Pesticide composition for killing and repelling pest

Abstract

A pesticide composition comprising an extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves with a concentration between 600 to 3000 ppm in a solvent, and at least one emulsifier with a concentration between 1.5% (v / v) and 3.5 % (v / v).

Description

PESTICIDE COMPOSITION FOR KILLING AND REPELLING PESTTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure is generally related to an exemplary pesticide composition comprising an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves for killing and repelling pest, and more particularly to an exemplary pesticide composition comprising an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves for killing and repelling Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest.BACKGROUND

[0002] Agriculture products are constantly exposed to different stressors that pose a threat to their role as a key food source for humans. Among these stressors, pests in particular may damage agricultural products, leading to damage to agricultural products and subsequent waste of resources such as water, soil, and other inputs necessary for producing agriculture products. Throughout the enduring conflict between humans and pests, humans have developed a variety of strategies to protect crop yields.

[0003] Chemical pesticides have been widely used as a successful method for killing or repelling pest, however, there is a growing concern regarding their toxic effects not only on pests but also on humans, animals, and plants themselves. Furthermore, these chemical pesticides have been found to make adverse impacts on environment, especially on soil and water resources, which are difficult, if not impossible, to eradicate swiftly and completely.

[0004] Pesticides, particularly plant-based pesticides as a widely favored option, may offer a solution that effectively combats pests without leaving a negative footprint on environment, plants, animals, and humans. Plant-based pesticides may refer to essentially secondary metabolites generated by plants to protect themselves against pests. These pesticides may comprise secondary metabolites as a defense mechanism against pests. Thereby, there is needto produce plant-based pesticides to effectively meet requirements for pest removal and repellent without resulting in any negative effects on environment, plants, animals, and humans.SUMMARY

[0005] This summary is intended to provide an overview of the subject matter of the present disclosure, and is not intended to identify essential elements or key elements of the subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to determine the scope of the claimed implementations. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more exemplary aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. The proper scope of the present disclosure may be ascertained from the claims set forth below in view of the detailed description below and the drawings.

[0006] One or more exemplary embodiments describe an exemplary pesticide composition. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves with a concentration between 600 to 3000 ppm in an exemplary solvent, and at least an exemplary emulsifier with a concentration between 1.5% (v / v) and 3.5 % (v / v). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves with a concentration between 800 to 1200 ppm. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves with a concentration of 1000 ppm. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may further comprise FF4. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise FF4 with a concentration between 1.5% (v / v) and 2.5 % (v / v). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may further comprise FF6. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise FF6 with a concentration between 2.5% (v / v) and 3 % (v / v). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition maycomprise water as an exemplary solvent. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise xylene as an exemplary solvent.

[0007] This Summary may introduce a number of concepts in a simplified format; the concepts are further disclosed within the “Detailed Description” section. This Summary is not intended to configure essential / key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the present disclosure, as to its structure, organization, use and method of operation, together with further objectives and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following drawings in which an exemplary embodiment will now be illustrated by way of example. It is expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the present disclosure. Exemplary embodiments will now be described by way of example in association with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0008] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary flowchart of method 100 for producing an exemplary pesticide solution, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings related to the exemplary embodiments. However, it should be apparent that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and / or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings.

[0010] The following detailed description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the methods and devices disclosed in one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required to practice the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments are provided only as representative examples. Various modifications to the exemplary implementations will be plain to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementations shown, but is to be accorded the widest possible scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

[0011] Disclosed herein is an exemplary pesticide composition with lethal and repellant property and an exemplary method for producing an exemplary pesticide composition. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may have lethal and repellant effect against Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest. “Lethal activity” and / or “lethal effect” and / or “lethal property” may refer to any property including, but not limited to, causing death in a subject. “Repellant activity” and / or “repellant effect” and / or “repellant property” may refer to any property including, but not limited to, deterring or preventing or discouraging the target pest from coming into contact with an exemplary treated subject. “Subject” may refer to any object including, but not limited to, plant, tree, flower. “Pesticide composition” may refer to a composition comprising a substance or a mixture of substances with any property including, but not limited to, preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating pests. Pesticide composition may further refer to a composition for pest population control. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise an exemplary extract of Proboscideajussieui leaves. Proboscidea jussieui refers to a plant that has been classified under the family of Martyniaceae, genus of Proboscidea, and species of jussieui.

