Peripherally Functionalized Cobalt Phthalocyanine / Graphitic Carbon Nitride Heterojunction Photocatalytic Composite Material

Abstract

The invention relates to a CoPc / gC®N® composite photocatalyst formed by combining a semiconductor structure of graphitic carbon nitride (gC®N®) with a cobalt(II) phthalocyanine structure with p-coumaric acid derivative groups in peripheral positions, and containing a heterojunction based on the interaction between these components and electronic interface interaction, for use in the removal of chlorophenol and chlorophenol derivative organic pollutants by photocatalytic degradation under light.

Description

1 TARIFF PERIPHERALLY FUNCTIONALIZED COBALT PHTHALOCYANINE / GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE HETEROJUNCTIONAL PHOTOCATALYTIC COMPOSITE MATERIAL TECHNICAL FIELD The invention describes the photocatalytic processing of chlorophenol and chlorophenol derivative organic pollutants under light. for use in the removal of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) through decomposition. semiconductor structure with p-coumaric acid derivative groups in peripheral positions formed by combining the cobalt(II) phthalocyanine structure and the aforementioned 10 based on π–π interaction between components and electronic interface interaction This relates to a CoPc / g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst containing a heterojunction. PREVIOUS TECHNIQUE Photocatalytic methods involve the breakdown of organic pollutants and their removal from the environmental environment. among the advanced oxidation methods used for removal These methods involve photocatalytic materials that exhibit semiconductor properties. Charge carriers are created as a result of the absorption of light energy. and the pollutant is formed by the participation of electrons and holes in surface reactions. Oxidative decomposition of molecules is carried out. 20 Examples of materials used in photocatalytic systems include titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and graphitic carbon nitride. Semiconductor materials are used. Graphitic carbon nitride has a band of approximately 2.7 eV. Because it has a range of light, it can utilize a portion of visible light, and this Therefore, it offers an advantage in terms of photocatalytic applications that operate with visible light. It is a semiconductor material. However, 25% of pure graphitic carbon nitride is used. In photocatalytic systems, electron-hole pairs are formed in a short time by the effect of light. its ability to recombine within itself, in other words, its high electron-hole ratio. The occurrence of recombination limits the photocatalytic efficiency. In addition to this... Pure graphitic carbon nitride has a relatively low surface area and is resistant to some organic matter. Limited surface interaction with pollutants also ensures a desired photocatalytic degradation rate of 30. This makes it difficult to raise the level. In order to reduce these limitations of graphitic carbon nitride, g- C₃N₄ structure of metal nanoparticles, metal oxides or π-conjugated organic compounds Various composite and heterostructures have been developed for their combination. 2 Phthalocyanines possess a large π-electron system and contribute to charge transfer. one of the molecular structures that can be used for this purpose because of their availability It is formed. However, the mechanical properties of g-C₃N₄ and phthalocyanine components are the only ones involved. or interface interaction between two components in structures where they are physically mixed This situation is limited by the electrons and 5 produced as a result of photostimulation. It prevents the effective separation of holes and photocatalytic activity. This limits its increase. Similarly, any of the phthalocyanine components In systems where phthalocyanine is used without specific peripheral functionalization adsorption interaction between the molecule and the target organic pollutant and phthalocyanine The electronic interaction between the semiconductor support and the semiconductor remains limited. 10 It is possible. Chlorophenols are among the aromatic and chemically resistant organic pollutants. These compounds are present, and effective light is required for their photocatalytic degradation. In addition to its use, adsorption onto the photocatalyst surface, charge separation, and Simultaneously ensuring the formation of reactive oxygen species on the surface 15 is required. In the current state of the art, it is possible to operate under visible light, using the effect of light. among its components, it can reduce the recombination of electrons and holes that are created. a surface that can form an effective electronic interface and interact with chlorophenol molecules Due to the absence of a photocatalytic heterojunction structure that could enhance its interaction, this 20 The invention has been improved. THE PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION The aim of the invention is to investigate the photocatalytic properties of graphitic carbon nitride peripherally. The optical, electronic and catalytic properties of functionalized cobalt phthalocyanine are the same as in 25 The goal is to develop a heterojunction photocatalyst that integrates composite structures. Another aim of the invention is to establish a correlation between graphitic carbon nitride and cobalt phthalocyanine. photostimulation as a result of increasing surface contact and π–π interactions to facilitate the separation of the electron-hole pairs that occur and to carry the charge The goal is to reduce recombination. 