Enhancing carbon dioxide adsorption and desorption device

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a device for alternating CO2 adsorption and desorption from a gaseous source, the device comprising: a) at least one adsorbent carrier, wherein the adsorbent carrier is an expanded metal core, b) a CO2 adsorbent adhered to the at least one adsorbent carrier, the adsorbent comprising a polymer material having primary amino functionality in a form of particles; and c) a heating system connected to the carrier for supplying or removing thermal energy to the adsorbent.

Description

[0001] Enhancing Carbon Dioxide adsorption and desorption device

[0002] Field of the invention

[0003] The present disclosure provides an apparatus and a method for capturing and releasing Carbon Dioxide (CO2), using an adsorbent material arranged in an adsorbent device from ambient air or other gas streams, and for releasing a CO2 enriched stream.

[0004] Background

[0005] Capture of CO2 for sequestration and / or for commercial use is an ongoing area of interest. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a versatile compound with various applications across different industries. While it is primarily known for its role in contributing to climate change as a greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide has several practical uses. Its major applications include the use in the beverage industry to create carbonated drinks like sodas, sparkling water, and beer; in fire suppression systems; where it is commonly used in fire extinguishers and fire suppression systems for electrical equipment and flammable liquid fires; food preservation, where it is used in food processing and packaging to extend the shelf life of certain products; as a shielding gas in welding and metal fabrication processes; enhanced oil recovery, chemical and biological processes where it is utilized as raw material in the production of various chemicals or for the growth of plants; pH regulation in water treatment processes, swimming pools, and aquaria; and in medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, as a respiratory stimulant, and medical imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET).

[0006] Methods for capturing CO2 from different gas streams, such as natural gas, biogas, or flue gas from power plants and other industrial sources, are well known, and typically operate through large scale liquid-liquid scrubbing CO2 techniques, which allow for carbon capture and storage technologies. In addition to capture of CO2 at such point sources, such as power plants, direct capture of CO2 from air can also potentially be valuable. However, direct air capture (DAC) of CO2 can pose a variety of challenges.

[0007] CO2 is abundant in the world's atmosphere: while CO2 concentrations can vary geographically and seasonally, the average global concentration in ambient air typically is about 415 ppm.

[0008] However, the low concentration of atmospheric CO2 makes to use of the above-cited large scale technologies impossible, as these require the presence of high concentration of CO2, and ideally, also pressurised gas streams in order to operate in a useful and energetically acceptable manner. Furthermore, such installations are collocated with the CO2 point sources, and hence do not allow for an easy distribution of the CO2 to small scale industrial users without significant transport costs and infrastructure. Hence, CCh-enriched gas mixtures are presently often still prepared by burning natural gas or other CO2 sources, thereby increasing the environmental pressure, whereas concentrated and pressurized CO2 is attained from industrial gas production.

[0009] There is hence a need for a more efficient and cost-effective method for capturing CO2; and also, the need to offer CO2 in a decentralised manner. This is in particular relevant since there are many uses that would benefit from a source of accessible CO2, such as set out above, where often a local source of CO2 enriched gas mixtures would suffice.

[0010] A promising method for a local carbon dioxide capture is through adsorption from ambient air using a solid adsorbent material, and adsorption / desorption swing processes. However, current carbon dioxide capture systems using adsorbent materials are often inefficient and costly.

[0011] There is hence a need for a more efficient and cost-effective method for capturing CO2. Yet further, there remains a need for providing decentral sources of CO2 enriched gas streams without the need for combustion or an industrial CO2 supply chain. Also, there is the need to limit the energy required to remove and selectively make available CO2 streams, and much less adsorbed water, which is highly energy intensive.

[0012] Summary of the Invention

[0013] The present invention relates to a device for alternating CO2 adsorption and desorption from a gaseous source, the device comprising: a) at least one adsorbent carrier, wherein the adsorbent carrier is an expanded core, the core comprising one or more materials selected from a group consisting of metals, polymers, ceramics, or composites, b) a CO2 adsorbent adhered to the at least one adsorbent carrier, the adsorbent comprising a polymer material having primary amino functionality in a form of particles; and c) a heating system integrated with and / or connected to the adsorbent carrier for supplying or removing thermal energy to the adsorbent.

[0014] In an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a device for alternating CO2 adsorption and desorption from a gaseous source, the device comprising: a) at least one adsorbent carrier, wherein the adsorbent carrier is an expanded metal core, b) a CO2 adsorbent adhered to the at least one adsorbent carrier, the adsorbent comprising a polymer material having primary amino functionality in a form of particles; and c) a heating system connected to the adsorbent carrier for supplying or removing thermal energy to the adsorbent.

[0015] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a carbon dioxide adsorption and desorption system or apparatus comprising stacked or otherwise arranged adsorbent carriers, wherein the adsorbent carriers are expanded metal cores, in comprising an adsorbent material, the apparatus comprising a plurality of carriers (adsorbent carriers) formed of a material that is resistant to corrosion, erosion, and deformation caused by high temperatures and pressures, and having a high heat transfer coefficient; wherein carriers are arranged in a configuration to create a plurality of fluid channels that extend longitudinally through a filter unit, and wherein adjacent carriers are oriented such that the fluid channels allow a gas stream to pass through the filter unit; and a heating element configured to provide heat to the adsorbent present on the carrier, thereby facilitating the removal of carbon dioxide from the filter unit. In another aspect, there is provided a method for removing carbon dioxide from a gas stream using the carbon dioxide adsorption and desorption system or apparatus comprising: introducing a gas stream comprising carbon dioxide into a gas entry manifold flowing the gas stream over the one or more carriers comprising adsorbent material layers; and removing a carbon dioxide depleted gas stream from an exit manifold; and regenerating the adsorbent material layers by increasing the temperature of the carrier with a heating element, thereby releasing a carbon dioxide enriched gas stream, and collating the carbon dioxide enriched gas stream through the exit manifold.

[0016] By utilizing an adsorbent carrier with an expanded metal core, a significant surface area is provided for adsorbent attachment, ensuring a minimal pressure drop during the adsorption phase. This design enhances efficiency and performance in the process.

