SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR A LABEL WRAPPER

Abstract

The systems and methods include an assembly for a label wrapper for adhering a label to an elongated object, such as a wire. The assembly may include a roller having a roller shaft and a conformable block with a notch. The notch may be parallel to the roller shaft. The conformable block and the roller may be skewed toward each other, and when the elongated object is received between the roller and the conformable block, pressure may be applied to the elongated object whereby the conformable block at least partially conforms to the elongated object.

Description

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR A LABEL WRAPPER CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of a non-provisional patent application of U.S. No. 16 / 839,869 entitled Systems and Methods for a Label Wrap filed on April 3, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. FIELD OF INVENTION This description refers to a label wrapper, and more particularly to a label wrapper with a block having a notch that can receive an elongated object. BACKGROUND Labels are often applied to elongated objects, such as wire, to provide information about the wire. One such approach is to apply a label by hand. This approach can be difficult to apply accurately, consistently, and on time. It can be challenging to consistently position the labels so that they are square and aligned on the wire, and also to ensure the label adheres properly and evenly to the wire's surface. Consequently, mechanical label applicators are available to assist in applying pre-printed labels to elongated objects such as wire. However, these applicators are often designed for use with relatively large diameter or size objects, and as the size of the elongated object becomes very small and / or if the object is very flexible (as can be the case with thin fiber optic cables), these application systems operate with less robustness. Therefore, there is a need for a device that can safely and evenly apply a label to an elongated object with a relatively small periphery or cross-sectional diameter and / or that is flexible. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A novel label wrapper assembly is provided here that addresses many of the aforementioned problems and offers an improved application method. Notably, this improved label wrapper assembly may include a conformable block with a notch that receives the elongated object to be wrapped. The conformable block can be shaped to a segment of the elongated object's periphery, which can help provide uniform pressure over a larger area and allows for a more robust and consistent application of a label to particularly thin objects that have previously been difficult to wrap using such label wrapper assemblies. According to one aspect, a label wrapper assembly is provided, configured to adhere a label to an elongated object. The label wrapper includes a roller having a roller shaft and a conformable block with a notch extending parallel to the roller shaft. The notch can be configured to receive the elongated object. The conformable block and the roller are inclined toward each other, and when the elongated object is received between the roller and the conformable block, pressure is applied to the elongated object, causing the conformable block to at least partially conform to the elongated object. In some forms, the notch in the formable block may have a substantially V-shaped profile, providing a front surface and a back surface. The front and back surfaces may be substantially perpendicular to each other. The front surface may have a larger surface area than the back surface. In some forms, the conformable block has a length and the notch may have a continuous profile that extends along the length of the conformable block. In some forms, at least a section of the elongated object can be removably received within the notch, so the elongated object can have a diameter in the range of approximately 1.016 mm (0.04 inches) to approximately 6.35 mm (0.25 inches). In some forms, the label wrapper assembly roller may be a toothed roller. In some forms, the label wrapper assembly may include a canvas that extends over the groove. The label wrapper assembly may also include a bracket to which the conformable block is attached. A set of end plates may be provided on each side of the bracket. The bracket may be movable relative to the end plate assembly perpendicular to the roller axis, and the roller may be attached to the end plate assembly. In some configurations, the roller may be attached to an arm. The arm may be swivel relative to the end plate assembly. In some forms, the conformable block and roller can be deflected towards each other by means of a set of torsion springs attached to the end plate assembly and operatively coupled with the support and roller. In some forms, the conformable block may be made of foam and the conformable block may further include a lower surface facing the roller with the notch extending inwards from the lower surface. IVIA / t / ZUZZ / UU I Zoo In some forms, the cross-sectional area of ​​a deformation zone in the formable block can be reduced by at least 10% from its relaxed state when pressure is applied to the elongated object. The cross-sectional area of ​​the deformation zone can lie in a plane perpendicular to the notch and the roller axis. According to another aspect, a method is provided for applying nearly uniform pressure along an elongated object within