[0012] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves with a concentration between about 600 ppm and 3000 ppm in a solvent. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves with a concentration between about 800 ppm and 1200 ppm. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves with a concentration about 1000 ppm. “Extract” may refer to a phytochemical material obtained from a plant material / segment by an extraction process (using an exemplary extraction solvent). For example, “ethanolic extract” may refer to a phytochemical material extracted from a plant material using pure ethanol (e.g., a 99% or 100% (v / v) ethanol) or ethanol-water solution (e.g., 70% (v / v) ethanol) as an extraction solvent.

[0013] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may further comprise at least one exemplary emulsifier with a concentration between 1.5% (v / v) and 3.5 % (v / v). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise FF4 (as an exemplary emulsifier). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise FF4 (as an exemplary emulsifier) with a concentration of between about 1.5% (v / v) and 2.5 %(with respect to final volume of exemplary pesticide composition) In an exemplary embodiment, FF4 may comprise Benzenesulfonic acid with a concentration between 40-50 % (v / v) (with respect to final volume of FF4), 2-methylpropan-l-io with a concentration between 30-40 % (v / v) (with respect to final volume of FF4), and ethoxylated poly are phenol with a concentration between 10-20 % (v / v) (with respect to final volume of FF4). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may further comprise FF6 (as an exemplary emulsifier). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticidecomposition may comprise FF6 (as an exemplary emulsifier) with a concentration of between about 2.5% (v / v) and 3.5 % (v / v) (with respect to final volume of exemplary pesticide composition). 3% (v / v). In an exemplary embodiment, FF6 may comprise ethoxylated polyare phenol with a concentration between 70-80 % (v / v) (with respect to final volume of FF6), Benzenesulfonic acid with a concentration between 10-15 % (v / v) (with respect to final volume of FF6), and 2-methylpropan-l-io with a concentration between 5-10 % (v / v) (with respect to final volume of FF6).

[0014] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise water as an exemplary solvent. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may comprise xylene as an exemplary solvent.

[0015] Referring to the figures, FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary flowchart of method 100 for producing an exemplary pesticide solution, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, exemplary method 100 may include: forming an exemplary liquid mixture by adding an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, FF4, and FF6 to xylene (step 102), mixing an exemplary liquid mixture at a temperature level between 23 °C and 27 °C for a time duration between about 10 and 20 minutes (step 104), bringing up an exemplary liquid mixture to an exemplary final volume by adding xylene to an exemplary mixed liquid mixture (step 106).

[0016] In further detail with respect to step 102, step 102 may include forming an exemplary liquid mixture by adding an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, FF4, and FF6 to xylene. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves may be formed through an exemplary Maceration extraction procedure. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary Maceration extraction procedure may include adding an exemplary dried powder of Proboscidea jussieui leaves to an exemplary solvent (e.g., ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane) in a weight ratio (dried powder ofProboscidea jussieui leaves: solvent) of about 1:5-10 in an exemplary laboratory container(e.g., beaker, flask, etc.). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary Maceration extraction procedure may further include shaking / mixing an exemplary mixture of Proboscidea jussieui leaves powder and solvent at about 22-37 °C for a time duration of about 72 hours, using a stirrer or agitation machine (e.g., a magnetic stirrer). In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary Maceration extraction procedure may further include filtering an exemplary shaken mixture of Proboscidea jussieui leaves powder and solvent through an exemplary cellulose filter paper (e.g., using a vacuum filtration system), followed by concentrating an exemplary filtered mixture of Proboscidea jussieui leaves powder and solvent using a rotary evaporation (rotary evaporation may result in evaporation of solvent) at a temperature level below 50 °C in vacuum condition. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary Maceration extraction procedure may further include freeze-drying an exemplary concentrated mixture of Proboscidea jussieui leaves powder and solvent to achieve exemplary Proboscidea jussieui leave extract powder.