[0017] In the desorption phase the use of thermally conductive metal like aluminium or copper, allows a rapid and uniform heating of the attached adsorbent. This can help release the captured substance from the adsorbent bed quickly and efficiently.

[0018] Brief of the

[0019] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a carrier with adsorbent layers as a representative embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 shows an example of a honeycomb adsorbent carrier in accordance with the present invention;

[0020] FIG. 3 enlarged view of the adsorbent carrier surface in accordance with the present invention, showing the cross-sectional shape of honeycomb shaped cells in the core and adsorbent particles adhered to the surface of the walls of the honeycomb;

[0021] Detailed description

[0022] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present disclosure. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

[0023] Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

[0024] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment," "certain embodiments," "one or more embodiments" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases such as "in one or more embodiments," "in certain embodiments," "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment of the invention.

[0025] Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0026] Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the method and apparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention include modifications and variations that are within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. All references listed herein, including but not limited to all patents, patent applications and publications thereof, and scientific journal articles, are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties to the extent that they supplement, explain, provide a background for, or teach methodology, techniques, and / or compositions employed herein.

[0027] While the following terms are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the following definitions are set forth to facilitate explanation of the presently disclosed subject matter. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which the presently disclosed subject matter belongs.

[0028] Following long-standing patent law convention, the terms "a", "an", and "the" refer to "one or more" when used in this application, including the claims.

[0029] The term "and / or" when used in describing two or more items or conditions, refers to situations where all named items or conditions are present or applicable, or to situations wherein only one (or less than all) of the items or conditions is present or applicable.

[0030] The use of the term "or" in the claims is used to mean "and / or" unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and "and / or."

[0031] As used herein "another" can mean at least a second or more.

[0032] The terms "adsorbent carrier", "carrier", "carrier sheet" or "carrier material" are used herein interchangeably.

[0033] The term "comprising", which is synonymous with "including," "containing," or "characterized by" is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. "Comprising" is a term of art used in claim language which means that the named elements are essential, but other elements can be added and still form a construct within the scope of the claim. As used herein, the phrase "consisting of" excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim. When the phrase "consists of" appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.

[0034] As used herein, the phrase "consisting essentially of" limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps, and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed subject matter. Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of size, capacity, percentage (%), and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about".

[0035] Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in this specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the presently disclosed subject matter.

[0036] The present invention provides an adsorption device that efficiently removes Carbon dioxide (CO2) from a gaseous stream using a primary amine- functional adsorbent material adhered to a carrier material. The filter may comprise a plurality of carriers in a parallel or otherwise suitable configuration, whereby the carrier offers a high surface area for adherence of the adsorbents, such as advantageously a honeycomb structure. Herein each carrier material may comprise a plurality of channels extending through the material. These channels in the carrier allow a fluid stream to flow through the filter with minimal pressure drop, whereby CO2 is removed by the primary amine functional adsorbent material layers disposed on top of the carrier material.

[0037] Adsorbent Carrier

[0038] The adsorbent carrier, also referred herein as a "carrier" or "carrier sheet" is a carrier material for supporting the adsorbent particles employed to hold and distribute adsorbent particles. The carrier sheet provides a supportive surface or surface matrix that securely holds the adsorbent particles while allowing for efficient adsorption and / or desorption.

[0039] The specific design and material selection of the carrier sheet depend on the nature of the adsorbent particles, and the required performance parameters. The carrier sheet can hence be chosen to facilitate an efficient adsorption / desorption process, by securely holding and distributing adsorbent particles, and by supporting optimal contact with the gas flow being treated.

[0040] The carrier sheet may comprise a heat conductive material, such as metal (for example aluminium, stainless steel, or titanium, or alloys thereof) or polymer sheet or plate material. These carrier materials offer a combination of dimensional stability, strength, flexibility, and allow for effective adsorbent particle retention, and good and fluid flow.

[0041] Preferably, a carrier (adsorbent carrier) can be chosen to combine particle retention, structural support and uniform distribution and uniform pressure drop with the ability to provide the heat required for desorption.

[0042] For the particle retention, the adsorbent carrier preferably is configured to securely hold the adsorbent particles in place and prevents particles from escaping or being carried away by the fluid or gas flow passing through the system. The adsorbent carrier is also preferably configured for a uniform distribution and pressure drop. The adsorbent carrier is also advantageously configured to allow for a homogenous distribution of adsorbent particles across its surface. This uniform or homogenous distribution maximizes the contact area between the particles and the gas flow, enhancing the adsorption / desorption efficiency. Finally, the adsorbent carrier is preferably configured to provide structural integrity to the adsorbent particles, especially in applications where they may undergo mechanical stress or pressure. It helps maintain the integrity of the particle bed during handling, transport, or fluid flow.

[0043] The porosity and design of the adsorbent carrier furthermore is configured and optimized to control the gas flow and pressure drop. The carrier is preferably structured and configured to allow the gas to flow either over the filter in the case of a carrier sheet with a closed surface, or to pass through the carrier sheet in the case of a gas permeable structure, while minimizing pressure drop and ensuring optimal contact between the adsorbent particles and the flowing gas medium.

[0044] The carrier sheet is furthermore designed to be compatible with the adsorbent particles and any binder that is employed to aggregate the adsorbent particle son the carrier surface. Accordingly, it is chemically inert, non-reactive, and resistant to degradation under the operating conditions. This ensures that the carrier sheet does not interfere with the adsorption process or introduce contaminants into the system.

[0045] A particularly useful carrier material includes a sheet comprising a heat exchange system for providing or removing heat to the adsorbent material. Particularly useful materials include heat conductive metal or polymer sheets comprising or connected to a heat source.

[0046] CO2 Adsorbent

[0047] The CO2 adsorbent refers to a material capable of selectively capturing and retaining carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules from a gas stream. These CO2 adsorbents are typically porous materials with a large surface area, which provides a high number of active sites for CO2 adsorption. They can be categorized into various types, including amine-based sorbents, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolites, activated carbon, and other tailored materials. Further, solid sorbents are typically solid materials, such as powders, pellets, beads, or structured forms, as opposed to being in a liquid or gaseous state.