30 Another objective of the invention is to identify the p- ions located in the peripheral regions of cobalt phthalocyanine. π-conjugation of phthalocyanine molecule via coumaric acid derivative groups to expand and bond the space between aromatic chlorophenol molecules and the photocatalyst surface The goal is to increase interaction. 3 Another objective of the invention is to explore the semiconductor structure of graphitic carbon nitride. an electronic system suitable for charge transfer between functionalized cobalt and phthalocyanine. It is about creating an interface. Another aim of the invention is to recover the Co²⁺ / Co³⁺ redox conversion from a cobalt center. by utilizing reactive radicals such as superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical in a photocatalytic environment. to support the formation of oxygen species and the oxidative effects of chlorophenols to accelerate its disintegration. Another aim of the invention is to create a device that can be separated from the environment after a reaction. A stable, powdered photocatalytic composite that can be cleaned and reused. The goal is to develop materials. 10 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 shows the fabrication (production) of TiO2 / g-C3N4 heterostructures found in the literature. Schematic diagram of the approach and synthesis of TiO2 / g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst. Schematic diagram. 15 Figure 2 shows the preparation of graphitic carbon nitride from urea via thermal processing. It shows the related transaction flow. Figure 3 shows graphitic carbon with peripherally functionalized cobalt phthalocyanine. Regarding the assembly of nitrides and the preparation of CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructure. It shows the process flow. 20 Figure 4 shows the graphitic structure of peripherally functionalized cobalt phthalocyanine. The chemical structure of its combination with carbon nitride is schematically represented. It shows. Figure 5 shows the π–π interactions and photocatalytic effects in the CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterojunction structure. The photocatalytic conversion of chlorophenol within the system is schematically shown in section 25. It shows. Figure 6A. FT-IR spectra of g-C₃N₄, CoPc, CuPc, CoPc / g-C₃N₄ and CuPc / g-C₃N₄. Figure 6B. XRD spectra of CoPc / g-C₃N₄, CuPc / g-C₃N₄ and g-C₃N₄. Figure 6C. SEM images: i) g-C₃N₄ ii) CoPc / g-C₃N₄ iii) CuPc / g-C₃N₄ Figures 7A and 7B. HOMO energy levels of CoPc and CuPc 30 Figures 7C and 7D. LUMO energy levels of CoPc and CuPc. Figure 7E. g-C₃N₄, CoPc, CuPc, 2-chlorophenol, 2,3-dichlorophenol and 2,3,6-trichlorophenol HOMO-LUMO energy levels 4 The corresponding numbers in the figures are: 1. Urea 2. Homogenization 3. Porcelain pot 4. Ash furnace 5 5. Air environment 6. Heating program 7. Waiting time 8. Natural cooling 9. Graphitic carbon nitride 10 10. Peripherally functionalized Co(II) phthalocyanine 11. Ethanol 12. Dissolution 13. Magnetic stirring 14. Ultrasonic bath 15 15. Straining and washing 16. Drying 17. CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructured photocatalyst 18. Ethyl(Z)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate 19. 4-nitrophthalonitrile 20 20. Ethyl(Z)-3-(4-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)phenyl)acrylate 21. Metal ion Co+2 22. Substituted chlorophenol (Substrate) 23. Benzoquinone Derivatives 24. Light source 25 25. π-π interaction DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The photocatalytic composite material developed within the scope of this invention is essentially based on... graphitic carbon nitride (9) and peripherally functionalized cobalt(II) phthalocyanine 30 (10) CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructure obtained as a result of combining It consists of a photocatalyst (17). Here, graphitic carbon nitride (9), light absorption of energy and creation of photo-evoked charge carriers In terms of performance, it constitutes the semiconductor support phase of the photocatalytic composite. Graphitic carbon nitride (9) has a band gap of approximately 2.7 eV. It is able to absorb a portion of visible light and form electron-hole pairs under light. It can form. Cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (10) is graphitic carbon in the