the label wrapper assembly. The method may include separating the conformable block and the roller; placing the elongated object between the conformable block and the roller and within the notch of the conformable block; and applying pressure to the elongated object when the conformable block and the roller are reassembled; wherein the conformable block fits at least a portion of the elongated object within the notch. In some forms, the elongated object may be cylindrical, and the notch in the forming block may conform to a portion of the circumference of the section of the elongated object received within the notch. This portion of the circumference may be in the range of approximately 90 degrees to approximately 180 degrees of the circumference. As stated above and in some forms, the elongated object may have a diameter in the range of approximately 1.016 mm (0.04 inches) to approximately 6.35 mm (0.25 inches) when the method is employed. In some forms of the method, the notch in the conformable block may have a substantially V-shaped profile, providing a front and a back surface. The front and back surfaces may be substantially perpendicular to each other. The front surface may have a larger surface area than the back surface. In some forms, the conformable block may be made of polyurethane foam. In some forms, the conformable block may be made of foam and the conformable block may further include a lower surface facing the roller with the notch extending inwards from the lower surface. In some forms, the cross-sectional area of ​​a deformation zone in the formable block can be reduced by at least 10% from its relaxed state when pressure is applied to the elongated object. The cross-sectional area of ​​the deformation zone can lie in a plane perpendicular to the notch and the roller axis. These and other advantages of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description and drawings. What follows is merely a description of some preferred embodiments of the present invention. To evaluate the full scope of the invention, the claims should be considered, as these preferred embodiments are not intended to be the only embodiments within the scope of the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The advantages of the embodiments of the present invention will become evident from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments thereof, which description should be considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the front right side of an exemplary modality of a label wrapper assembly. Fig. 2 is a partially exploded view of the label wrapper assembly of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of the label wrapper assembly shown in Fig. 1 taken along line 3-3 of Fig. 1. Fig. 4 is a perspective view of the front right side of the label wrapper assembly of Fig. 1, also with an elongated object received in it. Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional side view of the label wrapper assembly shown in Fig. 3 taken along line 5-5 of Fig. 4. Fig. 6 is a perspective view of the upper front right side of an example modality of a conformable block separated from the rest of the label wrapper assembly. Fig. 7 is a right front bottom perspective view of the conformable block of Fig. 6. Fig. 8 is a side elevation view of the conformable block of Fig. 6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before explaining any aspect of this description in detail, it should be understood that this description is not limited in its application to the construction details and component arrangement set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. This disclosure is subject to other configurations and may be implemented or carried out in various ways. Furthermore, it should be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for descriptive purposes and should not be considered exhaustive. The use of terms such as "includes," "comprises," or "has" and variations thereof herein is intended to encompass the elements listed below and their equivalents, as well as additional elements.Unless otherwise specified or limited, the terms mounted, connected, supported, and coupled, and variations thereof, are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings. Furthermore, connected and coupled are not limited to physical or mechanical connections or couplings. Terms indicating relative position, such as above, below, superior, inferior, posterior, frontal, etc., are used for illustrative purposes only, unless otherwise stated, and are made with reference to the orientation of the drawings. It should be understood that these terms generally do not imply a preferred orientation where such orientation is not inherently or explicitly required. Throughout the applications described herein, reference will be made to a type of elongated object that attaches a label to a wire. Such references to a wire or cable are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the claimed invention to such applications. Rather, any elongated object or objects may be used in conjunction with any label applicator described herein. For example, bundles of elongated objects are also contemplated within the broad definition of an elongated object. Conventional approaches to label application can present challenges when attempting to apply an adhesive label to an elongated object with a relatively small diameter (or, more generally, a small cross-sectional area), such as a fiber optic cable or other small-diameter wire ranging from approximately 