Terminal identification for communications using relay terminal devices

Abstract

A first terminal device connects with a second terminal device via at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The first terminal device determines identification information for identifying the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on a link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The first terminal device allocates the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to communications, and more particularly, to methods and apparatuses for communications using relay terminal devices.

Background Art

[0002] This section introduces aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure. Therefore, the description of this section should be read in this perspective and should not be understood as an approval of what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.

[0003] For Release 16 (Rel.16), sidelink transmissions on New Radio (NR) are specified. These are extensions of Proximity-based Services (ProSe) specified for Long Term Evolution (LTE). Four new extensions are introduced, in particular, for NR sidelink transmissions.

[0004] First, in NR sidelink, support for unicast transmissions and groupcast transmissions is added. For unicast and groupcast, a Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) is introduced for the receiver user equipment (UE) to reply with a decoding status to the transmitter UE. Second, to improve latency performance, grant-free communication, which is employed in NR uplink transmissions, is also provided in NR sidelink transmissions. Third, to mitigate resource collisions between different sidelink transmissions launched by different UEs, it extends the channel sensing procedure and the resource selection procedure, which also leads to a new design of the Physical Sidelink Common Control Channel (PSCCH). Fourth, to achieve a high connection density, congestion control, and thus Quality of Service (QoS) management, are supported in NR sidelink transmissions.

[0005] To enable the above extensions, new physical channels and reference signals are introduced in NR (previously available in LTE). One of the new physical channels is the Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), which is a sidelink (SL) version of the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). The PSSCH is transmitted by the sidelink transmitter UE and carries sidelink transmit data, a System Information Block (SIB) for radio resource control (RRC) settings, and a portion of the sidelink control information (SCI). Another of the new physical channels is the PSFCH. The PSFCH is transmitted by the sidelink receiver UE for unicast and groupcast and carries one bit of information on a single resource block (RB) for hybrid automatic retransmission request (HARQ) acknowledgments (ACK) and negative ACKs (NACK). In addition, channel state information (CSI) is carried in the medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) on the PSSCH instead of the PSFCH. Another of the new physical channels is the PSCCH, which is the SL version of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH). When traffic destined for a receiver UE arrives at a transmitter UE, the transmitter UE should first send the PSCCH, which carries part of the sidelink control information (SCI, the SL version of Downlink Control Information (DCI)) that should be decoded by any UE for channel detection purposes, including reserved time-frequency resources for transmission, demodulation reference signal (DMRS) patterns, and antenna ports.

[0006] One of the new reference signals is the sidelink primary / secondary synchronization signal (S-PSS / S-SSS). Similar to downlink transmission in NR, sidelink transmission supports primary and secondary synchronization signals (called S-PSS and S-SSS, respectively). By detecting S-PSS and S-SSS, a UE can identify the sidelink synchronization identification information (SSID) from a UE sending S-PSS / S-SSS. By detecting S-PSS / S-SSS, a UE can therefore learn the characteristics of a UE sending S-PSS / S-SSS. The process of acquiring timing and frequency synchronization along with the UE's SSID is called initial cell lookup. Note that a UE sending S-PSS / S-SSS is not necessarily involved in sidelink transmission, and the node sending S-PSS / S-SSS (UE or evolved node B (eNB) or next-generation node B (gNB)) is called the synchronization source. There are two S-PSS sequences and 336 S-SSS sequences that form a total of 672 SSIDs within the cell.

[0007] Another new physical channel is the Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH). The PSBCH is transmitted along with S-PSS / S-SSS as a synchronization signal / PSBCH block (SSB). The SSB has the same numerology as the PSCCH / PSSCH on its carrier, and the SSB should be transmitted within the bandwidth of a set Bandwidth Portion (BWP). The PSBCH transmits synchronization-related information, such as the Direct Frame Number (DFN), slot and symbol-level time resource indications for sidelink transmission, and in-coverage indicators. The SSB is transmitted periodically every 160ms.

[0008] Some of the new reference signals are DMRS, Phase-Tracking Reference Signal (PT-RS), and Channel Status Information Reference Signal (CSIRS). These physical reference signals, supported by NR downlink / uplink transmissions, are also employed by sidelink transmissions. Similarly, PT-RS is only applicable to frequency range 2 (FR2) transmissions.

[0009] Another new feature is the two-stage sidelink control information (SCI), which is a version of DCI for SL. Unlike DCI, only a portion of the SCI (the first stage) is sent over the PSCCH. This portion (including reserved time-frequency resources for transmission, DMRS patterns, and antenna ports, etc.) is used for channel discovery purposes and can be read by all UEs, and includes 8-bit source identification information (ID) and 16-bit destination ID, new data indicator (NDI), redundant version (RV), and HARQ process ID. The rest (the second stage) of scheduling and control information is sent over the PSCCH to be decoded by the receiver UE.

[0010] Similar to ProSe in LTE, NR sidelink transmission has two modes of resource allocation. In the first mode (Mode 1), sidelink resources are scheduled by the gNB. In the second mode (Mode 2), the UE autonomously selects a sidelink resource from one or more (pre-configured) sidelink resource pools based on a channel discovery mechanism. For in-coverage UEs, the gNB may be configured to adopt either Mode 1 or Mode 2. For out-of-coverage UEs, only Mode 2 may be adopted.

[0011] As with LTE, scheduling over sidelinks in NR is performed differently for Mode 1 and Mode 2. Mode 1 supports two types of grants. The first type of grant is a dynamic grant. When traffic to be sent over the sidelink arrives at the transmitter UE, this UE should launch a four-message exchange procedure to request sidelink resources from the gNB: a scheduling request (SR) on the uplink (UL), a grant, a buffer status report (BSR) on the UL, and a grant for data on the SL to be sent to the UE. During the resource request procedure, the gNB may assign a Sidelink Radio Network Temporary Identifier (SL-RNTI) to the transmitter UE. If this sidelink resource request is granted by the gNB, the gNB instructs resource allocation for the PSCCH and PSSCH in the Downlink Control Information (DCI) transmitted by the PDCCH with a scrambled Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) using the SL-RNTI. When a transmitter UE receives such a DCI, it can only obtain a grant if the scrambled CRC of the DCI can be successfully resolved by the assigned SL-RNTI. The transmitter UE then instructs the PSCCH on the time-frequency resources and transmission scheme of the assigned PSSCH and launches the PSCCH and PSSCH on the allocated resources for sidelink transmission. When a grant is obtained from the gNB, the transmitter UE can transmit only a single transport block (TB). As a result, this type of grant is suitable for traffic with loose latency requirements.

[0012] The second type of grant is a pre-configured grant. For traffic with strict latency requirements, performing the 4-message exchange procedure to request sidelink resources can induce unacceptable latency. In this case, the transmitting UE may perform the 4-message exchange procedure and request a set of resources before the traffic arrives. If the grant can be obtained from the gNB, the requested resources are reserved in a periodic manner. When the traffic arrives at the transmitting UE, this UE can launch PSCCH and PSSCH on the upcoming resource occasion. In effect, this type of grant is also known as grant-free communication.

[0013] In both dynamic and pre-configured grants, the sidelink receiver UE cannot receive the DCI (since the DCI is addressed to the transmitter UE), and therefore the receiver UE should perform blind decoding to identify the presence of the PSCCH and find resources for the PSSCH through the SCI. When the transmitter UE launches the PSCCH, the CRC is also inserted into the SCI without scrambling.

[0014] In Mode 2 resource allocation, when traffic arrives at a transmitter UE, this transmitter UE should autonomously select resources for the PSCCH and PSSCH. To further minimize the latency of feedback HARQ ACK / NACK transmissions and subsequent retransmissions, the transmitter UE may also reserve resources for the PSCCH / PSSCH for retransmissions. To further extend the probability of successful TB decoding in one shot and therefore reduce the probability of performing a retransmission, the transmitter UE may repeat TB transmissions along with the initial TB transmission. This mechanism is also known as blind retransmission. As a result, when traffic arrives at a transmitter UE, this transmitter UE should select resources for the following transmissions: 1) the PSSCH associated with the PSCCH for the initial transmission and blind retransmission, and 2) the PSSCH associated with the PSCCH for retransmission.

[0015] In sidelink transmission, each transmitter UE should autonomously select the resources for the transmission described above. Therefore, preventing different transmitter UEs from selecting the same resources is a crucial issue in Mode 2. Consequently, a specific resource selection procedure is imposed on Mode 2 based on channel detection. The channel detection algorithm involves measuring the reference signal received power (RSRP) on different subchannels and, depending on the configuration, requires knowledge of different UE power levels for DMRS on PSSCH or DMRS on PSCCH. This information is only known after the receiver SCI has been launched by (all) other UEs. The detection and selection algorithms are somewhat complex. [Overview of the project]

[0016] The summary of the present invention is provided in a simplified form to introduce the selection of concepts further described below in modes for carrying out the invention. The summary of the present invention is not intended to identify the main or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0017] One of the purposes of this disclosure is to provide an improved solution for communications using relay terminal devices. In particular, one of the problems that this disclosure aims to solve is that existing solutions for UE-network relay cannot be reused for inter-UE relay, and therefore a new solution for inter-UE relay is needed.

[0018] A first aspect of this disclosure provides a method implemented by a first terminal device. The first terminal device may be connected to a second terminal device via at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The method may include determining identification information for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device to identify the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The method may further include assigning the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0019] In this way, it is possible to perform secure communication over the link using identification information.

[0020] Identification information may be intended to be applied during and / or after the link establishment procedure. In some scenarios, the link establishment procedure may fail.

[0021] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, assigning determined identification information may include transmitting a timestamp or a prohibit timer associated with the identification information to at least one corresponding hop terminal device. The timestamp may indicate when the identification information was determined, and the prohibit timer may indicate a predetermined period of time during which the identification information should not be updated.

[0022] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include determining whether the identification information needs to be updated. If it is determined that the identification information needs to be updated, determining the identification information and assigning the identification information may be performed again.

[0023] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include detecting a conflict between the identification information of at least two different terminal devices based on a transmission initiated by one or more neighboring terminal devices of a first terminal device. The method may further include notifying one or more neighboring terminal devices or a base station of the detected conflict.

[0024] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, identification information for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device can be determined in one or more of the following ways, namely, based on the Layer 2 (L2) identifier (ID) of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device, in a random way, and based on a predetermined mathematical function.

[0025] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device may be determined to be a one-to-one mapping to the L2 ID of the first terminal device / second terminal device.

[0026] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first terminal device may be a source terminal device. Determining identification information may include determining a first temporary ID of the first terminal device. The first temporary ID of the first terminal device should be used while a link is established between the first terminal device / second terminal device and one of at least one third terminal device.

[0027] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first terminal device may be a destination terminal device. Determining identification information may include determining a first temporary ID of a second terminal device. The first temporary ID of the second terminal device should be used while a link is established between the second terminal device / first terminal device and one of at least one third terminal device.

[0028] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first terminal device can be a source terminal device or a destination terminal device. Determining the identification information may include determining a second temporary ID of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device. The second temporary ID of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device should be used after a link is established between one of the first terminal device / the second terminal device and at least one third terminal device.

[0029] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the second temporary ID of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device may be valid for the entire link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0030] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, allocating the determined identification information may include transmitting the determined identification information and an ID identifying the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device to at least one third terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0031] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include receiving a response message from the second terminal device in response to allocating the identification information. When the response message indicates a rejection of the identification information of the second terminal device, determining the identification information and allocating the identification information may be performed again for the second terminal device.

[0032] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the second temporary ID of the first terminal device may be valid for a hop between the first terminal device and one of at least one third terminal device.

[0033] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, allocating the determined identification information may include transmitting the determined identification information of the first terminal device to one of at least one third terminal device.

[0034] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first terminal device may be a destination terminal device. The method may further include, in response to the receipt of a Direct Communication Request (DCR) message, determining whether the DCR message contains identification information for a second terminal device. If the DCR message contains identification information for a second terminal device, the method may further include determining that the DCR message was transmitted from the second terminal device via one of at least one third terminal device. If the DCR message does not contain identification information for a second terminal device, the method may further include determining that the DCR message was transmitted directly from the second terminal device.

[0035] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the determined identification information may be assigned by one or more of the following: radio resource control (RRC) signaling, PC5 signaling (PC5-S) signaling, discovery signaling, media access control (MAC) control elements (CE), service data adaptive protocol (SDAP) or packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) or radio link control (RLC) or adaptive layer control protocol data units (PDUs), and layer 1 (L1) signaling.

[0036] A second aspect of this disclosure provides a method implemented by a third terminal device, which may act as a relay between a first terminal device and a second terminal device. The method may include determining identification information for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device to identify the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The method may further include assigning the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0037] In this way, it is possible to perform secure communication over the link using identification information.

[0038] Identification information may be intended to be applied during and / or after the link establishment procedure. In some scenarios, the link establishment procedure may fail.

[0039] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, assigning determined identification information may include transmitting a timestamp or a prohibit timer associated with the identification information to at least one corresponding hop terminal device. The timestamp may indicate when the identification information was determined, and the prohibit timer may indicate a predetermined period of time during which the identification information should not be updated.

[0040] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include determining whether the identification information needs to be updated. If it is determined that the identification information needs to be updated, determining the identification information and assigning the identification information may be performed again.

[0041] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include detecting a conflict between the identification information of at least two different terminal devices based on a transmission initiated by one or more neighboring terminal devices of a third terminal device. The method may further include notifying one or more neighboring terminal devices or a base station of the detected conflict.

[0042] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include maintaining a mapping between the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device applied on the entry hop of the third terminal device and the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device applied on the exit hop of the third terminal device.

[0043] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, identification information for a first terminal device and / or a second terminal device can be determined in one or more of the following ways, namely, based on the L2 ID of a third terminal device, in a random way, and based on a predetermined mathematical function.

[0044] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device may be determined to be a one-to-one mapping to the L2 ID of the first terminal device / second terminal device.