composite. metal-organic photocatalytic component that electronically interacts with nitride (9) surface It produces. Cobalt phthalocyanine (10), 5 used within the scope of the invention. p-coumaric acid derivative groups in the peripheral regions of the phthalocyanine macrocycle It has been functionalized to include this. This peripheral functionalization involves the aromatic and (10) effects of cobalt phthalocyanine. It expands the conjugated structure and affects the electronic charge distribution of the molecule. The aromatic structure of peripheral groups also substitutes for chlorophenol (22) aromatic 10 interaction occurs between pollutant molecules and the photocatalyst surface It contributes. Functionalized with the planar and conjugate structure of graphitic carbon nitride (9). π–π interactions between the π-conjugated molecular structure of cobalt phthalocyanine (10) (25) This occurs because the two materials are only physically the same. Unlike their presence in the environment, CoPc molecules are found on the g-C₃N₄ surface. This contributes to their close and dispersed positioning. In this way In the CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructure formed (17), with graphitic carbon nitride (9) an electronic interface between functionalized cobalt phthalocyanine (10) This occurs. The interface in question is subjected to a charge 20 created by the effect of light. by enabling the transfer of carriers between two components, electrons and This reduces the possibility of holes rejoining in the same area. Thus, pure graphite rapid electron-hole recombination that can occur in carbon nitride limiting and identifying charge carriers that can participate in photocatalytic surface reactions. The usage time is being increased. 25 The cobalt ion at the center of cobalt phthalocyanine (10) is photocatalytic. In the reaction process, redox also acts as an active site. Photocatalytic redox that occurs between the oxidation states of Co²⁺ and Co³⁺ under the given conditions their transformations contribute to electron transfer processes occurring with molecular oxygen. It contains reactive oxygen species such as the superoxide radical •O₂⁻ and the hydroxyl radical •OH. It supports the formation of reactive oxygen species. The reactive oxygen species formed act as photocatalysts. (17) attacking substitute chlorophenol molecules (22) adsorbed on its surface Its subject is the oxidative transformation of molecules. Photocatalytic 6 Benzquinone derivatives are formed as a result of the oxidation of the chlorophenol structure during the transformation. This can occur. Within the scope of the invention, graphitic carbon nitride (9) is used peripherally. The combined use of functionalized cobalt phthalocyanine (10) with light absorption, uptake of pollutant to the surface, separation of charge carriers and oxidative 5 the functions of inducing reactions within the same composite structure It enables its realization. Starting carbon and nitrogen source in the preparation of graphitic carbon nitride (9) Urea (1) is used. In one application, 50 g of urea (1) is taken and the powder Using a mortar and pestle, the raw material is homogenized. 10 It is subjected to homogenization process (2). Homogenization process (2), balancing the particle distribution between different regions of the raw material and This contributes to a more homogeneous subsequent thermal process. Homogenized urea (1) is placed into a high temperature resistant porcelain crucible (3). It is transferred. The porcelain crucible (3) is then placed inside the muffle furnace (4). 15 Thermal conversion is carried out in the air environment (5). The ash furnace (4) is used for heating. According to the program (6), from an initial temperature of 25°C to a temperature of 550°C per minute It is operated in a way that will increase the temperature. After reaching a temperature of 550°C... The material is subjected to a holding period of four hours at the said temperature (7). This During the process, the urea precursor undergoes thermal transformation and polymerization to form graphite 20 It forms a carbon nitride network structure. Four hours of waiting time (7) After completion, the muffle furnace (4) is closed and the product is naturally stored inside the furnace. It is left to cool (8). When the product reaches room temperature, it is removed from the porcelain crucible (3) is obtained. As a result of this process, a pale yellow, light and porous solid form is formed. Graphitic carbon nitride (9) is obtained. 25 In the next stage of the invention, peripherally with p-coumaric acid derivative groups Graphitic carbon nitride (9) prepared with functionalized cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (10) They are combined. In one application form, 125 mg is administered peripherally. Functionalized cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (10) is added to 50 ml of ethanol (11). and is subjected to the dissolution process (12). Ethanol (11) dissolves cobalt phthalocyanine (10) 30 a liquid medium that can be dispersed and brought into contact with graphitic carbon nitride (9) It enables the formation of the resulting medium. 