Method for fabricating nanostructured and compositionally controlled tubes and components by low temperature solid-state cold spray powder deposition

Abstract

A method for manufacturing a freestanding cladding tube having a multi-layer structure is disclosed. According to the method, a cylindrical mandrel substrate defining a hollow cylindrical interior space is provided. A first cold-spray powder metal is selected. The cylindrical mandrel substrate is rotated, and the first cold-spray powder metal is applied to an outer surface of the cylindrical mandrel substrate to form a first layer. The cylindrical mandrel substrate is removed.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application No. 16 / 878,523, filed May 19, 2020, and entitled "METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING NANOSTRUCTURED AND COMPOSITIONALLY-TAILORED TUBES AND COMPONENTS BY LOW TEMPERATURE, SOLID-STATE COLD SPRAY POWDER DEPOSITION," the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE This disclosure relates generally to methods for fabricating nanostructured and compositionally controlled tubes and components. More specifically, this disclosure relates to methods for fabricating nanostructured and compositionally controlled tubes and components by low temperature solid-state cold spray powder deposition. Applications include, for example, nuclear reactor cladding containing uranium-based fuel. [Background technology]

[0003] Conventional melting and casting approaches are not suitable for producing oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel because they lead to an overlayering of oxide nanoparticles. FIG. 1 illustrates a method 100 for producing a nanostructured ODS steel cladding tube 114. Thus, as shown in FIG. 1, a solid-state processing approach involves a combination of powder consolidation and extrusion to produce the ODS steel cladding tube 114. According to the method 100, milled powder 102 is cladded and degassed in a vacuum at approximately 400°C and mechanically alloyed (104) to produce a low-carbon steel-encased mechanically alloyed (MA) powder tube 106, followed by high-temperature extrusion 108 at approximately 1100°C. The substrate powder (ferritic steel) is first milled with oxide nanoparticles to create a mechanically alloyed powder. The powder is then consolidated by cladding within a low-carbon steel housing. The bulk material undergoes high-temperature / warm extrusion, followed by multiple pilgering and intermediate heat treatments to achieve the final dimensions. Further extrusions, up to a ratio of 5 to 8, are required to reduce the diameter and wall thickness of the tube 106 to the dimensions of the final cladding tube 114. This is achieved by multiple warm extrusions 108 performed at a temperature of approximately 850°C with intermediate annealing steps to avoid cracking. These multiple extrusions 108 result in large anisotropies in grain structure and mechanical properties. To produce fine equiaxed grains, further cold extrusions 110 with intermediate annealing treatments 112 are required to induce recrystallization. All of these extrusion steps are inherently slow, low strain rate processes, which are not suitable for the rapid and economical production of ODS steel cladding tube 114. Furthermore, the multiple thermomechanical steps can lead to stochastic variations in the microstructure and properties of the cladding tube 114.

[0004] Therefore, a need exists for a cold spray process to provide a rapid, cost-effective method for producing ODS steel cladding tubes with potentially more uniform microstructures and improved performance. A further need exists for applying the fundamental principles described in this disclosure to near-net-shape manufacturing of other components and materials. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing a free-standing cladding tube having a multi-layer structure, the method including providing a cylindrical mandrel substrate defining a hollow cylindrical interior space, selecting a first cold-spray powder metal, rotating the cylindrical mandrel substrate, applying the first cold-spray powder metal to an outer surface of the cylindrical mandrel substrate to form a first layer, and removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate.

[0006] In addition to the above, various other methods are described and illustrated in the teachings, such as the text of this disclosure (e.g., the claims and / or detailed description) and / or drawings).

[0007] The foregoing is a summary and, as such, may include simplifications, generalizations, inclusions, and / or omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be limiting in any respect. Other aspects, features, and advantages of the devices and / or processes described herein and / or other subject matter will become apparent in the teachings set forth herein.

[0008] Furthermore, it will be understood that any one or more of the forms, representations of forms, and examples described below may be combined with any one or more of the other forms, representations of forms, and examples described below.