[0045] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first terminal device may be a source terminal device. Determining identification information may include determining a first temporary ID of the first terminal device. The first temporary ID of the first terminal device should be used while a link is established between the first terminal device and the third terminal device.

[0046] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the second terminal device may be a source terminal device. Determining identification information may include determining a first temporary ID of the second terminal device. The first temporary ID of the second terminal device should be used while a link is established between the second terminal device and the third terminal device.

[0047] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include, in response to receiving a DCR message from a source terminal device, sending another DCR message on behalf of the source terminal device that includes a first temporary ID of the source terminal device.

[0048] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first terminal device may be a source terminal device or a destination terminal device. Determining identification information may include determining a second temporary ID for the first and second terminal devices. The second temporary IDs for the first and second terminal devices should be used after a link is established between the first / second terminal device and the third terminal device.

[0049] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the second temporary IDs of the first terminal device and the second terminal device may be valid for the entire link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0050] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, assigning the determined identification information may include transmitting the determined identification information and an ID identifying the link between the first and second terminal devices to other terminal devices on the link between the first and second terminal devices.

[0051] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a different second temporary ID of the first terminal device may be determined for each hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. A different second temporary ID of the second terminal device may be determined for each hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0052] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, assigning determined identification information may include transmitting to each terminal device on a hop the identification information of a first terminal device and a second terminal device determined for the hop, and an ID that identifies the hop.

[0053] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include receiving a response message from a first terminal device / second terminal device in response to assigning identification information. If the response message indicates a rejection of the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device, determining the identification information and assigning the identification information may be performed again for the first terminal device / second terminal device.

[0054] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the determined identification information may be assigned by one or more of the following: RRC signaling, PC5-S signaling, discovery signaling, MAC CE, SDAP or PDCP or RLC or adaptive layer control PDU, and L1 signaling.

[0055] A third aspect of this disclosure provides a method implemented by a manager terminal device. The manager terminal device may be under base station coverage and may be one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The method may include reporting to the base station information regarding the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The method may further include receiving identification information of the first terminal device and the second terminal device from the base station to identify the first terminal device and the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The method may further include assigning the determined identification information to the corresponding hops on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0056] In this way, it is possible to perform secure communication over the link using identification information.

[0057] Identification information may be intended to be applied during and / or after the link establishment procedure. In some scenarios, the link establishment procedure may fail.

[0058] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, information relating to a link between a first terminal device and a second terminal device may include one or more of the following: the number of hops on the link; the L2 ID of the first terminal device; the L2 ID of the second terminal device; the L2 ID of the remaining third terminal devices (if there are two or more third terminal devices); the Uu ID of the first terminal device; the Uu ID of the second terminal device; the Uu ID of the remaining third terminal devices (if there are two or more third terminal devices); and whether the identification information is valid at the hop level or at the end-to-end level.

[0059] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, link information may be reported, or identification information may be received by one or more of the following: RRC signaling, MAC CE, paging messages, SDAP or PDCP or RLC or adaptive layer control PDU, and L1 signaling.

[0060] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include providing user data and forwarding the user data to a host computer via transmission to a base station.

[0061] A fourth aspect of this disclosure provides a method implemented by a base station. The base station is connected to a manager terminal device, which may be one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. The method may include receiving from the manager terminal device information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. The method may further include determining identification information for the first and second terminal devices to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between them. The method may further include assigning the determined identification information to the manager terminal device.

[0062] In this way, it is possible to perform secure communication over the link using identification information.

[0063] Identification information may be intended to be applied during and / or after the link establishment procedure. In some scenarios, the link establishment procedure may fail.

[0064] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, information relating to a link between a first terminal device and a second terminal device may include one or more of the following: the number of hops on the link; the L2 ID of the first terminal device; the L2 ID of the second terminal device; the L2 ID of the remaining third terminal devices (if there are two or more third terminal devices); the Uu ID of the first terminal device; the Uu ID of the second terminal device; the Uu ID of the remaining third terminal devices (if there are two or more third terminal devices); and whether the identification information is valid at the hop level or at the end-to-end level.

[0065] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, assigning determined identification information may include transmitting a timestamp or a prohibit timer associated with the identification information to a manager terminal device. The timestamp may indicate when the identification information was determined, and the prohibit timer may indicate a predetermined period of time during which the identification information should not be updated.

[0066] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include determining whether the identification information needs to be updated. If it is determined that the identification information needs to be updated, determining the identification information and assigning the identification information may be performed again.

[0067] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include detecting a conflict between the identification information of at least two different terminal devices. The method may further include notifying one or more neighboring base stations or network nodes of a base station of the detected conflict.

[0068] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, identification information for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device may be determined in one or more of the following ways, namely, based on the L2 ID of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device, in a random way, and based on a predetermined mathematical function.

[0069] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device may be determined to be a one-to-one mapping to the L2 ID of the first terminal device / second terminal device.

[0070] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include receiving a response message from a first terminal device / second terminal device in response to assigning identification information. If the response message indicates a rejection of the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device, determining the identification information and assigning the identification information may be performed again for the first terminal device / second terminal device.

[0071] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, link information may be received, or identification information may be assigned by one or more of the following: RRC signaling, MAC CE, paging messages, SDAP or PDCP or RLC or adaptive layer control PDU, and L1 signaling.

[0072] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a detected conflict may be notified to one or more neighboring base stations by one or more of XnAP signaling, F1AP signaling, and paging messages.

[0073] A fifth aspect of the present disclosure provides a first terminal device. The first terminal device may be connected to the second terminal device via at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The first terminal device may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory. The memory may contain instructions executable by at least one processor, thereby enabling the first terminal device to determine identification information for identifying the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The first terminal device may further be able to allocate the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0074] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first terminal device may be operable to carry out the method according to the first embodiment described above.

[0075] A sixth aspect of the present disclosure provides a third terminal device. The third terminal device may act as a relay between a first terminal device and a second terminal device. The third terminal device may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory. The at least one memory may contain instructions executable by at least one processor, thereby enabling the third terminal device to determine identification information for identifying the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The third terminal device may further enable it to allocate the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0076] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a third terminal device may be operable to carry out the method according to the second embodiment described above.

[0077] A seventh aspect of this disclosure provides a manager terminal device. The manager terminal device may be under base station coverage and may be one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. The manager terminal device may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory. The at least one memory may contain instructions executable by at least one processor, thereby enabling the manager terminal device to operate to report to the base station information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. The manager terminal device may further operate to receive identification information of the first and second terminal devices from the base station to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between the first and second terminal devices. The manager terminal device may further operate to allocate the determined identification information to the corresponding hops on the link between the first and second terminal devices.

[0078] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the manager terminal device may be operable to carry out the method according to the third embodiment described above.

[0079] A base station is provided according to an eighth aspect of the present disclosure. The base station may be connected to a manager terminal device, which may be one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The base station may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory. The at least one memory may contain instructions executable by at least one processor, thereby enabling the base station to receive information from the manager terminal device regarding the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The base station may further be able to determine identification information for the first terminal device and the second terminal device to identify the first terminal device and the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The base station may further be able to allocate the determined identification information to the manager terminal device.

[0080] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the manager terminal device may be operable to carry out the method according to the fourth aspect described above.

[0081] A computer program product is provided according to a ninth aspect of the present disclosure. The computer program product may include instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause at least one processor to perform the method according to any of the first to fourth aspects described above.

[0082] A computer-readable storage medium is provided according to a tenth aspect of the present disclosure. The computer-readable storage medium can store instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause at least one processor to perform the method according to any of the first to fourth aspects described above.

[0083] According to an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, a first terminal device is provided. The first terminal device may be connected to a second terminal device via at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The first terminal device may include a determination module for determining identification information for identifying the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The first terminal device may further include an allocation module for allocating the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0084] A third terminal device is provided according to a twelfth aspect of the present disclosure. The third terminal device may function as a relay between a first terminal device and a second terminal device. The third terminal device may include a determination module for determining identification information for identifying the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on a link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The third terminal device may further include an allocation module for allocating the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0085] A manager terminal device is provided according to a thirteenth aspect of the present disclosure. The manager terminal device may be under the coverage of a base station and may be one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The manager terminal device may include a reporting module for reporting to the base station information regarding the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The manager terminal device may further include a receiving module for receiving identification information of the first and second terminal devices from the base station for identifying the first and second terminal devices on the link between the first and second terminal devices. The manager terminal device may further include an allocation module for allocating the determined identification information to corresponding hops on the link between the first and second terminal devices.

[0086] A base station is provided according to a fourteenth aspect of the present disclosure. The base station may be connected to a manager terminal device, which may be one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The base station may include a receiving module for receiving information from the manager terminal device regarding the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The base station may further include a determination module for determining identification information for the first terminal device and the second terminal device to identify the first terminal device and the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The base station may further include an allocation module for allocating the determined identification information to the manager terminal device.

[0087] A method is provided that is implemented in a communication system including a manager terminal device and a base station, according to a 15th aspect of this disclosure. The method may include the steps of the method according to the third aspect described above and the steps of the method according to the fourth aspect described above.

[0088] According to the sixteenth aspect of this disclosure, a communication system is provided which includes a manager terminal device according to the seventh or thirteenth aspect described above and a base station according to the eighth or fourteenth aspect described above.

[0089] These and other purposes, features and advantages of this disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, which should be read together with the accompanying drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0090] [Figure 1] This diagram shows the user plane protocol stack for L2 UE relay. [Figure 2] This diagram shows the control plane protocol stack for L2 UE relay. [Figure 3] This flowchart shows a method implemented by a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] This is a flowchart to explain the method shown in Figure 3. [Figure 5] This is a flowchart to explain the method shown in Figure 3. [Figure 6] This flowchart shows a method implemented by a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] This flowchart shows a method implemented by a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] This flowchart shows a method implemented by a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 9] This flowchart shows a method implemented by a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 10] This is a flowchart showing a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 11] This is a flowchart to explain the method shown in Figure 10. [Figure 12] This is a further flowchart illustrating the method shown in Figure 10. [Figure 13] This is a flowchart showing a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 14] This is a flowchart showing a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 15] This is a flowchart showing a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16] This is a flowchart showing a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 17] This is a flowchart showing a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 18] This flowchart shows a method implemented by a manager terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 19] This flowchart shows a method implemented by a base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 20] This flowchart shows a method implemented by a base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 21] This flowchart shows a method implemented by a base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 22] This flowchart shows a method implemented by a base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 23] This block diagram shows a device suitable for use in practicing some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 24] This is a block diagram showing a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 25] This is a block diagram showing a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 26]This is a block diagram showing a manager terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 27] This is a block diagram showing a base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 28] This figure shows an example of a communication system according to several embodiments. [Figure 29] This figure shows a UE according to several embodiments. [Figure 30] This figure shows network nodes according to several embodiments. [Figure 31] This figure shows a host according to several embodiments. [Figure 32] This figure shows a virtualization environment in which functions implemented by several embodiments can be virtualized. [Figure 33] This figure shows a host communicating with a UE via a network node over a partial wireless connection, according to several embodiments. [Figure 34] This flowchart shows a method implemented in a communication system according to several embodiments. [Figure 35] This flowchart shows a method implemented in a communication system according to several embodiments. [Figure 36] This flowchart shows a method implemented in a communication system according to several embodiments. [Figure 37] This flowchart shows a method implemented in a communication system according to several embodiments. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0091] For illustrative purposes, the following description includes details to provide a complete understanding of the disclosed embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the embodiments may be implemented without these specific details or using equivalent configurations.

[0092] Section 6.7 of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Report (TR) 23.752 V2.0.0 describes Layer 2 (L2) based UE-network relay. Section 5.5 of 3GPP TR38.836 V17.0.0 describes L2 inter-UE relay. (Figures 5.5.1-1 and 5.5.1-2 of TR38.836 V17.0.0) Figures 1 and 2 show the protocol stack for the user plane and control plane of the L2 inter-UE relay architecture. As shown, the adaptive layer is supported on a second PC5 link for L2 inter-UE relay (i.e., the PC5 link between the relay UE and the destination UE). For L2 inter-UE relay, the adaptive layer is located on the radio link control (RLC) sublayer for both the control plane (CP) and user plane (UP) on the second PC5 link. Sidelink Service Data Adaptive Protocol (SDAP) / Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) and RRC are terminated between the two remote UEs, while RLC, MAC, and Physical Layer (PHY) are terminated on each PC5 link.

[0093] For the first hop of an L2 UE relay, N:1 mapping is supported for relay by the first hop PC5 adaptive layer between the remote UE SL radio bearer and the first hop PC5 RLC channel. The adaptive layer across the first PC5 hop between the source remote UE and the relay UE supports identifying traffic destined for different destination remote UEs.

[0094] For the second hop of an L2 UE relay, the PC5 adaptive layer of the second hop may be used in the relay UE to support bearer mapping between the inlet RLC channel across the first PC5 hop and the outlet RLC across the second PC5 hop. The PC5 adaptive layer supports N:1 bearer mapping between multiple inlet PC5 RLC channels across the first PC5 hop and one outlet PC5 RLC channel across the second PC5 hop, and supports remote UE identification functionality.

[0095] In the case of L2 UE relay, the identity information of the remote UE end-to-end radio bearer is included in the adaptive layer at the first and second PC5 hops. Furthermore, the identity information of the source remote UE and / or the destination remote UE are candidate information that should be included in the adaptive layer, and these should be determined in the WI phase.