500 mg of graphitic carbon nitride (9) The mixture containing cobalt phthalocyanine (10) and graphitic carbon nitride (9) is added. subjected to magnetic stirring for 30 minutes on a magnetic stirrer (13) 7 Cobalt phthalocyanine (10) is retained as a result of magnetic stirring (13). The molecules are brought into contact with graphitic carbon nitride (9) particles. Then the mixture is processed in an ultrasonic bath (14) for five minutes. Ultrasonic treatment removes particle aggregates that may occur within the mixture. decomposition of cobalt phthalocyanine (10) along the surface of graphitic carbon nitride (9) 5 to ensure homogeneous distribution and increased surface contact between the two components It contributes. The suspension obtained after ultrasonic treatment is filtered and It is subjected to washing process (15). Deionized water is used in the washing process. and free or unwanted residues present in the process reaction medium This process is carried out multiple times for the purpose of removal. Filtering and washing 10 The solid product obtained as a result of process (15) is dried overnight at a temperature of 80°C. It is subjected to the process (16). The composite is dried by the drying process. The solvent is removed and a dry, stable, powdered heterostructure of CoPc / g-C₃N₄ is obtained. photocatalyst (17) is obtained. Within the scope of the invention, 15 different types of cobalt phthalocyanine can be obtained by varying the loading amount. CoPc / g-C₃N₄ compositions can be prepared. In an application group, nominal MPc loading is applied in four different ways: x = 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10%, using the x%MPc / g-C₃N₄ formula. The composition has been prepared. These loading differences affect the surface of graphitic carbon nitride (9). The amount of cobalt phthalocyanine (10) affects the surface interactions and electronic structure of the photocatalytic structure. It allows for the modification of its effect on its properties. 20 In the obtained CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructure (17), g-C₃N₄ and cobalt phthalocyanine π–π interactions (25) occur between the conjugate structures of its components. Peripheral p-coumaric acid derivative groups, conjugated molecules of cobalt phthalocyanine (10) by expanding the area of ​​graphitic carbon nitride (9) surface and aromatic substrates They form molecular regions that can interact. Therefore, the 25 in question... Peripheral groups only affect the solubility or physical properties of cobalt phthalocyanine. not as modifying substituents, but as electronic interactions and substrates in the heterojunction. They are used as functional groups that contribute to adsorption. Intermediate formation between cobalt phthalocyanine (10) and graphitic carbon nitride (9) The surface allows for the transfer of photo-induced charge carriers between components. 30 This charge transfer occurs when photoexcited electrons and holes move away from each other. It contributes to separation and recombination in the same material region. This limits their interaction. As a result, they can be used in photocatalytic reactions. The number and lifespan of remaining cargo carriers are being increased. 8 The subject of the invention is a CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructured photocatalyst (17) with light. When interacted with, electronic excitation occurs in the photoactive components of the heterostructure. This occurs as a result of light absorption, causing electrons to become higher-energy. transitioning to electronic levels and, in turn, electron holes, in other words holes are formed. Peripheral 5 with graphitic carbon nitride (9) Heterojunction interface between functionalized cobalt phthalocyanine (10), This facilitates the transfer of load-bearing materials between the two structures. In this way, the recombination of electrons and holes is reduced. Reaching the surface or electrons that remain available on the surface interact with oxygen-containing species It contributes to the formation of superoxide radicals. The holes and the associated 10 surface reactions contribute to the formation of hydroxyl radicals. is provided. The Co²⁺ / Co³⁺ redox cycle of cobalt at the center of cobalt phthalocyanine (10) is also mentioned. The subject supports electron transfer reactions. Thus, photocatalyst (17) Reactive oxygen species such as •O₂⁻ and •OH, which are generated on the surface, are adsorbed onto the surface. It participates in the oxidative degradation of substituted chlorophenol molecules (22). Aromatic and conjugate structures of peripheral p-coumaric acid derivatives and chlorophenol. Surface interactions between the aromatic structure, photocatalytic of substituted chlorophenol (22) This contributes to its proximity to active regions. Thus Adsorption, charge transfer, and oxidative reaction steps all occur within the same heterojunction structure. 