Electromagnetic structure, electromagnetic assembly, antenna, electronic device and communication device

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of communications. Disclosed are an electromagnetic structure, an electromagnetic assembly, an antenna, an electronic device and a communication device. The electromagnetic structure comprises a first metal layer, a dielectric layer and a second metal layer which are successively stacked, one of the first metal layer and the second metal layer being used for feeding, and the other one thereof being used for grounding. The first metal layer comprises a plurality of basic units arranged periodically. The electrical size of each basic unit is sub-wavelength, each basic unit comprises a boundary line, and the basic unit is at least partially hollowed out in an area defined by the boundary line. The described electromagnetic structure is of non-resonant etching, which does not change the propagation of electromagnetic waves, and the electrical size of each basic unit is relatively small. With regard to the basic units in the electromagnetic structure, internal metal thereof is hollowed out and the boundary lines are reserved. That is, reduction of the metal in the areas defined by the boundary lines reduces current bearing surfaces, thereby weakening the interior magnetic fields of the basic units. In addition, the basic units are periodically arranged, thus achieving control of the electromagnetic field of the electromagnetic structure.

Description

Electromagnetic structures, electromagnetic components, antennas, electronic devices and communication equipment

[0001] This application claims priority to the Chinese patent application filed with the China Patent Office on August 2, 2023, with application number 202310972577.8 and application name “Electromagnetic structure, electromagnetic component, antenna, electronic device and communication equipment”, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference into this application. Technical Field

[0002] The present application relates to the field of communication technology, and in particular to an electromagnetic structure, an electromagnetic component, an antenna, an electronic device and a communication device. Background Art

[0003] Currently, miniaturization and broadband antennas can be achieved by increasing the magnetic permeability of the dielectric material used in antennas. However, existing high-permeability dielectric materials have low operating frequencies and high magnetic losses, making them difficult to apply to antenna design.

[0004] Artificial magnetic materials (also known as artificial structured magnetic materials) are a type of artificial metamaterial, specifically composed of specific basic units arranged in a periodic pattern. Electromagnetic structures using artificial magnetic materials can extend magnetoelectric properties and improve magnetic permeability without increasing losses. Figure 1(a) shows a schematic block diagram of a mobile phone M. Figure 1(b) shows a schematic block diagram of an electromagnetic structure S. Combining Figures 1(a) and 1(b), mobile phone M includes an antenna A. The electromagnetic structure S within antenna A comprises a first metal layer 10, a dielectric layer 20, and a second metal layer 30, stacked in sequence. One of the first metal layer 10 and the second metal layer 30 is used for power feeding, and the other for grounding. The dielectric layer 20 can be a conventional dielectric or air. The artificial magnetic material is formed on the first metal layer 10 and / or the second metal layer 30. As shown in Figure 1(b), D1 represents the direction of the magnetic field, D2 represents the direction of the electric field, and D3 represents the direction of electromagnetic wave transmission. Therefore, designing artificial magnetic materials within antennas has become a pressing technical challenge for those skilled in the art.

[0005] Summary of the Invention

[0006] In view of this, embodiments of the present application provide an electromagnetic structure, an electromagnetic component, an antenna, an electronic device, and a communication device. The electromagnetic structure includes a first metal layer, a dielectric layer, and a second metal layer stacked in sequence, one of the first metal layer and the second metal layer being used for power feeding and the other for grounding. The first metal layer includes a plurality of basic units arranged periodically. The electrical dimensions of the basic unit are sub-wavelength, each basic unit includes a boundary line, and the basic unit is at least partially hollowed out in the area enclosed by the boundary line. The above-mentioned electromagnetic structure is non-resonant etching, does not change the propagation of electromagnetic waves, and has a relatively small electrical dimension. The basic unit in the electromagnetic structure has its internal metal hollowed out and retains the boundary line. That is, by reducing the metal in the area enclosed by the boundary line, the current-carrying surface is reduced, and the internal magnetic field of the basic unit is weakened. In addition, the basic units are arranged periodically to achieve control of the electromagnetic field of the electromagnetic structure.

[0007] A first aspect of the present application provides an electromagnetic structure, wherein the electromagnetic structure includes a first metal layer, a dielectric layer, and a second metal layer stacked in sequence along a stacking direction. One of the first metal layer and the second metal layer is used for power feeding, and the other is used for grounding. The first metal layer includes a plurality of basic units periodically arranged within an arrangement plane. The electrical dimensions of the basic units are subwavelength. Each basic unit includes a boundary line, and the basic unit is at least partially hollowed out within the area enclosed by the boundary line. The arrangement plane is perpendicular to the stacking direction.

[0008] The electrical dimension is a length related to the wavelength. In some application scenarios, the electrical dimension can be characterized by the ratio of the physical dimension to the wavelength of the transmitted electromagnetic wave. The electrical dimension of the basic unit is subwavelength, that is, the electrical dimension of the basic unit is less than a quarter wavelength. Generally, resonance can only be achieved when the electrical dimension is at least a quarter wavelength. That is, in the implementation of this application, the electromagnetic structure is a non-resonant structure.

[0009] The basic unit is at least partially hollowed out in the area enclosed by the boundary line, which means that in the area enclosed by the boundary line, the dielectric layer can be exposed through the first metal layer, that is, in the area enclosed by the boundary line, the user can observe the dielectric layer through the first metal layer.

[0010] The electromagnetic structure described above utilizes non-resonant etching, which does not alter electromagnetic wave propagation, resulting in a relatively small electrical dimension for the basic unit. The basic unit in the electromagnetic structure has its internal metal hollowed out, while retaining its boundary lines. This means that by reducing the metal within the area enclosed by the boundary lines, the current-carrying surface is reduced, weakening the internal magnetic field of the basic unit. Furthermore, the basic units are arranged periodically, enabling control of the electromagnetic field within the electromagnetic structure.

[0011] In some possible implementations of the first aspect, the boundary line includes two first boundary segments and a second boundary segment. Each first boundary segment extends parallel to the direction of the magnetic field of the electromagnetic structure. The second boundary segment extends in a direction that intersects the direction of the magnetic field corresponding to the electromagnetic structure, and the second boundary segment is used to connect the two first boundary segments. The magnetic field intensity of the boundary line as a whole is relatively low, but the magnetic field intensity of the region corresponding to the second boundary segment of the boundary line is relatively high.

[0012] In some implementations, the second boundary segment extends along a straight line, and an extending direction of the second boundary segment is perpendicular to a direction of a magnetic field corresponding to the electromagnetic structure.

[0013] The electromagnetic structure described above confines the current through the first boundary segment and the second boundary segment, thereby forming a magnetic field with a relatively weak internal magnetic field strength in the electromagnetic structure.

[0014] In some possible implementations of the first aspect, the second boundary segment bends and extends back and forth within the arrangement plane. In the electromagnetic structure described above, the boundary line within the basic unit bends and extends back and forth multiple times. Because the current at the bends is reversed, the magnetic fields corresponding to the bent currents can cancel each other out, thereby enhancing the attenuation of the magnetic field within the structure and achieving a higher equivalent magnetic permeability.

[0015] In some possible implementations of the first aspect, each basic unit further includes an internal wire located within the region enclosed by the boundary line, and the internal wire extends and bends back and forth within the arrangement plane. In the electromagnetic structure, as the structure of the internal wires in a basic unit becomes increasingly complex, the magnetic field strength corresponding to the basic unit gradually decreases, and the equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to the basic unit gradually increases.

[0016] In some possible implementations of the first aspect, the internal wire includes two first internal segments and a second internal segment. Each first internal segment is coupled to one of the second boundary segments. The second internal segment connects the two first internal segments between the two second internal segments. This internal wire has a simple structure and can effectively adjust the internal magnetic field corresponding to the basic unit, thereby effectively improving the relative magnetic permeability of the mailbox corresponding to the electromagnetic structure.

[0017] In some possible implementations of the first aspect, there are at least two internal wires, and the at least two internal wires rotate relative to each other and overlap. The internal wires of the electromagnetic structure exhibit rotational symmetry. This electromagnetic structure can be applied to miniaturization and broadbandization of antennas and devices, such as those for multi-field coordinated broadband / circular polarization, that require phase differences or different field directions to achieve specific functions.

[0018] In some possible implementations of the first aspect, at least two internal lines are separated and distances between adjacent segments are the same.

[0019] In some possible implementations of the first aspect, the plurality of basic units are of at least two types, and each basic unit is periodically arranged within the arrangement plane. In the electromagnetic structure, the various types of basic units increase the diversity of electromagnetic structure solutions and facilitate the expansion of application scenarios of the electromagnetic structure.

[0020] In some possible implementations of the first aspect above, the arrangement plane includes an intersecting first direction and a second direction, and the plurality of basic units are periodically arranged in the first direction and / or in the second direction.

[0021] In some possible implementations of the first aspect above, the first direction is perpendicular to the second direction.

[0022] In some possible implementations of the first aspect, the first direction is parallel to the magnetic field direction of the electromagnetic structure. That is, in some implementations, the plurality of basic units are periodically arrayed along the magnetic field direction of the electromagnetic structure.

[0023] In some possible implementations of the first aspect, the outline of the boundary line includes any one of a square, a rectangle, a triangle, a circle, and an ellipse. In the electromagnetic structure, the basic units have various shapes, which increases the diversity of electromagnetic structure solutions and facilitates the expansion of application scenarios of the electromagnetic structure.

[0024] A second aspect of the present application provides an electromagnetic assembly, wherein the electromagnetic assembly includes two electromagnetic structures according to the first aspect and at least one of the possible implementations of the first aspect. The two electromagnetic structures are stacked. It is understood that the electromagnetic assembly can also be understood as a single electromagnetic structure. This further increases the diversity of electromagnetic structure solutions and facilitates the expansion of the application range of electromagnetic structures.