[0096] 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 24.334 V17.2.0 describes Layer 2 ID conflict detection / resolution. As described in Section 11.4.4.1 of TS24.334 V17.2.0, a DIRECT_COMMUNICATION_REJECT message is sent by one UE to another peer UE to indicate that a corresponding direct link setup request has been rejected. Table 1 below is Table 11.4.4.1.1 of TS24.334 V17.2.0, which shows the message content of DIRECT_COMMUNICATION_REJECT. TIFF0007848331000001.tif42170 Table 1: DIRECT_COMMUNICATION_REJECT Message Content

[0097] As described in Section 12.5.1.7 of TS24.334 V17.2.0, the purpose of the PC5 signaling protocol cause value information element is to indicate the error cause value used in the PC5 signaling protocol procedure. The PC5 signaling protocol cause value is a type 3 information element with a length of 2 octets. The information element identifier (IEI) of the PC5 signaling protocol cause value IE is 5. Tables 2 and 3 are Figure 12.5.1.7.1 and Table 12.5.1.7.1 of TS24.334 V17.2.0, respectively, and show the coding of the PC5 signaling protocol cause value information element. TIFF0007848331000002.tif16170 Table 2: PC5 Signaling Protocol Cause Value Information Elements TIFF0007848331000003.tif77170 Table 3: PC5 Signaling Protocol Cause Value Information Elements

[0098] In Rel-17 L2 UE-Network (U2N) relays, the protocol stack consists of end-to-end terminations of the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, including header information, which is enabled for the corresponding protocol data units (PDUs). Furthermore, the PDCP PDU is carried over two hops: a first hop to the U2N relay (PC5 interface) and a second hop to the gNB / network (Uu interface). Therefore, to facilitate routing over two hops, 3GPP agreed to introduce an adaptive layer in the U2N relay, along with the header information, to map the corresponding PDCP PDU from a specific remote UE to the gNB / network. However, this header information is not protected and could be used by a malicious attacker to compromise the system. Therefore, as part of this header information, the concept of local or temporary identity was introduced to conceal the real identity of the remote UE. Furthermore, the agreement within 3GPP is that how this local / temporary ID is generated and maintained, and how conflicts are avoided, depends on the gNB implementation.

[0099] In the case of L2 U2U relays as described in Rel-18, a similar problem exists, namely, the header information in the adaptive layer is not protected. However, since the operation of U2U relays can be in a full coverage scenario, a partial coverage scenario, or a no-coverage scenario, gNBs cannot be relied upon to provide local or temporary (or temp) IDs, and therefore existing techniques for Rel-17 U2N relays cannot be reused to perform local / temporary ID allocation.

[0100] Furthermore, the initialization of the U2U relay procedure involves the communication of a so-called Direct Communication Request (DCR) message. The DCR is broadcast throughout the area by the sidelink source UE to find a suitable sidelink destination UE. However, if the sidelink destination UE is not in immediate vicinity of the sidelink source UE, this message must be relayed to the suitable sidelink destination UE by a (neighboring) U2U relay. In some cases, in addition to the U2U relay, the DCR message from the source sidelink UE may also be received by the sidelink destination UE. The sidelink destination UE then needs to distinguish between the DCRs received from the sidelink source UE and the U2U relay in order to determine which path to use.

[0101] This disclosure proposes an improved solution for sidelink transmission. One of the main ideas is to propose a new mechanism for how local / temporary IDs should be assigned based on the different coverage scenarios described above for U2U relay. The following three options are proposed for assigning local / temp IDs to sidelink UEs in U2U relay scenarios, primarily to conceal the actual identity of the sidelink UEs and to protect the system from malicious attacks such as denial of service or sidelink UE impersonation.

[0102] As a first option, the U2U relay may assign a local or temporary ID to the sidelink source / destination UE, which should be used in the adaptive layer header. This local / temp ID is used throughout both hops between the sidelink source UE and the sidelink destination UE. This local / temp ID can be valid either on an end-to-end link or on a per-hop link.

[0103] As a second option, depending on the coverage status of the sidelink UE performing the U2U relay, this local / temporary ID may be assigned by the gNB, or it may be generated locally by the U2U relay based on its own sidelink identification, i.e., the L2 ID, and then assigned to the sidelink source / destination UE.

[0104] As a third option, the sidelink source / destination UE can automatically assign a local or temporary ID and share this information with neighboring sidelink U2U relay UEs. The sidelink destination / source UE can also assign a local or temporary ID to its corresponding sidelink source / destination UE.

[0105] By concealing the actual identity of the sidelink source / destination UE through any of the above options, it can help prevent malicious attackers from impersonating the sidelink source / destination UE, thereby preventing the use of denial-of-service against the actual sidelink source / destination UE and preventing system damage.

[0106] Another key idea is to address scenarios where DCRs need to be distinguished. For example, to distinguish between a DCR from a sidelink destination UE and a DCR from a U2U relay, the sidelink source UE can generate an ID that uniquely identifies the sidelink source UE and pass this information to the U2U relay. The U2U relay then includes this information in the DCR message to the sidelink destination UE. This ID may also be generated by the U2U relay.

[0107] The solutions of this disclosure may be applied to a communication system including a terminal device and a base station. The terminal device can communicate with the base station through a radio access communication link. The base station can provide a radio access communication link to a terminal device located within its communication service cell. It should be noted that communication may be conducted between the terminal device and the base station in accordance with any suitable communication standards and protocols.

[0108] The term terminal device is also sometimes called a device, access terminal, user equipment (UE), mobile station, mobile unit, or subscriber station. A terminal device can refer to any end device that can access and receive services from a wireless communication network. Examples, though not limited, of a terminal device may include portable computers, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback devices, mobile phones, cellular phones, smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, and personal digital assistants (PDAs).

[0109] In an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a terminal device can represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurement and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurement to another terminal device and / or network equipment. In this case, a terminal device may be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which in a 3GPP context may be called a machine-type communication (MTC) device. Specific examples of such machines or devices may include sensors, measuring devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, motorcycles, vehicles, or household or personal electrical appliances, such as refrigerators, televisions, and personal wearables such as watches.

[0110] The term "base station (BS)" can refer to, for example, Node B (Node B or NB), Evolved Node B (eNode B or eNB), Next Generation Node B (gNode B or gNB), MSR radio nodes such as Multi-Standard Radio (MSR) BS, Master eNode B (MeNB), Secondary eNode B (SeNB), Radio Access Backhaul Integrated Transmission (IAB) nodes, Access Points (APs), Transmitting Points, Transmitting / Receiving Points (TRPs), Remote Radio Units (RRUs), Radio Header (RH), Remote Radio Head (RRH), and low-power nodes such as relays, femto, and pico. For example, a base station may comprise a CU including a Central Unit (CU) User Plane (UP) and a CU Control Plane (CP), and one or more Distributed Units (DUs). The CU and (one or more) DUs may co-locate within the same network node, for example, within the same base station.

[0111] Several embodiments are described below to illustrate the solutions of this disclosure. While these embodiments are described in the context of NR (i.e., two or more SL UEs are deployed in the same or different NR cells), the same principles may be applied to LTE or any other technology that enables direct connectivity between two (or more) nearby devices. These embodiments are also applicable to relay scenarios of inter-UE relay, where the remote UE and relay UE are obtained based on an LTE sidelink or NR sidelink, and the Uu connection between the relay UE and the base station may be an LTE Uu or an NR Uu.

[0112] To illustrate these embodiments, an L2-based U2U relay scenario is used, but these embodiments are not limited by the terminology defined herein. Any other similar terminology may be interchangeably applied herein without loss of meaning.

[0113] Who assigns the local / temp ID? In the first embodiment, during the link establishment procedure between the sidelink source remote UE and the destination remote UE via one or more sidelink U2U relays, identification information should be included for the unique identification of the sidelink source / destination UE. This identification information should be included in the adaptive layer header to enable the one or more sidelink U2U relays to perform routing of packets between the sidelink source UE and the sidelink destination UE. Furthermore, this identification information may be generated / assigned by the sidelink source / destination remote UE, the sidelink U2U relay, or the gNB under partial or full coverage of the one or more sidelink UEs. It should be noted that in some scenarios, the link establishment procedure may fail.

[0114] In a second embodiment, the sidelink source / destination UE can generate the identification information in the first embodiment in the form of a local or temporary ID, which is used to identify the sidelink source / destination UE when communicating with each other via one or more relay UEs. This local / temp ID may be generated based on the sidelink source / destination UE ID (i.e., L2 ID), or the local / temp ID may be generated randomly or according to some mathematical function. The sidelink source / destination UE can assign local / temp IDs either at the per-hop level or at the end-to-end level. As an example, the sidelink source UE can generate a local / temp ID for itself and one local / temp ID for the destination UE (if those IDs are used end-to-end). As another example, the sidelink destination UE can generate a local / temp ID for itself and one local / temp ID for the source UE (if those IDs are used end-to-end). As yet another example, a sidelink source UE generates a local / temp ID for itself, and a sidelink destination UE generates a local / temp ID for itself (this is valid for both if the IDs are used hop-by-hop).

[0115] At the hop level, sidelink source / destination UEs can generate and automatically assign a local / temp ID valid for the immediately adjacent link. For example, in a single-hop scenario, a sidelink source UE can automatically assign a local / temp ID valid only for the first hop (i.e., the next hop) between the sidelink source UE and the sidelink U2U relay, and the relay UE maps that local / temp ID to another local / temp ID representing the source UE at the second hop between the sidelink U2U relay and the sidelink destination UE. Similarly, a sidelink destination UE can also automatically assign another local / temp ID valid only for the next hop (i.e., the second hop between the sidelink destination UE and the sidelink U2U relay), and the relay UE maps that local / temp ID to another local / temp ID representing the destination UE at the first hop between the sidelink U2U relay and the sidelink source UE. In a multi-hop scenario, the sidelink U2U relay will maintain separate mappings between local / temp IDs for the source / destination UEs applied on each of the (one or more) ingress hops and (one or more) egress hops.

[0116] At the end-to-end level, the sidelink source / destination UE can generate and automatically assign a local / temp ID that is valid for the entire path, i.e., across all hops. For example, in a single-hop scenario, the sidelink source / destination UE can automatically assign a local / temp ID that is valid for the first hop (between the sidelink source UE and the sidelink U2U relay) and for the second hop (between the sidelink U2U relay and the sidelink destination UE).

[0117] In another aspect of this embodiment, a sidelink source / destination UE may assign a local / temp ID to the corresponding sidelink destination / source UE during the end-to-end link establishment procedure. For example, when a per-hop PC5 connection is established between the source / destination UE and the relay UE, or between all relay UEs in the case of a multi-hop connection, the source / destination UE notifies the directly connected relay UE of its local / temp ID and which end-to-end link this ID should be used for, the end-to-end link may be represented by the source / destination UE's L2 ID, which is known to the source / destination UE and the relay UEs along the path during discovery or after the exchange of initial link establishment request and response messages. The relay UE further forwards the local / temp ID and the end-to-end link in question until the message reaches the destination / source UE. If the local / temp ID is used per hop, the relay UE may regenerate a different local / temp ID for the source / destination UE as described above, and then forward this regenerated local / temp ID.

[0118] In the third embodiment, the sidelink U2U relay is responsible for generating a local / temp ID during the link establishment procedure and for assigning that local / temp ID to both the sidelink source and destination UE or (one or more) other sidelink U2U relays. As described in the second embodiment, this local / temp ID may be assigned either at the per-hop level or at the end-to-end level.

[0119] The distinction between local / temp IDs can be based on sidelink identification information, i.e., the L2 ID of the sidelink U2U relay, or on random generation, or on some mathematical function. In this way, different ID spaces are associated with different relay UEs. The relay UE assigns different local / temp IDs within its associated ID space to different remote UEs connected to it. Remote UEs served by different relay UEs will also have different local / temp IDs because their IDs belong to different ID spaces.

[0120] In the fourth embodiment, the gNB may be responsible for generating a local / temp ID and assigning the local / temp ID to the sidelink source / destination UE and / or (one or more) sidelink U2U, based on at least one of the following options:

[0121] In Option 1, it becomes the responsibility of a specific sidelink UE (the so-called ID manager) to assign local / temp IDs to other sidelink UEs, depending on which sidelink UE is under gNB coverage.

[0122] The ID manager may report to the gNB at least one of the following information elements: the number of hops, the L2 IDs of the source / destination UEs, the L2 IDs of (one or more) other relay UEs along the route in the case of multi-hops, any other known Uu IDs of the source / destination UEs (e.g., TMSI, RNTI), any other known Uu IDs of (one or more) other relay UEs in the case of multi-hops (e.g., TMSI, RNTI), and per-hop or end-to-end local / temp ID allocation information.

[0123] Based on this information from the ID manager, the gNB can generate and assign corresponding local / temp IDs for the source / destination UE and, if IDs are assigned per hop, for which hops / paths the IDs should apply. The ID manager should then notify all UEs along the path of these local / temp IDs, which may follow a procedure similar to that described in the second embodiment, namely, the ID manager notifies its (one or more) immediate neighbors of the local / temp IDs, along with the corresponding L2 IDs and the hops to which the local / temp IDs should apply, and the immediate neighbors then forward the information until it reaches the source and / or destination UEs.

[0124] In one example, the ID manager could simply be a sidelink source UE. When the sidelink source UE has incoming data and needs to use a sidelink U2U relay link, after discovering (one or more) relay UEs and sidelink destination UEs, the sidelink source UE may signal to the gNB to request local / temp IDs. After receiving this information from the gNB, the sidelink source UE can simply notify the relay UEs and / or sidelink destination UEs of their local / temp IDs during the sidelink relay establishment procedure.

[0125] Option 2 does not have an ID manager. Each remote UE or relay UE, if connected to a gNB, may be assigned a local / temp ID by the gNB for relay communication. The UE reports the same information as described in Option 1.

[0126] In a fifth embodiment, either a sidelink source / (one or more) destination UE or a sidelink U2U relay can trigger a local / temp ID update procedure. Conditions for triggering such a procedure may include the expiration of a timer related to the validity of the local ID, the triggering of a reselection by one or more sidelink UEs in the end-to-end link, the occurrence of a link failure at one of the hops in the end-to-end link, for example, the triggering of a radio link failure (RLF) procedure by one or more sidelink UEs, the change of the gNB (i.e., the triggering of a handover procedure) based on signaling received from the gNB / (one or more) sidelink UEs, and the need to send new service / traffic (implying that there may also be a different local / temp ID for each service / traffic being sent).