1.016 mm (0.04 in) to approximately 6.35 mm (0.25 in). For example, when applying a label to such a small-diameter cable, the label may stick to the label applicator when pressed against the cable, or the label may become misaligned, causing it to curl, wrinkle, or develop bubbles within the label.Furthermore, it is difficult to uniformly apply a wetting force or application pressure to the label as it is applied to the cable to ensure sufficient adhesion over the entire surface area of ​​the cable. In general, the present description provides a label wrapper assembly that can adhere a label to an elongated object, even when that elongated object is particularly small, flexible, and / or otherwise difficult to label. The described label wrapper assembly can apply a more uniform wetting force to the elongated object during label adhesion by using a conformable block that, at least partially, conforms to the elongated object when pressure is applied. In some embodiments, pressure can be applied to the elongated object through a deflection member that deflects a roller and the conformable block toward each other to capture the object within the label wrapper assembly for rotation of the assembly and for label application.In some embodiments, the conformable block may have a notch configured to receive the elongated object along its length during label application. In some embodiments, the notch may have a substantially V-shaped profile. However, in some embodiments, other configurations are possible. For example, certain features and combinations of features presented with respect to particular embodiments in the preceding discussion may be used in other embodiments and in other combinations, as appropriate. This application describes a number of improvements to and refinements of other known label applicators. Such label applicators are described, for example, in the inventor's U.S. patents Nos. 6,875,304 and 7,178,572, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. Returning first to Figures 1 to 3, these figures illustrate a label wrapper assembly 10 containing an improvement as partially contemplated in this disclosure. Note that this is only a part of the larger assembly found in this inventor's aforementioned patents, and the remainder of the assembly is not shown in this application for the sake of brevity; however, the relevant parts are illustrated to help understand the improvement. As illustrated, the label wrapper assembly 10 includes a roller 12, a conformable block 14, a support 38, an assembly of end plates 40, 42, and an arm 44. Generally, the assembly of end plates 40, 42 is coupled to each other and separated linearly by an assembly of spacers or rods 46, 50. The support 38, which supports and is coupled to the conformable block 14, is slidably coupled to and between the assembly of end plates 40, 42.Roller 12 extends along a roller shaft 16 and is coupled to arm 44. Arm 44 is rotatably coupled to rod 48. Roller 12 and conformable block 14 can be tilted towards each other. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, a set of torsion springs 18A, 18B, and 18C is provided on rod 48. Torsion springs 18A and 18B act between the end plate assembly 40 and 42 and the support 38, and torsion spring 18C acts between arm 44 and a coupled structural member 52 and between the end plate assembly 40 and 42. Torsion springs 18A, 18B, and 18C push or force roller 12 and conformable block 14 toward each other and provide pressure between them as well as on any elongated object, such as a wire, placed between them. Although the load springs are illustrated, other loading mechanisms are contemplated to accomplish the same purpose.Roller 12 may be serrated or have a plurality of ribs that allow Roller 12 to maintain contact with a label during the label application process and reduce the potential for adhesive buildup. In particular, the conformable block 14 (shown in more detail in the IVIA / t / ZUZZ / UU I Zoo figs. 6-8) is preferably composed of a conformable or deformable material. Examples of deformable materials include, but are not limited to, open-cell and closed-cell foams and 3D-printed lattice structures. In the illustrated form, the conformable block 14 is formed from polyurethane foam and is coupled to the support 38 with a set of anchors 54, 56 that extend through the support 38 and at least partially into the conformable block 14. It is contemplated that the conformable block 14 may be removable from the rest of the label wrapper assembly 10. Therefore, the set of anchors 54, 56 may be removably received within the conformable block 14 to allow the conformable block 14 to be removed. The conformable block 14 may have a length 20 defined between two lateral ends 22, 24 and may have a lower surface 26 facing the roller 12. As can be seen in the improved figures. 