[0009] The above summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the exemplary aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the following detailed description. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0010] The novel features of the described embodiments are set forth with particularity in the appended claims, however the described embodiments, both as to organization and method of operation, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0011] [Figure 1] 1 illustrates a typical process for manufacturing nanostructured ODS steel cladding tubes. [Figure 2] 1 illustrates a cold spray process for producing a self-supporting ODS steel cladding tube having a multi-layer structure, according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3] 3 is a cross-sectional view of an ODS steel cladding tube having a multi-layer structure produced using the cold spray process illustrated in FIG. 2 in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] FIG. 3 is a microscopic cross-sectional view of a free-standing ODS steel cladding tube including an ODS steel material having a protective outer coating with an iron chromium aluminum alloy produced using the cold spray process of FIG. 2 in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5] 3 is a microscopic cross-sectional view of a free-standing ODS steel cladding tube including an ODS steel material having a protective outer coating having pure chromium produced using the cold spray process of FIG. 2 in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a micrograph of the morphology and size of an ODS steel feed powder produced by a gas atomization process, according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a micrograph of the morphology and size of the ODS steel feedstock powder produced by ball milling the oxide nanoparticle gas-atomized powder of FIG. 6, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a micrograph of the morphology and size of the ODS steel feedstock powder produced by cryogenic grinding of the ball milled gas atomized powder of FIG. 7, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 9]11 is a method for manufacturing a self-supporting ODS steel cladding tube having a multi-layer structure using a cold spray process as shown in FIG. 10 according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 10] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a cold spray process according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0012] Before describing in detail various aspects of the method for manufacturing nanostructured and compositionally tuned tubing and components, and more particularly, the method for manufacturing nanostructured and compositionally tuned tubing and components by cryogenic solid-state cold spray powder deposition, it should be noted that the exemplary aspects are not limited in application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. The exemplary aspects may be implemented or incorporated in other aspects, variations, and modifications, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Moreover, unless otherwise indicated, the terms and phrases utilized herein have been chosen for the convenience of the reader and for the purpose of describing the exemplary aspects, not for the purpose of limitation thereof.

[0013] Furthermore, it will be understood that any one or more of the forms, representations of forms, and examples described below may be combined with any one or more of the other forms, representations of forms, and examples described below.

[0014] In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method for fabricating nanostructured and compositionally controlled tubing and components, as described above. In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method for fabricating nanostructured and compositionally controlled tubing and components by low temperature solid-state cold spray powder deposition.

[0015] Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are good cladding candidate materials for Generation IV reactors, such as lead fast reactors (LFRs), microreactors, and potentially fossil fuel plant boiler tube applications, due to their excellent high-temperature strength and irradiation stability. However, ODS steels may lack corrosion resistance in certain environments at high temperatures that are not commensurate with the improved high-temperature strength such steels can offer. Additionally, in nuclear fuel cladding applications, the inner surface of the cladding tube comes into contact with the fuel, and over time and at high temperatures, low-melting-point compounds can form due to interdiffusion between the tube and fuel material.

[0016] Processes involving melting and solidification cannot produce nanoscale ODS steels because oxide particles will agglomerate, leading to macroscale inhomogeneities. Melting and solidification methods for producing oxidation-resistant corrosion-resistant coatings or inner diffusion barrier coatings can lead to a loss of the fundamental nanostructural qualities of ODS steels. Even high-temperature, high-pressure solid-state coating processes can lead to similar effects.

[0017] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a low-temperature, solid-state cold spray process is used, which is essential for preserving the nanostructure in the ODS steel pipe coating. The cold spray process is fast and can be used for rapid prototyping / manufacturing, unlike modern extrusion-anneal-extrusion processes, such as that illustrated in FIG.

[0018] According to aspects of the present disclosure, stochastic variations in microstructure are minimized due to the elimination of multiple processing steps. High energy input and high temperatures to fabricate the tube are not or minimally involved. While lining the inner surface of long, small-diameter tubes is very difficult, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for very easily manufacturing long, small-diameter tubes through an alternative, technologically smaller, better, and more cost-effective process. For fabricating a lining on the inner surface of the tube, the process according to the present disclosure eliminates issues related to the thermomechanical property (behavior) differences between the two materials, which can potentially lead to stresses and cracks during fabrication.