[0127] If the ID is applied end-to-end, when the ID is updated, the new ID should be notified to all UEs along the route by the UE updating the ID, which may follow a procedure similar to that described in the fourth embodiment, performed by the ID manager. The updating UE may associate the new ID with a timestamp indicating when the ID was updated and, optionally, a prohibition timer indicating that the ID should not be updated again for a certain period of time, and other UEs along the route should avoid updating the ID again as long as the prohibition timer is running (not expired). Alternatively, if a UE receives a new ID with an older timestamp than the one associated with the currently used ID, the UE continues to use the current ID.

[0128] If IDs are applied per hop, the above conditions are defined and checked for each hop, and local / temp ID updates can be triggered and performed separately and independently for each hop. When an ID applied for a hop is updated, it only needs to be notified to the UEs immediately neighboring that hop, i.e., the new ID does not need to be further distributed to other UEs along the path. The relevant UEs will then update the ID mapping between the entry hop and the exit hop.

[0129] In another aspect of this embodiment, the ID manager (from the fourth embodiment) may, based on the trigger conditions described above, notify a specific sidelink UE, which may not be a directly neighboring UE, to update its local / temp ID. In this case, the ID manager may include additional information in the update message to identify that specific sidelink UE along the route / link (e.g., an L2 ID for the previous local / temp ID).

[0130] In the sixth embodiment, when the sidelink U2U relay receives a DCR message from the sidelink source UE during the link establishment procedure, the sidelink U2U relay generates an initial local / temp ID and assigns it to the sidelink source UE. This may or may not be in addition to the sidelink UE ID, i.e., the L2 ID of the sidelink source UE. The sidelink U2U relay then sends another DCR message on behalf of the sidelink source UE, including this initial temp / local ID. The sidelink destination UE can then distinguish between the two requests based on the presence or absence of the initial local / temp ID.

[0131] In another aspect of this embodiment, the initial local temp ID may also be generated and communicated by the sidelink source / destination UE during the preceding PC5-RRC link establishment procedure. In this case, the U2U relay also maintains a mapping between the sidelink UE ID, i.e., the L2 ID, and the initial local / temp ID, which should be used in the DCR message. The initial local / temp ID may also be updated based on the embodiments described herein.

[0132] How should ID conflicts be avoided? This section describes several embodiments of how to deal with / avoid ID conflicts. An ID conflict event may be declared by a UE or gNB when one of the following conditions is met: at least two SL UEs share the same ID within a given area / neighborhood; at least two SL UEs served by the same or different gNBs share the same ID; at least two SL UEs served by the same or different relay UEs share the same ID; at least two SL UEs interested in the same service share the same ID; or at least two SL UEs on the same or different relay paths share the same ID.

[0133] An ID conflict event may be declared for the ID of a UE (including sidelink source / destination UEs and / or U2U relay UEs), including at least one of the following: source L2 ID, destination L2 ID, local / temp UE ID used in the adaptive layer in the case of SL relay, PC5 signaling, PC5 RRC signaling, MAC CE, control PDU of the protocol layer (e.g., SDAP, PDCP, RLC, or adaptive layer in the case of SL), or any other UE ID used in L1 signaling.

[0134] In the seventh embodiment, the procedure for detecting ID conflicts may be maintained by the UE (e.g., either a sidelink source / destination UE or a sidelink U2U relay). The UE may monitor data transmissions / signaling initiated by its neighboring UEs (whether the transmission is directed to the UE or not) to determine if there is an ID conflict. If an ID conflict is detected, the UE may signal an event to its neighboring UEs and / or gNB.

[0135] Alternatively, a similar procedure for detecting identity conflicts may be maintained by the gNB. The gNB may detect identity conflicts based on signaling messages received from UEs or other gNBs. Alternatively, the gNB may also detect identity conflicts by monitoring SL transmissions and / or receptions between its neighboring SL UEs. When an identity conflict is detected, the gNB may signal the event to its neighboring gNBs via inter-gNB signaling. Furthermore, the gNB may also signal the event to core network entities such as AMFs or SMFs. If the gNB is a distributed unit (DU), the gNB may signal the event to a central unit (CU) via a CU-DU interface.

[0136] In the eighth embodiment, for any one of the embodiments described above, during the procedure for assigning a local ID / temp ID for a remote UE (e.g., a source remote UE or a destination remote UE), at least one of the following options is taken by the control entity (responsible for assigning local IDs / temp IDs for remote UEs) to avoid ID conflicts with other remote UEs. The control entity may be a relay UE, a destination remote UE, or a gNB. Furthermore, the control entity may also be an ID manager as described in the fourth embodiment.

[0137] In Option 1, local IDs are mapped one-to-one with L2 IDs. Since different UEs are most likely to be associated with different L2 IDs, each L2 ID will also have a corresponding local ID that is different.

[0138] In Option 2, whenever a local ID is assigned to a remote UE, the remote UE can indicate acceptance or rejection to the control entity. After receiving the local ID from the control entity, the remote UE may perform a detection to determine if this ID conflicts with its neighboring UEs. If an ID conflict is detected, the remote UE indicates rejection to the control entity in its response message. Otherwise, the remote UE may accept the ID.

[0139] The response message may include the following information: the L2 ID of the remote UE sending the response message; an indicator to show acceptance or rejection of the assigned local ID; the reason for rejection if rejection is indicated; and at least one of one or more preferred local ID values ​​on which the control entity can select the most suitable local ID value for the remote UE.

[0140] Upon receiving a response message from the remote UE, the controlling entity may decide to reassign a different local ID. The controlling entity then resends the new ID to the remote UE. The remote UE can further check whether the new ID is acceptable, i.e., whether there is an ID conflict. This procedure may be repeated multiple times until the remote UE and the controlling entity can finally agree on a suitable local ID.

[0141] Alternative Signaling Forms In the ninth embodiment, for any of the embodiments described above, the signaling alternatives may include at least one of the following: For signaling between the UE and the gNB, at least one of the following signaling alternatives may be applied: RRC signaling, MAC CE, paging messages, and L1 signaling on the channel such as control PDU, PRACH, PUCCH, PDCCH, etc., for protocol layers (e.g., SDAP, PDCP, RLC, or adaptive layers in the case of SL relays).

[0142] For signaling between UEs, at least one of the following signaling alternatives may be applied: RRC signaling (e.g., PC5-RRC), PC5 signaling, discovery signaling, MAC CE, protocol layer (e.g., SDAP, PDCP, RLC, or adaptive layer in the case of SL relays) control PDU, or L1 signaling on channels such as PSSCH, PSCCH, or PSFCH.

[0143] Regarding signaling between gNBs, at least one of the following signaling alternatives—namely, XnAP signaling, F1AP signaling, and paging messages—may be applied.

[0144] The solutions of this disclosure are described further below with reference to Figures 3 to 37. Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a first terminal device according to one embodiment of this disclosure. The method may be applicable to an environment in which the first terminal device is connected to a second terminal device via at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The method may be applied during the process of connecting the first terminal device and / or when the connection has already been established, for example, when the connection needs to be updated. The third terminal device may be the U2U relay described above. In block 302, the first terminal device determines identification information for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device to identify the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. Given identification information for a terminal device may be used in place of the actual identification information of the terminal device during packet transmission to conceal the actual identification information of the terminal device. For example, identification information for the first terminal device / second terminal device may be used in the adaptive layer header of packets communicated over the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0145] For example, block 302 may be implemented as one of blocks 302-1 to 302-3, as shown in Figure 4. Block 302-1 is applicable to a scenario in which the first terminal device is the source terminal device (and therefore the second terminal device is the destination terminal device). In block 302-1, the first terminal device determines a first temporary ID of the first terminal device. The first temporary ID of the first terminal device should be used while a link is established between the first terminal device / second terminal device and one of at least one third terminal device. For example, the first temporary ID may correspond to the initial local / temp ID described in the sixth embodiment above.

[0146] Block 302-2 is applicable to a scenario where the first terminal device is the destination terminal device (and therefore the second terminal device is the source terminal device). In Block 302-2, the first terminal device determines the first temporary ID of the second terminal device. The first temporary ID of the second terminal device should be used while a link is established between the second terminal device / first terminal device and one of at least one third terminal device.

[0147] Block 302-3 is applicable to scenarios where the first terminal device is either a source terminal device or a destination terminal device. In block 302-3, the first terminal device determines a second temporary ID for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device. The second temporary ID for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device should be used after a link is established between the first terminal device / second terminal device and one of at least one third terminal device. For example, the second temporary ID may correspond to the local / temp ID described in the second to fourth embodiments above.

[0148] In any one of the above scenarios, the identification information of the first and / or second terminal device may be determined in one or more of the following ways: namely, based on the L2 IDs of the first and / or second terminal device, in a random way, and based on a predetermined mathematical function. For example, the identification information of the first / second terminal device may be determined to be a one-to-one mapping to the L2 IDs of the first / second terminal device.

[0149] Referring again to Figure 3, in block 304, the first terminal device assigns determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The determined identification information may be assigned by one or more of the following: RRC signaling, PC5-S signaling, discovery signaling, MAC CE, SDAP or PDCP or RLC or adaptive layer control PDU, and L1 signaling. The method in Figure 3 makes it possible to perform secure communication on the link using the identification information. For example, block 304 may be implemented as including any one of blocks 304-1 to 304-3, as shown in Figure 5. Block 304-1 is applicable to a scenario in which the identification information of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device (e.g., a second temporary ID) is valid for the entire link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. In block 304-1, the first terminal device transmits the determined identification information and an ID identifying the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device to at least one third terminal device and a second terminal device.

[0150] Block 304-2 is applicable to a scenario in which the second temporary ID of the first terminal device is valid for the hop between the first terminal device and one of at least one third terminal device. In Block 304-2, the first terminal device transmits the determined identification information of the first terminal device to one of at least one third terminal device.

[0151] Optionally, block 304-3 may be implemented to assign identification information. In block 304-3, the first terminal device transmits a timestamp or prohibition timer associated with the identification information to at least one corresponding terminal device on the hop. The timestamp indicates when the identification information was determined (or updated). The prohibition timer indicates a predetermined time period during which the identification information should not be updated.

[0152] Figure 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. This method may be implemented after blocks 302-304 have been performed. In block 607, the first terminal device receives a response message from the second terminal device in response to assigning identification information. In block 608, if the response message indicates a rejection of the second terminal device's identification information, determining the identification information (block 302) and assigning the identification information (block 304) are performed again for the second terminal device. The method in Figure 6 can resolve potential conflicts in identification information.

[0153] Figure 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, this method may be implemented after blocks 302-304 have been performed. In block 710, the first terminal device determines whether the identification information needs to be updated. For example, the first terminal device may determine that the identification information needs to be updated if one or more of the conditions described in the fifth embodiment above are satisfied. In block 712, if it is determined that the identification information needs to be updated, the determination of the identification information (block 302) and the allocation of the identification information (block 304) are performed again. The method in Figure 7 makes it possible to perform secure communication over the link using the updated identification information.

[0154] Figure 8 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In block 814, the first terminal device detects a conflict between the identification information of at least two different terminal devices based on a transmission initiated by one or more neighboring terminal devices of the first terminal device. For example, a transmission initiated by one or more neighboring terminal devices (e.g., data and / or signaling transmissions) may be monitored, regardless of whether the transmission is directed to the first terminal device, to determine whether such a conflict exists. In block 816, the first terminal device notifies one or more neighboring terminal devices or a base station of the detected conflict. The method of Figure 8 can resolve any potential conflicts in identification information.

[0155] Figure 9 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. This method may be applicable to a scenario in which the first terminal device is the destination terminal device (and therefore the second terminal device is the source terminal device). In block 918, in response to receiving a DCR message, the first terminal device determines whether the DCR message contains identification information for the second terminal device (e.g., the first temporary ID described above). In block 920, if the DCR message contains identification information for the second terminal device, the first terminal device determines that the DCR message was sent from the second terminal device via at least one third terminal device. As an example, the DCR message may contain both the first temporary ID and the L2 ID of the second terminal device. As another example, the DCR message may contain the first temporary ID of the second terminal device without containing the L2 ID of the second terminal device. In block 922, if the DCR message does not contain identification information for the second terminal device, the first terminal device determines that the DCR message was sent directly from the second terminal device. The method in Figure 9 may allow the destination terminal device to distinguish between DCRs from the source terminal device and DCRs from the relay terminal device.

[0156] Figure 10 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The method may be applicable to an environment in which the third terminal device acts as a relay between a first terminal device and a second terminal device. For example, the third terminal device may be a U2U relay as described above. In block 1002, the third terminal device determines identification information for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device to identify the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. Given terminal device identification information may be used in place of the actual identification information of the terminal device during packet communication to conceal the actual identification information of the terminal device. For example, the first terminal device / second terminal device identification information may be used in the adaptive layer header of a packet communicated on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0157] For example, block 1002 may be implemented as any one of blocks 1002-1 to 1002-3, as shown in Figure 11. Block 1002-1 is applicable to a scenario in which the first terminal device is the source terminal device (and therefore the second terminal device is the destination terminal device). In block 1002-1, the third terminal device determines the first temporary ID of the first terminal device. The first temporary ID of the first terminal device should be used while the link between the first terminal device and the third terminal device is established. For example, the first temporary ID may correspond to the initial local / temp ID described in the sixth embodiment above.

[0158] Block 1002-2 is applicable to a scenario where the second terminal device is the source terminal device (and therefore the first terminal device is the destination terminal device). In Block 1002-2, the third terminal device determines the first temporary ID of the second terminal device. The first temporary ID of the second terminal device should be used while the link between the second terminal device and the third terminal device is established.

[0159] Blocks 1002-3 are applicable to scenarios where the first terminal device is either a source or destination terminal device. In block 1002-3, the third terminal device determines the second temporary IDs of the first and second terminal devices. The second temporary IDs of the first and second terminal devices should be used after a link is established between the first / second terminal device and the third terminal device. For example, the second temporary ID may correspond to the local / temp ID described in the second to fourth embodiments above.