[0025] In some possible implementations of the second aspect, in the two electromagnetic structures, the first metal layer of one electromagnetic structure faces the first metal layer of the other electromagnetic structure, that is, the two electromagnetic structures in the electromagnetic assembly are stacked face to face.

[0026] In some possible implementations of the second aspect, in the two electromagnetic structures, the second metal layer of one electromagnetic structure faces the second metal layer of the other electromagnetic structure, that is, the two electromagnetic structures in the electromagnetic assembly are stacked back to back.

[0027] In some possible implementations of the second aspect, the second metal layers of the two electromagnetic structures are integrally formed. That is, when the two electromagnetic structures in the electromagnetic assembly are stacked back to back, the second metal layers in the two electromagnetic assemblies can be integrally formed.

[0028] In some possible implementations of the second aspect, in the two electromagnetic structures, the first metal layer of one electromagnetic structure faces the second metal layer of the other electromagnetic structure, that is, the two electromagnetic structures in the electromagnetic assembly are stacked in the same direction.

[0029] In some possible implementations of the first aspect described above, the first metal layer of one of the two electromagnetic structures serves as the second metal layer of the other electromagnetic structure. That is, the two electromagnetic structures in the electromagnetic assembly are stacked in the same orientation. Furthermore, the first metal layer of the lower electromagnetic structure serves as the second metal layer of the upper electromagnetic structure.

[0030] In some possible implementations of the second aspect above, the relative relationship between the two electromagnetic structures includes any one of the following: the two electromagnetic structures have the same structure and the same size; or the two electromagnetic structures have the same structure and the sizes are proportional; or the two electromagnetic structures have different structures.

[0031] In some possible implementations of the second aspect above, the overlapping manner of the two electromagnetic structures includes any one of the following: the directions in which the first metal layer in the two electromagnetic structures points to the second metal layer are consistent; or the directions in which the first metal layer in the two electromagnetic structures points to the second metal layer are opposite.

[0032] A third aspect of the present application provides an antenna, wherein the antenna includes the electromagnetic structure of the first aspect and any one of the possible implementations of the first aspect.

[0033] In some possible implementations of the third aspect above, the antenna includes any one of a patch antenna, a cavity antenna, a slot antenna, and a strip antenna.

[0034] A fourth aspect of the present application provides an electronic device. The electronic device includes an antenna according to the third aspect and any one of the possible implementations of the third aspect. The electronic device includes, but is not limited to, at least one of a mobile phone, a watch, a tablet, a laptop computer, and the Internet of Things (IoT).

[0035] A fifth aspect of the present application provides a communication device. The communication device includes an antenna according to the third aspect and any one of the possible implementations of the third aspect. The communication device includes but is not limited to a base station, such as a small base station, a medium base station, or a large base station. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0036] FIG1( a ) shows a schematic diagram of a module of a mobile phone M;

[0037] FIG1( b ) shows a schematic structural diagram of an electromagnetic structure S;

[0038] FIG2( a ) shows a perspective view of antenna A′ in some technical solutions of the present application;

[0039] FIG2( b ) shows a perspective view of a split resonant ring 40 ′ in an electromagnetic structure S′ in some technical solutions of the present application;

[0040] FIG3 shows a circuit diagram corresponding to the electromagnetic structure S′ in some embodiments of the present application;

[0041] FIG4 shows a graph showing a variation pattern of the equivalent relative magnetic permeability corresponding to the electromagnetic structure S′ in some embodiments of the present application;

[0042] FIG5 shows a structural diagram of an electromagnetic structure S″ in some embodiments of the present application;

[0043] FIG6 shows an equivalent relative magnetic permeability curve of an electromagnetic structure S″ in some embodiments of the present application;

[0044] FIG7( a ) shows a perspective view of an electromagnetic structure S in some embodiments of the present application;

[0045] FIG7( b ) shows a perspective view of a portion of the electromagnetic structure S in some embodiments of the present application;

[0046] FIG8 is a schematic diagram showing the internal magnetic field of a structure corresponding to a basic unit U (basic unit U, a dielectric layer 200 corresponding to the basic unit U, and a second metal layer 300 corresponding to the basic unit U) after a plane electromagnetic wave is incident in some embodiments of the present application;

[0047] FIG9 is a schematic diagram showing the internal magnetic field of a basic unit of an electromagnetic structure in some existing technical solutions in some embodiments of the present application after a plane electromagnetic wave is incident;

[0048] FIG10 is a schematic diagram showing a variation law of equivalent relative magnetic permeability of electromagnetic structures in some existing technical solutions and the electromagnetic structure S in the present application in some embodiments of the present application;

[0049] FIG11( a ) shows a schematic diagram of some existing conventional materials;

[0050] FIG11( b ) shows a schematic diagram of some existing magnetic materials;

[0051] FIG11( c ) shows a schematic diagram of some existing equivalent magnetic materials;

[0052] FIG11( d ) shows a schematic diagram of the electromagnetic structure in this application;

[0053] FIG12( a ) shows a schematic diagram of simulating the passage of a TEM wave through an ordinary material in some technical solutions;

[0054] Figure 12(b) shows the magnetic field direction corresponding to Figure 12(a);

[0055] FIG12( c ) shows a schematic diagram of the distribution of the magnetic field inside the basic unit of the structure corresponding to FIG12( a ) within a wide frequency band;

[0056] FIG12( d ) shows a schematic diagram of the distribution of equivalent relative permeability corresponding to the internal structure of the basic unit of the structure corresponding to FIG12( a );

[0057] FIG13( a ) shows a schematic diagram of an electromagnetic structure S being passed through by a TEM wave in some embodiments of the present application;

[0058] Figure 13(b) shows the magnetic field direction corresponding to Figure 13(a);

[0059] FIG13( c ) shows a schematic diagram of the distribution of the magnetic field inside the basic unit of the structure corresponding to FIG13( a ) within a wide frequency band;

[0060] FIG14 shows curves showing changes in magnetic field intensity and equivalent relative permeability in different application scenarios in some embodiments of the present application;

[0061] FIG15 shows a schematic structural diagram of a mobile phone M in some embodiments of the present application;

[0062] FIG16 shows a perspective view of a patch antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0063] FIG17( a ) shows a top view of a patch antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0064] FIG17( b ) shows a bottom view of the patch antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0065] FIG18( a ) shows a schematic diagram of the magnetic field distribution of the patch antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0066] FIG18( b ) shows a schematic diagram of the magnetic field distribution of the patch antenna Aa in some other technical solutions;

[0067] FIG19 shows a comparison of the S parameters and radiation efficiency of the patch antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application and the patch antennas in some other technical solutions;

[0068] FIG20( a ) shows a perspective view of an electromagnetic structure Sa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0069] FIG20( b ) shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic structure Sa in some other embodiments of the present application;

[0070] FIG21 shows a top view of an electromagnetic structure Sa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0071] FIG22( a ) shows a schematic structural diagram of a basic unit Ua in the electromagnetic structure Sa in FIG21 ;

[0072] FIG22( b ) shows a schematic structural diagram of another basic unit Ua in the electromagnetic structure Sa in FIG21 ;

[0073] FIG22( c ) shows a schematic structural diagram of another basic unit Ua in the electromagnetic structure Sa in FIG21 ;

[0074] FIG23( a ) shows a top view of a boundary line 100 a in some embodiments of the present application;

[0075] FIG23( b ) is a schematic diagram showing the current flowing through the boundary line 100 a in FIG23( a );

[0076] FIG23( c ) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of the boundary line 100 a in some embodiments of the present application;

[0077] FIG24( a ) shows a top view of a boundary line 100 a in some embodiments of the present application;

[0078] FIG24( b ) is a schematic diagram showing the current flowing through the boundary line 100 a in FIG24( a );

[0079] FIG24( c ) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of the boundary line 100 a in some embodiments of the present application;

[0080] FIG25( a ) shows a top view of a boundary line 100 a in some embodiments of the present application;

[0081] FIG25( b ) is a schematic diagram showing the current flowing through the boundary line 100 a in FIG25( a );

[0082] FIG25( c ) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of the boundary line 100 a in some embodiments of the present application;

[0083] FIG26 shows the magnetic field strength and equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to basic units Ua of different forms in some embodiments of the present application;

[0084] FIG27 shows a top view of a boundary line 100 a in some embodiments of the present application;

[0085] FIG28 shows a top view of a boundary line 100 a in some embodiments of the present application;

[0086] FIG29 shows a perspective view of an electromagnetic structure Sa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0087] FIG30 shows a perspective view of an electromagnetic structure Sa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0088] FIG31( a ) shows a top view of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application;

[0089] FIG31( b ) is a schematic diagram showing the current flowing through the basic unit Ua in FIG31( a );

[0090] FIG31( c ) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application;

[0091] FIG32( a ) shows a top view of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application;

[0092] FIG32( b ) is a schematic diagram showing the current flowing through the basic unit Ua in FIG32( a );

[0093] FIG32( c ) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application;

[0094] FIG33( a ) shows a top view of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application;

[0095] FIG33( b ) is a schematic diagram showing the current flowing through the basic unit Ua in FIG33( a );

[0096] FIG33( c ) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application;

[0097] FIG34 shows the magnetic field strength and equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to basic units Ua of different forms in some embodiments of the present application;

[0098] FIG35( a ) shows a top view of a dual-fed dual-polarization / circularly polarized antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0099] FIG35( b ) shows a bottom view of a dual-fed dual-polarization / circularly polarized antenna in some embodiments of the present application;

[0100] FIG36 shows a perspective view of an electromagnetic structure Sa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0101] FIG37( a ) shows a schematic diagram of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application;

[0102] FIG37( b ) shows a schematic diagram of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application;

[0103] FIG37( c ) shows a schematic diagram of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application;

[0104] FIG38 shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic structure Sa of the present application;