[0019] The cold spray process according to various aspects of the present disclosure is suitable for various types of powder morphologies, including gas-atomized spherical powders, ball-milled or cryogenically milled powders, and heat-treated powders produced by mechanical attrition. This allows for the optimization of the ODS steel cladding microstructure and the production of different potential compositional and functionally graded outer and inner coatings for protection in various extreme environments. The latter significantly expands the capabilities of high-strength ODS cladding for use in harsh environments while also eliminating its direct contact with the fuel.

[0020] Referring now to the figures, FIG. 2 illustrates a cold spray process 200 for producing a free-standing nanostructured ODS steel cladding tube having a multi-layer structure using a cold spray process, according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the free-standing nanostructured ODS steel cladding tube produced using the cold spray process 200 may comprise a multi-layer structure including an inner lining and / or an outer coating. Generally, a powder material having a nano-sized particle structure, in various forms, is cold spray-deposited onto the surface of a cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 to define a hollow cylindrical interior space 204 while the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 is rotated about its longitudinal axis A. The powdered inner lining material is loaded into a powder feeder / hopper in fluid communication with a powder spray nozzle 206. The powder spray nozzle 206 sprays a beam 208 of powdered inner lining material as the powder spray nozzle 206 is translated along the length of the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 in a forward direction indicated by arrow B. This deposits an inner lining layer 210 on the outer surface of the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202. To increase the thickness of the inner lining layer 210, the powder spray nozzle 206 may be translated back and forth over multiple passes to deposit additional inner lining material until the desired thickness of the inner layer 210 is achieved. In another embodiment, the translation speed may be reduced to increase the coating thickness. Generally, the layer thickness may be controlled by adjusting the translation or traverse speed of the powder spray nozzle 206. The inner lining layer 210 material may be nanoparticle-sized powdered refractory metals and alloys that provide a diffusion barrier in nuclear applications. Inner lining layer 210 materials include metals (and alloys) that generally exhibit low solubility in uranium and iron and have high melting points, including, but not limited to, refractory alloys such as V, Mo, Mo-Re alloys, Ta, Nb, W, Cr, or Zr.

[0021] The ODS steel layer 214 is then created by loading powdered ODS steel material into a powder feeder / hopper and spraying a beam 212 of powdered ODS steel material from a powder spray nozzle 206 while the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 is rotated about its longitudinal axis A and translated along the length of the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 in a forward direction indicated by arrow B to deposit the ODS steel layer 214 on the inner liner layer 210. To increase the thickness of the ODS steel layer 214, the powder spray nozzle 206 may be translated back and forth over multiple passes to deposit additional powdered ODS steel material until the desired thickness of the ODS steel layer 214 is achieved. The ODS steel layer 214 material may be a nanostructured steel powder, which acts as a coating in nuclear applications. The ODS steel layer 214 material may be selected from ODS steels and other alloys, with novel powder pre-preparation approaches such as cryogenic milling, which may enhance microstructural homogeneity and properties. Cryogenically milled ODS powders can produce excellent microstructures.

[0022] The outer layer 218 is then created by loading powdered outer coating material into a powder feeder / hopper, rotating the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 about its longitudinal axis A, and spraying a beam 216 of powdered outer coating material from the powder spray nozzle 206 while the powder spray nozzle 206 is translated along the length of the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 in a forward direction indicated by arrow B to deposit the outer layer 218 onto the ODS steel layer 214. To increase the thickness of the outer layer 218, the powder spray nozzle 206 may be translated back and forth over multiple passes to deposit additional outer coating material until the desired thickness of the outer layer 218 is achieved. The outer layer 218 material may include a powdered material that provides corrosion and oxidation resistance to the ODS steel layer 214 in various environments. Such materials include chromium and its alloys, iron, chromium, yttrium, silicon, nickel, molybdenum, and tungsten alloys, depending on the application. For light water reactor (LWR) applications, the outer layer 218 material may include Cr, FeCrAl. For lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR) applications, the outer layer 218 material may include Mo, Mo-Re alloys, Nb, Ta, FeCrAl, FeCrAlY, FeCrSi. For molten salt reactor (MSR) applications, the outer layer 218 material may include Ni alloys, Mo alloys, W alloys. For fusion reactor applications, the outer layer 218 material may include Be alloys, W alloys.