[0160] In any one of the above scenarios, the identification information of the first and / or second terminal device may be determined in one or more of the following ways: namely, based on the L2 ID of the third terminal device, in a random way, and based on a predetermined mathematical function. For example, the identification information of the first / second terminal device may be determined to be a one-to-one mapping to the L2 ID of the first / second terminal device.

[0161] Referring again to Figure 10, in block 1004, the third terminal device assigns determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The determined identification information may be assigned by one or more of the following: RRC signaling, PC5-S signaling, discovery signaling, MAC CE, SDAP or PDCP or RLC or adaptive layer control PDU, and L1 signaling. The method in Figure 10 makes it possible to perform secure communication on the link using the identification information. For example, block 1004 may be implemented as including any one of blocks 1004-1 to 1004-3, as shown in Figure 12. Block 1004-1 is applicable to a scenario in which the identification information of the first and second terminal devices (e.g., a second temporary ID) is valid for the entire link between the first and second terminal devices. In block 1004-1, the third terminal device transmits the determined identification information and an ID identifying the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device to other terminal devices on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0162] Block 1004-2 is applicable to scenarios where the identification information (e.g., a second temporary ID) of the first and second terminal devices is valid at the hop level. For example, a different second temporary ID of the first terminal device may be determined for each hop on the link between the first and second terminal devices. A different second temporary ID of the second terminal device may be determined for each hop on the link between the first and second terminal devices. In block 1004-2, the third terminal device transmits to the terminal devices on each hop the identification information of the first and second terminal devices determined for the hop, along with an ID that identifies the hop.

[0163] Optionally, block 1004-3 may be implemented to assign identification information. In block 1004-3, the third terminal device transmits a timestamp or prohibition timer associated with the identification information to at least one corresponding terminal device on the hop. The timestamp indicates when the identification information was determined (or updated). The prohibition timer indicates a predetermined time period during which the identification information should not be updated.

[0164] Figure 13 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. This method may be implemented after blocks 1002-1004 have been performed. In block 1307, the third terminal device receives a response message from the first / second terminal device in response to assigning identification information. In block 1308, if the response message indicates a rejection of the identification information of the first / second terminal device, determining the identification information (block 1002) and assigning the identification information (block 1004) are performed again for the second terminal device. The method in Figure 13 can resolve potential conflicts in identification information.

[0165] Figure 14 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the method includes blocks 1002-1004 described above and block 1418. In block 1418, the third terminal device maintains a mapping between the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device applied on the ingress hop of the third terminal device and the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device applied on the egress hop of the third terminal device. In the method of Figure 14, the third terminal device can perform packet routing between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0166] Figure 15 is a flowchart showing a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, this method may be implemented after blocks 1002-1004 have been performed. In block 1510, the third terminal device determines whether the identification information needs to be updated. For example, the third terminal device may determine that the identification information needs to be updated when one or more of the conditions described in the fifth embodiment above are satisfied. In block 1512, if it is determined that the identification information needs to be updated, the determination of the identification information (block 1002) and the allocation of the identification information (block 1004) are performed again. The method in Figure 15 makes it possible to perform secure communication over the link using the updated identification information.

[0167] Figure 16 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In block 1614, the third terminal device detects a conflict between the identification information of at least two different terminal devices based on transmissions initiated by one or more neighboring terminal devices of the third terminal device. For example, transmissions initiated by one or more neighboring terminal devices (e.g., data and / or signaling transmissions) may be monitored, regardless of whether the transmission is directed to the third terminal device, to determine if such a conflict exists. In block 1616, the third terminal device notifies one or more neighboring terminal devices or a base station of the detected conflict. The method in Figure 16 can resolve possible conflicts in identification information.

[0168] Figure 17 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the method includes blocks 1002-1004 described above and block 1720. In block 1720, in response to receiving a DCR message from a source terminal device (e.g., a first terminal device or a second terminal device), the third terminal device sends another DCR message on behalf of the source terminal device, which includes the first temporary ID of the source terminal device. For example, the other DCR message may include both the first temporary ID and the L2 ID of the source terminal device. For another example, the other DCR message may include the first temporary ID of the source terminal device without including the L2 ID of the source terminal device. In the method of Figure 17, the destination terminal device can distinguish between the DCR from the source terminal device and the DCR from the third terminal device.

[0169] Figure 18 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a manager terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The method may be applicable to an environment in which the manager terminal device is one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices, and is under the coverage of a base station. In block 1802, the manager terminal device reports to the base station information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. For example, information regarding a link between a first terminal device and a second terminal device may include one or more of the following: the number of hops on the link, the L2 ID of the first terminal device, the L2 ID of the second terminal device, the L2 ID of the remaining third terminal device (if there are two or more third terminal devices), the Uu ID of the first terminal device, the Uu ID of the second terminal device, the Uu ID of the remaining third terminal device (if there are two or more third terminal devices), and whether the identification information is valid at the per-hop level or at the end-to-end level.

[0170] In block 1804, the manager terminal device receives identification information for the first and second terminal devices from the base station to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between them. Link information may be reported, or the identification information may be received by one or more of the following: RRC signaling, MAC CE, paging messages, SDAP or PDCP or RLC or adaptive layer control PDU, and L1 signaling. In block 1806, the manager terminal device assigns the determined identification information to the corresponding hops on the link between the first and second terminal devices. Block 1806 may be implemented in a similar manner to block 1004. In the method shown in Figure 18, secure communication can be performed on the link using the identification information.

[0171] Figure 19 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The method may be applicable to an environment in which a base station is connected to a manager terminal device, which is one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. In block 1902, the base station receives from the manager terminal device information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. For example, information regarding a link between a first terminal device and a second terminal device may include one or more of the following: the number of hops on the link, the L2 ID of the first terminal device, the L2 ID of the second terminal device, the L2 ID of the remaining third terminal device (if there are two or more third terminal devices), the Uu ID of the first terminal device, the Uu ID of the second terminal device, the Uu ID of the remaining third terminal device (if there are two or more third terminal devices), and whether the identification information is valid at the per-hop level or at the end-to-end level.

[0172] In block 1904, the base station determines identification information for a first terminal device and a second terminal device to identify the first terminal device and the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. Given terminal device identification information may be used in place of the actual terminal device identification information during packet communication to conceal the actual terminal device identification information. For example, the first terminal device / second terminal device identification information may be used in the adaptive layer header of packets communicated on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0173] For example, a second temporary ID for the first and second terminal devices may be determined. The second temporary ID for the first and second terminal devices should be used after a link is established between the first / second terminal device and the third terminal device. For example, the second temporary ID may correspond to the local / temp ID described in the second to fourth embodiments above. The second temporary ID for the first / second terminal device may be valid at the per-hop level or at the end-to-end level.

[0174] Identification information for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device can be determined in one or more of the following ways: namely, based on the L2 ID of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device, in a random way, and based on a predetermined mathematical function. Identification information for the first terminal device / second terminal device can be determined to be a one-to-one mapping to the L2 ID of the first terminal device / second terminal device.

[0175] In block 1906, the base station assigns the determined identification information to the manager terminal device. Block 1906 may optionally include transmitting a timestamp or prohibition timer associated with the identification information to the manager terminal device. The timestamp indicates when the identification information was determined (or updated). The prohibition timer indicates a predetermined time period during which the identification information should not be updated. Optionally, link information may be received, or the identification information may be assigned by one or more of the following: RRC signaling, MAC CE, paging messages, SDAP or PDCP or RLC or adaptive layer control PDU, and L1 signaling. The method in Figure 19 makes it possible to perform secure communication over the link using the identification information.

[0176] Figure 20 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. This method may be implemented after blocks 1902-1906 have been performed. In block 2007, the base station receives a response message from a first terminal device / second terminal device in response to assigning identification information. In block 2008, if the response message indicates a rejection of the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device, determining the identification information (block 1904) and assigning the identification information (block 1906) are performed again for the first terminal device / second terminal device. The method in Figure 20 can resolve potential conflicts in identification information.

[0177] Figure 21 is a flowchart showing a method implemented by a base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, this method may be implemented after blocks 1902-1906 have been performed. In block 2110, the base station determines whether the identification information needs to be updated. For example, the base station may determine that the identification information needs to be updated when one or more of the conditions described in the fifth embodiment above are satisfied. In block 2112, if it is determined that the identification information needs to be updated, the process of determining the identification information (block 1904) and assigning the identification information (block 1906) is performed again. The method in Figure 21 makes it possible to perform secure communication over the link using the updated identification information.

[0178] Figure 22 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented by a base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In block 2214, the base station detects a conflict between the identification information of at least two different terminal devices. As an example, the base station may monitor signaling messages received from terminal devices served by the base station or from other base stations. As another example, the base station may monitor sidelink transmissions and / or receptions between terminal devices in its vicinity. In block 2216, the base station notifies one or more neighboring base stations or network nodes of the base station (e.g., core network nodes such as Access and Mobility Functions (AMF) or Session Management Functions (SMF)) of the detected conflict. For example, the detected conflict may be notified to one or more neighboring base stations by one or more of XnAP signaling, F1AP signaling, and paging messages. The method in Figure 22 can resolve possible conflicts in identification information.

[0179] Figure 23 is a block diagram showing a suitable apparatus for use in practicing some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, one of the first terminal device, third terminal device, manager terminal device, and base station described above may be implemented through apparatus 2300. As shown, apparatus 2300 may include a processor 2310, a memory 2320 for storing programs, and optionally a communication interface 2330 for communicating data with other external devices via wired and / or wireless communication.

[0180] The program includes program instructions that, when executed by the processor 2310 as described above, enable the device 2300 to operate in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. That is, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented at least partially by computer software executable by the processor 2310, by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware.

[0181] Memory 2320 can be any type suitable for the local technology environment and can be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, flash memory, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory. Processor 2310 can be any type suitable for the local technology environment and, in non-limiting examples, may include one or more of general-purpose computers, dedicated computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), and processors based on multicore processor architectures.

[0182] Figure 24 is a block diagram of a first terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The first terminal device may be connected to the second terminal device via at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. As shown, the first terminal device 2400 comprises a determination module 2402 and an allocation module 2404. The determination module 2402 may be configured to determine identification information for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device to identify the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The allocation module 2404 may be configured to allocate the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0183] Figure 25 is a block diagram of a third terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The third terminal device may function as a relay between a first terminal device and a second terminal device. As shown, the third terminal device 2500 comprises a determination module 2502 and an allocation module 2504. The determination module 2502 may be configured to determine identification information for the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device to identify the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The allocation module 2504 may be configured to allocate the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

[0184] Figure 26 is a block diagram of a manager terminal device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The manager terminal device may be under base station coverage and may be one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. As shown, the manager terminal device 2600 comprises a reporting module 2602, a receiving module 2604, and an allocation module 2606. The reporting module 2602 may be configured to report to the base station information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. The receiving module 2604 may be configured to receive identification information of the first and second terminal devices from the base station to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between the first and second terminal devices. The allocation module 2606 may be configured to allocate the determined identification information to the corresponding hops on the link between the first and second terminal devices.

[0185] Figure 27 is a block diagram of a base station according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The base station may be connected to a manager terminal device, which may be one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. As shown in the figure, the base station 2700 comprises a receiving module 2702, a determination module 2704, and an allocation module 2706. The receiving module 2702 may be configured to receive information from the manager terminal device regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. The determination module 2704 may be configured to determine identification information for the first and second terminal devices to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between the first and second terminal devices. The allocation module 2706 may be configured to allocate the determined identification information to the manager terminal device. The modules described above may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.

[0186] Figure 28 shows an example of a communication system 2800 according to several embodiments.

[0187] In this example, the communication system 2800 includes a communication network 2802 which includes an access network 2804 such as a radio access network (RAN) and a core network 2806 which includes one or more core network nodes 2808. The access network 2804 includes one or more access network nodes (one or more of which may commonly be referred to as network nodes 2810), such as network nodes 2810a and 2810b, or any other similar Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points. The network nodes 2810 facilitate direct or indirect connections of user equipment (UEs), such as by connecting UEs 2812a, 2812b, 2812c, and 2812d (one or more of which may commonly be referred to as UE2812) to the core network 2806 over one or more radio connections.

[0188] Exemplary wireless communication over a wireless connection involves transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for transmitting information without using wires, cables, or other material conductors. Furthermore, in different embodiments, the communication system 2800 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that can facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals, whether via a wired or wireless connection. The communication system 2800 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, wireless network, and / or other similar types of systems.

[0189] UE2812 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including a wireless device configured, set up, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network node 2810 and other communication devices. Similarly, network node 2810 is configured, capable, set up, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with UE2812 and / or with other network nodes or devices in communication network 2802 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in communication network 2802.

[0190] In the illustrated example, the core network 2806 connects network node 2810 to one or more hosts, such as host 2816. These connections may be direct or indirect, via one or more intermediate networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 2806 includes one or more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 2808) structured with hardware and software components. The characteristics of these components may be substantially similar to those described for UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, and therefore their descriptions are generally applicable to the corresponding components of core network node 2808. An exemplary core network node includes one or more of the following functions: Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Mobility Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Authentication Server Function (AUSF), Subscription Identifier De-concealing Function (SIDF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Security Edge Protected Proxy (SEPP), Network Exposure Function (NEF), and / or User Plane Function (UPF).

[0191] Host 2816 may be owned or under the control of a service provider other than the operator or provider of the access network 2804 and / or the communication network 2802, and may be operated by or on behalf of the service provider. Host 2816 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more services. Examples of such applications include data acquisition services such as extracting and compiling live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data on various ambient conditions detected by multiple UEs, analytical functions, social media, functions for controlling or possibly interacting with remote devices, functions for alarms and surveillance centers, or any other such functions performed by the server.

[0192] Overall, the communication system 2800 in Figure 28 enables connectivity between the UE, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, including, but not limited to, any other suitable wireless communication standards, such as GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future-generation standard (e.g., 6G), wireless local area network (WLAN) standards such as the IEEE 802.11 standard (WiFi), and / or any other suitable wireless communication standards such as global interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, near-field communications (NFC) ZigBee, LiFi, and / or LoRa and Sigfox, or any low-power wide area network (LPWAN) standards.