[0048] Different CO2 adsorbents may be employed according to the required circumstances, the sorbent may be any suitable sorbent that allows for regenerative adsorption and desorption under the mild conditions as employed. For example, CO2 adsorbents can be solids, and typically with an amine functionality, such as inorganic or organic polymeric components with sufficiently high surface areas per volume, e.g. zeolites, alumina, silica, silica alumina, and organic polymers, such as light and porous beads or membranes. A particularly suitable adsorbent for the present process and device is a polymeric particular adsorbent having a primary amino functionality at a total capacity of at least 2.0 eq. / l, a surface area (BET) in the range of from 25 to 75 m2 / g, and an average pore diameter of 1 to 200 nm, more preferably of from 5 to 150 nm. The surface area may preferably be determined according to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area Determination— Test Method-BS 4359-1:1996 (ISO 9277:1). The total capacity and other properties may preferably be determined according to test method ASTM D2187-94.

[0049] A particularly preferred adsorbent is a free base amine bead functionalized with the primary amine benzylamine and supported on a porous polyester structure crosslinked with divinyl benzene. The adsorbent preferably is in the form of spherical beads, which are functionalised with benzyl amine groups. The polymeric matrix hence comprises crosslinked polystyrene. It preferably has an activity expressed as total capacity of at least 2 eq. / l, more preferably at least 2.1 and yet more preferably at least 2.2. It preferably has a uniformity coefficient of at most 1.9, more preferably at most 1.8.

[0050] The beads preferably have a size in the range of from 0.25 to 1.5 mm, more preferably 0.3 to 1.3 mm, for at least 85% of the particles present. The adsorbent preferably has a bulk density of 600 g / l to 720 g / l, with a variation of + / -5%. The water retention rate preferably is in the range of from 60 to 75 wt. %, more preferably in the rage of from 65 to 70 wt. %. The adsorbent surface area (BET) preferably is in the range of from 30 to 65 m2 / g, more preferably 40 to 60, and most preferably 45 to 55 m2 / g. The pore volume preferably is in the range of from 0.2 to 0.4 cm3 / gm. The adsorbent preferably has an average pore diameter of 25 nm. Another particularly preferred adsorbent is a particulate macroporous polystyrene crosslinked with divinylbenzene, in the form of Spherical Beads and functionalised with primary amine groups. This adsorbent preferably has a total capacity of 2 eq / L; a moisture retention in the range of from 60 - 66 %; a particle size in the range of from 300 - 1200 pm, a fine content of < 300 pm of maximally 1 %; and a uniformity coefficient of at most 1.7. The adsorbent preferably has a bulk density of 670 - 710 g / L.

[0051] In an embodiment, the CO2 adsorbent is based on a polystyrene material, preferably cross-linked polystyrene material and most preferably poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene), which is at least partially functionalized to or contains alkylbenzylamine moieties, preferably a-methylbenzylamine moieties, preferably throughout the material or at least or only on its the surface. These CO2 adsorbents are compatible with various adsorbent carriers, including honeycombs, corrugated metal sheets, and stretched metal sheets. In an embodiment, the CO2 adsorbent is an ion exchange resin that is a macroporous, a polystyrene polymer based resin, which is crosslinked via the use of divinylbenze, and is functionalized with primary amine groups including benzylamine.

[0052] In an embodiment, the CO2 adsorbent is polymer material having primary amino functionality is selected from a particulate macroporous polystyrene crosslinked with divinylbenzene; or a free base amine bead functionalized with the primary amine benzylamine and supported on a porous polyester structure crosslinked with divinyl benzene. This CO2 adsorbent can be adhered to the surfaces of various adsorbent carriers, including honeycombs, corrugated metal sheets, and stretched metal sheets.

[0053] Carrier Sheets and Matrices

[0054] The adsorbent carrier, also referred to herein as carrier sheet, comprises an expanded core that can be in any suitable shape, for example the expanded core of the adsorbent carrier can comprise at least one honeycomb, at least one corrugated sheet, such as corrugated metal sheet(s); and / or at least one stretched sheet, such as stretched metal sheet(s)

[0055] The expanded core of the adsorbent carrier may be manufactured by processes including but not limited to molding, casting, 3D printing, or mechanical expansion. Further, the expanded core can be formed of one or more materials selected from a group consisting of metals, polymers, ceramics, or composites.

[0056] In an embodiment, particularly good performing adsorbent carrier structures can comprise metal sheets of material allowing for a minimal pressure drop when a gas is flown therethrough.

[0057] The adsorbent carrier of the present invention comprises an expanded core, where the expanded core may comprise one or more materials selected from a group consisting of metals, polymers, ceramics, or composites, or any combinations thereof.

[0058] The expanded core preferably can be an expanded metal core, where the expanded metal core can be a honeycomb, a corrugated sheet or an expanded metal sheet. The expanded metal core may comprise metal selected from the group consisting of aluminium, copper, stainless steel, or titanium, or alloy thereof, preferably aluminium or aluminium alloys.

[0059] The present invention may preferably provide a structural material having a light-weight core formed of indented and apertured metal foil strips corrugated and bonded together as a plurality of vented cells positioned between two face sheets. The arrangement of the apertures of the metal foil strips assures the formation of uniform bonds throughout each bond area. The arrangement of the apertures of the materials also allows for the uniform population of the cell surfaces with adsorbents, to provide a cellular structural material wherein relative to the thickness of the material a large amount of adsorbent is available intervening bond areas apertured for; the dissipation to form a plurality of cells in a cellular assembly placed between surface sheets and bonded thereto. This material ideally may comprise metal strips that form channels which may extend at an angle from lateral surface of the sheet.