[0023] After the outer layer 218 has been deposited to a desired thickness, the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 is removed in the direction indicated by arrow C by a chemical dissolution process or a low-temperature heat treatment, depending on the mandrel material, as discussed in more detail below. This leaves a free-standing ODS steel cladding tube 230 having a multi-layer structure. In other embodiments, the cold spray process 200 may be employed to produce a free-standing monolithic ODS steel cladding tube.

[0024] The cold spray process 200 can be employed to produce a freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230 of any suitable length. The length of the tube that can be produced by the cold spray process 200 depends on the length of the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 and the translational limits of the powder spray nozzle 206. In nuclear applications, the length of the freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230 can be selected to accommodate the various lengths of nuclear fuel rods in a typical nuclear reactor core. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the length of the freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230 can be selected from a range of 1.5 m (~5 ft) to 5 m (~16.4 ft). In another embodiment, the length can be selected from a range of 2.5 m (~8.2 ft) to 3.5 m (~11.5 ft). In another embodiment, the length can be selected as 4 m (~13 ft) to accommodate a typical size nuclear fuel rod.

[0025] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230 may be annealed by applying a heat treatment that alters the physical and chemical properties of the inner lining, ODS steel, and outer coating materials. A typical annealing process involves heating 220 the freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230 above a predetermined temperature, maintaining the suitable temperature 222 for an appropriate time, and then cooling. This achieves a dense microstructure, fine recrystallized grains, and oxide nanoparticle precipitation.

[0026] Important variables in the cold spray process 200 include the propellant gas, gas preheat temperature and pressure, as well as powder shape, powder particle size and size distribution, and powder compositional uniformity.

[0027] In one embodiment, the cold spray process 200 according to the present disclosure provides a very unique dissolution process for removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202. In another embodiment, the mandrel substrate 202 can be made from a low-melting-point metal that can be removed by heat treatment. Instead of using a solid mandrel, the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 is a tube that defines a hollow cylindrical interior space 204 and is made from an aluminum alloy material. After depositing the final layer of material on the cylindrical mandrel substrate 202, the aluminum alloy cylindrical mandrel substrate 202 tube is conveniently completely dissolved using a sodium hydroxide solution, leaving a free-standing ODS steel cladding tube 230. In the example disclosed in FIG. 2 , the final deposited layer is the outer layer 218. In other embodiments, the final deposited layer can be the inner layer 210 or the ODS steel layer 214. In general, mandrel substrate 202 materials may include metals (and alloys) with low melting or boiling points and metals (and alloys) that are readily soluble in non-toxic, environmentally friendly solvents. For chemical dissolution removal, mandrel substrate 202 materials may include Al, Al alloys, and Mg, Mg alloys. For removal by heating above its melting point (approximately 420°C), mandrel substrate 202 materials may include Zn and Zn alloys.

[0028] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a free-standing ODS steel cladding tube 230 having a multi-layer structure fabricated using the cold spray process 200 illustrated in FIG. 2 , in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. The free-standing ODS steel cladding tube 230 includes an inner layer 210, an ODS steel layer 214, and an outer layer 218 formed according to the cold spray process 200 described with reference to FIG. 2 . In one embodiment, the diameter (2r) of the free-standing ODS steel cladding tube 230 is selected from the range of 8 mm (∼0.3 in) to 15 mm (∼0.6 in). The thicknesses t1, t2, t3 of the layers 210, 214, 218 may be defined as follows: In one embodiment, the thickness t1 of the inner layer 210 (e.g., refractory layer) is 10 μm (∼3.94×10 -4 inch) ~ 200 μm (~ 7.87 × 10 -3 In one embodiment, the thickness t2 of the ODS steel layer 214 (e.g., coating layer) is selected from the range of 200 μm (∼7.87×10 -3inch) ~ 1.00 mm (~ 3.94 × 10 -2 In one embodiment, the thickness t3 of the outer layer 218 (e.g., anti-corrosion layer) is selected from the range of 1 μm (∼3.94 × 10 -5 inch) ~ 100 μm (~ 3.94 × 10 -3 The thickness of the inner layer 210 is selected from a range of 0.15 to 0.25 inches. The inner layer 210 acts as a diffusion barrier, and the material may be a refractory metal including vanadium, tantalum, rhenium, niobium, tungsten, chromium, zirconium, or molybdenum, or a combination thereof. The ODS steel layer 214 cladding material may include, for example, an ODS steel. The outer layer 218 material may include, for example, chromium or a chromium alloy. The three-material system shown in FIG. 3 , produced in the solid state by the cold spray process 200, provides outstanding high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, and an inner layer to prevent fuel migration into the cladding, which would result in a melted region at a lower temperature. The compositions of the inner layer 210, ODS steel layer 214, and outer layer 218 are described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.