[0105] FIG39 shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic structure Sa of the present application;

[0106] FIG40 shows an exploded view of antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0107] FIG41 shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic assembly corresponding to FIG40;

[0108] FIG42( a ) shows a diagram illustrating the relationship between a projection area S1 where a basic unit in a first electromagnetic structure Sa1 is located and a projection area S2 where a basic unit in a second electromagnetic structure Sa2 is located in some embodiments of the present application;

[0109] FIG42( b ) shows a diagram illustrating the relationship between the projection area S1 of the basic unit in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and the projection area S2 of the basic unit in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 in some embodiments of the present application;

[0110] FIG42( c ) shows a diagram illustrating the relationship between the projection area S1 of the basic unit in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and the projection area S2 of the basic unit in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 in some embodiments of the present application;

[0111] FIG42( d ) shows a diagram illustrating the relationship between the projection area S1 of the basic units in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and the projection area S2 of the basic units in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 in some embodiments of the present application;

[0112] FIG43 shows an exploded view of antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0113] FIG44 shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic assembly corresponding to FIG43;

[0114] FIG45 shows an exploded view of antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application;

[0115] FIG46 shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic assembly corresponding to FIG45;

[0116] FIG47( a ) shows a top view of a slot antenna Ab in some embodiments of the present application;

[0117] FIG47( b ) shows a bottom view of the slot antenna Ab in some embodiments of the present application;

[0118] FIG48( a ) shows a top view of a cavity antenna Ac in some embodiments of the present application;

[0119] FIG48( b ) shows a bottom view of the cavity antenna Ac in some embodiments of the present application;

[0120] Figure 49 shows the application scenarios of the cavity antenna in a notebook in some embodiments of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0121] In order to make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of this application clearer, the implementation methods of this application will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0122] This application provides an electromagnetic structure. The electromagnetic structure described herein can be used in antennas for electronic devices. These electronic devices include, but are not limited to, mobile phones, watches, tablets, laptop computers, and IoT products. Furthermore, the electromagnetic structure described herein can be used in antennas for communication devices. These communication devices include, but are not limited to, base stations, such as small base stations, medium base stations, and large base stations.

[0123] To facilitate understanding, before describing the technical solution of this application, the terms involved in this application are first explained.

[0124] Magnetoelectric materials (MDMs) are materials that exhibit both dielectric and magnetic properties. They can also be called electromagnetic structures that exhibit both dielectric and magnetic properties. These structures can be natural materials or artificial magnetic materials that, when configured with specific structures, become magnetic when exposed to a magnetic field or electric current.

[0125] Magnetic permeability (MP) is a physical quantity that characterizes the magnetic properties of a magnetic medium. It indicates the resistance to magnetic flux generated by a current flowing through a coil in a space or within a core, or the ability of a coil to conduct magnetic lines of force in a magnetic field.

[0126] Relative permeability (RP) is a physical quantity that characterizes the relative magnetic properties of a magnetic medium. It represents the ratio of the magnetic permeability of the medium to the magnetic permeability of a vacuum.

[0127] Effective permeability (EP) refers to the magnetic permeability of a magnetic medium as a whole, which is obtained when the magnetic medium is considered as a whole because the magnetic properties of the magnetic medium are not uniform.

[0128] Effective relative permeability (ERP) refers to the relative permeability of a magnetic medium as a whole, which is obtained when the magnetic medium is considered as a whole because the magnetic properties of the medium are not uniform.

[0129] The dielectric constant (DC) can reflect the dielectric properties or polarization properties of a dielectric under the action of an electrostatic field.

[0130] The dielectric loss tangent is a physical quantity that characterizes the dielectric loss of a dielectric material after an electric field is applied.

[0131] The magnetic loss tangent is a physical quantity that characterizes the dielectric loss of a magneto-dielectric material after a magnetic field is applied.

[0132] In some application scenarios, the magnetoelectric material can be an isotropic magnetoelectric material, or can be understood as a magnetoelectric material whose dielectric constant and relative magnetic permeability are the same in all directions. At this time, any direction of the magnetoelectric material can be understood as the direction corresponding to the maximum relative magnetic permeability.

[0133] In some application scenarios, magnetoelectric materials can also be anisotropic magnetoelectric materials, or can be understood as magnetoelectric materials whose dielectric constants in three directions perpendicular to each other in space are not completely the same, or: magnetoelectric materials whose relative magnetic permeabilities in three directions perpendicular to each other in space are not completely the same.

[0134] In some application scenarios, the magnetoelectric material is a magnetoelectric material with different relative magnetic permeabilities in at least two directions. Different relative magnetic permeabilities in at least two directions can be understood as: the relative magnetic permeabilities of the magnetoelectric material in two or more directions of three directions that are perpendicular to each other in space (or can be understood as in three-dimensional directions) are different. For example, the magnetoelectric material can be a magnetoelectric material with different relative magnetic permeabilities in all directions, or a magnetoelectric material with different relative magnetic permeabilities in only one direction from those in other directions, or a magnetoelectric material with different relative magnetic permeabilities in multiple directions and the same relative magnetic permeabilities in other directions, etc. The magnetoelectric material always has a direction in which the relative magnetic permeability in this direction is greater than or equal to the relative magnetic permeability in any other direction. This direction is the direction corresponding to the maximum relative magnetic permeability of the dielectric structure.

[0135] The magnetoelectric material can be a two-dimensional anisotropic magnetoelectric material formed by laminating a nanomagnetic film and a thicker dielectric film, or a bulk magnetoelectric material mixed with ceramic and ferrite powder, such as MAGTREX TM 555, this material is an artificial composite material of Rogers (or Rogers). It is naturally magnetic, with strong magnetism in two directions and weak or no magnetism in the other direction. The maximum relative permeability can reach 6. It has electrical properties in all directions and the difference in electrical strength is not much. The ratio of the maximum dielectric constant to the maximum relative permeability is close to 1, the magnetic loss tangent is less than 0.05, the dielectric loss tangent is about 0.01, and the operating frequency is less than 1GHz.

[0136] It should be noted that magnetic loss refers to the irreversible conversion of a portion of the energy of a magnetic material into heat during the magnetization and demagnetization processes. Dielectric loss refers to the phenomenon in which a dielectric material, in an alternating electric field, generates heat due to the consumption of some electrical energy.

[0137] A larger scaling factor (related to permeability and dielectric constant), for example, a scaling factor close to 6, can reduce the length of the antenna. Furthermore, a larger relative permeability can significantly increase the antenna's inductance, thereby improving the antenna's efficiency and bandwidth.

[0138] Physical length (PL): refers to the mechanical length or geometric length.

[0139] Electrical length (EL): is the length related to the wavelength. Generally, the electrical length must be at least one-quarter wavelength to achieve resonance. In some application scenarios, the electrical length can be represented by the ratio of the physical length to the wavelength of the transmitted electromagnetic wave, see formula (1):

[0140] Among them, L' is the electrical size, L is the physical size, and λ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.

[0141] It's understandable that the relationship between physical and electrical dimensions requires consideration of frequency and the dielectric substrate (medium). For example, if the resonant component is a half-wavelength resonant structure, the electrical dimensions of the resonant component are always half a wavelength, regardless of the dielectric frequency. However, physical dimensions differ from electrical dimensions in that they are dependent on the dielectric frequency. For example, at a dielectric frequency of 3 GHz, the physical dimensions of the resonant component in air are 100 mm; however, if a medium with a relative permittivity of 4 is used as the substrate for the resonant component, the physical dimensions of the resonant component are 50 mm.

[0142] It should be noted that magnetic loss refers to the irreversible conversion of a portion of the energy of a magnetic material into heat during the magnetization and demagnetization processes. The energy lost is called magnetic loss. Dielectric loss refers to the phenomenon that the dielectric itself generates heat due to the consumption of a portion of the electrical energy in an alternating electric field. (e.g. scaling factor Close to 6), the size of the antenna can be reduced. Furthermore, a larger relative permeability can greatly increase the inductance of the antenna, thereby improving the efficiency and bandwidth of the antenna.

[0143] After describing the technical terms involved in this application, the technical solutions involved in this application will be described in detail below.

[0144] In order to solve the problems in the background technology, some technical solutions of the present application provide an antenna A', in which the electromagnetic structure S' in the antenna A' increases the inductance through resonance, thereby improving the equivalent relative magnetic permeability of the electromagnetic structure S'. The electromagnetic structure S' in the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Figure 2(a) shows a stereoscopic view of the antenna A' in some technical solutions of the present application. Figure 2(b) shows a stereoscopic view of the open resonant ring 40' in the electromagnetic structure S' in some technical solutions of the present application. Figure 3 shows a circuit diagram corresponding to the electromagnetic structure S' in some embodiments of the present application.

[0145] As shown in Figures 2(a), 2(b), and 3, the electromagnetic structure S' includes a first metal layer 10', a dielectric layer 20', a second metal layer 30', and several split resonant rings 40'. The first metal layer 10', the dielectric layer 20', and the second metal layer 30' are stacked in sequence. The first metal layer 10' can be used for power feeding, i.e., the first metal layer 10' is a radiating surface, and the second metal layer 30' can be used for grounding, i.e., the second metal layer 30' is a grounding surface. The dielectric layer 20' can be a dielectric material or air, and the split resonant rings 40' can be made of metal. Several split resonant rings 40' are arranged along the stacking direction and periodically arranged within the dielectric layer 20'. In the electromagnetic structure S', the direction of the magnetic field is the direction passing through the split resonant rings 40', such as the direction D1 in Figure 2(a). The direction of the electric field is the direction from the second metal layer 30' to the first metal layer 10', such as the direction D2 in Figure 2(a). The electromagnetic wave propagation direction is perpendicular to the magnetic field direction and the electric field direction, such as direction D3 in Figure 2(a). In some implementations, the magnetic field direction D1, the electric field direction D2, and the electromagnetic wave propagation direction D3 are perpendicular to each other.