[0017] For example, forming about 1-3 g of an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves may include: obtaining about 100-300 g Proboscidea jussieui leaves powder by grinding Proboscidea jussieui leaves (i.e., dried leaves) in an exemplary laboratory plate (e.g., using a pestle); adding an exemplary powder of Proboscidea jussieui leaves to 2 L of an exemplary solvent (e.g., ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane) in an exemplary laboratory container (e.g., beaker, flask, etc.); shaking an exemplary mixture of Proboscidea jussieui leaves powder and solvent at about 23-27 °C for a time duration of about 72 hours, using a stirrer or agitation machine (e.g., a magnetic stirrer); vacuum filtering an exemplary shaken mixture of Proboscidea jussieui leaves powder and solvent through an exemplary cellulose filter paper; evaporating solvent from an exemplary filtered mixture byrotary evaporation until obtaining about 50-100 mL of an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves; and freeze-drying an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves.

[0018] In further detail with respect to step 102, forming an exemplary liquid mixture by adding an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, FF4, and FF6 to xylene may include adding an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves (with a final concentration between about 600 to 3000 ppm), FF4 (with a final concentration between about 1.5% (v / v) and 3.5 % (v / v)), and FF6 (with a final concentration between about 1.5% (v / v) and 3.5 % (v / v)) to an exemplary amount of xylene (e.g., 7 mL), in an exemplary laboratory container. In further detail with respect to step 102, forming an exemplary liquid mixture by adding an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, FF4, and FF6 to xylene may include adding an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves (with a final concentration between about 800 to 1200 ppm), FF4 (with a final concentration between about 1.5% (v / v) and 2.5 % (v / v)), and FF6 (with a final concentration between about 2.5% (v / v) and 3.5 % (v / v)) to an exemplary amount of xylene (e.g., 7 mL), in an exemplary laboratory container. An exemplary laboratory container may include, but is not limited to, beakers, tins, flasks, bottles, buckets, basins, bowls, vials, tubes, barrels, cannisters, etc.

[0019] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary amount of xylene may be determined based on the amount of an exemplary pesticide composition that is intended to be produced. For example, preparing about 10 mL of an exemplary pesticide composition may include adding about 0.3 g of an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, about 200 pL FF4, and about 300 pL FF6 to about 7 mL xylene (as an exemplary solvent), in an exemplary laboratory container. In further detail with respect to step 104, step 104 may include mixing an exemplary liquid mixture at a temperature level between 23 °C and 27 °C for a time duration between about 10 and 20 minutes. In an exemplary embodiment, mixing an exemplary liquid mixture at a temperature level between 23 °C and 27 °C for a time duration between about 10and 20 minutes may include stirring an exemplary liquid mixture, using a stirrer (e.g., a magnetic stirrer or an agitation machine), for a time duration between about 15 minutes such that a temperature level of an exemplary liquid mixture is maintained between about 23 °C and 27 °C during stirring.

[0020] In further detail with respect to step 106, step 106 may include bringing up an exemplary mixed liquid mixture to an exemplary final volume by adding xylene to an exemplary mixed liquid mixture (set forth in step 104). For example, preparing about 10 mL of an exemplary pesticide solution may include bringing up an exemplary mixed liquid mixture (containing about 0.3 g of an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, about 200 pL FF4, and about 300 pL FF6 in about 7 mL xylene (as an exemplary solvent)) by adding about 2.2 mL xylene to an exemplary mixed liquid mixture until an exemplary total volume reaches to about 10 mL.

[0021] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may be formulated in different deliverable forms including, but not limited to, solid and liquid forms. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary pesticide composition may further include one or more exemplary additives including, but not limited to, thickeners, emulsifiers, humectants, buffers, astringents, and a combination thereof.EXAMPLES

[0022] Hereinafter, one or more exemplary embodiments will be described in further detail with reference to examples. It will be obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art that these examples may be for illustrative purposes only and are not to be interpreted to limit the scope of the present disclosure.Example 1: Preparing Proboscidea jussieui Leaves Extract