[0029] Compositionally graded tubes, such as freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230, may be manufactured according to the cold spray 200 described with reference to FIG. 2. A compositionally graded tube having a cross section revealing multiple layers of material is shown, for example, in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 3, freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230 is lined internally by inner layer 210, which provides a diffusion barrier between ODS steel layer 214 and the nuclear fuel. Freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230 includes outer layer 218, which functions as a protective outer layer and provides corrosion / oxidation resistance to freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230 in high-temperature, corrosive, and oxidizing environments.

[0030] Alternative techniques are very tedious. Coating the inner surface of a pipe is very difficult due to the slow process speed and non-uniformity of the coating thickness, especially for narrow-diameter pipes. Coextrusion may be used, but requires large resources (e.g., power, force, and time). Coextrusion is also a technically challenging process due to the mismatch in thermomechanical properties between the two materials, potentially resulting in pipe failure during processing. Coextrusion of the lining may require a slow process with very high force and may not be feasible for long pipes and all the associated drawbacks discussed above. Furthermore, the cold spray process 200 described with reference to FIG. 2 for fabricating the lining on the inner surface of the pipe eliminates problems related to the mechanical property (behavior) differences between the two materials, which can potentially lead to stresses and cracks during fabrication.

[0031] In one embodiment, the inner layer 210 material is vanadium or a vanadium alloy due to its applicability in nuclear reactors. However, the inner layer 210 material is not so limited. In nuclear reactors, uranium dioxide fuel pellets are placed inside an ODS steel cladding tube. Over time, the fuel expands and comes into contact with the inner surface of the cladding, resulting in a chemical reaction between the two. This is undesirable because such a reaction can lead to the formation of low-melting-point compounds at the interface. The vanadium inner layer 210 of the self-supporting ODS steel cladding tube 230 is a good barrier to prevent such a reaction from occurring. There are numerous other applications in industry where a composition-controlled tube, such as the self-supporting ODS steel cladding tube 230, can meet multiple property requirements typically needed in harsh environments.

[0032] Similarly, the outer surface of the freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230 may be expected to be exposed to a very harsh, high-temperature, oxidizing environment, and would require an outer layer 218 coating that provides corrosion resistance at the high temperatures that the freestanding ODS steel cladding tube 230 is expected to be used in. Again, high-temperature methods are not preferred as they would affect the nanostructure of the base ODS steel.

[0033] The cold spray process 200 described with reference to FIG. 2 provides a rapid, cost-effective route to producing such oxidation-resistant coatings. An example of such a coating is shown in FIG. 4, which is a microscopic cross-sectional view of a free-standing ODS steel cladding tube 300 including an ODS steel layer 214 material with a protective outer layer 218 coating including an iron-chromium-aluminum alloy (FeCrAl or Fe20Cr5Al) produced using the cold spray process of FIG. 2, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. The inner layer 210 is not shown in FIG. 4 due to scaling considerations, but it is located below the ODS steel layer 214. An example of such a coating is shown in FIG. 5, which is a microscopic cross-sectional view of a free-standing ODS steel cladding tube 310 including an ODS steel layer 214 material with a protective outer layer 218 coating including chromium (Cr) produced using the cold spray process of FIG. 2, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. The inner layer 210 is not shown in FIG. 4 due to scaling considerations, but it is located below the ODS steel layer 214. A protective outer layer 218, such as FeCrAl, Fe20Cr5Al, or pure Cr metal, provides corrosion / oxidation resistance to the ODS steel cladding tube 230 in high temperature environments.