20 They are carried out in a way that supports each other. Photocatalytic effect of CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructure (17) on substituted chlorophenol (22) Its activity is determined by a decay experiment carried out inside a photoreactor. In one application, in the preparation of catalyst to be used in photocatalytic activity testing 25 synthesized based on mg phthalocyanine (10) and 100 mg graphitic carbon nitride (9) 5 mg of photocatalyst (17) is used in the composite material. DMSO in the test environment. A substitute chlorophenol solution (22) is prepared in a concentration of 1.2×10⁻⁵ M. The subject solution is transferred to the reaction vessel and a CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructured photocatalyst is prepared. (17) is added to the reaction medium. The prepared reaction mixture is placed under 14 lights. It is placed inside a photoreactor (24) containing the light source. Photocatalytic under light 30 Before the reaction is started, the surface between the catalyst and the substituted chlorophenol (22) magnetic stirrer (13) of the reaction mixture to balance the interaction It is pre-mixed for 30 minutes. Then, under a light source... Photocatalytic activation is carried out with (24) and the progress of the reaction is determined 9 The reaction time is monitored using gas chromatography at specific time intervals. The products formed after completion are extracted with dichloromethane. Analysis of the extracted products is carried out by gas chromatography, the main product and the standard addition method is used in determining by-products. This Consumption of substitute chlorophenol solution (22) and the resulting products by analysis 5 can be determined. Benzokinone derivatives during photocatalytic conversion. It can occur. The subject of the invention is a CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructured photocatalyst (17) in powder form. It is located and removed from the reaction medium after the photocatalytic reaction is complete. It is recoverable. The organic products formed at the end of the reaction are first processed in 10... It is removed from the medium by extraction. The remainder of the reaction mixture A portion of it is evaporated under vacuum. As a result of evaporation, the reaction occurs. The CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructured photocatalyst (17) remaining in the container is physically is collected. Reaction residues on the surface of the collected photocatalyst 15 for the purpose of removal and preparation of active surfaces for reuse The photocatalyst is washed with water, ethanol, and diethyl ether, respectively. The washing process is repeated three times. This is carried out. The washed photocatalyst is then placed under vacuum. It is dried. Thus, the cleaned and dried CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructure is obtained. photocatalyst (17) can be reused in a subsequent photocatalytic reaction is being brought. 20 Within the scope of the invention, graphitic carbon nitride (9) and p-coumaric acid are applied peripherally. cobalt phthalocyanine (10) functionalized with its derivatives has the same heterojunction structure As a result of being combined, the components are only a physical mixture. an electronic and surface interaction environment different from the structures it is located in It is formed. The π–π 25 between graphitic carbon nitride (9) and cobalt phthalocyanine (10) their interactions (25) support interfacial contact between two photoactive components and It contributes to the transfer of charge carriers across the heterojunction. Thus recombination of electron-hole pairs resulting from photostimulation This helps to reduce [the problem]. Cobalt phthalocyanine (10) with peripheral p-coumaric acid derivatives 30 Its functionalized structure extends the π-conjugation system and, like chlorophenol, It supports the interaction of aromatic pollutants with the photocatalyst surface. This In addition, the participation of the cobalt center in the Co²⁺ / Co³⁺ redox cycle, reactive oxygen It supports the formation of species and these reactive species are chlorophenol's It contributes to oxidative decomposition. Thanks to this structure, light... absorption, charge separation, surface adsorption, and oxidative conversion the simultaneous implementation of their mechanisms within the same composite material is provided. The subject of the invention is a CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructured photocatalyst (17), metal nanoparticle 5 obtainable in powder form, requiring no additional use, and recoverable after the reaction. organic pollutants of chlorophenol derivatives that can be recovered, cleaned and reused It is a composite material that can be used in photocatalytic decomposition under light. 15 25