[0060] In an embodiment, the expanded metal core that forms the adsorbent carrier of the present invention is a honeycomb. The honeycomb is a lightweight core that has a cellular structure, in particular open cells, that allows for the passage of fluid or gas through the honeycomb structure. The honeycomb may comprise a plurality of cells defining a plurality of passages extending through its body. The cells are interconnected forming this way a regular pattern, with walls separating them, the walls of the cells forming a surface area. The walls of the cells can be made of metal, or other materials. They are thin and lightweight yet provide structural integrity to the overall honeycomb assembly. The shape of the cells can be polygonal, such as triangles, squares, rectangles, hexagonal or even irregular shapes. Alternative shapes may include round or square channels. One of the possible patterns may consist of a series of hexagonal cells interconnected by thin walls or ribs, creating a robust and lightweight structure. Alternative shapes may include round or square channels.

[0061] The cells of the honeycomb can be interconnected, meaning they share common walls. This interconnected structure ensures stability and strength throughout the honeycomb assembly. The interconnected cells may create a network of continuous passages or channels within the honeycomb. These passages enable the movement of fluids, gases, or other substances through the structure. In an open cell honeycomb structure, the fluid typically flows in the parallel direction to the channels or passages of the honeycomb. The plurality of passages can be parallel and extend through the body of the honeycomb in a side-by-side array.

[0062] The terms "honeycomb", "honeycomb material" are used herein interchangeably.

[0063] In an embodiment, the honeycomb material herein refers to a structure composed of thin sheets, such as metal sheets or foils, as well as ceramics, high-performance polymers, composites (such as carbon fibre reinforced plastic , glass fibre reinforced plastic, mineral-fibber reinforced plastic, or natural fibre reinforced plastic composites), carbon or graphite, paper or Nomex (flame-resistant meta-aramid polymer material), and various foam materials, that are arranged in a honeycomb pattern. In an exemplary embodiment, the expanded metal core is a honeycomb, the honeycomb comprises a plurality of cells, the plurality of cells being interconnected with walls separating them, the walls of the plurality of cells forming a surface area, the plurality of cells defining a plurality of passages extending through the honeycomb.

[0064] In an embodiment, the honeycomb has open cells and where the shape of the cells is polygonal, that is selected from one of the following shapes: triangles, squares, rectangles, hexagonal.

[0065] In an exemplary embodiment, the particles of the polymer material having primary amino functionality are uniformly adhered by means of a binder to the entire surface area of the honeycomb's walls of each cell within the honeycomb and along the plurality of passages forming an adsorbent layer.

[0066] In an embodiment, the metal honeycomb material can be made from various metals such as aluminium, stainless steel, titanium, copper, nickel, magnesium, or alloys thereof depending on the specific application requirements.

[0067] In an embodiment, the honeycomb material comprises aluminium or aluminium alloy. The carrier sheets may be bonded together, and the cells can be of different sizes and configurations, depending on the desired characteristics of the material.

[0068] The honeycomb structures are characterised by their high strength-to-weight ratio, which results from the geometric arrangement of the cells.

[0069] In one embodiment, the particles of the primary- amine functionalized adsorbent are adhered to the entire surface of the metal expanded core, in particular to the honeycomb, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. The particles may be uniformly attached to the entire surface area of the honeycomb's walls, encompassing every individual cell within the honeycomb structure. The honeycomb structure provides a large surface area for adsorption due to its high porosity and intricate network of channels. By applying an adsorbent layer, the available surface area for adsorption is further increased, allowing for higher adsorption capacity and a low pressure drop. The adsorbent layer may ensure that the adsorbent material is uniformly distributed across the entire surface of the honeycomb. This promotes efficient contact between the adsorbent and the target CChgas, maximizing the adsorption process. The honeycomb structure may exhibit good flow distribution characteristics due to its uniform channel arrangement. Thus, by adhering an adsorbent layer, the flow of the fluid or gas through the honeycomb can be further optimized, which ensures a low pressure drop. In an exemplary embodiment, the particles of the polymer material having primary amino functionality are uniformly adhered by means of a binder to the entire surface area of the honeycomb's walls of each cell within the honeycomb and along the plurality of passages forming an adsorbent layer.

[0070] In an embodiment, the expanded core is a corrugated sheet, preferably the expanded core is a corrugated metal sheet, the corrugated metal sheet having an upper surface and a lower surface, where these surfaces are located on opposite sides of the corrugated sheet.

[0071] In an exemplary embodiment, the adsorbent carrier comprises an expanded core, preferably the expanded metal core, wherein the expanded core or expanded metal core is a corrugated sheet, preferably a corrugated metal sheet, wherein the corrugated sheet or corrugated metal sheet having an upper surface and a lower surface, where these surfaces are located on opposite sides of the corrugated sheet.

[0072] For example, corrugated metal sheets, of which the rectangular material according to FIG. 2B represents a specific form, are characterized by their distinctive wavy or rippled pattern. These corrugated metal sheets may be composed from various metal sheets, commonly steel, stainless steel, or aluminium, titanium, copper, nickel, magnesium, or alloys thereof, preferably aluminium or aluminium alloys, and are formed by passing the metal sheets through corrugating machines that shape it into a series of parallel ridges and valleys. In an embodiment, the corrugated metal sheet comprises aluminium or aluminium alloy.

[0073] Each corrugated metal sheet may have two distinct surfaces: an upper or top surface and a lower or bottom surface. These surfaces are located on opposite sides of the corrugated sheet. The upper surface refers to the side of the sheet that is facing upward or is visible from the top. The lower surface refers to the side that is situated beneath the sheet or is not readily visible from the top.

[0074] The corrugated pattern provides the sheets with increased structural strength and rigidity while reducing their weight compared to solid metal sheets. The alternating ridges and valleys create a durable and interlocking design that enhances the material's resistance to bending, impact, and lateral loads. The most common profile is the S-shaped wave, but other profiles like U-shaped and trapezoidal are also used based on specific requirements.

[0075] In another embodiment, the particles of the primary- amine functionalized adsorbent are adhered to both the entire upper and lower surfaces of the corrugated sheets, preferably the corrugated metal sheets.

[0076] In an embodiment, the expanded metal core of the adsorbent carrier is an expanded metal sheet that is a mesh-like structure with diamond-shaped or hexagonal openings within the expanded metal sheet, where the expanded metal sheet has an upper and lower surface, where these surfaces are located on opposite sides of the expanded metal core.