[0034] 6-8 illustrate the morphology and size of ODS steel feedstock powders depending on the powder production method. FIG. 6 is a micrograph 400 of ODS steel feedstock powder 402 produced by a gas atomization process. FIG. 7 is a micrograph 420 of ODS steel feedstock powder 422 produced by ball milling the gas-atomized powder 402 with oxide nanoparticles (e.g., YO) shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 8 is a micrograph 440 of ODS steel feedstock powder 442 produced by cryogenic grinding of the ball-milled gas-atomized powder 422 shown in FIG. 7. Depending on the type of feedstock powder morphology, the properties of the ODS steel cladding tube 230 produced by the cold spray process 200 of FIG. 2 will vary. The steel feedstock powder 402 shown in FIG. 6 is 40 μm scale, the steel feedstock powder 422 shown in FIG. 7 is 400 μm scale, and the steel feedstock powder 442 shown in FIG. 8 is 200 μm scale.

[0035] The cold spray manufacturing process 200 described with reference to FIG. 2 can employ various metal powder types, as shown in FIGS. 6-8. The characteristics of the raw material powder are one factor in tailoring the resulting microstructure of the cold sprayed ODS steel cladding tube 230. The cold spray manufacturing process 200 can produce the ODS steel cladding tube 230 using various types of raw material powders produced by different production methods, such as gas atomization, ball milling, and cryogenic grinding, as well as heat-treated powders. The powder manufacturing process affects the powder shape and size distribution, chemical composition, particle structure, composition uniformity, and mechanical properties (e.g., hardness). The size and morphology of the raw material powder depending on the powder manufacturing route are shown in FIGS. 6-8. The raw material powder can be selected based on the desired performance and economic benefits of the cladding tube (e.g., microstructure, mechanical properties, and irradiation response).

[0036] FIG. 9 is a method 500 for manufacturing a free-standing ODS steel cladding tube having a multi-layer structure using a cold spray process 600 shown in FIG. 10 , according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Still referring to FIGS. 9 and 10 , the method 500 includes providing 502 a cylindrical mandrel substrate 618 defining a hollow cylindrical interior space. Pressurized gas 614 is introduced 608 into a heating element 602 fluidly coupled to a converging-diverging powder spray nozzle 604. Cold spray powder metal 612 is selected 504 and loaded into a hopper for injection 610 by a powder feeder 606 into the powder spray nozzle 604, where it is mixed with the heated pressurized gas 614. The powder spray nozzle 604 emits a supersonic stream 616 of the powder metal 612 mixed with the pressurized gas 614. A cylindrical mandrel substrate 618 is rotated about its longitudinal axis (506). A powder spray nozzle 604 is then positioned proximate to the cylindrical mandrel substrate 618. A supersonic stream 616 of a selected cold (low temperature) powdered metal is applied to the outer surface of the cylindrical mandrel substrate 618 (508) while the powder spray nozzle 604 is translated along the length of the cylindrical mandrel substrate 618. The thickness of the first powder metal layer 620 can be varied by traversing the powder spray nozzle 604 back and forth along the length of the cylindrical mandrel substrate until the desired thickness of the first powder metal layer is achieved. In another embodiment, the thickness of the layer 620 can be controlled by adjusting the traverse speed of the powder spray nozzle 604. For example, a faster traverse speed can be employed to deposit a thinner layer 620, and a slower traverse speed can be employed to deposit a thicker layer 620. Next, according to method 500, it is determined (510) whether a different cold spray powder layer is to be applied over the previous powder metal layer 620. If yes, a different powder metal is selected (512) and loaded into a hopper, and the second powder metal material is injected (610) through a powder feeder 606 into a powder spray nozzle 604, mixed with pressurized gas 608, exits the powder spray nozzle 604, and applied (508) over the first powder metal layer 620 until the desired thickness of the second powder metal layer is achieved.The determination 510 is repeated until a plurality of "n" different powder metal layers are applied 508 onto the cylindrical mandrel substrate 618 to form a multi-layer tubular structure.