[0146] As shown in Figure 3, the split resonant ring 40' forms a magnetic resonant loop during resonance, increasing the equivalent inductance of the electromagnetic structure S'. Due to resonance, the electromagnetic structure S' changes the electromagnetic field within the space it fills. This phenomenon can be equivalent to a magnetic medium, thereby increasing the equivalent magnetic permeability of the electromagnetic structure S' at the resonant frequency.

[0147] The following will describe the variation of the equivalent relative magnetic permeability corresponding to the electromagnetic structure S' with frequency. Figure 4 shows a graph showing the variation of the equivalent relative magnetic permeability corresponding to the electromagnetic structure S' in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 4, the equivalent relative magnetic permeability of the electromagnetic structure S' in the frequency range of 3.2 GHz to 3.3 GHz is greater than 1. The equivalent relative magnetic permeability of the electromagnetic structure S' at the resonant frequency (3.3 GHz) is approximately 8.

[0148] To facilitate understanding of the degree of miniaturization of the electromagnetic structure S', the following description is made in conjunction with the physical and electrical dimensions of the split ring resonator 40'. As shown in Figure 2(b), the physical dimensions of the split ring resonator 40' can be calculated using formula (2): lp = 2a + 2b - g (2)

[0149] Wherein, lp represents the physical size; a represents the height of the split resonant ring 40 ′; b represents the width of the split resonant ring 40 ′; and g represents the size of the opening on the split resonant ring 40 ′.

[0150] The electrical size le of the split resonant ring 40 ′ can be calculated according to the aforementioned formula (1). Based on this, the electrical size le of the split resonant ring 40 ′ is positively correlated with the physical size lp of the split resonant ring 40 ′.

[0151] It can be understood that the open resonant ring 40', as a basic unit in the electromagnetic structure S', is a resonant structure. In order to achieve resonance, the electrical dimension le of the open resonant ring 40' needs to meet certain requirements. For example, the electrical dimension le of the open resonant ring 40' is half a wavelength. According to the aforementioned formula (1), the electrical dimension le of the open resonant ring 40' is positively correlated with the physical dimension lp of the open resonant ring 40'. Based on this, when the electrical dimension le of the open resonant ring 40' is half a wavelength, the physical dimension lp of the open resonant ring 40' is relatively large. And because the physical dimension lp of the open resonant ring 40' is positively correlated with the height a in the open resonant ring 40' and the width b in the open resonant ring 40'. Therefore, when the electrical dimension le of the open resonant ring 40' is relatively large, the height a in the open resonant ring 40' and / or the width b in the open resonant ring 40' are large.

[0152] On the one hand, although the above-mentioned electromagnetic structure can improve the equivalent magnetic permeability, the size of the open resonant ring 40' is difficult to adjust, making this electromagnetic structure difficult to use in terminal antennas. In order to achieve resonance, the electrical size of the open resonant ring 40' in the electromagnetic structure S' is relatively large, and the physical size of the open resonant ring 40' is large. Therefore, the periodic arrangement of the open resonant ring 40' in the electromagnetic structure S' is also relatively large. In some application scenarios, the width b of the open resonant ring 40' is small, and the height a of the open resonant ring 40' is large. This structure will make the height of the antenna along the z-axis large, and it is impossible to achieve miniaturization of the antenna. In other application scenarios, the height a of the open resonant ring 40' is small, and the width b of the open resonant ring 40' is large. This structure will make the size of the antenna perpendicular to the z-axis large, which will make it difficult to achieve a periodic arrangement of the open resonant ring 40', and thus the relative magnetic permeability of the electromagnetic structure S' is low. On the other hand, the effective bandwidth of the above-mentioned electromagnetic structure S' is relatively narrow, and it is equivalent to a high-permeability magnetic material only at a single frequency point (for example, 3.3 GHz in Figure 4).

[0153] In order to solve the problem that the aforementioned electromagnetic structure is difficult to apply to terminal antennas and has a relatively narrow effective bandwidth, the present application also provides an electromagnetic structure, which will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The electromagnetic structure increases the inductance through resonance and thereby improves the corresponding equivalent relative permeability. The electromagnetic structure in the present application will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Figure 5 shows a structural diagram of the electromagnetic structure S" in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 6 shows an equivalent relative permeability curve of the electromagnetic structure S" in some embodiments of the present application.

[0154] As shown in Figure 5, the electromagnetic structure S" includes a first metal layer 10", a dielectric layer 20", and a second metal layer 30" stacked in sequence, wherein the first metal layer 10" can be grounded, the dielectric layer 20" can be a dielectric material or air, and the second metal layer 30" can be fed. The first metal layer 10" etches a complementary metal open resonant ring, and the third metal layer 30" etches a winding line wrapped in a metal frame. And the winding line must be bent to an electrical size sufficient for resonance. The third metal layer 30" of this structure does not have the potential to achieve high equivalent magnetic permeability (the maximum is 4). The third metal layer 30" must also cooperate with the defective open resonant ring periodic structure etched on the first metal layer 10" to work together to control the electromagnetic field during resonance. As shown in Figure 6, the above-mentioned electromagnetic structure S" can achieve an equivalent magnetic permeability greater than 1 near the resonant frequency.

[0155] The equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to the above-mentioned electromagnetic structure S" is relatively low, and there is an equivalent magnetic permeability jump at the resonant frequency. In addition, near the resonance point of 3 GHz, the equivalent relative magnetic permeability changes suddenly and is unstable, which increases the difficulty of designing the physical size of the antenna based on the magnetic dielectric parameters, thereby increasing the difficulty of designing the antenna. For example, the antenna is a broadband antenna, and the various resonant frequencies of the broadband antenna will shift due to the uneven magnetic permeability. In addition, the application of the electromagnetic structure of the double-layer etched pattern in the terminal antenna is limited. For example, the terminal device generally includes a ground plane, so the ground plane can be used for etching or loading the equivalent magnetic material structure, but the antenna surface is usually relatively small in length, and there is basically no etching / loading space. Therefore, there are relatively few application scenarios in which etching can be performed on both the ground plane and the antenna surface, which narrows the application scope of the electromagnetic structure S".

[0156] To address the relatively low equivalent magnetic permeability of the aforementioned electromagnetic structure, the present application provides an electromagnetic structure. This electromagnetic structure achieves normal propagation of electromagnetic waves and improves the equivalent relative magnetic permeability through a non-resonant method. The corresponding technical solution of the present application will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Figure 7(a) shows a three-dimensional view of an electromagnetic structure S in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 7(b) shows a three-dimensional view of a portion of the electromagnetic structure S in some embodiments of the present application.

[0157] As shown in Figures 7(a) and 7(b), in some embodiments of the present application, the electromagnetic structure S includes a first metal layer 10, a dielectric layer 20, and a second metal layer 30 stacked in sequence along a stacking direction. One of the first metal layer 10 and the second metal layer is fed, and the other is grounded. The first metal layer 10 includes a plurality of basic units U arranged periodically within a first plane. The electrical dimensions of the basic units U are subwavelength, much smaller than the operating wavelength, and thus the electromagnetic structure S is a non-resonant unit. Each basic unit U includes a boundary line 100, and the area of ​​the basic unit U enclosed by the boundary line 100 is at least partially hollowed out. The first plane is perpendicular to the stacking direction.

[0158] Among them, the basic unit U is at least partially hollowed out in the area enclosed by the boundary line, which means that in the area enclosed by the boundary line, the dielectric layer 20 can be exposed through the first metal layer 10, that is, in the area enclosed by the boundary line, the user can observe the dielectric layer 20 through the first metal layer 10.

[0159] In some embodiments of the present application, the first metal layer 10 is used for power feeding, and the second metal layer 30 is used for grounding.

[0160] In some other embodiments of the present application, the first metal layer 10 is grounded, and the second metal layer 30 is fed.

[0161] In some embodiments of the present application, the first metal layer 10 and the second metal layer 30 may be made of any material capable of effectively transmitting electromagnetic waves. The dielectric layer 20 may be a dielectric material or air. This application does not impose any specific limitations on this.

[0162] In some implementations, the basic units U in the first metal layer 10 of the electromagnetic structure S may be identical. Alternatively, in some other implementations, the basic units U in the first metal layer 10 of the electromagnetic structure S may be different. For example, the basic units U in the first metal layer 10 may have similar structures but different sizes, or the basic units U in the first metal layer 10 may have different structures. This application does not impose any specific limitations on this.

[0163] The electromagnetic structure S comprises a first metal layer 10, a dielectric layer 20, and a third metal layer 30 stacked in sequence. The periodically arranged basic units in the first metal layer 10 include boundary lines 100. The periodically arranged boundary lines 100, the dielectric layer 20, and the third metal layer 30 cooperate to achieve normal propagation of electromagnetic waves within the electromagnetic structure S. At the same time, the area enclosed by the boundary lines 100 is at least partially hollowed out to attenuate the magnetic field between the first metal layer 10 and the second metal layer 30, thereby improving the equivalent relative magnetic permeability of the electromagnetic structure S. It is worth noting that the electromagnetic structure does not require resonance of the basic unit U to improve the equivalent relative magnetic permeability. Therefore, the electrical dimensions corresponding to the basic unit U can be relatively small, that is, the physical dimensions of the structure corresponding to the basic unit U can be effectively reduced, facilitating the miniaturization of the basic unit U, and thus facilitating the miniaturization of the electromagnetic structure S, and thus facilitating the miniaturization of the communication device (e.g., antenna) using the electromagnetic structure S.