3, 4 and 6-8, the conformable block 14 has a notch 28 extending inwards from the lower surface 26 along the conformable block length 20 that runs parallel to the roller axis 16. In one embodiment, as illustrated in the figures, the notch 28 has a V-shaped profile extending end-to-end along the conformable block length 20. The V-shaped profile defines a front surface 30 and a rear surface 32 of the notch 28. The front surface 30 and the rear surface 32 may be substantially perpendicular to each other; however, acute and obtuse angles between the front surface 30 and the rear surface 32 are within the scope of disclosure. In some embodiments, the front surface 30 may have a larger surface area than the surface area of ​​the rear surface 32. It is also contemplated that the notch 28 can be formed with profiles other than a V-shaped profile. For example, a semicircular, arched, semi-arched, or semi-polygonal profile can be used. It is also contemplated that the notch 28 can be formed to have a continuous or discontinuous profile along all or part of the length of the conformable block 20, from the lateral end 22 to the lateral end 24. For example, protrusions or recesses may be present along the notch 28, forming a sinusoidal or tooth-like variation. The label wrapper assembly 10 may also include a canvas 34 that extends through the notch 28 and may extend further over the lower surface 26 of the conformable block 14. The canvas 34 may also be attached to the support 38. Such canvas 34, if present, may be used to reduce wear on the conformable block 14, facilitate rotation around an elongated object 36 during label application as explained below; and prevent adhesive buildup. ivia / t / zuzz / ua i ¿oo As discussed above, support 38 is slidably coupled between the end plate assembly 40, 42 and can be moved with respect to the pair of end plates 40, 42 and the roller shaft 16. Each of the end plate assembly 40, 42 has an end plate groove 58 and an elongated protrusion 60 (the end plate groove and elongated protrusion for end plate 40 are hidden from view in the figures, but can be seen on plate 42). The support 38 has a set of support slots 66, 68 that extend along a set of support legs 62, 64 (figs. 2 and 3) that receive and travel along the elongated protrusions 60. An auxiliary roller 70 extends between and through the support legs 62, 64, where the parts that extend through are received within the end plate slots 58 to travel along them.As illustrated, this movement is a linear translation, but it could be of a different nature depending on the particular guide mechanism. The movement of support 38 thus allows the movement of the conformable block 14 with respect to the roller 12 and with respect to the end plates 40, 42. This movement of support 38 and the conformable block 14 with respect to the roller 12 allows the roller 12 and the conformable block 14 to separate in order to receive and remove the elongated object 36 from the label wrapper assembly 10. Because the roller 12 and the conformable block 14 are inclined toward each other, the sliding relationship can also allow for more uniformly applied pressure between the roller 12 and the conformable block 14 by the torsion spring 18 or other thrust element. Figures 4 and 5 show an elongated object 36 extending through the label wrapper assembly 10. The elongated object 36 can be a generally cylindrical object, including a single cable or wire or a bundle of cables or wires. Of course, wires and cables are inherently flexible, so some limited deviation from true cylindricality would be expected in the elongated object 36. The elongated object 36 can be received within the notch 28 and between the roller 12 and the conformable block 14. The pressure exerted between the roller 12 and the conformable block 14 forces the conformable block 14 to conform around at least a portion of the elongated object 36 substantially along the conformable block 20. Generally, the material comprising the conformable block 14 is configured to be more deformable than the elongated object 36 and will yield space to the elongated object 36 as it deforms when the elongated object 36 is received between the conformable block 14 and the roller 12. The materials considered for the conformable block 14 have elastic memory and can retain this memory after at least 1000 cycles, where one cycle includes compression and relaxation of the conformable block 14. ivia / t / zuzz / uy i zoo In some embodiments, the conformable block 14 is configured to deform as it transitions from a relaxed state (Fig. 4) to a compressed state (Fig. 5) in the region surrounding the notch 28, including the front surface 30 and the rear surface 32 of the notch 28. For example, the elongated object 36 may have a circular profile, and when received between the conformable block 14 and the roller 12, the conformable block 14 deforms inward at the notch 28 due to contact with the elongated object 36. The conformable block 14 may deform nonlinearly from the contact area with the elongated object 36 to the surfaces of the conformable block 14 opposite the notch 28, since the force imparted by the elongated object 36 is distributed throughout the conformable block 14, with the greatest amount of deformation occurring closest to or in the region of the elongated object 14. Some portion or all of the conformable block 14 may experience some level of deformation.The portion of the conformable block 14 that undergoes some level of deformation defines a deformation zone. It is contemplated that in some embodiments the conformable block 14 may experience a reduction in cross-sectional area of ​​at least 10% between the deformable area in the relaxed state and the deformation zone in the compressed state, where the cross-sectional area of ​​the conformable block 14 is viewed in a plane perpendicular to the notch 28 and the roller axis 16. For conformable blocks comprising a lattice structure, the cross-sectional area should be understood to include both the lattice frame and the negative space within the lattice frame when comparing fits or area differences. In some forms, the percentage amount of deformation can be based on linear measurements. For example, a relaxed front