[0193] In some examples, the communication network 2802 is a cellular network implementing 3GPP standardized features. Therefore, the communication network 2802 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices connected to the communication network 2802. For example, the communication network 2802 may provide ultra-high reliability low latency communication (URLLC) services to some UEs while providing extended mobile broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or also provide massive machine-type communication (mMTC) / massive IoT services to further UEs.

[0194] In some examples, UE2812 is configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For example, the UE may be designed to transmit information to access network 2804 on a predetermined schedule when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to a request from access network 2804. Furthermore, the UE may be configured to operate in single, multi-RAT, or multi-standard modes. For example, the UE may operate with one or a combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio), and LTE, i.e., configured for multi-radio dual connectivity (MR-DC), such as E-UTRAN (Enhanced UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio-Dual Connectivity (EN-DC).

[0195] In this example, hub 2814 communicates with access network 2804 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE2812c and / or 2812d) and a network node (e.g., network node 2810b). In some examples, hub 2814 may be a controller, router, content source and content analysis, or any other communication device described herein with respect to the UE. For example, hub 2814 may be a broadband router that enables access to the core network 2806 for the UE. In another example, hub 2814 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UE. Commands or instructions may be received from the UE, network node 2810, or by executable code, scripts, processes, or other instructions in hub 2814. In yet another example, hub 2814 may be a data collector acting as temporary storage for UE data, and in some embodiments may perform data analysis or other processing. In yet another example, hub 2814 may be a content source. For example, with respect to a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker, or other media distribution device, the hub 2814 can retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via network nodes, which the hub 2814 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In yet another example, the hub 2814 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UE, particularly when one or more of the UEs are low-energy IoT devices.

[0196] Hub 2814 may have always-on / persistent or intermittent connections to network node 2810b. Hub 2814 may also enable different communication methods and / or schedules between Hub 2814 and UEs (e.g., UE2812c and / or 2812d), and between Hub 2814 and the core network 2806. In other examples, Hub 2814 connects to the core network 2806 and / or one or more UEs via wired connections. Furthermore, Hub 2814 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider on the access network 2804 and / or another UE via a direct connection. In some scenarios, a UE may establish a wireless connection with network node 2810 while still being connected via wired or wireless connections through Hub 2814. In some embodiments, Hub 2814 may be a dedicated hub, i.e., a hub whose primary function is to route communication from the UE to network node 2810b and from network node 2810b to the UE. In other embodiments, the hub 2814 may be a non-dedicated hub, i.e., a device that can operate to route communication between the UE and the network node 2810b, but can also operate as a communication start and / or end point for several data channels.

[0197] Figure 29 shows the UE2900 in several embodiments. As used herein, UE refers to a device that is capable of, configured, and / or operable of communicating wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of UEs include, but are not limited to, smartphones, mobile phones, cell phones, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless cameras, gaming consoles or devices, music storage devices, playback devices, wearable terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, tablets, laptop computers, laptop embedded devices (LEEs), laptop mounted devices (LMEs), smart devices, wireless customer premises equipment (CPEs), and vehicle-mounted or vehicle-embedded / integrated wireless devices. Other examples include any UE identified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) UEs, machine-type communications (MTC) UEs, and / or enhanced MTC (eMTC) UEs.

[0198] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication by implementing 3GPP standards for sidelink communication, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), or vehicle-to-everything (V2X). In other examples, a UE does not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the associated device. Instead, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) that is intended to be sold to or operated by a human user, but may not be associated with a particular human user, or may not be initially associated with a particular human user. Alternatively, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart electricity meter) that is not intended to be sold to or operated by an end user, but may be associated with a user or may operate for the user's benefit.

[0199] The UE2900 includes processing circuitry 2902 operably coupled via bus 2904 to input / output interface 2906, power supply 2908, memory 2910, communication interface 2912, and / or any other components, or any combination thereof. Some UEs may utilize all or a subset of the components shown in Figure 29. The level of integration between components may vary from UE to UE. Furthermore, some UEs may include multiple instances of components, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, and receivers.

[0200] The processing circuit 2902 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine capable of executing instructions stored in memory 2910 as machine-readable computer programs. The processing circuit 2902 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc.), programmable logic with appropriate firmware, a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) with appropriate software, one or more stored computer programs, a general-purpose processor, or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuit 2902 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs).

[0201] In this example, the input / output interface 2906 may be configured to provide an input device, an output device, or one or more interfaces to one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of output devices include speakers, sound cards, video cards, displays, monitors, printers, actuators, emitters, smart cards, other output devices, or any combination thereof. Input devices may allow a user to capture information to the UE2900. Examples of input devices include touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive displays, cameras (e.g., digital cameras, digital video cameras, webcams, etc.), microphones, sensors, mice, trackballs, directional pads, trackpads, scroll wheels, smart cards, etc. Presence-sensitive displays may include capacitive or resistive touch sensors for detecting user input. Sensors may include, for example, accelerometers, gyroscopes, tilt sensors, force sensors, magnetometers, light sensors, proximity sensors, biosensors, or any combination thereof. Output devices may use the same type of interface port as input devices. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide input and output devices.

[0202] In some embodiments, the power supply 2908 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources may be used, such as an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet), a photovoltaic device, or a battery. The power supply 2908 may further include a power circuit for distributing power from the power supply 2908 itself and / or from an external power source via an interface such as an input circuit or power cable. Distributing power may, for example, be for charging the power supply 2908. The power circuit may perform any formatting, conversion, or other modifications to the power from the power supply 2908 to make that power suitable for each component of the UE2900 to which it is supplied.

[0203] Memory 2910 may be memory, or configured to contain memory, such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, etc. In one example, memory 2910 may contain one or more application programs 2914, such as an operating system, a web browser application, a widget, a gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 2916. Memory 2910 may store any of a variety of operating systems or combinations of operating systems for use by UE2900.

[0204] Memory 2910 may be configured to include several physical drive units, such as a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), flash memory, USB flash drives, external hard disk drives, thumb drives, pen drives, key drives, high-density digital versatile disk (HD-DVD) optical disk drives, internal hard disk drives, Blu-ray optical disk drives, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disk drives, external mini dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external microDIMM SDRAM, smart card memory such as a tamper-proof module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) containing one or more subscriber identification modules (SIMs) such as USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may be, for example, an embedded UICC (eUICC), an integrated UICC (iUICC), or a removable UICC commonly known as a "SIM card". Memory 2910 may enable UE2900 to access instructions, application programs, etc., stored in temporary or non-temporary memory media, to offload data, or to upload data. Products such as products utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or within memory 2910, and memory 2910 may be a device-readable storage medium or comprise a device-readable storage medium.

[0205] The processing circuit 2902 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other networks using a communication interface 2912. The communication interface 2912 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 2922. The communication interface 2912 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or network node in the access network). Each transceiver may include a transmitter 2918 and / or receiver 2920 suitable for providing network communication (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency-allocated, etc.). Furthermore, the transmitter 2918 and receiver 2920 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 2922) and may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively, may be implemented separately.

[0206] In the embodiments shown, the communication functions of the communication interface 2912 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communication such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) to determine location, other similar communication functions, or any combination thereof. The communication may be implemented in accordance with one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR), UMTS, WiMAX, Ethernet, Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP), Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), etc.

[0207] Regardless of the sensor type, the UE may provide the output of data captured by the UE's sensors to network nodes via a wireless connection through the UE's communication interface 2912. The data captured by the UE's sensors may be communicated to network nodes via another UE through a wireless connection. The output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if reporting detected temperature), in response to a triggering event (e.g., an alarm is sent when humidity is detected), in response to a request (e.g., a user-initiated request), random (e.g., to equalize the load from reports from several sensors), or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient).

[0208] As another example, the UE may include an actuator, motor, or switch relating to a communication interface configured to receive radio input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received radio input, the state of the actuator, motor, or switch may change. For example, the UE may include a motor that adjusts the control surface or rotor of a drone in flight according to the received input, or a robotic arm that performs a medical procedure according to the received input.

[0209] A UE, in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, can be a device for use in one or more application areas, which include, but are not limited to, urban wearable technology, augmented industrial applications, and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such IoT devices are devices that are connected refrigerators or freezers, TVs, connected lighting devices, energy meters, robotic vacuum cleaners, voice-controlled smart speakers, home security cameras, motion detectors, thermostats, smoke detectors, door / window sensors, flood / humidity sensors, electronic door locks, connected doorbells, air conditioning systems such as heat pumps, autonomous vehicles, surveillance systems, weather monitoring devices, vehicle parking monitoring devices, electric vehicle charging stations, smartwatches, fitness trackers, head-mounted displays for augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR), wearables for haptic augmentation or perceptual augmentation, water sprinklers, animal or product tracking devices, sensors for monitoring plants or animals, industrial robots, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and any kind of medical device such as a heart rate monitor or remotely controlled surgical robot, or devices embedded in them. The UE in the form of an IoT device comprises circuitry and / or software depending on the intended application of the IoT device, in addition to the other components described with respect to the UE2900 shown in Figure 29.

[0210] In another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurement and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurement to another UE and / or network node. In this case, the UE could be an M2M device, which is sometimes called an MTC device in a 3GPP context. In one specific example, the UE may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, the UE may represent a vehicle, such as a car, bus, truck, ship, and airplane, or other equipment capable of monitoring its operational status and / or reporting on its operational status, or performing other functions related to its operation.

[0211] In practice, any number of UEs can be used together for a single use case. For example, the first UE may be the drone itself, or integrated within the drone, providing the drone's speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to the second UE, which is the remote controller operating the drone. When the user makes changes from the remote controller, the first UE may adjust the throttle on the drone (for example, by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone's speed. The first and / or second UEs may also include two or more of the functions described above. For example, the UE may have sensors and actuators and handle the communication of data about both the speed sensor and the actuator.

[0212] Figure 30 shows a network node 3000 according to several embodiments. As used herein, a network node refers to a device that is configured, set up, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with UEs in a communication network and / or with other network nodes or devices. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points) and base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, node Bs, evolved node Bs (eNBs), and NR node Bs (gNBs)).

[0213] Base stations can be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, in other words, the base station's transmit power level), and are therefore sometimes called femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations, depending on the amount of coverage they provide. A base station can be a relay node or relay donor node that controls relays. Network nodes may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station, such as a centralized digital unit and / or remote radio unit (RRU), sometimes called a remote radio head (RRH). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna-integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station are sometimes called nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS).

[0214] Other examples of network nodes include multiple transmit point (multi-TRP) 5G access nodes, MSR equipment such as multi-standard radio (MSR) BS, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base station transceiver stations (BTSs), transmit points, transmit nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordinated entities (MCEs), operation and maintenance (O&M) nodes, operation support system (OSS) nodes, self-organizing network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., evolved serving mobile location centers (E-SMLCs)), and / or drive test minimization (MDT).

[0215] The network node 3000 includes a processing circuit 3002, a memory 3004, a communication interface 3006, and a power supply 3008. The network node 3000 may be assembled from multiple physically distinct components (e.g., node B components and RNC components, or BTS components and BSC components), each of which may have its own respective components. In some scenarios where the network node 3000 has multiple distinct components (e.g., BTS components and BSC components), one or more of the distinct components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple node Bs. In such a scenario, each unique node B-RNC pair may, in some cases, be considered a single distinct network node. In some embodiments, the network node 3000 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memory 3004 for different RATs), and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna 3010 may be shared by different RATs). The network node 3000 may also include multiple sets of various indicated components for different wireless technologies, such as GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), or Bluetooth wireless technologies, which are integrated into the network node 3000. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or sets of chips, and other components within the network node 3000.

[0216] The processing circuit 3002 may include one or more combinations of microprocessors, controllers, microcontrollers, central processing units, digital signal processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays, or any other suitable computing devices, resources, or combinations of hardware, software, and / or encoded logic, which are capable of operating to provide network node 3000 functionality, either on its own or in combination with other network node 3000 components such as memory 3004.

[0217] In some embodiments, the processing circuit 3002 includes a system-on-a-chip (SOC). In some embodiments, the processing circuit 3002 includes one or more of the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuit 3012 and the baseband processing circuit 3014. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuit 3012 and the baseband processing circuit 3014 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units such as radio and digital units. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuit 3012 and the baseband processing circuit 3014 may be on the same chip or set of chips, board, or unit.

[0218] Memory 3004 may include, but is not limited to, any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory, including persistent storage, solid memory, remote-mount memory, magnetic media, optical media, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., flash drive, compact disc (CD), or digital video disc (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-temporary device-readable and / or computer-executable memory device for storing information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuit 3002. Memory 3004 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including other instructions that may be executed by the processing circuit 3002 and utilized by the network node 3000, including applications that include one or more computer programs, software, logic, rules, code, and tables. Memory 3004 may be used to store calculations performed by the processing circuit 3002 and / or data received via the communication interface 3006. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 3002 and the memory 3004 are integrated.

[0219] The communication interface 3006 is used in wired or wireless signaling and / or data between network nodes, access networks, and / or UEs. As shown, the communication interface 3006 includes (one or more) ports / (one or more) terminals 3016 for sending and receiving data to and from the network, for example, over a wired connection. The communication interface 3006 also includes a wireless front-end circuit 3018, which is coupled to or, in some embodiments, may be part of the antenna 3010. The wireless front-end circuit 3018 includes a filter 3020 and an amplifier 3022. The wireless front-end circuit 3018 may be connected to the antenna 3010 and the processing circuit 3002. The wireless front-end circuit may be configured to adjust signals communicated between the antenna 3010 and the processing circuit 3002. The wireless front-end circuit 3018 may receive digital data to be sent to other network nodes or UEs via the wireless connection. The wireless front-end circuit 3018 can convert digital data into a radio signal with appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of the filter 3020 and / or amplifier 3022. The radio signal can then be transmitted via the antenna 3010. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 3010 can collect a radio signal, which is then converted into digital data by the wireless front-end circuit 3018. The digital data can then be passed to the processing circuit 3002. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0220] In some alternative embodiments, the network node 3000 does not include a separate radio front-end circuit 3018; instead, the processing circuit 3002 includes the radio front-end circuit and is connected to the antenna 3010. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or part of the RF transceiver circuit 3012 is part of the communication interface 3006. In yet another embodiment, the communication interface 3006, as part of a radio unit (not shown), includes one or more ports or terminals 3016, the radio front-end circuit 3018, and the RF transceiver circuit 3012, and the communication interface 3006 communicates with a baseband processing circuit 3014, which is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0221] Antenna 3010 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals. Antenna 3010 may be coupled to the wireless front-end circuit 3018 and may be any type of antenna capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data and / or signals. In some embodiments, antenna 3010 is separate from the network node 3000 and can be connected to the network node 3000 through an interface or port.