[0164] It is worth noting that the equivalent relative magnetic permeability of the electromagnetic structure S in the present application can simulate the change of magnetic permeability by changing the magnetic field intensity inside the electromagnetic structure S, which will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0165] Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of the internal magnetic field of the structure corresponding to the basic unit U (basic unit U, the dielectric layer 200 corresponding to the basic unit U, and the second metal layer 300 corresponding to the basic unit U) in some embodiments of the present application after a plane electromagnetic wave is incident. The internal magnetic field schematic corresponding to Figure 8 corresponds to the basic unit in Figures 7(a) and 7(b), where D1 is the magnetic field direction of the basic unit U and D2 is the electromagnetic wave transmission direction of the basic unit U. As shown in Figure 8, the magnetic field intensity of the internal magnetic field of the basic unit U of the electromagnetic structure S in the present application after the plane electromagnetic wave is incident ranges from 10A / m to 70A / m. Furthermore, along the magnetic field direction D1, the magnetic field intensity corresponding to the basic unit U gradually decreases, and after reaching the middle position l0 of the basic unit, the magnetic field intensity corresponding to the basic unit U gradually increases. In some implementations, the magnetic field intensity corresponding to the basic unit U is symmetrical relative to the middle position l0. In addition, along the electromagnetic wave transmission direction D2, the magnetic field intensity corresponding to the basic unit U remains substantially consistent. The electromagnetic structure of the present application attenuates the magnetic field within the structure, resulting in high wave impedance and thus simulating a high equivalent magnetic permeability.

[0166] The electromagnetic structure S is non-resonantly etched, which does not alter wave propagation and has a small electrical dimension. The basic unit U in the electromagnetic structure S has its internal metal hollowed out, leaving only its boundary lines. In other words, by reducing the metal within the boundary area of ​​the basic unit U in the electromagnetic structure S, the current-carrying surface is reduced, weakening the internal magnetic field of the basic unit U. Furthermore, the basic units U in the electromagnetic structure S are periodically arranged, enabling control of the electromagnetic field of the electromagnetic structure S.

[0167] In some embodiments of the present application, the number of basic units in the electromagnetic structure S may be finite, for example, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, etc. In other embodiments of the present application, the number of basic units in the electromagnetic structure S may also be infinite. This application does not impose any specific limitation on this.

[0168] In some embodiments of the present application, the basic units in the electromagnetic structure S are unidirectionally periodically arranged along a certain direction.

[0169] In some other embodiments of the present application, the basic units in the electromagnetic structure S may also be periodically arranged in two intersecting directions within a certain plane. In some implementations, the two intersecting directions are perpendicular to each other.

[0170] Figure 9 shows a schematic diagram of the internal magnetic field of a basic unit of an electromagnetic structure in some existing technical solutions in some embodiments of the present application after a plane electromagnetic wave is incident. The internal magnetic field schematic diagram corresponding to Figure 9 corresponds to a basic unit in a conventional dielectric material. When a plane electromagnetic wave propagates through a conventional dielectric material, its magnetic field remains uniform and constant. The magnetic field strength of the basic unit after the plane electromagnetic wave is incident ranges from approximately 55 A / m.

[0171] Comparing Figures 8 and 9, it can be seen that the internal magnetic field of the basic unit U in the electromagnetic structure S of the present application is significantly reduced. This is mainly because the electromagnetic structure of the present application includes periodically arranged basic units to control the electromagnetic field within the electromagnetic structure. In the basic unit, by at least partially hollowing out the internal metal, the area where the metal is located is reduced, the current-carrying surface is reduced, and the internal magnetic field is weakened, thereby achieving a higher wave impedance and simulating a higher equivalent relative permeability.

[0172] Figure 10 shows a schematic diagram of the variation of the equivalent relative magnetic permeability of the electromagnetic structures in some existing technical solutions and the electromagnetic structure S in this application in some embodiments of the present application. Among them, la corresponds to the relative magnetic permeability corresponding to the electromagnetic structures in some existing technical solutions, and lb corresponds to the relative magnetic permeability corresponding to the electromagnetic structures in some technical solutions of this application. As shown in Figure 10, the relative magnetic permeability corresponding to the electromagnetic structures in some existing technical solutions ranges from approximately 0.8 to 1. The relative magnetic permeability of the electromagnetic structure in this application ranges from approximately 6.8 to 9.3. Moreover, in this application, the relative magnetic permeability of the electromagnetic structure increases slightly with increasing frequency. Therefore, the electromagnetic structure S corresponding to this application can ensure that the magnetic field inside the electromagnetic structure S is stable within a relatively wide frequency range, achieving broadband equivalent magnetic material properties. The equivalent magnetic permeability simulation results of the electromagnetic structure S can obtain a stable equivalent relative magnetic permeability of more than 7 within the broadband frequency band of 0.6 to 6 GHz.

[0173] The working principle of the technical solution in this application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0174] In electromagnetism, when a magnetic material is excited by an external magnetic induction intensity B0, its internal molecules become magnetized with a magnetization intensity M, which increases its magnetic permeability. The goal of an equivalent material is to simulate changes in material parameters by making its equivalent electromagnetic structure respond to electromagnetic waves.

[0175] Figure 11(a) shows a schematic diagram of some existing conventional materials. The magnetic induction intensity of conventional materials can be calculated by formula (3): B0 = μ o μ r H (3)

[0176] Among them, B0 is the magnetic induction intensity; μ0 is the vacuum magnetic permeability; μ r is the relative magnetic permeability; H is the magnetic field intensity.

[0177] According to formula (3), it is not difficult to calculate the relative magnetic permeability μ r The calculation formula (4):

[0178] Among them, μ r is the relative magnetic permeability; B0 is the magnetic induction intensity; μ0 is the vacuum magnetic permeability; H is the magnetic field intensity.

[0179] Figure 11(b) shows a schematic diagram of some existing magnetic materials. The improvement of magnetic permeability of magnetic materials comes from material magnetization, and conventional materials do not have magnetization ability. Among them, the magnetic induction intensity of magnetic materials can be calculated by formula (5): B = μ o H+M (5)

[0180] Among them, B is the magnetic induction intensity; μ0 is the vacuum magnetic permeability; H is the magnetic field intensity; M is the magnetization intensity.

[0181] According to formula (5), it is not difficult to deduce the calculation formula (6) of magnetic induction intensity B: B = μ o (1+γm)H (6)

[0182] Among them, B is the magnetic induction intensity; μ0 is the vacuum magnetic permeability; H is the magnetic field intensity; γ is a constant; m is the relative magnetization intensity.

[0183] According to formula (6), it is not difficult to calculate the relative magnetic permeability μ r The calculation formula (7):

[0184] Among them, μ r is the relative magnetic permeability; B0 is the magnetic induction intensity; μ0 is the vacuum magnetic permeability; H is the magnetic field intensity; γ is a constant; m is the relative magnetization intensity.

[0185] Figure 11(c) shows a schematic diagram of some existing equivalent magnetic materials. The equivalent magnetic material uses the change in magnetic field strength inside the electromagnetic structure to simulate the change in magnetic permeability. The magnetic induction intensity of the equivalent magnetic material can be calculated using formula (8): B0 = μ o μ r H=μ o μ′ r H1 (8)

[0186] Among them, B0 is the magnetic induction intensity; μ0 is the vacuum magnetic permeability; μ r is the relative magnetic permeability; H is the magnetic field intensity; μ r ' is the equivalent relative magnetic permeability; H1 is the equivalent magnetic field intensity.

[0187] According to formula (8), it is not difficult to deduce the calculation formula (9) of the equivalent relative magnetic permeability of the equivalent magnetic material:

[0188] If H1<H, then μ r '>μ r >1.

[0189] Among them, μ r' is the equivalent relative magnetic permeability; B0 is the magnetic induction intensity; μ0 is the vacuum magnetic permeability; H1 is the equivalent magnetic field intensity.

[0190] Figure 11(d) shows a schematic diagram of the electromagnetic structure in this application. As shown in Figure 11(d), a non-resonant electromagnetic structure, by etching a suitable pattern, reduces the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the electromagnetic structure unit over a wide frequency range, thereby achieving a higher equivalent relative permeability.

[0191] Figure 12(a) shows a schematic diagram of the simulation of ordinary materials being penetrated by TEM waves in some technical solutions. Figure 12(b) shows the direction of the magnetic field corresponding to Figure 12(a). Figure 12(c) shows a schematic diagram of the distribution of the magnetic field inside the basic unit of the structure corresponding to Figure 12(a) over a wide frequency band. Figure 12(d) shows a schematic diagram of the distribution of the equivalent relative permeability corresponding to the internal structure of the basic unit of the structure corresponding to Figure 12(a). As shown in Figures 12(c) and 12(d), the magnetic field inside the unit is uniformly distributed over a wide frequency band, and the equivalent relative permeability extracted from the unit is 1.

[0192] Figure 13(a) illustrates a schematic diagram of an electromagnetic structure S being passed through by a TEM wave in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 13(b) illustrates the magnetic field direction corresponding to Figure 13(a). Figure 13(c) illustrates the distribution of the magnetic field within a basic unit of the structure corresponding to Figure 13(a) over a wide frequency band. As shown in Figure 13, the magnetic field within the unit is weakened, and the equivalent relative permeability extracted within the unit is greater than 1 (e.g., 3.5).

[0193] FIG14 shows the curves showing the change in magnetic field intensity and equivalent relative permeability under different application scenarios in some embodiments of the present application. Here, lc corresponds to the magnetic field intensity change curve of FIG13(a), ld corresponds to the magnetic field intensity change curve of FIG12(a), le corresponds to the equivalent relative permeability change curve of FIG13(a), and ld corresponds to the equivalent relative permeability change curve of FIG12(a). As shown in FIG14, the structure corresponding to FIG13(a) is weaker in magnetic field intensity compared to the structure corresponding to FIG12(a), as can be seen from the comparison between lc and ld, and the equivalent relative permeability is higher in equivalent relative permeability compared to FIG12(a).