distance can be defined as the distance along a relaxed front line extending perpendicularly from a point on the front surface at the center of the front surface 30 to an outer surface of the conformable block 14 opposite the front surface 30, and a relaxed rear distance can be defined as a distance along a relaxed rear line extending perpendicularly from a point on the rear surface at the center of the rear surface 32 to an outer surface of the conformable block 14 opposite the rear surface 32 when the conformable block 14 is in the relaxed state.Furthermore, a compressed front distance can be defined as the distance along a compressed front line collinear with the relaxed front line and extending from the point on the front surface to the outer surface area, and a compressed rear distance can be defined as the distance along a compressed rear line collinear with the relaxed rear line and extending from the point on the rear surface to the outer surface area when the conformable block 14 is in a compressed state. Where the percentage reduction between the sum of the relaxed front and rear distances and the sum of the compressed front and rear distances can be at least 10%. Elongated objects with a smaller diameter are generally difficult to secure without damaging them during the label application process. The conformable block 14 helps secure elongated objects with a diameter ranging from approximately 1.016 mm (0.04 in) to approximately 6.35 mm (0.25 in), and more specifically from approximately 1.016 mm (0.04 in) to approximately 0.10 in. Once the elongated object 36 is received inside the notch 28 and between the roller 12 and the conformable block 14, the label wrapper assembly 10 can rotate around the elongated object 36 during label application. The notch 28 in the conformable block 14 can reduce the possibility of the elongated object 36 slipping out between the roller 12 and the conformable block 14 or the tarpaulin 34 as the label wrapper 10 rotates over the elongated object 36 during label application because the elongated object 36 is captured substantially, if not entirely, along the length of conformable block 14 from side end 22 to side end 24. In addition, to some extent, the elongated object 36 can be nestled or seated in the notch 28 to help preset the position of the elongated object 36 over the axial span.In this way, the shaping of the conformable block 14 around the elongated object 36 can also provide a pre-wrap of a label around the elongated object 36. For example, when the label is inserted between the elongated object 36 and the conformable block 14, the label partially curves around the elongated object 36 before activating the label wrapper assembly 10 to rotate around the elongated object 36 to apply the label. The increased initial surface contact area can improve the overall adhesion of the label to the elongated object 36. Furthermore, the forming feature of the conformable block 14 allows for greater contact with the elongated object 36 and any irregularity around the periphery of the elongated object 36 or along the portion of the elongated object 36 received within and along the notch 28. Thus, in particular, the presence of a preformed notch 28 can help guide the initial seating of the elongated object 36 in the label wrapper assembly 10 and can apply a more uniform application force (i.e., a wetting force), in a way that even a conformable block without a notch may not work as well due to the lack of a preformed notch and the greater variation in pressure over the contact surface area where there is not even a rough notch profile (pre-compression) that roughly corresponds to the object. A method for retaining an elongated object within the label wrapper assembly 10 is also contemplated. The method may include separating the conformable block 14 and the roller 12; placing the elongated object 36 between the conformable block 14 and the roller 12 and within the notch 28 of the conformable block 14; and applying pressure to the elongated object 36 when the conformable block 14 and the roller 12 are reassembled. When the conformable block 14 and the roller 12 are reassembled, the conformable block 14 may conform at least a portion of the elongated object 36 within the notch 28. For example, the notch 28 of the conformable block 14 may conform to a portion of the circumference of the elongated cylindrical object 36 within the range of approximately 90 degrees to approximately 180 degrees of the circumference.Then, after the relative rotation of the polished part of the wrapping assembly 10 over the elongated object 36, the application pressure is varied rotationally to cause a length of the wrapping to stretch and wrap around the elongated object 36, forming good interfacial contact along the way. Therefore, this document describes systems and methods that include a label wrapper assembly configured to adhere a label to an elongated object. The label wrapper assembly can be used to efficiently and repeatably attach a label to an elongated object, such as a cable. The label wrapper assembly can hold the elongated object and evenly press a label against it to minimize bubbles and prevents the label from shifting axially along the object during the wrapping process. As previously stated, it should be appreciated that other modifications and variations of the preferred embodiments are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described. To determine the full scope of the invention, reference should be made to the following claims.