[0023] In this example, an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves was prepared using an exemplary maceration extraction method similar to an exemplary method for preparing an exemplary extract as set forth in step 102 of method 100. In an exemplary embodiment, exemplary Proboscidea jussieui leaves were dried under shade drying conditions. In an exemplary embodiment, drying under shade drying conditions may refer to drying Proboscidea jussieui leaves in a ventilated room with a temperature between about 23 °C and 27 °C for about 5-10 days. Exemplary dried leaves were grounded in a mechanical or electric blender. About 200 g of exemplary Proboscidea jussieui leaves powder was mixed with about 2 L of an exemplary solvent including ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane in an exemplary laboratory container. Then, an exemplary mixture of Proboscidea jussieui leaves powder and solvent was shaken (using a magnetic stirrer or an agitation machine) for about 72 hours in a room with a temperature of about 23-27 °C. Exemplary shaken mixture of Proboscidea jussieui leaves powder and solvent was then filtered through an exemplary cellulose filter paper (e.g., using a vacuum filtration system). Subsequently, solvent of an exemplary filtered mixture was concentrated (e.g., until obtaining about 50 mL extract) using a rotary evaporator at a temperature level below 50 °C in vacuum condition. Then, an exemplary concentrated mixture was freeze-dried to achieve exemplary Proboscidea jussieui leave extract powder.Example 2: Preparing a Pesticide Composition Comprising Proboscidea jussieui Leaves Extract

[0024] In this example, an exemplary pesticide composition (i.e., pesticide solution) comprising an exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves was prepared based on an exemplary method similar to method 100. In an exemplary embodiment, to prepare about 10 mL of an exemplary pesticide composition with a concentration about 30000 ppm, about 0.3 g of Proboscidea jussieui leaves extract powder, about 7 mL of xylene, about 200 pL ofemulsifier FF4, and 300 pL of emulsifier FF6 were mixed in an exemplary laboratory container, such as a beaker and stirred at temperature level of about 23 to 27 °C for a time duration of about 15 minutes using a magnetic stirrer. Then, about 2.2 mL of xylene was added to an exemplary stirred liquid mixture to obtain 10 mL of an exemplary pesticide solution with a concentration about 30000 ppm as exemplary stock. For final usage, user is advised to dilute exemplary stock to approximately 1000 ppm in an exemplary solvent (i.e., water).Example 3: Examining Lethal Property of Aqueous Solution of Extract of Proboscidea jussieui Leaves Against Fifth Instar Nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt

[0025] In this example, lethal property of an exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves against fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt was determined based on an exemplary lethal dose experiment. In an exemplary embodiment, in an exemplary lethal dose experiments a lid of an exemplary Petri dish was perforated to provide ventilation for exemplary fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, preventing their demise due to oxygen deprivation. Then, an exemplary cotton pad moistened with double distilled water was placed beneath an exemplary fresh pistachio tree leaf to maintain its freshness throughout exemplary lethal dose experiment, inside exemplary Petri dish. After that, ten exemplary fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt were placed on exemplary fresh pistachio tree leaf, which were subsequently treated with various exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, each comprising exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves extracted with different solvents comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane at different concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L. Hereafter, exemplary Petri dish was sealed with exemplary parafilm after applying an exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves. Exemplary lethal dose experiment was repeated three times. Table 1 below shows average number of exemplary fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardtkilled (± standard deviation) based on percentage following treatment with exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations and exemplary solvents.Table 1:Lethal dose for exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L and exemplary solvents selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane against exemplary fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.Example 4: Determination of Lethal Property of an Exemplary Aqueous Solution ofExtract of Proboscidea jussieui Leaves Against Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae

[0026] In this example, the lethal property of an exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves against Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae was determined based on an exemplary lethal dose experiment.

[0027] Exemplary lethal dose experiment involved immersing exemplary cellulose paper in various exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, each comprising exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves extracted with different exemplary solvent selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L. Then exemplary immersed cellulose paper was dried thoroughly, and placed into an exemplary laboratory container (such as an exemplary Petri dish with an 8 cm diameter). Then, 10 exemplary Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae with a maximum lifespan of 24 hours were released into exemplary laboratory container with 1 g of flour as exemplary food resource. Exemplary laboratory container was incubated at a temperature level of 37 °C, and the number of deceased Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae was recorded at 24, 48, and 72-hour intervals. Exemplary lethal dose experiment was repeated four times.Table 2 below shows average number of exemplary Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae killed (± standard deviation) based on percentage, after exemplary treatment with exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations and exemplary solvents.Table 2:

[0028] lethal dose for exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L and exemplary solvents selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane against exemplary Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.Example 5: Determination of Lethal Property of an Exemplary Aqueous Solution of Extract of Proboscidea jussieui Leaves Against Tribolium castaneum Herbest

[0029] In this example, the lethal property of an exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves against Tribolium castaneum Herbest was determined based on an exemplary lethal dose experiment.