[0037] Cold spray powder metal layers that can be applied by method 500 include an inner liner layer, an intermediate layer, and an outer layer. The inner layer can be made of a refractory metal, including vanadium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, niobium, chromium, zirconium, or molybdenum, or a combination thereof, to provide a diffusion barrier in nuclear applications. Additional inner layer materials typically have low solid solubility with the fuel and intermediate structural layers. The intermediate layer can be made of an ODS steel. The outer layer can be made of pure chromium (Cr), chromium or chromium alloys, such as iron chromium aluminum (FeCrAl, Fe20Cr5Al, or FeCrAlY), molybdenum, rhenium, niobium, tantalum, nickel, tungsten, beryllium, or alloys thereof, including MCrAlY or FeCrSi, to provide corrosion / oxidation resistance to the ODS steel or other structural layers. The thickness of the inner layer (e.g., refractory layer) can be 10 μm (∼3.94 × 10 -4 inch) ~ 200 μm (~ 7.87 × 10 -3 The thickness of the intermediate layer (e.g., the covering layer) is selected from the range of 200 μm (~7.87 × 10 -3 inch) ~ 1.00 mm (~ 3.94 × 10 -2 In one embodiment, the thickness of the outer layer (e.g., anticorrosion layer) is selected from the range of 1 μm (~3.94×10 -5 inch) ~ 100 μm (~ 3.94 × 10 -3 The range is selected from (inches).

[0038] Once the desired number of distinct "n" layers have been deposited on the cylindrical mandrel substrate 618, the method proceeds along the "No" path and the cylindrical mandrel substrate 618 is removed (514). In one embodiment, the cylindrical mandrel substrate 618 is removed (514) by a chemical dissolution process or low-temperature heat treatment, depending on the mandrel material, to produce either a free-standing monolithic or multi-layered tubular structure. In one embodiment, the cylindrical mandrel substrate 618 is made from an aluminum alloy material that can be dissolved in a sodium hydroxide solution. In one embodiment, the cylindrical mandrel substrate 618 is made from a metal or alloy with a low melting or boiling point, or that can be dissolved in a solvent; possible materials include magnesium, zinc, or a combination of alloys thereof.

[0039] The disclosed manufacturing technology is revolutionary and fundamentally different from existing manufacturing processes. The disclosed cold spray manufacturing process 600 optimizes microstructure and materials, ultimately improving material performance and offering several key advantages over existing processes. Tubes made using this new process will be highly competitive in manufacturing cost, efficiency, yield, and quality. Expected performance will be much better than current market products.

[0040] Cladding material development and selection is one of the key elements in advanced reactor design. Fuel performance is highly dependent on the cladding material, and ODS provides superior mechanical properties and irradiation resistance, which are crucial for the advanced reactor environment, as temperatures and fluxes are much higher than in LWRs.

[0041] While specific aspects have been illustrated and described herein for purposes of illustration, a wide variety of alternative and / or equivalent aspects or implementations calculated to accomplish the same purpose may be substituted for the aspects shown and described without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the embodiments discussed herein.

[0042] Examples of methods according to various aspects of the present disclosure are provided below. An aspect of the method may include any one or more, and any combination, of the examples described below.

[0043] Example 1. A method for manufacturing a free-standing cladding tube having a multi-layer structure, the method comprising: providing a cylindrical mandrel substrate defining a hollow cylindrical interior space; selecting a first cold spray powder metal; rotating the cylindrical mandrel substrate; applying the first cold spray powder metal to an outer surface of the cylindrical mandrel substrate to form a first layer; and removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate.

[0044] Example 2. The method of example 1, wherein the thickness of the first layer is selected from the range of 10 μm to 5000 μm.

[0045] Example 3. The method of example 1 or 2, wherein the first cold spray powder metal comprises a refractory metal.

[0046] Example 4. The method of example 3, wherein the refractory metal comprises vanadium, tantalum, rhenium, niobium, tungsten, chromium, zirconium, or molybdenum, or a combination thereof.

[0047] Example 5. The method of any one of Examples 1-4, wherein the method includes selecting a second cold spray powder metal and applying the second cold spray powder metal onto the first layer prior to removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate.

[0048] Example 6. The method of example 5, wherein the thickness of the second layer is selected from the range of 200 μm to 1.00 mm.

[0049] Example 7. The method of example 5 or 6, wherein the second cold spray powder metal comprises an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel powder.

[0050] Example 8. The method of example 7, wherein the ODS steel powder is cryogenically milled.

[0051] Example 9. The method of any one of Examples 5-8, wherein the method includes selecting a third cold spray powder metal and applying the third cold spray powder metal onto the second layer prior to removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate.

[0052] Example 10. The method of example 9, wherein the thickness of the third layer is selected from the range of 1 μm to 100 μm.

[0053] Example 11. The method of example 9 or 10, wherein the third cold spray powder metal comprises a corrosion / oxidation resistant material.