Claims

1. A label wrapper assembly configured to adhere a label to an elongated object, the label wrapper assembly characterized in that it comprises: a roller having a roller shaft; and a conformable block with a notch extending parallel to the roller shaft, the notch being configured to receive the elongated object therein; and wherein the conformable block and the roller are inclined towards each other and, when the elongated object is received between the roller and the conformable block, pressure is applied to the elongated object whereby the conformable block at least partially conforms to the elongated object.

2. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that the notch of the conformable block has a substantially V-shaped profile providing a front surface and a rear surface.

3. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 2, characterized in that the front surface and the rear surface are substantially perpendicular to each other.

4. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 2, characterized in that the front surface has a larger surface area than the rear surface.

5. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that the conformable block has a length and the notch has a continuous profile extending along the length of the conformable block.

6. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one section of the elongated object can be removably received within the notch and the elongated object has a diameter in the range of approximately 1.016 mm (0.04 inches) to approximately 6.35 mm (0.25 inches).

7. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that the roller is a toothed roller.

8. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a tarpaulin that extends over the notch.

9. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a support to which the conformable block is attached.

10. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 9 characterized in that it further comprises a set of end plates provided on each side of the support; wherein the support can be moved with respect to the end plate assembly perpendicular to the roller axis; and wherein the roller is coupled to the end plate assembly.

11. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 10, characterized in that the roller is attached to an arm, the arm being rotatable with respect to the end plate assembly.

12. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 11, characterized in that the conformable block and the roller are inclined towards each other by a set of torsion springs coupled to the end plate assembly and operatively coupled to the support and the roller.

13. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that the conformable block is made of foam and the conformable block further comprises a lower surface facing the roller and the notch extends inwards from the lower surface.

14. The label wrapper assembly according to claim 1, characterized in that a cross-sectional area of ​​a deformation zone of the conformable block is reduced by at least 10% from a relaxed state when pressure is applied to the elongated object, the cross-sectional area of ​​the deformation zone being in a plane perpendicular to the notch and the roller axis.

15. A method for applying nearly uniform pressure along an elongated object within the label wrapper assembly according to claim 1, the method being characterized in that it comprises: separating the conformable block and the roller; placing the elongated object between the conformable block and the roller and within the notch of the conformable block; and applying pressure to the elongated object when the conformable block and the roller are brought back together; wherein the conformable block fits at least a portion of the elongated object within the notch.

16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the elongated object is cylindrical and the notch of the conformable block fits a portion of the circumference of the section of the elongated object received within the notch.

17. The method according to claim 16, characterized in that the portion of the circumference is in the range of about 90 degrees to about 180 degrees of the circumference.

18. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the elongated object has a diameter in the range of approximately 1.016 mm (0.04 inches) to approximately 6.35 mm (0.25 inches).

19. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the notch of the conformable block has a substantially V-shaped profile providing a front surface and a rear surface.

20. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the front surface and the rear surface are substantially perpendicular to each other.

21. The method according to claim 19, characterized in that the front surface has a larger surface area than the rear surface.

22. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the conformable block is polyurethane foam.

23. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the conformable block is foam and the conformable block further comprises a lower surface facing the roller and the notch extends inwards from the lower surface.

24. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the cross-sectional area of ​​a deformation zone of the conformable block is reduced by at least 10% from a relaxed state when pressure is applied to the elongated object, the cross-sectional area of ​​the deformation zone being in a plane perpendicular to the notch and the roller axis.

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