[0077] In an embodiment, the expanded metal sheet comprises aluminium or aluminium alloy.

[0078] In an embodiment the adsorbent carrier is an expanded core, where the expanded core comprises stretched sheets, preferably stretched metal sheets.

[0079] Thus, a further preferred material may include stretched metal sheets, also known as expanded metal sheets or expanded metal mesh. They can be created by a manufacturing process that involves cutting and stretching a solid metal sheet to form a patterned, open-grid structure. The production of stretched metal sheets may begin with a flat metal sheet, which is then fed through a machine equipped with cutting blades that simultaneously make precision cuts and expand the material. The cuts may be strategically placed to create a pattern of interconnected strands and openings. A stretching process may expand the metal sheet in a controlled manner, increasing its overall size while maintaining the integrity of the material. The result can be a mesh-like structure with diamond-shaped or hexagonal openings. The size of the openings, the thickness of the metal, and the pattern density can vary based on the specific application requirements.

[0080] In another embodiment, the particles of the primary- amine functionalized adsorbent are adhered to both the entire upper and lower surfaces of the expanded core comprising stretched metal sheets.

[0081] In an exemplary embodiment, the particles of the polymer material having primary amino functionality are uniformly adhered by means of a binder to the entire upper and lower surface of the corrugated sheet forming an adsorbent layer, wherein these surfaces are located on opposite sides.

[0082] Each of these adsorbent carriers (carrier sheets or carrier materials) has in common that they provide for unobstructed gas flow and a high surface area. This design facilitates minimal pressure drop when gas flows through the system, thereby enabling efficient operation. One of the key advantages of these materials is further their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, while providing a high degree of structural integrity. Also, the open structure may also offer excellent heat dissipation and absorption. The interconnected cells can act as small individual channels that when heated, effectively dissipate the heat to the respective adsorbents, as well as a high heat transfer capability. The open-cell structure allows for efficient gas flow and heat dissipation, making it particularly useful for thermal management.

[0083] Adhesion to Adsorbent Carrier The particulate adsorbent can be adhered or bonded to the adsorbent carrier (carrier material) by physical mechanisms or by chemical bonding, or a combination thereof.

[0084] Physical mechanisms may include sintering, compression adhesion, or other kinds of a mechanical entrapment. Chemical mechanisms include processes like adhesive bonding, electrostatic attraction, or covalent bonding. The chosen method ensures a strong and durable bond between the carrier and adsorbent, to prevent the adsorbent particles from dislodging or migrating during the ad- and desorption process.

[0085] Various different binders may be employed to adhere the adsorbent particles to the adsorbent carrier. These binders are typically substances used to adhere or bond particles to a surface, providing cohesion and stability to the particle matrix whereby. The binder provides adhesion, durability, and mechanical properties.

[0086] The adsorbent particles can be uniformly adhered to the entire surface area of the expanded core of the adsorbent carrier, such as honeycomb, expanded sheet, expanded metal sheet, or stretched sheet, stretched metal sheet. This adherence is achieved by means of a binder, forming a continuous adsorbent layer.

[0087] Various types of binders may advantageously be employed in the present application. These include thermosetting or thermoplastic polymeric binders, formulated as adhesive compositions.

[0088] Thermoplastic polymers, such as polyvinyl acetates, polyolefins or acrylics soften when heated, and allow particles to be embedded and adhere to the surface. Thermosetting polymers, such as epoxy, phenolic, urea-formaldehyde or polyester resins, undergo a chemical cross-linking reaction upon curing with a curing agent, resulting in a strong and permanent bond. These can be blended with particles and then cured to form a durable and rigid composite material, having excellent adhesion, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength.

[0089] Further useful adhesive compositions include binders designed specifically for bonding adsorbent particles to a surface, comprising liquid adhesives, hot melt adhesives, or pressure-sensitive adhesives.

[0090] Furthermore, inorganic binders, such as cementitious or sol-gel binders may be advantageously applied. These include gypsum or concrete. Cementitious binders chemically react with water to form a solid matrix, providing a strong bond with particles and the substrate; whereas sol-gel binders are formed by the hydrolysis and condensation of metal alkoxides or metal salts, and are often used in providing thin films to adhere particles to a surface.

[0091] Other than liquid compositions or solid pressure sensitive adhesives, useful binders also include powdered materials used to agglomerate or consolidate the particles. These include cellulosic or polymeric binders that can be added to the adsorbent particles, and then create a bonded material by application of heat or curing mechanisms.

[0092] The selection of the appropriate binder depends on factors such as compatibility with the particles and carrier surface, wetting, retained porosity, and other desired properties such as flexibility, hardness, chemical resistance, curing conditions, and environmental considerations, additionally should offer temperature resistance of at least 110°C, and are preferably chosen to ensure optimal adhesion and performance of the particle-binder system.

[0093] In a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the adsorbent is present in an amount in the range of 50 to 90% by weight and the binder is present in an amount in the range of 10 to 40% by weight.

[0094] In an embodiment, the binder is selected from a group consisting of polyvinyl acetate dispersion, polyurethane dispersions, epoxy resins, vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer, or emulsion polymer isocyanate. This binder is suitable for bonding adsorbent particles to various surfaces such as honeycombs, corrugated metal sheets, or stretched metal sheets.

[0095] In a preferred embodiment, the binder for binding adsorbent particles to the expanded core of the adsorbent carrier is selected from a group consisting of polyvinyl acetate dispersion, polyurethane dispersions, epoxy resins, vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer, or emulsion polymer isocyanate, preferably polyvinyl acetate dispersion.

[0096] In an exemplary embodiment, the binder for binding adsorbent particles to the expanded core of the adsorbent carrier is a pressures sensitive binder selected from a group consisting of polyvinyl acetate dispersion, polyurethane dispersions, epoxy resins, vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer, emulsion polymer isocyanate, preferably polyvinyl acetate dispersion.