[0030] Exemplary lethal dose experiment involved immersing exemplary cellulose paper in various exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, each comprising exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves extracted with different exemplary solvent selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L. Then exemplary immersed cellulose paper was dried thoroughly, and placed into an exemplary laboratory container (such as an exemplary Petri dish with an 8 cm diameter). Then, 10 exemplary Tribolium castaneum Herbest with a maximum lifespan of 24 hours were released intoexemplary laboratory container with 1 g of flour as exemplary food resource. Exemplary laboratory container was incubated at a temperature level of 37 °C, and the number of deceased Tribolium castaneum Herbest was recorded at 24, 48, and 72-hour intervals. Exemplary lethal dose experiment was repeated four times. Table 3, below shows average number of exemplary Tribolium castaneum Herbest killed (± standard deviation) based on percentage, after exemplary treatment with exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations and exemplary solvents.Table 3:

[0031] Lethal dose for exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L and exemplary solvents selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane against exemplary Tribolium castaneum Herbest, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.Example 6: Determination of Repellent Property of an Exemplary Aqueous Solution ofExtract of Proboscidea jussieui Leaves Against Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt

[0032] In this example, the repellent property of an exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves against Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt was determined based on an exemplary repellent dose experiment.An exemplary repellent dose experiment involved setting up an exemplary connected laboratory container consisting of two exemplary compartments: an exemplary test container and an exemplary control container, each with an exemplary lid that are linked by an exemplary pipe with dimensions of approximately 1 cm in diameter and 5 cm in length to create an exemplary closed space. The inner wall of exemplary test container was coated with various exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, each comprising exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves extracted with different exemplary solvent selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L. The inner wall of exemplary control container was coated with the same solvent as used for extraction of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves in exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves of exemplary test container. Then, exemplary connected laboratory container was left at a temperature level of 23 °C to 27 °C for a time duration of 20 minutes to allow for complete evaporation of exemplary solvent. Subsequently, 20 exemplary Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt insects were introduced into exemplary pipe using an exemplary aspirator. After that, exemplary connected container was kept in a temperature level of 23 °C to 27 °C and a humidity level of 50% to 60% for a time duration of 1 hour in darkness. Then, the number of exemplary Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt insects in exemplary test container was counted, and the percentage of repellency (PR) was calculated. Every hour, a new group of exemplary Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt were introduced into exemplary pipe insideexemplary connected lab container to evaluate the persistence of repellent property of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves over a 6-hours period. Exemplary repellent dose experiment was conducted five times. In an exemplary embodiment, PR may be defined by the following operation:PR = 2 (C-50) Equation (1)

[0033] In an exemplary embodiment, with regards to Equation 1, C may be the number of exemplary Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt in exemplary test lab container. Table 4, below shows percentage of repellency based on percentage of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations and exemplary solvents against Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt.Table 4:

[0034] percentage of repellency of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L and exemplary solvents selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane against exemplary Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.The inner wall of exemplary control container was coated with the same solvent as used for extraction of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves in exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves of exemplary test containerExample 7: Determination of Repellent Property of an Exemplary Aqueous Solution of Extract of Proboscidea jussieui Leaves Against Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae

[0035] In this example, the repellent property of an exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves against Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae was determined based on an exemplary repellent dose experiment.

[0036] An exemplary repellent dose experiment involved setting up an exemplary connected laboratory container consisting of two exemplary compartments: an exemplary test container and an exemplary control container, each with an exemplary lid that are linked by an exemplary pipe with dimensions of approximately 1 cm in diameter and 5 cm in length to create an exemplary closed space. The inner wall of exemplary test container was coated with various exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, each comprising exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves extracted with different exemplary solvent selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L. The inner wall of exemplary control container was coated with the same solvent as used for extraction of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves in exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves of exemplary test container. Then, exemplary connected laboratory container was left at a temperature level of 23 °C to 27 °C for a time duration of 20 minutes to allow forcomplete evaporation of exemplary solvent. Subsequently, 20 exemplary Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae insects were introduced into exemplary pipe using an exemplary aspirator. After that, exemplary connected container was kept in a temperature level of 23 °C to 27 °C and a humidity level of 50% to 60% for a time duration of 1 hour in darkness. Then, the number of exemplary Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae insects in exemplary test container was counted, and the percentage of repellency was calculated. Every hour, a new group of exemplary Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae were introduced into exemplary pipe inside exemplary connected lab container to evaluate the persistence of repellent property of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves over a 6-hours period. Exemplary repellent dose experiment was conducted five times. Table 5, below shows percentage of repellency based on percentage of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations and exemplary solvents against Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae.Table 5:

[0037] percentage of repellency of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L and exemplary solvents selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane against exemplary Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.Example 8: Determination of Repellent Property of an Exemplary Aqueous Solution of Extract of Proboscidea jussieui Leaves Against Tribolium castaneum Herbest

[0038] In this example, the repellent property of an exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves against Tribolium castaneum Herbest was determined based on an exemplary repellent dose experiment.

[0039] An exemplary repellent dose experiment involved setting up an exemplary connected laboratory container consisting of two exemplary compartments: an exemplary test container and an exemplary control container, each with an exemplary lid that are linked by an exemplary pipe with dimensions of approximately 1 cm in diameter and 5 cm in length to create an exemplary closed space. The inner wall of exemplary test container was coated with various exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves, each comprising exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves extracted with different exemplary solvent selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L. The inner wall of exemplary control container was coated with the same solvent as used for extraction of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves in exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves of exemplary test container. Then, exemplary connected laboratory container was left at a temperature level of 23 °C to 27 °C for a time duration of 20 minutes to allow for complete evaporation of exemplary solvent. Subsequently, 20 exemplary Tribolium castaneumHerbest insects were introduced into exemplary pipe using an exemplary aspirator. After that, exemplary connected container was kept in a temperature level of 23 °C to 27 °C and a humidity level of 50% to 60% for a time duration of 1 hour in darkness. Then, the number of exemplary Tribolium castaneum Herbest insects in exemplary test container was counted, and the percentage of repellency (PR) was calculated. Every hour, a new group of exemplary Tribolium castaneum Herbest were introduced into exemplary pipe inside exemplary connected lab container to evaluate the persistence of repellent property of exemplary over a 6-hours period. Exemplary repellent dose experiment was conducted five times. Table 6, below shows percentage of repellency based on percentage of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations and exemplary solvents against Tribolium castaneum Herbest.Table 6:

[0040] percentage of repellency of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L and exemplary solvents selected from a group comprising ethanol 96% (v / v), methanol, double distilled water, ethyl acetate, and hexane against exemplary Tribolium castaneum Herbest, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0041] In an exemplary embodiment, regarding to the Table 1-6 repellent and lethal property of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves has increased with the concentration of exemplary extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves. In an exemplary embodiment, with regards to Table 1-6, exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves comprising exemplary ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at a concentration of 1000 ppm has shown the highest lethal activity, with approximately 93% efficacy against Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, 85% against Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and 75% against Tribolium castaneum Herbest.

[0042] In an exemplary embodiment, with regards to Table 1-6, exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves comprising exemplary ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at a concentration of 1000 ppm has shown the highest repellant activity, with approximately 97% efficacy against Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, 80% against Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and 61% against Tribolium castaneum Herbest.

[0043] In an exemplary embodiment, regarding to Table 1-6 repellent and lethal property of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves comprising exemplary polar solvent extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves surpassed that of an exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves comprising exemplary non-polar solvent extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves. This suggests that the choice of solvent for extraction can significantly impact the efficacy of exemplary aqueous solution of extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves.

[0044] Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions, magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in this specification, including in the claims that follow, are approximate, not exact. They are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistent with the functions to which they relate and with what is customary in the art to which they pertain.Example 9: Comparison of Lethal Property of an Exemplary Pesticide Composition Comprising Ethanol Extract of Proboscidea jussieui Leaves and Exemplary Aqueous Solution of Ethanol Extract of Proboscidea jussieui Leaves against Fifth Instar Nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest

[0045] In this example, lethal property of an exemplary pesticide composition comprising ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves and exemplary aqueous solution of ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves against fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest was compared.