[0194] The technical solution provided in this application can be applied to structures with a double metal layer. The technical solution provided in this application can be applied to electromagnetic structures that require electromagnetic wave transmission. In addition, the technical solution provided in this application can also be applied to antennas that require electromagnetic wave transmission. That is, the electromagnetic structure can be integrated into the antenna. In some implementations, the antenna can include but is not limited to patch antennas, strip antennas, slot antennas, cavity antennas, and other antennas with two opposing metal surfaces. In addition, the technical solution provided in this application can also be applied to electronic devices and communication devices that require electromagnetic wave transmission. That is, the antenna can be integrated into electronic devices and communication devices. In some implementations, the electronic devices include but are not limited to any one of mobile phones, watches, tablets, laptops, and Internet of Things products. In some implementations, the communication devices include but are not limited to any one of large base stations, small base stations, etc. This application does not make specific restrictions on this.

[0195] The following will take mobile phone M as an example to describe the technical solution corresponding to this application.

[0196] FIG15 shows a schematic structural diagram of a mobile phone M in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in FIG15 , in some embodiments of the present application, the mobile phone M includes an antenna A and a support body B. The antenna A is arranged on the support body B. The antenna A may include the electromagnetic structure S corresponding to FIG7( a) and FIG7( b). The specific type of the antenna A may be at least one of a patch antenna, a strip antenna, a cavity antenna, and a slot antenna, which is not specifically limited in this application. It can be understood that the basic unit in the electromagnetic structure S can be etched or loaded on the radiation plane or the ground plane of the antenna to achieve the effect of miniaturization of the antenna area, which is not specifically limited here.

[0197] In this application, the antenna has two planar metal layers, and the antenna magnetic field has a horizontal magnetic field. The figures listed herein are schematic diagrams of the present invention and do not constitute limitations of the present invention. For ease of understanding and description, the following description will use a patch antenna as an example.

[0198] Figure 16 shows a perspective view of a patch antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 16, in some embodiments of the present application, patch antenna Aa includes a first metal layer 10a, a dielectric layer 20a, and a second metal layer 30a. The first metal layer 10a provides power, while the second metal layer 30a provides grounding. The first metal layer 10a, dielectric layer 20a, and second metal layer 30a form an electromagnetic structure Sa.

[0199] Figure 17(a) shows a top view of a patch antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 17(b) shows a bottom view of a patch antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application. Combining Figures 17(a) and 17(b) shows that in some embodiments of the present application, the second metal layer 30a includes a plurality of basic units Ua arranged periodically within a first plane. It will be appreciated that in other embodiments, the first metal layer 10a includes a plurality of basic units arranged periodically within a first plane.

[0200] Figure 18(a) shows a schematic diagram of the magnetic field distribution of patch antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 18(b) shows a schematic diagram of the magnetic field distribution of patch antenna Aa in some other technical solutions. By comparing Figures 18(a) and 18(b), it is clear that the internal magnetic field of patch antenna Aa is effectively weakened.

[0201] Figure 19 shows a comparison of the S-parameters and radiation efficiency of patch antenna Aa in some embodiments of this application and patch antennas in other technical solutions. As shown in Figure 19, the electromagnetic structure in this application achieves antenna miniaturization and broadband performance while maintaining radiation efficiency, consistent with the performance of ideal lossless magnetic materials.

[0202] In addition, the radiation efficiency at the resonant frequency of this application is approximately -0.51dB, while the radiation efficiency at the resonant frequency of some existing technical solutions is approximately -0.23dB. It is understandable that this difference in radiation efficiency may be caused by size. Large sizes have relatively strong radiation capabilities. When the structure is miniaturized, using a smaller size to radiate electromagnetic waves of the same frequency will result in slight differences in radiation efficiency, which will not be described in detail here.

[0203] In some embodiments of the present application, the basic units in the electromagnetic structure may be arranged periodically, which is not specifically limited in the present application.

[0204] In some embodiments of the present application, a metal strip structure can be added to the inner side of the metal frame of the basic unit. The metal strip structure is rotatable and connectable, with no limit on the number of strips; the frame line itself can be bent, with no limit on the number of bends and the direction of the bend.

[0205] The following will describe in detail possible technical solutions for the electromagnetic structure of the patch antenna Aa of the present application with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0206] Figure 20(a) shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic structure Sa in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 20(b) shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic structure Sa in some other embodiments of the present application.

[0207] As shown in Figures 20(a) and 20(b), in some embodiments of the present application, the electromagnetic structure Sa in the patch antenna Aa includes a first metal layer 10a, a dielectric layer 20a, and a second metal layer 30a, stacked in sequence. The first metal layer 10a provides power feeding, while the second metal layer 30a provides grounding. The first metal layer 10a includes basic units Ua periodically arranged along the x-direction. The electrical dimensions le of the basic units Ua are significantly smaller than the operating wavelength, allowing them to be incorporated into low-profile antennas or resonant structures.

[0208] The electromagnetic structure can have a wide working bandwidth and a high equivalent relative magnetic permeability without introducing additional losses, and the fluctuation of the equivalent relative magnetic permeability within the working bandwidth is small.

[0209] In some embodiments of the present application, the basic unit Ua includes a boundary line 100a. The boundary line 100a can extend along the boundary of the basic unit Ua to maintain normal propagation of electromagnetic waves. The area enclosed by the boundary line 100a is at least partially hollowed out to attenuate the internal magnetic field and thereby increase the equivalent relative magnetic permeability. The entire electromagnetic structure Sa does not require resonance, thereby making the electrical dimensions of the electromagnetic structure relatively small. This facilitates the miniaturization of the electromagnetic structure Sa and the antenna corresponding to the electromagnetic structure Sa.

[0210] In some embodiments of the present application, the shape of the boundary line 100a in the basic unit Ua can be any one of regular shapes such as a square (as shown in FIG. 20 (a)), a rectangle, a triangle, a circle (as shown in FIG. 20 (b)), and an ellipse, or an irregular geometric figure. The present application does not make specific restrictions on this. It is understood that the present application does not limit the specific shape of the boundary line 100a in the basic unit. Any boundary line 100a that can achieve no loss, a wide working bandwidth, and a high equivalent relative permeability is within the scope of protection of the present application, and no examples will be given here one by one.

[0211] In addition, in some implementations, the boundary line 100a can be a closed line, that is, the boundary line 100a encloses a sealed area. In other alternative implementations, the boundary line 100a can also be a non-closed line. It is understood that any form of the boundary line 100a that can achieve effective transmission of electrical signals is within the scope of protection of this application, and this application does not specifically limit this. For ease of understanding and description, the following description will take the example of a square boundary line in the basic unit.

[0212] FIG. 21 shows a top view of the electromagnetic structure Sa in some embodiments of the present application. FIG. 22(a) shows a schematic structural diagram of a basic unit Ua in the electromagnetic structure Sa in FIG. 21. FIG. 22(b) shows a schematic structural diagram of another basic unit Ua in the electromagnetic structure Sa in FIG. 21. FIG. 22(c) shows a schematic structural diagram of another basic unit Ua in the electromagnetic structure Sa in FIG. 21.

[0213] As shown in FIG. 22(a), in some implementation manners, the shape of the boundary line 100a in the basic unit Ua of the electromagnetic structure Sa can be a "square" shape. As shown in FIG. 22(b), in other implementation manners, the shape of the boundary line 100a in the basic unit Ua of the electromagnetic structure Sa can also be an "I" shape. As shown in FIG. 22(c), in other implementation manners, the shape of the boundary line 100a in the basic unit Ua of the electromagnetic structure Sa can also be a "C" shape. It can be understood that all forms of the basic unit Ua that can implement the electromagnetic structure Sa corresponding to FIG. 21 are within the protection scope of the present application, and the present application does not make specific limitations thereto.

[0214] Next, some specific structures of the boundary line 100a will be described by taking the boundary line 100a in FIG. 22(b) as an example.

[0215] In some embodiments of the present application, the basic unit of the electromagnetic structure is further improved. The basic unit is formed after the boundary line is bent multiple times. Since the current at the bending point is reversed, the magnetic fields corresponding to the currents at the bends can cancel each other out in the opposite direction, so the attenuation of the magnetic field inside the structure can be enhanced, and a higher equivalent magnetic permeability can be achieved. This will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0216] FIG. 23(a) shows a top view of the boundary line 100a in some embodiments of the present application. FIG. 23(b) shows a schematic diagram of the current flowing through the boundary line 100a in FIG. 23(a). FIG. 23(c) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of the boundary line 100a in some embodiments of the present application.As shown in FIG. 23(a), in some embodiments of the present application, the second boundary segment 120a extends in a reciprocating and bending manner in the first plane. The boundary line 100a includes two relatively arranged first boundary segments 110a, and a second boundary segment 120a for connecting the two first boundary segments 110a. Among them, the first boundary segment 110a is parallel to the magnetic field direction D1, and the second boundary segment 120a is perpendicular to the magnetic field direction D1. As shown in FIG. 23(b), when the current flows through the boundary line 100a, the current direction in the second boundary segment 120a points from one first boundary segment 110a to the other first boundary segment 110a. As shown in FIG. 23(c), the overall magnetic field strength where the boundary line 100a is located is relatively low, but the magnetic field strength in the region corresponding to the second boundary segment 120a in the boundary line 100a is relatively high.