Claims

11 REQUESTS 1. Photocatalytic analysis of chlorophenol and chlorophenol derivative organic pollutants under light. a structured device designed for use in its removal through degradation It is a heterojunctional photocatalytic composite material with the following characteristic: 5 π-conjugated molecular structures have π–π interactions between them (25) and the transfer of photo-excited charge carriers between them and electrons- an electronic interface that enables the reduction of hole recombination surface containing graphitic carbon nitride (9) and phthalocyanine macrocycle 10 containing p-coumaric acid derivative groups in their peripheral regions containing functionalized cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (10) and CoPc / g-C₃N₄ It is characterized by forming a heterostructure.

2. It is a heterojunction photocatalytic composite material according to Claim 1, and its properties are: The graphitic carbon nitride in question (9) has a band gap of approximately 2.7 eV. It is characterized by being a semiconductor support phase. 15 3. A photocatalytic composite material with a heterojunction structure according to claim 1 or 2, Its feature is to expand the conjugated molecular domain of cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (10). graphitic carbon nitride (9) surface and aromatic substrates that can interact peripheral phthalocyanine macrocycle to form molecular regions It is characterized by the presence of p-coumaric acid derivative groups in its regions. 20 4. Heterojunction photocatalytic according to any of the previous requirements. It is a composite material whose characteristic is that it participates in the Co²⁺ / Co³⁺ redox cycle. reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radical •O₂⁻ and hydroxyl radical •OH to support its formation, it contains cobalt ions at its center It is characterized by the presence of cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (10). 25 5. Heterojunction photocatalytic according to any of the previous requirements. It is a composite material, and its characteristic is that the composite material in question is powdered. It is characterized by being in this form.

6. Heterojunction photocatalytic according to any of the previous requirements. It is a composite material and its characteristic is that the loading of the cobalt(II) phthalocyanine is 30 It is characterized by having a nominal concentration of 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, or 10%.

7. Photocatalytic effects of chlorophenol and chlorophenol derivative organic pollutants under light. heterojunction photocatalytic composite for use in its degradation It is the method of production of the material, and its characteristic is; 12 - subjecting the urea (1) to the homogenization process (2), - transferring the homogenized urea (1) into the porcelain crucible (3), - placing the porcelain crucible (3) inside the muffle furnace (4), - temperature increase of 5°C per minute from 25°C to 550°C in the air environment (5). heating program (6) application, 5 - Performing a four-hour waiting period at a temperature of 550°C (7), - obtaining graphitic carbon nitride (9) by leaving the product to natural cooling (8), - peripherally functionalized with p-coumaric acid derivative groups Dissolving cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (10) in ethanol (11) (12) subjection, 10 - adding graphitic carbon nitride (9) to the resulting solution, - subjecting the mixture to magnetic stirring (13) for 30 minutes, - processing the mixture in an ultrasonic bath (14) for 5 minutes, - filtering and washing the resulting suspension using deionized water. subject to the procedure (15) and, 15 - The resulting solid product is dried overnight at a temperature of 80°C. (16) Obtaining CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructured photocatalyst (17) by subjecting It is characterized by including steps.

8. The method according to claim 7, and its characteristic is that the graphitic carbon nitride in question (9) It is characterized by the use of 50 g of urea (1) in its preparation. 20 9. The method according to claim 7 or 8, and its characteristic is that the cobalt(II) in question Use 125 mg of phthalocyanine (10) and mix it with 50 ml of ethanol (11). It is characterized by its dissolution.

10. The method according to any of claims 7 to 9, and its characteristic feature is that it relates to the solution in question. It is characterized by the addition of 500 mg of graphitic carbon nitride (9). 25 11. The method is according to any of claims 7 to 10, and its characteristic is that; cobalt(II) phthalocyanine loading nominally 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% or 10% It is characterized by being adjusted in such a way as to be.

12. The method according to any of claims 7 to 11, its characteristic is; the obtained CoPc / g-C₃N₄ heterostructured photocatalyst (17) with graphitic carbon nitride (9) 30 π–π interactions between cobalt(II) and phthalocyanine (10) (25) and photoexcited charge by including an electronic interface that enables the transfer of carriers It is characteristic.

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