[0046] For this purpose, exemplary aqueous solution of ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L was prepared by dissolving ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves in double distilled water with a certain concentration. Exemplary lethal dose experiment was conducted by spraying exemplary pesticide composition comprising ethanol extract and exemplary aqueous solution of ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L onto fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest. Table 7 below shows average number of exemplary fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest killed (± standard deviation) based on percentage, after exemplary treatment with exemplary pesticide composition comprising ethanol extract and exemplaryaqueous solution of ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L.Table 7: lethal property of exemplary pesticide composition comprising ethanol extract and exemplary aqueous solution of ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves at varying concentrations between 0 to 1000 mg / L against exemplary fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest with, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0047] Regarding to the Table 7, the lethal activity of exemplary pesticide composition comprising ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves surpass that of exemplary aqueous solution of ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves when sprayed onto fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest. Furthermore, the highest susceptibility to exemplary pesticide composition comprising ethanol extract and exemplary aqueous solution of ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves was observed in fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt.Example 10: Determination of Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) of Exemplary Pesticide Composition Comprising Ethanol Extract of Proboscidea jussieui Leaves against fifth Instar Nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest

[0048] In this example, LC50 (± standard deviation (mg / kg)) of an exemplary pesticide composition comprising ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui for fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest was measured.Table 8:

[0049] LC50 (± standard deviation (mg / kg)) of an exemplary pesticide composition comprising ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui for fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt, Plodia interpunctella Pyralidae, and Tribolium castaneum Herbest, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0050] LC50, representing the concentration at which 50% mortality is achieved, is minimized when fifth instar nymph of Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt is treated with exemplary pesticide composition comprising ethanol extract of Proboscidea jussieui.

[0051] The lowest amount of LC50 which is related to highest lethal property is observed.

[0052] The scope of protection is limited solely by the claims that now follow. That scope is intended and should be interpreted to be as broad as is consistent with the ordinary meaning of the language that is used in the claims when interpreted in light of this specification and the prosecution history that follows and to encompass all structural and functional equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intended to embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirement of Sections 101, 102, or 103 of the Patent Act, nor should they be interpreted in such a way. Any unintended embracement of such subject matter is hereby disclaimed.

[0053] Except as stated immediately above, nothing that has been stated or illustrated is intended or should be interpreted to cause a dedication of any component, step, feature, object, benefit, advantage, or equivalent to the public, regardless of whether it is or is not recited in the claims.

[0054] It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein. Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. An element proceeded by “a” or “an” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.

[0055] Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions, magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in this specification, are approximate, not exact. They are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistent with the functions to which they relate and with what is customary in the art to which they pertain.

[0056] It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study, except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein. Relational terms such as “first” and “second” and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions.

[0057] The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it may be seen that various features are grouped together in various implementations. This is for purposes of streamlining the disclosure, and is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed implementations require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matterlies in less than all features of a single disclosed implementation. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.

[0058] While various implementations have been described, the description is intended to be exemplary, rather than limiting and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more implementations and implementations are possible that are within the scope of the implementations. Although many possible combinations of features are shown in the accompanying figures and discussed in this detailed description, many other combinations of the disclosed features are possible. Any feature of any implementation may be used in combination with or substituted for any other feature or element in any other implementation unless specifically restricted. Therefore, it will be understood that any of the features shown and / or discussed in the present disclosure may be implemented together in any suitable combination. Accordingly, the implementations are not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents. Also, various modifications and changes may be made within the scope of the attached claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A pesticide composition, comprising: an extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves with a concentration between 600 to 3000 ppm in a solvent; and at least one emulsifier with a concentration between 1.5% (v / v) and 3.5 % (v / v).

2. The pesticide composition of claim 1, wherein the extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves has a concentration between 800 to 1200 ppm.

3. The pesticide composition of claim 2, wherein the extract of Proboscidea jussieui leaves has a concentration of 1000 ppm.

4. The pesticide composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one emulsifier comprises FF4.

5. The pesticide composition of claim 4, wherein FF4 has a concentration between 1.5% (v / v) and 2.5 % (v / v).

6. The pesticide composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one emulsifier comprises FF6.

7. The pesticide composition of claim 6, wherein FF6 has a concentration between 2.5% (v / v) and 3.5 % (v / v).

8. The pesticide composition of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises water.

9. The pesticide composition of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises xylene.

Images