[0217] Figure 24(a) shows a top view of the boundary line 100a in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 24(b) shows a schematic diagram of the current flowing through the boundary line 100a in Figure 24(a). Figure 24(c) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of the boundary line 100a in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 24(a), in some embodiments of the present application, the boundary line 100a includes two first boundary segments 110a arranged opposite to each other, and a second boundary segment 120a for connecting the two first boundary segments 110a. The second boundary segment 120a includes a boundary segment 121a, a boundary segment 122a, a boundary segment 123a, a boundary segment 124a, and a boundary segment 125a connected end to end. Among them, the first boundary segment 110a, the boundary segment 122a, and the boundary segment 124a are parallel to the magnetic field direction D1, and the boundary segment 121a, the boundary segment 123a, and the boundary segment 125a are perpendicular to the magnetic field direction D1. As shown in Figure 24(b), when current flows through boundary line 100a, the current in second boundary segment 120a flows from boundary segment 125a to boundary segment 121a. As shown in Figure 24(c), the magnetic field strength of the entire boundary line 100a is relatively low, but the magnetic field strength of the area corresponding to second boundary segment 120a of boundary line 100a is relatively high.

[0218] In addition, comparing Figure 24(c) with Figure 23(c), it is not difficult to find that the magnetic field intensity in Figure 24(c) is relatively lower and more uniform. This may be because the boundary segments 122a, 123a, and 124a in the second boundary segment 120a corresponding to Figure 24(c) are in a bent state. The currents in the boundary segments 122a and 124a in the bent state are opposite, so the magnetic fields generated by the boundary segments 122a and 124a can cancel each other out, thereby enhancing the weakening of the magnetic field inside the structure. In addition, the boundary segments 121a, 123a, and 125a in the second boundary segment 120a corresponding to Figure 24(c) are all perpendicular to the magnetic field direction D1. Compared with Figure 23(c), the boundary segments perpendicular to the magnetic field direction corresponding to Figure 24(c) (such as boundary segment 121a, boundary segment 123a and boundary segment 125a) are more dispersed, which may also make the magnetic field strength of the boundary line 100a relatively smaller and more uniform.

[0219] Figure 25(a) shows a top view of the boundary line 100a in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 25(b) shows a schematic diagram of the current flowing through the boundary line 100a in Figure 25(a). Figure 25(c) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of the boundary line 100a in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 25(a), in some embodiments of the present application, the boundary line 100a includes two first boundary segments 110a arranged opposite to each other, and a second boundary segment 120a for connecting the two first boundary segments 110a. The second boundary segment 120a includes a boundary segment 121a, a boundary segment 122a, a boundary segment 123a, a boundary segment 124a, a boundary segment 125a, a boundary segment 126a, a boundary segment 127a, a boundary segment 128a, and a boundary segment 129a connected in sequence end to end. Among them, the first boundary segment 110a, boundary segment 122a, boundary segment 124a, boundary segment 126a, and boundary segment 128a are parallel to the magnetic field direction D1, and the boundary segments 121a, boundary segment 123a, boundary segment 125a, boundary segment 127a, and boundary segment 129a are perpendicular to the magnetic field direction D1. As shown in Figure 25(b), when current flows through the boundary line 100a, the direction of current in the second boundary segment 120a flows from the boundary segment 129a to the boundary segment 121a. As shown in Figure 25(c), the magnetic field intensity of the entire boundary line 100a is relatively low, but the magnetic field intensity in the area corresponding to the second boundary segment 120a of the boundary line 100a is slightly increased.

[0220] In addition, by comparing Figure 25(c) and Figure 24(c), it is not difficult to find that the magnetic field intensity in Figure 25(c) is relatively lower and more uniform. This may be because the bending state in the second boundary segment 120a corresponding to Figure 25(c) is more significant. The current in the bending state is reversed, and the magnetic field generated is reversed, thereby enhancing the weakening of the magnetic field inside the structure. In addition, compared with Figure 24(c), the boundary segments perpendicular to the magnetic field direction corresponding to Figure 25(c) (such as boundary segment 121a, boundary segment 123a, boundary segment 125a, boundary segment 127a and boundary segment 129a) are more dispersed, which may also make the magnetic field intensity of the boundary line 100a relatively smaller and more uniform.

[0221] Figure 26 shows the magnetic field strength and equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to different forms of basic units Ua in some embodiments of the present application. Among them, l01 represents the curve of the change of magnetic field strength corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 23(a) with frequency. l02 represents the curve of the change of equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 23(a) with frequency. l11 represents the curve of the change of magnetic field strength corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 24(a) with frequency. l12 represents the curve of the change of equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 24(a) with frequency. l21 represents the curve of the change of magnetic field strength corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 25(a) with frequency. l22 represents the curve of the change of equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 25(a) with frequency. As shown in Figure 26, from Figure 23(a) to Figure 24(a) and then to Figure 25(a), as the bending degree of the second boundary segment 120a in the boundary line 100a becomes gradually complex, the magnetic field intensity corresponding to the boundary line 100a gradually decreases, and the equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to the boundary line 100a gradually increases.

[0222] FIG27 shows a top view of a boundary line 100a in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in FIG27 , in some embodiments of the present application, the boundary line 100a includes two first boundary segments 110a arranged opposite each other, and a second boundary segment 120a for connecting the two first boundary segments 110a. The second boundary segment 120a includes a boundary segment 121a, a boundary segment 122a, a boundary segment 123a, a boundary segment 124a, a boundary segment 125a, a boundary segment 126a, a boundary segment 127a, a boundary segment 128a, and a boundary segment 129a, which are connected end to end. The first boundary segment 110a, the boundary segment 122a, the boundary segment 124a, the boundary segment 126a, and the boundary segment 128a are parallel to the magnetic field direction D1, and the boundary segments 121a, the boundary segment 123a, the boundary segment 125a, the boundary segment 127a, and the boundary segment 129a are perpendicular to the magnetic field direction D1. Comparing FIG. 27 with FIG. 25( a ), it can be seen that the size and orientation of the boundary line 100 a in FIG. 27 have been adaptively adjusted.

[0223] FIG28 shows a top view of boundary line 100a in some embodiments of the present application. FIG28 is substantially the same as FIG25(a), except that boundary segments 124a and 126a in second boundary segment 120a are further bent. A detailed description thereof will not be provided here.

[0224] FIG29 shows a perspective view of an electromagnetic structure Sa in some embodiments of the present application. The electromagnetic structure Sa includes the etching pattern shown in FIG27 .

[0225] It will be appreciated that Figures 23(a) through 29 illustrate only the possible specific structures of boundary line 100a in electromagnetic structure Sa when boundary line 100a in basic unit Ua can also be in an "I" shape. The specific structures of boundary lines 100a in "O" and "C" shapes are similar to the aforementioned "I"-shaped boundary line 100a and will not be further described here.

[0226] In some embodiments of the present application, the basic unit of the electromagnetic structure is further improved. In the basic unit Ua, metal strips are placed symmetrically near the boundary line 100a. The metal strips are bent and connected, forming a periodic arrangement along the X direction. The electrical dimensions of the basic unit are much smaller than the operating wavelength. This will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0227] Figure 30 shows a three-dimensional view of an electromagnetic structure Sa in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 30 , the electromagnetic structure Sa comprises a first metal layer 10a, a dielectric layer 20a, and a second metal layer 30a, stacked in sequence. The first metal layer 10a provides power feeding, while the second metal layer 30a provides grounding. The first metal layer 10a includes basic units Ua periodically arranged along the x-direction. The basic units Ua include boundary lines 100a and internal lines 200a. The internal lines 200a extend back and forth in a zigzag pattern within the plane of arrangement.

[0228] In some implementations, the inner line 200a is bent inside the boundary line 100a, and at least a portion of the inner line 200a is parallel to the second boundary segment 120a of the boundary line 100a.

[0229] Figure 31(a) shows a top view of the basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 31(b) shows a schematic diagram of the current flowing through the basic unit Ua in Figure 31(a). Figure 31(c) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of the basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 31(a), in some embodiments of the present application, the basic unit Ua includes a boundary line 100a. The boundary line 100a includes two first boundary segments 110a arranged opposite to each other, and a second boundary segment 120a for connecting the two first boundary segments 110a. The first boundary segment 110a is parallel to the magnetic field direction D1, and the second boundary segment 120a is perpendicular to the magnetic field direction D1. As shown in Figure 31(b), when current flows through the boundary line 100a, the direction of the current in the second boundary segment 120a is from one of the first boundary segments 110a to the other first boundary segment 110a. As shown in Figure 31(c), the magnetic field strength of the entire boundary line 100a is relatively low, the magnetic field strength of the area corresponding to the first boundary segment 110a in the boundary line 100a is relatively high, and the magnetic field strength corresponding to the central area of ​​the basic unit Ua is relatively low.

[0230] Figure 32(a) shows a top view of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 32(b) shows a schematic diagram of the current flowing through the basic unit Ua in Figure 32(a). Figure 32(c) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of the basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application.

[0231] As shown in FIG32( a ), in some embodiments of the present application, a basic unit Ua includes a boundary line 100a and an inner line 200a. The boundary line 100a is disposed around the outer periphery of the inner line 200a. The boundary line 100a includes two first boundary segments 110a disposed opposite each other, and a second boundary segment 120a connecting the two first boundary segments 110a. The first boundary segment 110a is parallel to the magnetic field direction D1, and the second boundary segment 120a is perpendicular to the magnetic field direction D1. The inner line 200a includes a first inner segment 201a and a second inner segment 202a. The first inner segment 201a is located adjacent to and parallel to a second boundary segment 120a. The first inner segment 201a is capable of coupling electrical signals from the second boundary segment 120a. The second inner segment 202a is located adjacent to and parallel to another second boundary segment 120a. The second inner segment 202a can couple out electrical signals from the other second boundary segment 120a.

[0232] As shown in FIG32( b ), when current flows through the boundary line 100 a , the current direction in the second boundary segment 120 a points from one first boundary segment 110 a to the other first boundary segment 110 a , and the first inner segment 201 a and the second inner segment 202 a induce corresponding currents.

[0233] As shown in Figure 32(c), the magnetic field strength of the entire boundary line 100a is relatively low, the magnetic field strength of the area corresponding to the first boundary segment 110a in the boundary line 100a is relatively high, and the magnetic field strength corresponding to the central area of ​​the basic unit Ua is relatively low.