[0097] In a further embodiment, the adsorption matrix formed is effective to provide an increased hardness reduction as compared to a comparative bed media that comprises an adsorbent in bead form that is not immobilized by a binder. Another embodiment is the adsorption matrix is effective to provide lower pressure drop as compared to a comparative bed media that comprises an adsorbent in bead form that is not immobilized by a binder.

[0098] Several techniques can be employed for the application of binders to adsorbent carriers, including spraying and / or thin film deposition method, each suited to different carrier geometries and material properties. However, these methods may not be effective for more complex three- dimensional structures like honeycomb configurations, which have intricated internal surfaces and channels. Therefore, when dealing with honeycomb structures dipping methods are preferred. The dipping method may involve immersing the entire adsorbent carrier structure into a bath containing the binder, ensuring complete and even coverage within the internal and external geometries.

[0099] Adsorbent Device Heating system

[0100] Herein, the device for alternating CO2 adsorption and desorption from a gaseous source is referred herein simply as a "device" or "filter unit".

[0101] The filter unit comprises a heating element in thermal contact with the stacked plates to enhance the capture and release of CO2. This element is configured to heat the CO2 adsorbent to a desired temperature range. The heating element may be powered by renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind energy. Preferably, due to the efficacy and low energy use, an electric heating element may be employed.

[0102] Different heating devices may be used, which will provide heating of the adsorbent carrier, and hence the adsorbent at least one of the following heating principles, namely induction heating; resistance heating; conduction heating; convection and / or radiation heating. The heating system of the present invention allows for an optimization of the desorption process, in particular the speed of the desorption process.

[0103] In an embodiment, the heating system is a thermally conductive heating system, a thermally convective heating system or an electrical heating system.

[0104] In one embodiment of the present invention, the heating system is a thermally conductive heating system, that comprises a fluid conduit system and a heat dissipating device. The heating system enhances the desorption of CO2 by providing the necessary heat to overcome binding forces, increase kinetic energy, and improve mass transfer. This results in accelerated desorption rates, shorter desorption cycles, and improved overall efficiency in CO2 capture or separation processes. The combination between at least one adsorbent carrier having an expanded metal core and a thermally conductive or convective heating system integrated with or connected to the adsorbent carrier allows for rapid and uniform heating of the attached adsorbent. This can help release the CO2 form the adsorbent quickly and efficiently.

[0105] In CO2 adsorption / desorption processes, utilizing a thermally conductive expanded core for the adsorbent carrier can enable fast and consistent heating during the desorption step. Materials such as metals (for example aluminium, copper), or thermally conductive composites can be used for the expanded core to achieve this effect.

[0106] In an embodiment, the device of the present invention comprises an adsorbent carrier having an expanded metal core wherein the expanded metal core comprises metal from a group consisting of aluminium, stainless steel, titanium, copper, nickel, magnesium, or alloys thereof. In an embodiment, the at least one adsorbent carrier having an expanded metal core comprises metal, such as aluminium. Aluminium is a good thermal conductor which allows for rapid and uniform heating of the expanded metal core (honeycomb, stretched metal sheet or expanded metal sheet) during the desorption phase.

[0107] The combination of the expanded metal core geometry and its thermal features provides large surface for adsorption and enables fast heating during the desorption step, resulting in improved recovery rate and reduced energy consumption.

[0108] Further, the thermally conductive heating system may comprise a primary heat source comprising a heat transfer fluid, and optionally, a secondary heat transfer source acting as a heat sink for distributing the heat to the carrier i.e. the adsorbent carrier.

[0109] In another embodiment, the heating system is an electrical heating system where an electrical heating system directly applies electrical energy to the adsorbent material, resulting in rapid and localized heating. Electrical heating systems can distribute heat evenly throughout the adsorbent material. As a result, desorption occurs uniformly across the entire adsorbent surface, leading to faster and more consistent CO2 release.

[0110] Adsorbent Layer Thickness

[0111] Herein, the terms "adsorbent bed "and "adsorbent" are used interchangeably.

[0112] Traditionally, adsorptive separation processes use packed beds of adsorbent particulates. However, the traditional packed beds require a rather long time to saturate, and to desorb.

[0113] According to the present disclosure, the use of adsorbent adhered to a carrier, thereby forming a thin-layered monolith provides an adsorbent bed that has low pressure drop, good flow distribution, and low dispersion. The devices according to the present invention exhibit a very low flow tortuosity and meet the requirement for a low pressure drop. Other advantages include avoidance of bed fluidization or lifting. The subject devices hence use a bed of a particulate adsorbent comprising adsorbent particles that are structured with a thin layer of the adsorbent material adhered onto the surface of a carrier material with a minimum cross-sectional dimension of the particle preferably less than 350 pm.

[0114] The adsorbent layer on the exterior surfaces of the adsorbent carrier core preferably has an average thickness in the range from 100 to 850 pm, more preferably of from 150 to 650 pm.

[0115] In a preferred embodiment, the adsorbent particle layer can be formed with a solid, non-porous carrier core with the adsorbent formed as an adherent layer coating the exposed exterior surfaces of the carrier. The ratio of the thickness of the adsorbent carrier to the thickness of the adsorbent layer is 1:1 to 1:10.

[0116] In an embodiment, the thickness of the adsorbent carrier is in the range of from 0.1 to 5 mm. For example, the thickness of the adsorbent carrier can be in the range of from 0.1 mm to 2 mm, or of from 0.1 mm to 1 mm, or of from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm, or of from 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm.

[0117] It was found that the use of the adsorbent in the form of a layered film of controlled thickness on the surface of a carrier having a low or limited permeability can have significant advantages in rapid cycle adsorption and desorption processes, with cycle durations typically of less than 30 minutes. By using a defined layer thickness, heat accumulation in the adsorbent layer can be limited so that exotherms and hot spots in the adsorbent bed can be minimized. For example, the thickness of the adsorbent layer can be in the range of from 0.1 mm to 50 mm, or of from 0.1 mm to 5 mm, preferably within the range of from 0.1 mm to 2 mm, more preferably within the range of from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm, even more preferably of from 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm.

[0118] In an embodiment, the thickness of the adsorbent carrier is in the range of from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm, and the thickness of the adsorbent layer is in the range of from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm.