[0054] Example 12. The method of example 11, wherein the corrosion / oxidation resistant material comprises chromium or a chromium alloy.

[0055] Example 13. The method of example 12, wherein the chromium alloy comprises FeCrAl or Fe20Cr5Al.

[0056] Example 14. The method of any one of Examples 11-13, wherein the oxidation-resistant material is appropriate for the type of environment, such as molybdenum, rhenium, niobium, tantalum, FeCrAl, FeCrAlY, and FeCrSi, or alloys thereof, for lead fast reactors; nickel, molybdenum, or tungsten, or alloys thereof, for molten salts; and beryllium, tungsten, or alloys thereof, for fusion applications.

[0057] Example 15. The method of any one of Examples 1-14, wherein removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate comprises dissolving the cylindrical mandrel substrate.

[0058] Example 16. The method of example 15, wherein the cylindrical mandrel substrate is made from an aluminum alloy or a magnesium alloy, and the cylindrical mandrel substrate is completely dissolved using a sodium hydroxide solution.

[0059] Example 17. The method of any one of Examples 1-16, wherein removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate comprises heat treating, including melting or boiling, to remove the cylindrical mandrel substrate.

[0060] Example 18. The method of Example 17, wherein the cylindrical mandrel substrate is made from a zinc alloy that has been removed by heating above its melting point.

Claims

1. 1. A method for manufacturing a nuclear reactor cladding tube, comprising: providing a cylindrical mandrel substrate defining a hollow cylindrical interior space; selecting a first cold spray powder metal; rotating the cylindrical mandrel substrate; applying the first cold spray powder metal to an outer surface of the cylindrical mandrel substrate to form a first layer; selecting a second cold spray powder metal; applying the second cold spray powder metal onto the first layer to form a second layer; removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate; The method wherein the second cold spray powder metal comprises an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel powder.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first layer is selected from the range of 10 μm to 5000 μm.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the first cold spray powder metal comprises a refractory metal.

4. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the refractory metal comprises vanadium, tantalum, rhenium, niobium, tungsten, chromium, zirconium, or molybdenum, or a combination thereof.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the thickness of the second layer is selected from the range of 200 μm to 1000 μm.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the ODS steel powder is cryogenically milled.

7. Prior to removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate, the method further comprises: selecting a third cold spray powder metal; and applying the third cold spray powder metal onto the second layer to form a third layer.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the thickness of the third layer is selected from the range of 1 μm to 100 μm.

9. 9. The method of claim 7 or 8, wherein the third cold spray powder metal comprises a corrosion / oxidation resistant material.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the corrosion / oxidation resistant material comprises chromium or a chromium alloy.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the chromium alloy comprises FeCrAl or Fe20Cr5Al.

12. The corrosion-resistant / oxidation-resistant material is For lead fast reactor applications, including molybdenum, molybdenum alloys, molybdenum-rhenium alloys, niobium, tantalum, FeCrAl, FeCrAlY, FeCrSi, or combinations thereof; For molten salt reactor applications, nickel alloys are included. The method of any one of claims 9 to 11, comprising a beryllium alloy, a tungsten alloy, or a combination thereof for fusion reactor applications.

13. The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate comprises dissolving the cylindrical mandrel substrate.

14. the cylindrical mandrel substrate is made of an aluminum alloy or a magnesium alloy; The method of claim 13, wherein the cylindrical mandrel substrate is completely dissolved using a sodium hydroxide solution.

15. The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the step of removing the cylindrical mandrel substrate comprises a heat treatment including melting or boiling to remove the cylindrical mandrel substrate.

16. the cylindrical mandrel substrate is made from a zinc alloy; 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the zinc alloy is removed by heating above the melting point of the zinc alloy.

17. the cylindrical mandrel substrate has a length; 17. The method of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein applying the first cold spray powder metal comprises applying the first cold spray powder metal along the length of the cylindrical mandrel substrate to form a nuclear reactor cladding tube having a length selected from the range of 2.5 m to 5 m.

18. the first layer comprises vanadium or a vanadium alloy; the second layer comprises ODS steel; The method of any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the third layer comprises chromium or a chromium alloy.

19. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the ODS steel comprises yttrium oxide.

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