inlet for supplying gas to be scrubbed and a gas outlet for allowing the exit of the scrubbed gas, the inlet and the outlet being in fluid communication with each other; one or more cleaning fluid supply ports; Equipped with The wet scrubber comprises at least first and second distribution plates according to any one of claims 1 to 3, each connected to a scrubbing fluid supply port for distributing scrubbing fluid inside the chamber; the first distribution plate is positioned to distribute fresh cleaning fluid inside the chamber; the second distribution plate is positioned to distribute recirculating cleaning fluid inside the chamber; A wet scrubber characterized by:

5. The wet scrubber of claim 4, wherein the second distribution plate is fluidly positioned between the first distribution plate and the gas inlet.

6. 6. The wet scrubber according to claim 4 or claim 5, wherein the washing vessel is a vertically extending column and the second distribution plate is located in the lower half of the washing vessel.

7. 7. The wet scrubber of claim 4, wherein the washing vessel is a vertically extending column and the second distribution plate is located in the lowermost third of the washing vessel.

8. 1. A wet scrubber for gas abatement, comprising: a cleaning vessel defining a chamber; a gas inlet for supplying gas to be scrubbed and a gas outlet for allowing the exit of the scrubbed gas, the inlet and the outlet being in fluid communication with each other; one or more cleaning fluid supply ports; Equipped with The wet scrubber comprises at least one distribution plate according to any one of claims 1 to 3, connected to a cleaning fluid supply port for distributing cleaning fluid inside the chamber. A wet scrubber characterized by:

9. A wet scrubber as described in Claim 8, characterized in that the openings in the distribution plate are uniformly spaced across the bottom surface of the distribution plate.

10. 10. The wet scrubber of claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the cleaning vessel contains a packing material, the packing material being adjacent to at least one of the distribution plates.

11. 1. A method for designing a wet scrubber having a cleaning vessel defining a chamber, a gas inlet and a gas outlet, one or more cleaning fluid supply ports, and one or more distribution plates for cleaning fluid according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein at least one distribution plate is arranged to distribute recirculating cleaning fluid inside the chamber, comprising: determining the configuration and dimensions of the cleaning vessel, gas inlet, gas outlet, and cleaning fluid supply port; b. determining the content and flow rate of the gas to be scrubbed into said gas inlet; c. determining the content and flow rate of the cleaning fluid through the one or more distribution plates; and d. positioning the distribution plate within the scrubbing vessel such that the output concentration of contaminants to be scrubbed from the gas is minimized; A method comprising:

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