[0119] In an embodiment, the thickness of the adsorbent carrier is in the range of from 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm, and the thickness of the adsorbent layer is in the range of from 0.1 mm to 3 mm, preferably 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm.

[0120] Gas Adsorbent Unit

[0121] In an embodiment there is provide a carbon dioxide adsorption and desorption system (or apparatus) comprising at least one device for alternating CO2 adsorption or desorption from a gaseous source of the present invention, the device comprising stacked or otherwise arranged adsorbent carriers, comprising an adsorbent material, the apparatus comprising a plurality of carriers formed of a material that is resistant to corrosion, erosion, and deformation caused by high temperatures and pressures, and having a high heat transfer coefficient; wherein carriers are arranged in a configuration to create a plurality of fluid channels that extend longitudinally through a filter unit, and wherein adjacent carriers are oriented such that the fluid channels allow a gas stream to pass through the filter unit; and a heating element configured to provide heat to the adsorbent present on the carrier, thereby facilitating the removal of carbon dioxide from the filter unit. A filter unit with a carrier material that has a particulate adsorbent adhered or bonded to it is a type of filtration system designed to remove specific contaminants from a fluid or gas stream. The adsorbent carrier material serves as a support structure, while the particulate adsorbent provides the active adsorption capacity.

[0122] The carrier material (adsorbent carrier) can be made of various substances, including metals, polymers, or fibrous materials, as will be set out in detail below. Its primary function is to provide mechanical strength and stability to the filter, as well as to transfer heat to and from the adsorbent. The adsorbent carrier may be in the form of a mesh, fabric, foam, or solid structure, depending on the specific application requirements.

[0123] The particulate adsorbent, on the other hand, is responsible for capturing and retaining CO2. It is typically composed of granules, particles, or fibres that possess a high affinity for CO2. The adsorbent material can vary depending on the nature of the gas flow, and may include amine functionalised polymer beads, as well as activated carbon, zeolites, silica gel, or other specialty resins with specific chemical functionalities.

[0124] When the fluid or gas stream passes over and / or through the filter, CO2 comes into contact with the adsorbent material. The adsorbent's surface chemistry and porosity allow it to attract and retain the CO2 through adsorption mechanisms including chemical bonding and physical interactions. As a result, the CO2 is effectively removed from the gas stream, resulting in an effluent reduced in CO2. By periodically regenerating the adsorbent media, an effluent enriched in CO2 is attained, which may further be pressurized or directly employed. In this manner, a continuous alternating process can be maintained, allowing for consistent CO2 and humidity removal from ambient air, and supplying a gas stream enriched in CO2.

[0125] Placement in Apparatus

[0126] The apparatus of the invention includes at least one adsorption device within an air flow channel. It further may have a unitary housing with a uniform thickness throughout the length and width of the unitary housing.

[0127] According to an embodiment, a structure may be formed composed of rectangular devices stacked on top of each other to form a rectangular block shaped stack comprising inlet channels, outlet channels and the adsorbent layers. Alternative structures may comprise the device being folded into a pleated configuration, or in a helical configuration.

[0128] In exemplary embodiments, the device may be shaped in a shape selected from circular, oval, polygonal, helical, and combinations thereof. In some particular exemplary embodiments, the device may have a polygonal shape selected from triangular, square, rectangular, diamond, trapezoidal, pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal, and combinations thereof.

[0129] In an embodiment, the device for alternating CO2 adsorption and desorption from a gaseous source comprises one or more adjacent adsorbent carriers, wherein the adsorbent carriers are arranged such that the one or more carrier(s) form one or more fluid channels.

[0130] In another aspect, a direct air capture (DAC) apparatus is disclosed which comprises: a matrix formed from a carrier, a binder that immobilizes the adsorbent particles, a housing surrounding the matrix, a fluid inlet, and a fluid outlet.

[0131] Manifold and Housing

[0132] The adsorption / desorption device may advantageously be enclosed in a housing to protect the carrier and adsorbent materials. The housing may include one or more inlets and outlets for the gas flow, and a control system for regulating the gas flow and temperature.

[0133] The filter unit further advantageously also comprises a first and second manifold located at opposite ends of the stacked adsorbent carriers or metal plates, which are in fluid communication with the plurality of channels of the adsorbent carriers or metal plates. The filtered fluid stream is removed from the second manifold until saturation is attained, at which point the adsorbent material layers are regenerated by increasing the temperature of the stacked metal plates or adsorbent carriers with an electric heating element in thermal contact with the metal plates.

[0134] The stacked metal plate or adsorbent carrier's adsorption filter may be enclosed in a housing to protect the metal plates and adsorbent material layers, as well as to comprise the gas streams. A method for removing CO2 from a fluid stream using the stacked metal plate adsorption filter is also provided. The method includes introducing the fluid stream into the first manifold, flowing the fluid stream through the plurality of channels of the metal plates and primary amine adsorbent material layers, and removing the filtered fluid stream from the second manifold.

[0135] Upon saturation, the primary amine adsorbent material layers may be regenerated by increasing the temperature of the stacked metal plates with the heating element, thereby releasing carbon dioxide. A stream enriched in carbon dioxide may then be collected and used for a desired application.

[0136] In FIG. 3, a perspective view of a stack comprising device with carriers and adsorbent material layers is shown. The gas inlet side through which the gas flow enters the structure can either be formed by a gas inlet manifold or can be open to the environment. The gas outlet side through which the gas flow exits the structure can either be formed by a gas outlet manifold or can be open to the environment.

[0137] The housing and manifolds of the system can be robust enough to withstand pressure differences from approximately 50 mbar to ambient pressure and endure multiple daily pressure cycles. Method

[0138] Therein, the adsorption process takes place at ambient atmospheric conditions at which air is streamed through the adsorbent material and a portion of the CO2 contained in the air is chemically bound at the surface of amine functionalized adsorbents. During the subsequent desorption, the material is heated and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide surrounding the adsorbent is reduced by applying a vacuum or exposing the adsorbent to a purge gas flow. Thereby, the previously captured carbon dioxide is removed from the adsorbent material and obtained in a concentrated form.