[0222] The antenna 3010, the communication interface 3006, and / or the processing circuit 3002 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and / or certain acquisition operations as described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signals may be received from the UE, another network node, and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 3010, the communication interface 3006, and / or the processing circuit 3002 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations as described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signals may be transmitted to the UE, another network node, and / or any other network equipment.

[0223] The power supply 3008 provides power to the various components of the network node 3000 in a form suitable for each component (for example, at the voltage and current levels required for each respective component). The power supply 3008 may further include, or be coupled to, a power management circuit for supplying power to the components of the network node 3000 to perform the functions described herein. For example, the network node 3000 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., a power grid, an electrical outlet) via an input circuit or interface such as an electrical cable, thereby the external power source supplying power to the power circuit of the power supply 3008. As a further example, the power supply 3008 may include a power source in the form of a battery or battery pack, connected to or integrated into the power circuit. The battery may provide backup power in the event of a failure of the external power source.

[0224] Embodiments of the network node 3000 may include additional components other than those shown in Figure 30 to provide several aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functions described herein and / or functions necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 3000 may include user interface equipment for enabling information input to and output from the network node 3000. This may enable a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 3000.

[0225] Figure 31 is a block diagram of host 3100, which may be one embodiment of host 2816 in Figure 28, according to various aspects described herein. Host 3100 as used herein may be a variety of combinations of hardware and / or software, or comprise a variety of combinations of hardware and / or software, including standalone servers, blade servers, cloud implementation servers, distributed servers, virtual machines, containers, or processing resources in a server farm. Host 3100 may provide one or more services to one or more UEs.

[0226] The host 3100 includes a processing circuit 3102 operably coupled to an input / output interface 3106, a network interface 3108, a power supply 3110, and memory 3112 via a bus 3104. Other embodiments may include other components. The features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the devices in previous figures, such as Figures 29 and 30, and therefore their descriptions are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the host 3100.

[0227] Memory 3112 may include one or more computer programs including one or more host application programs 3114 and data 3116, the data 3116 may include user data, for example, data generated by the UE for host 3100, or data generated by host 3100 for the UE. Embodiments of host 3100 may utilize only a subset or all of the components shown. Host application programs 3114 may be implemented in a container-based architecture and may provide support for video codecs (e.g., Multipurpose Video Coding (VVC), High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), Advanced Video Coding (AVC), MPEG, VP9) and audio codecs (e.g., FLAC, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), MPEG, G.711), including transcoding for multiple different classes, types, or implementation forms of the UE (e.g., handsets, desktop computers, wearable display systems, heads-up display systems). The host application program 3114 may also provide user authentication and license checks, and may periodically report health, root, and content availability to a central node, such as a device in the core network or a device at the edge of the core network. Thus, host 3100 may select and / or indicate a different host for over-the-top services for the UE. The host application program 3114 may support various protocols, including HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP), Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH).

[0228] Figure 32 is a block diagram showing a virtualization environment 3200 in which functions implemented by several embodiments can be virtualized. In this context, virtualization means creating a virtual version of an apparatus or device, which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices, and networking resources. The virtualization used herein may apply to any device or its components described herein and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components, executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtualization environments 3200 hosted by one or more hardware nodes, such as network nodes, UEs, core network nodes, or hardware computing devices acting as hosts. Furthermore, in embodiments in which the virtual nodes do not require wireless connectivity (e.g., core network nodes or hosts), the nodes may be fully virtualized.

[0229] Application 3202 (which may alternatively be referred to as a software instance, virtual appliance, network function, virtual node, virtual network function, etc.) runs in the virtualized environment Q400 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0230] Hardware 3204 includes processing circuits, memory for storing software and / or instructions executable by the hardware processing circuits, and / or other hardware devices described herein, such as network interfaces and input / output interfaces. The software is executed by the processing circuits to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 3206 (also called hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs)), providing VM3208a and 3208b (one or more of which may commonly be referred to as VM3208), and / or may implement any of the functions, features, and / or benefits described with respect to some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 3206 may present VM3208 with a virtual operating platform that looks like networking hardware.

[0231] VM3208 features virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interfaces, and virtual storage, and may be powered by the corresponding virtualization layer 3206. Different embodiments of the virtual appliance 3202 may be implemented on one or more of the VM3208, and the implementation may be carried out in different ways. Hardware virtualization is referred to as network function virtualization (NFV) in several contexts. NFV can be used to consolidate many types of network equipment onto industry-standard high-volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which may reside in data centers and customer premises equipment.

[0232] In the context of NFV, VM3208 can be a software implementation of a physical machine, where programs run as if they were running on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each VM3208 and its portion of the hardware 3204 on which it runs, whether that hardware is dedicated to that VM and / or shared by that VM with other VMs in the VM, form a separate virtual network element. Furthermore, in the context of NFV, the virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions running in one or more VM3208s on the hardware 3204 and corresponds to application 3202.

[0233] Hardware 3204 may be implemented in a standalone network node with general or specific components. Hardware 3204 may implement some functions through virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 3204 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes cooperate and are managed via management and orchestration 3210, which oversees the lifecycle management of application 3202. In some embodiments, hardware 3204 is coupled to one or more radio units, each including one or more transmitters and one or more receivers, which may be coupled to one or more antennas. The radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more suitable network interfaces and may be used in combination with virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or base station. In some embodiments, some signaling may be provided using a control system 3212, which may be used alternatively for communication between the hardware nodes and the radio units.

[0234] Figure 33 shows a communication diagram of host 3302 communicating with UE 3306 via network node 3304 over a partial wireless connection, according to several embodiments. Next, exemplary implementations of various embodiments of the UEs (such as UE 2812a in Figure 28 and / or UE 2900 in Figure 29), network nodes (such as network node 2810a in Figure 28 and / or network node 3000 in Figure 30), and hosts (such as host 2816 in Figure 28 and / or host 3100 in Figure 31), as described in the previous paragraph, will be described with reference to Figure 33.

[0235] Similar to host 3100, embodiments of host 3302 include hardware such as a communication interface, processing circuitry, and memory. Host 3302 also includes software that is stored in or accessible by host 3302 and executable by the processing circuitry. The software includes a host application that may be capable of operating to serve a remote user, such as UE3306 connected via an over-the-top (OTT) connection 3350 extending between UE3306 and host 3302. When serving a remote user, the host application may provide user data transmitted using the OTT connection 3350.

[0236] Network node 3304 includes hardware that enables network node 3304 to communicate with host 3302 and UE 3306. The connection 3360 may be direct or pass through a core network (similar to core network 2806 in Figure 28) and / or one or more other intermediate networks, such as one or more public networks, private networks, or hosted networks. For example, the intermediate network could be a backbone network or the internet.

[0237] UE3306 includes hardware and software that is stored in or accessible by UE3306 and executable by the UE's processing circuitry. The software includes client applications, such as a web browser or operator-specific “app,” which may be capable of operating to serve human or non-human users through UE3306, with the support of host 3302. On host 3302, the running host application may communicate with the running client application via an OTT connection 3350 that terminates at UE3306 and host 3302. When serving a user, the UE's client application may receive request data from the host's host application and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection 3350 may transfer both the request data and the user data. The UE's client application may interact with the user to generate user data that the UE's client application provides to the host application via the OTT connection 3350.

[0238] The OTT connection 3350 may extend via connection 3360 between host 3302 and network node 3304, and via wireless connection 3370 between network node 3304 and UE 3306, in order to provide a connection between host 3302 and UE 3306. Connections 3360 and wireless connection 3370, which the OTT connection 3350 may provide, are depicted abstractly to illustrate communication between host 3302 and UE 3306 via network node 3304, without explicit reference to intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages through these devices.

[0239] As an example of transmitting data via the OTT connection 3350, in step 3308, host 3302 provides user data, which may be done by running a host application. In some embodiments, the user data is associated with a specific human user interacting with UE 3306. In other embodiments, the user data is associated with UE 3306 sharing data with host 3302 without explicit human interaction. In step 3310, host 3302 initiates a transmission to carry user data toward UE 3306. Host 3302 may initiate a transmission in response to a request sent by UE 3306. The request may be triggered by human interaction with UE 3306 or by the operation of a client application running on UE 3306. The transmission may travel through network node 3304 in accordance with the teachings of embodiments described throughout this disclosure. Accordingly, in step 3312, the network node 3304 transmits the user data carried in the transmission initiated by host 3302 to UE 3306, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 3314, UE 3306 receives the user data carried in the transmission, which may be done by a client application running on UE 3306 associated with a host application run by host 3302.

[0240] In some examples, UE3306 runs a client application that provides user data to host 3302. User data may be provided in response to or in response to data received from host 3302. Thus, in step 3316, UE3306 may provide user data, which may be done by running a client application. When providing user data, the client application may further consider user input received from the user via the input / output interface of UE3306. Regardless of the particular format in which the user data is provided, UE3306 initiates a transmission of the user data to host 3302 via network node 3304 in step 3318. In step 3320, in accordance with the teachings of embodiments described throughout this disclosure, network node 3304 receives user data from UE3306 and initiates a transmission of the received user data to host 3302. In step 3322, host 3302 receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by UE3306.

[0241] One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of the OTT service provided to the UE 3306 by using an OTT connection 3350 in which the wireless connection 3370 forms the final segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve power consumption and thereby provide benefits such as extended battery life.

[0242] In an exemplary scenario, factory status information may be collected and analyzed by host 3302. As another example, host 3302 may process audio and video data that may be extracted from the UE for use in creating maps. As yet another example, host 3302 may collect and analyze real-time data to help control vehicle congestion (e.g., control traffic signals). As yet another example, host 3302 may store surveillance video uploaded by the UE. As yet another example, host 3302 may store or control access to media content, such as video, audio, VR or AR, which host 3302 can broadcast, multicast, or unicast to the UE. As yet another example, host 3302 may be used for energy pricing, remote control of non-time-constrained electrical loads to balance generation needs, location services, presentation services (such as compiling diagrams etc. from data collected from remote devices), or any other function of collecting, extracting, storing, analyzing, and / or transmitting data.

[0243] In some embodiments, measurement procedures may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency, and other factors, which are improved by one or more embodiments. Further optional network functions may be provided for reconfiguring the OTT connection 3350 between host 3302 and UE 3306 in response to variations in measurement results. Measurement procedures and / or network functions for reconfiguring the OTT connection may be implemented in the software and hardware of host 3302 and / or UE 3306. In some embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in relation to other devices through which the OTT connection 3350 passes, and the sensors may participate in the measurement procedures by supplying values ​​of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or values ​​of other physical quantities that the software can calculate or estimate the monitored quantities of. Reconfiguring the OTT connection 3350 may include message formatting, retransmission settings, preferred routing, etc., and the reconfiguration does not require a direct change in the operation of network node 3304. Such procedures and functions are known and practiced in the art. In some embodiments, the measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling by host 3302 to facilitate measurements such as throughput, propagation time, and latency. The measurements may be implemented in which software causes messages, particularly empty or "dummy" messages, to be sent using OTT connection 3350 while monitoring propagation time, errors, etc.

[0244] The computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the shown combinations of hardware components, but other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It should be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software required to perform the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed herein. The determining, calculating, acquiring, or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuits, which may process information by, for example, converting acquired information to other information, comparing acquired or converted information to information stored in a network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or converted information and as a result of the processing making decisions. Furthermore, although components are illustrated as a single box located within a larger box, or as a single box nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that constitute a single shown component, and functions may be separated between the distinct components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functions of those components may be separated between the processing circuit and the communication interface. In another example, the non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware, while the computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

[0245] In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be provided by a processing circuit that executes instructions stored in memory, which in some embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-temporary computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functions may be provided by a processing circuit without executing instructions stored in a separate or individual device-readable storage medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether or not it executes instructions stored in a non-temporary computer-readable storage medium, the processing circuit may be configured to perform the functions described. The benefits provided by such functions are enjoyed by the processing circuit alone, or by the computing device as a whole, but not limited to other components of the computing device, and / or generally by the end user and the wireless network.

[0246] Figure 34 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and an UE, which may be described with reference to Figures 28 and 33. For the sake of simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to Figure 34 is included in this section. In step 3410, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep 3411 of step 3410, the host computer provides user data by executing a host application. In step 3420, the host computer initiates a transmission that carries the user data to the UE. In an optional step 3430, the base station transmits the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the host computer to the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In an optional step 3440, the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[0247] Figure 35 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system may include a host computer, a base station, and an UE, which may be described with reference to Figures 28 and 33. For the sake of simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to Figure 35 is included in this section. In step 3510 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown), the host computer provides user data by running a host application. In step 3520, the host computer initiates a transmission that carries the user data to the UE. The transmission may travel through a base station as taught in the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In (optional) step 3530, the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission.