Claims

Claims1. A device for alternating CO2 adsorption and desorption from a gaseous source, the device comprising: a) at least one adsorbent carrier, wherein the adsorbent carrier is an expanded core, the expanded core comprising one or more materials selected from a group consisting of metals, polymers, ceramics, or composites, b) a CO2 adsorbent adhered to the at least one adsorbent carrier, the adsorbent comprising a polymer material having primary amino functionality in a form of particles; and c) a heating system integrated with and / or connected to the adsorbent carrier for supplying or removing thermal energy to the adsorbent.

2. The device according to Claim 1, comprising one or more adjacent adsorbent carriers, wherein the adsorbent carriers are arranged such that the one or more carrier(s) form one or more fluid channels.

3. The device according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein the expanded core is an expanded metal core.

4. The device according to Claim 3 , wherein the expanded metal core is a honeycomb, the honeycomb comprises a plurality of cells, the plurality of cells being interconnected with walls separating them, the walls of the plurality of cells forming a surface area, the plurality of cells defining a plurality of passages extending through the honeycomb.

5. The device according Claim 4, wherein the honeycomb has open cells and where the shape of the cells is polygonal, that is selected from one of the following shapes: triangles, squares, rectangles, hexagonal.

6. The device according to any of the preceding Claims, wherein the particles of the polymer material having primary amino functionality are uniformly adhered by means of a binder to the entire surface area of the honeycomb's walls of each cell within the honeycomb and along the plurality of passages forming an adsorbent layer.

7. The device according to Claim 6, wherein the polymer material having primary amino functionality is selected from a particulate macroporous polystyrene crosslinked with divinylbenzene; or a free base amine bead functionalized with the primary amine benzylamine and supported on a porous polyester structure crosslinked with divinyl benzene.

8. The device according to claim 1, wherein the expanded core, preferably the expanded metal core, is a corrugated sheet, preferably a corrugated metal sheet, the corrugated sheet or corrugated metal sheet having an upper surface and a lower surface, where these surfaces are located on opposite sides of the corrugated sheet.

9. The device according to claim 8, wherein the particles of the polymer material having primary amino functionality are uniformly adhered by means of a binder to the entire upper and lower surface of the corrugated sheet forming an adsorbent layer.

10. The device according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the expanded metal core is an expanded metal sheet that is a mesh-like structure with diamond-shaped or hexagonal openings within the expanded metal sheet, where the expanded metal sheet has an upper and lower surface, where these surfaces are located on opposite sides of the expanded metal core.

11. The device, according to claim 10, wherein the particles of the polymer material having primary amino functionality are uniformly adhered by means of a binder to the entire upper and lower surface of the corrugated sheet forming an adsorbent layer, wherein these surfaces are located on opposite sides.

12. The device according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the expanded metal core comprises metal from a group consisting of aluminium, stainless steel, titanium, copper, nickel, magnesium, or alloys thereof.

13. The device according to any one of claims 6 to 12, wherein the binder selected from a group consisting of polyvinyl acetate dispersion, polyurethane dispersions, epoxy resins, vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer, or emulsion polymer isocyanate.

14. The device according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the thickness ratio of the adsorbent carrier thickness to the thickness of the adsorbent layer is 1:1 to 1:10.

15. The device according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the heating system is a thermally conductive or convective heating system or an electrical heating system.

16. The device according to any of the preceding claims, comprising a plurality of adsorbent carriers where each adsorbent carrier is positioned on top of another adsorbent carrier forming a stack and the stack is connected to the heating system.

17. The device according to any of the preceding claims, comprising one or more adjacent adsorbent carriers, wherein the adsorbent carriers are arranged such that the one or more adsorbent carrier(s) form one or more fluid channels.

18. A carbon dioxide adsorption and desorption system or apparatus comprising stacked or otherwise arranged adsorbent carriers according to any of the claims 1 to 16, comprising an adsorbent material, the apparatus comprising a plurality of carriers formed of a material that is resistant to corrosion, erosion, and deformation caused by high temperatures and pressures, and having a high heat transfer coefficient; wherein carriers are arranged in a configuration to create a plurality of fluid channels that extend longitudinally through a filter unit, and wherein adjacent carriers are oriented such that the fluid channels allow a gas stream to pass through the filter unit; and a heating element configured to provide heat to the adsorbent present on the carrier, thereby facilitating the removal of carbon dioxide from the filter unit.

19. The system or apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the plurality of carriers in a sheetlike plates are stacked in parallel, and wherein each plate comprises at least one adsorbent material layer disposed thereon.

20. The system or apparatus according to claim 18 or claim 19, further comprising a housing that permits to separate a gas stream in the interior of the housing from the exterior of the housing, the housing further comprising a first and a second manifold located at opposite ends of the housing in the direction of a gaseous flow through the housing, and wherein the first and second manifold are in fluid communication with the plurality of fluid channels.

21. The system or apparatus according to anyone of claims 18 to 20, wherein the heating element provides heat to the adsorbents through namely induction heating, resistance heating, conduction heating, convection and / or radiation heating.

22. The system or apparatus according to anyone of claims 18 to 21, wherein the heating element comprises an electric heating element, or a primary heat source comprising a heat transfer fluid, and optionally, a secondary heat transfer source acting as a heat sink for distributing the heat to the carrier.

23. The system or apparatus according to any one of claims 18 to 22, further comprising a conduit for collecting a gas stream reduced in carbon dioxide content; and / or a gas stream enriched in carbon dioxide.

24. A method for removing carbon dioxide from a gas stream using the system or apparatus according to any of claims 18 to 23, comprising: introducing a gas stream comprising carbon dioxide into a gas entry manifold; flowing the gas stream over the one or more carriers comprising adsorbent material layers; and removing a carbon dioxide depleted gas stream from an exit manifold; and regenerating the adsorbent material layers by increasing the temperature of the carrier with a heating element, thereby releasing a carbon dioxide enriched gas stream, and collating the carbon dioxide enriched gas stream through the exit manifold.

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