[0248] Figure 36 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and an UE, which may be described with reference to Figures 28 and 33. For the sake of simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to Figure 36 is included in this section. In (optional) step 3610, the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. In addition or alternatively, in step 3620, the UE provides user data. In (optional) substep 3621 of step 3620, the UE provides user data by running a client application. In (optional) substep 3611 of step 3610, the UE runs a client application that provides user data in response to received input data provided by the host computer. When providing user data, the run client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the particular format in which the user data is provided, in (optional) substep 3630, the UE initiates transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step 3640 of the method, the host computer receives user data transmitted from the UE in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[0249] Figure 37 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be described with reference to Figures 28 and 33. For the sake of simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to Figure 37 is included in this section. In (optional) step 3710, the base station receives user data from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In (optional) step 3720, the base station initiates a transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In (optional) step 3730, the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station.

[0250] One aspect of the present disclosure provides a method to be implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a manager terminal device. The base station is connected to the manager terminal device, which is one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. The method includes providing user data in the host computer. The method further includes initiating a transmission in the host computer to carry the user data to the manager terminal device over a cellular network comprising the base station. The base station receives from the manager terminal device information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. The base station determines identification information for the first and second terminal devices to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between them. The base station assigns the determined identification information to the manager terminal device.

[0251] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method further includes transmitting user data at a base station.

[0252] In one embodiment of this disclosure, user data is provided by running a host application on a host computer. The method further includes running a client application associated with the host application on a manager terminal device.

[0253] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a communication system is provided which includes a host computer having a processing circuit configured to provide user data and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a manager terminal device. The cellular network comprises a base station having a radio interface and a processing circuit. The base station connects to a manager terminal device which is one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. The base station's processing circuit is configured to receive from the manager terminal device information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. The base station's processing circuit is configured to determine identification information for the first and second terminal devices to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between them. The base station's processing circuit is configured to assign the determined identification information to the manager terminal device.

[0254] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the communication system further includes a base station.

[0255] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the communication system further includes a manager terminal device. The manager terminal device is configured to communicate with a base station.

[0256] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the processing circuit of a host computer is configured to execute a host application and thereby provide user data. The manager terminal device comprises processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.

[0257] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a method to be implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a manager terminal device. The manager terminal device is under the coverage of the base station and is one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. The method includes providing user data in the host computer. The method further includes initiating a transmission in the host computer to carry the user data to the manager terminal device over a cellular network comprising the base station. The manager terminal device reports to the base station information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. The manager terminal device receives identification information for the first and second terminal devices from the base station to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between the first and second terminal devices. The manager terminal device assigns the determined identification information to the corresponding hops on the link between the first and second terminal devices.

[0258] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method further includes receiving user data from a base station in a manager terminal device.

[0259] In yet another aspect of this disclosure, a communication system is provided which includes a host computer having a processing circuit configured to provide user data and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a manager terminal device. The manager terminal device is under base station coverage and is one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. The manager terminal device comprises a radio interface and a processing circuit. The processing circuit of the manager terminal device is configured to report to the base station information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. The processing circuit of the manager terminal device is configured to receive identification information of the first and second terminal devices from the base station to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between the first and second terminal devices. The processing circuit of the manager terminal device is configured to assign the determined identification information to the corresponding hops on the link between the first and second terminal devices.

[0260] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the communication system further includes a manager terminal device.

[0261] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the cellular network further includes a base station configured to communicate with a manager terminal device.

[0262] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the processing circuit of a host computer is configured to execute a host application and thereby provide user data. The processing circuit of a manager terminal device is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.

[0263] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a method to be implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a manager terminal device. The manager terminal device is under the coverage of the base station and is one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. The method includes the host computer receiving user data transmitted from the manager terminal device to the base station. The manager terminal device reports to the base station information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. The manager terminal device receives identification information for the first and second terminal devices from the base station to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between the first and second terminal devices. The manager terminal device assigns the determined identification information to the corresponding hops on the link between the first and second terminal devices.

[0264] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method further includes providing user data to a base station from a manager terminal device.

[0265] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method further includes running a client application on a manager terminal device and providing user data to be transmitted thereby. The method further includes running a host application associated with the client application on a host computer.

[0266] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method further includes running a client application on a manager terminal device. The method further includes receiving input data to the client application on the manager terminal device. The input data is provided on a host computer by running a host application associated with the client application. User data to be transmitted is provided by the client application in response to the input data.

[0267] In yet another aspect of this disclosure, a communication system is provided which includes a host computer having a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a manager terminal device to a base station. The manager terminal device is under the coverage of the base station and is one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first and second terminal devices. The manager terminal device comprises a radio interface and processing circuitry. The processing circuitry of the manager terminal device is configured to report to the base station information regarding the link between the first and second terminal devices. The processing circuitry of the manager terminal device is configured to receive identification information of the first and second terminal devices from the base station to identify the first and second terminal devices on the link between the first and second terminal devices. The processing circuitry of the manager terminal device is configured to assign the determined identification information to the corresponding hops on the link between the first and second terminal devices.

[0268] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the communication system further includes a manager terminal device.

[0269] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the communication system further includes a base station. The base station includes a wireless interface configured to communicate with a manager terminal device, and a communication interface configured to forward user data carried by a transmission from the manager terminal device to the base station to a host computer.

[0270] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the processing circuit of the host computer is configured to execute a host application. The processing circuit of the manager terminal device is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing user data.

[0271] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the processing circuit of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, thereby providing request data. The processing circuit of the manager terminal device is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing user data in response to the request data.

[0272] In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and a manager terminal device is provided. The base station connects to a manager terminal device that is one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The method includes receiving, at the host computer, from the base station, user data generated from a transmission received by the base station from the manager terminal device. The base station receives, from the manager terminal device, information regarding a link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The base station determines, for the first terminal device and the second terminal device, identification information for identifying the first terminal device and the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The base station allocates the determined identification information to the manager terminal device.

[0273] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method further includes receiving user data at a base station from a manager terminal device.

[0274] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method further includes initiating transmission of the received user data at the base station to a host computer.

[0275] In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a communication system is provided that includes a host computer configured to receive user data resulting from transmission from a manager terminal device to a base station. The base station is connected to a manager terminal device that is one of a first terminal device, a second terminal device, and at least one third terminal device acting as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The base station includes a wireless interface and a processing circuit. The processing circuit of the base station is configured to receive information regarding a link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device from the manager terminal device. The processing circuit of the base station is configured to determine identification information for identifying the first terminal device and the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device for the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The processing circuit of the base station is configured to allocate the determined identification information to the manager terminal device.

[0276] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the communication system further includes a base station.

[0277] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the communication system further includes a manager terminal device. The manager terminal device is configured to communicate with the base station.

[0278] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the processing circuit of a host computer is configured to run a host application. A manager terminal device is configured to run a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing user data to be received by the host computer.

[0279] In general, various exemplary embodiments may be implemented in hardware or dedicated circuitry, software, logic, or any combination thereof. For example, some embodiments may be implemented in hardware, while others may be implemented in firmware or software that can be executed by a controller, microprocessor, or other computing device, but the disclosure is not limited to these. Various embodiments of the exemplary embodiments of the disclosure may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using any other graphical representation, but it will be understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques, or methods described herein may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, dedicated circuitry or logic, general-purpose hardware or controllers or other computing devices, or any combination thereof, as non-limiting examples.

[0280] Accordingly, it should be understood that at least some aspects of the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented in various components, such as integrated circuit chips and modules. Accordingly, it should be understood that the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented in a device embodied as an integrated circuit, where the integrated circuit may include circuits (and possibly firmware) for embodying at least one or more of a data processor, a digital signal processor, a baseband circuit, and a radio frequency circuit, which can be configured to operate according to the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure.

[0281] It should be understood that at least some aspects of the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may be embodied in computer-executable instructions, such as in one or more program modules executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, a program module includes routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that, when executed by a processor in a computer or other device, perform a particular task or implement a particular abstract data type. Computer-executable instructions may be stored in a computer-readable medium, such as a hard disk, optical disk, removable storage medium, solid memory, RAM, etc. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the functions of a program module may be combined or distributed as needed in various embodiments. Furthermore, the functions may be embodied whole or in part in firmware or hardware equivalents, such as integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), etc.

[0282] References in this disclosure to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiments described may include certain features, structures, or characteristics, but not all embodiments necessarily include such features, structures, or characteristics. Furthermore, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Moreover, when certain features, structures, or characteristics are described in relation to an embodiment, it is stated that implementing such features, structures, or characteristics in relation to other embodiments, whether explicitly described or not, is within the knowledge of those skilled in the art.

[0283] Terms such as “first” and “second” may be used herein to describe various elements, but it should be understood that these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used merely to distinguish one element from another. For example, without departing from the scope of this disclosure, the first element may be called the second element, and similarly, the second element may be called the first element. The terms “and / or” as used herein include any and all combinations of one or more of the associated enumerated terms.

[0284] The technical terms used herein are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and do not limit the disclosure. The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” as used herein also include the plural form unless the context makes otherwise clear. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes,” and / or “including” as used herein specify the presence of a described feature, element, and / or component, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof. The terms “connect,” “connects,” “connecting,” and / or “connected” as used herein cover direct and / or indirect connections between two elements. Note that, depending on the function involved, two blocks shown consecutively in the above diagram may be executed in fact substantially concurrently, or the blocks may, from time to time, be executed in reverse order.

[0285] This disclosure includes any novel features or combinations thereof of the features expressly disclosed herein, or any generalization thereof. Various modifications and adaptations to the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the above description when read together with the accompanying drawings. However, any and all modifications still fall within the scope of the non-limiting and exemplary embodiments of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A method performed by a third terminal device acting as a relay between a first terminal device and a second terminal device, wherein the method is Determining identification information for identifying the first terminal device and the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device (1002), Assigning the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device (1004) Includes, The aforementioned terminal device is either a source terminal device or a destination terminal device. Determining the identification information (1002) includes determining a second temporary ID for the first terminal device and the second terminal device (1002-3), wherein the second temporary ID for the first terminal device and the second terminal device is used after a link is established between the first terminal device / the second terminal device and the third terminal device. A different second temporary ID for the first terminal device is determined for each hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. A method in which a different second temporary ID of the second terminal device is determined for each hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

2. Assigning the determined identification information (1004) includes transmitting a timestamp or a ban timer associated with the identification information to at least one corresponding terminal device on the hop (1004-3), The timestamp indicates when the identification information was determined, and the prohibition timer indicates a predetermined time period during which the identification information should not be updated. The method according to claim 1.

3. To determine whether the aforementioned identification information needs to be updated (1510) It further includes, The method according to claim 1, wherein when it is determined that the identification information needs to be updated, the determination of the identification information (1002) and the allocation of the identification information (1004) are performed again.

4. Based on a transmission initiated by one or more neighboring terminal devices of the third terminal device, a conflict is detected between the identification information of at least two different terminal devices (1614), (1616) Notifying one or more neighboring terminal devices or base stations of the detected conflict The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

5. Maintaining a mapping between the identification information of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device applied on the entry hop of the third terminal device and the identification information of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device applied on the exit hop of the third terminal device (1418) The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

6. The identification information of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device is in one or more of the following forms, namely, Based on the Layer 2 (L2) identifier (ID) of the third terminal device, In a random format, and Based on a given mathematical function, Determined The method according to claim 1.

7. The identification information of the first terminal device and / or the second terminal device is determined to be in a one-to-one mapping to the L2 ID of the first terminal device / the second terminal device. The method according to claim 1.

8. The first terminal device is a source terminal device, Determining the identification information (1002) includes determining a first temporary ID of the first terminal device (1002-1), wherein the first temporary ID of the first terminal device will be used while a link is established between the first terminal device and the third terminal device. The method according to claim 1.

9. The second terminal device is the source terminal device, Determining the identification information (1002) includes determining a first temporary ID of the second terminal device (1002-2), the first temporary ID of the second terminal device being used while a link is established between the second terminal device and the third terminal device. The method according to claim 1.

10. In response to receiving a Direct Communication Request (DCR) message from the source terminal device, to send another DCR message containing the first temporary ID of the source terminal device on behalf of the source terminal device (1720) The method according to claim 8, further comprising:

11. The second temporary IDs of the first terminal device and the second terminal device are valid for the entire link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. The method according to claim 1.

12. Assigning the determined identification information (1004) Transmitting the determined identification information and an ID identifying the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device to other terminal devices on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device (1004-1) The method according to claim 11, including the method described in claim 11.

13. Assigning the determined identification information (1004) To transmit to each terminal device on the hop the identification information of the first terminal device and the second terminal device determined for the hop, and an ID that identifies the hop (1004-2) The method according to claim 1, including the method described in claim 1.

14. In response to assigning the aforementioned identification information, a response message is received from the first terminal device / the second terminal device (1307) It further includes, The method according to claim 1, wherein when the response message indicates a rejection of the identification information of the first terminal device / second terminal device, the determination of the identification information (1002) and the allocation of the identification information (1004) are performed again for the first terminal device / second terminal device.

15. The identified information determined above is Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling and PC5 signaling (PC5-S) signaling, Discovery signaling and, Media Access Control (MAC) control element (CE), Service Data Adaptive Protocol (SDAP) or Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) or Radio Link Control (RLC) or Adaptive Layer Control Protocol Data Unit (PDU), Layer 1 (L1) signaling and Assigned by one or more of the following: The method according to claim 1.

16. A third terminal device (2300), wherein the third terminal device (2300) is It acts as a relay between the first terminal device and the second terminal device, Determining identification information for identifying the first terminal device and the second terminal device on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device, Assigning the determined identification information to at least one corresponding hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. It is configured to do so, The aforementioned terminal device is either a source terminal device or a destination terminal device. Determining the identification information includes determining a second temporary ID for the first terminal device and the second terminal device, the second temporary ID for the first terminal device and the second terminal device being used after a link is established between the first terminal device / the second terminal device and the third terminal device. A different second temporary ID for the first terminal device is determined for each hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device. A third terminal device (2300) in which a different second temporary ID of the second terminal device is determined for each hop on the link between the first terminal device and the second terminal device.

17. The third terminal device (2300) is operable to perform the method described in any one of claims 2 to 15. The third terminal device (2300) according to claim 16.

18. A computer program that, when executed by at least one processor (2310), includes instructions causing the at least one processor (2310) to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 15.

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