[0234] By comparing FIG31( c ) and FIG32( c ), it is not difficult to find that the magnetic field strength in the central area of ​​the basic unit Ua in FIG32( c ) increases, which is mainly due to the increase in magnetic field strength caused by the induced current in the first inner segment 201 a and the second inner segment 202a .

[0235] Figure 33(a) shows a top view of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 33(b) shows a schematic diagram of the current flowing through the basic unit Ua in Figure 33(a). Figure 33(c) shows a magnetic field distribution diagram of the basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application.

[0236] As shown in Figure 33(a), in some embodiments of the present application, a basic unit Ua includes a boundary line 100a and an inner line 200a. The boundary line 100a is arranged around the outer periphery of the inner line 200a. The boundary line 100a includes two first boundary segments 110a arranged opposite each other, and a second boundary segment 120a connecting the two first boundary segments 110a. The first boundary segment 110a is parallel to the magnetic field direction D1, and the second boundary segment 120a is perpendicular to the magnetic field direction D1. The inner line 200a includes a first inner segment 201a, a second inner segment 202a, and a third inner segment 203a. The first inner segment 201a is located near and parallel to a second boundary segment 120a. The first inner segment 201a can couple electrical signals from the second boundary segment 120a. The second inner segment 202a is located near and parallel to another second boundary segment 120a. The second inner segment 202a can couple out electrical signals from the second boundary segment 120a. The third inner segment 203a connects the first inner segment 201a and the second inner segment 202a end to end. Moreover, at least part of the third inner segment 203a is parallel to the first inner segment 201a and the second inner segment 202a.

[0237] In some implementations, the third inner segment 203a is a broken line segment. In some alternative implementations, the third inner segment 203a is a straight line segment. This application does not make specific limitations on this.

[0238] As shown in Figure 33(b), when current flows through boundary line 100a, the current in second boundary segment 120a flows from one first boundary segment 110a to the other first boundary segment 110a. Corresponding currents are induced in first inner segment 201a and second inner segment 202a. Furthermore, in third inner segment 203a, current flows from the end connected to second inner segment 202a to the end connected to first inner segment 201a.

[0239] As shown in Figure 33(c), the magnetic field strength of the entire boundary line 100a is relatively low, the magnetic field strength of the area corresponding to the first boundary segment 110a in the boundary line 100a is relatively high, and the magnetic field strength corresponding to the central area of ​​the basic unit Ua is relatively low.

[0240] By comparing Figure 31(c) and Figure 33(c), it is not difficult to find that the magnetic field strength in the central area of ​​the basic unit Ua in Figure 33(c) has decreased. This is mainly due to the induced current in the first internal segment 201a and the second internal segment 202a, which causes the current in the third internal segment 203a to have a component in the opposite direction of the current in the second boundary segment 120a, which further reduces the internal magnetic field strength of the basic unit Ua, and further increases the equivalent relative magnetic permeability corresponding to the basic unit Ua.

[0241] Figure 34 shows the magnetic field strength and equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to different forms of basic units Ua in some embodiments of the present application. Among them, l01 represents the curve of the change of magnetic field strength corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 31 (a) with frequency. l02 represents the curve of the change of equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 31 (a) with frequency. l11 represents the curve of the change of magnetic field strength corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 32 (a) with frequency. l12 represents the curve of the change of equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 32 (a) with frequency. l21 represents the curve of the change of magnetic field strength corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 33 (a) with frequency. l22 represents the curve of the change of equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to the boundary line 100a in Figure 33 (a) with frequency. As shown in Figure 34, from Figure 31(a) to Figure 32(a) and then to Figure 33(a), as the structure of the internal line 200a in the basic unit Ua becomes gradually complex, the magnetic field strength corresponding to the basic unit Ua gradually decreases, and the equivalent magnetic permeability corresponding to the basic unit Ua gradually increases.

[0242] In some applications, when the incoming wave direction is not fixed, the rotationally symmetric structure can produce a consistent effect on the magnetic field in all directions, equivalent to a consistent magnetic permeability, thus ensuring the application of dual-polarization / circular polarization antennas that require waves from multiple directions. This is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0243] Figure 35(a) shows a top view of a dual-fed dual-polarization / circularly polarized antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 35(b) shows a bottom view of a dual-fed dual-polarization / circularly polarized antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application. In combination with Figure 35(a) and Figure 35(b), it can be seen that in some embodiments of the present application, the antenna Aa includes a first metal layer 10a, a dielectric layer (not shown) and a second metal layer 30a. The first metal layer 10a is fed, and the first metal layer 10a has two feeding terminals F1 and F2. The feeding directions of the feeding terminal F1 and the feeding terminal F2 can be perpendicular to each other. The second metal layer 30a is grounded. The first metal layer 10a, the dielectric layer and the second metal layer 30a constitute an electromagnetic structure Sa.

[0244] In some embodiments of the present application, the basic unit in this structure not only enhances the magnetic field attenuation function but also possesses rotational symmetry. This allows for miniaturization and broadbandization of antennas and devices that require phase-difference fields or different field directions to achieve specific functions, such as multi-field coordinated broadband / circular polarization. This is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0245] Figure 36 shows a three-dimensional diagram of an electromagnetic structure Sa in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 36, the electromagnetic structure Sa includes a first metal layer 10a, a dielectric layer 20a, and a second metal layer 30a. The first metal layer 10a is used for power feeding, and the second metal layer 30a is used for grounding. The first metal layer 10a includes a plurality of basic units Ua periodically arranged within a first plane. The basic units Ua include boundary lines 100a and internal lines 200a. The boundary lines 100a are arranged around the periphery of the internal lines 200a. The internal lines 200a exhibit rotational symmetry.

[0246] Figure 37(a) shows a schematic diagram of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 37(a), the basic unit Ua includes a boundary line 100a and an inner line 200a. The boundary line 100a is arranged around the periphery of the inner line 200a. The boundary line 100a includes a pair of oppositely disposed first boundary segments 110a and a pair of oppositely disposed second boundary segments 120a. There is one inner line 200a, and the inner line 200a includes a first inner segment 201a, a second inner segment 202a, and a third inner segment 203a. The first inner segment 201a is located near one of the second boundary segments 120a and is parallel to the second boundary segment 120a. The second inner segment 202a is located near another second boundary segment 120a and is parallel to the other second boundary segment 120a. The third inner segment 203a connects the first inner segment 201a and the second inner segment 202a. It is not difficult to find that the structure shown in Figure 37(a) is quite similar to the structure shown in Figure 33(a).

[0247] Figure 37(b) shows a schematic diagram of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 37(b), the basic unit Ua includes a boundary line 100a, an inner line 200a-1, and an inner line 200a-2. The boundary line 100a is arranged around the periphery of the inner line 200a-1 and the inner line 200a-2. The boundary line 100a includes a pair of oppositely disposed first boundary segments 110a and a pair of oppositely disposed second boundary segments 120a. The inner line 200a-1 has the same structure as the inner line 200a in Figure 37(a) and is positioned in the same position relative to the boundary line 100a. The inner line 200a-2 is the same as the inner line 200a in Figure 37(a), but is positioned similarly relative to the boundary line 100a. The position of the inner line 200a-2 can be understood as the position of the inner line 200a-1 rotated 90° around its center point. Internal line 200a-2 includes a first internal segment 201a-1, a second internal segment 202a-1, and a third internal segment 203a-1. The first internal segment 201a-1 is located near one of the first boundary segments 110a and is parallel to the first boundary segment 110a. The second internal segment 202a-1 is located near another first boundary segment 110a and is parallel to the other first boundary segment 110a. The third internal segment 203a-1 connects the first internal segment 201a-1 and the second internal segment 202a-1. Furthermore, the third internal segment 203a-1 is connected to the corresponding third internal segment of internal line 200a-1.

[0248] Figure 37(c) shows a schematic diagram of a basic unit Ua in some embodiments of the present application. As shown in Figure 37(c), the basic unit Ua includes a boundary line 100a, an inner line 200a-3, and an inner line 200a-4. The boundary line 100a is arranged around the outer periphery of the inner lines 200a-3 and 200a-4. The inner line 200a-3 corresponds to the inner line 200a-1 in Figure 37(b), and the inner line 200a-4 corresponds to the inner line 200a-2 in Figure 37(b). Figure 37(c) differs from Figure 37(b) in that the distance between any two adjacent parallel segments of the inner lines 200a-3 and 200a-4 in Figure 37(c) is equal. That is, the inner lines 200a-3 and 200a-4 are separated, and the distance between adjacent segments is the same.

[0249] It can be understood that the above-mentioned rotational symmetry schemes of the internal lines are only some examples, and other forms of rotational symmetry schemes of the internal lines are also within the scope of protection of this application, and this application does not make specific limitations on this.

[0250] While the basic unit in the above electromagnetic structure has the function of strengthening the magnetic field attenuation, its basic unit also has rotational symmetry. It can be applied to broadband / circular polarization of multi-field coordination, etc., which require phase difference fields or different field directions to achieve miniaturization and broadbandization of antennas and devices with certain specific functions.

[0251] Figure 38 shows a three-dimensional diagram of the electromagnetic structure Sa of the present application. As shown in Figure 38 , the basic unit Ua of the electromagnetic structure is formed by overlapping the bent boundary line 100a and the internal line 20a, and then periodically arranging the resulting new basic units along the x-direction. The electrical dimensions of the basic unit Ua are much smaller than the operating wavelength.

[0252] Figure 39 shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic structure Sa of the present application. As shown in Figure 39 , the electromagnetic structure can have multiple basic units Ua (e.g., including basic units Ua1 and Ua2), which are periodically arranged along the x-direction. The electrical dimensions of basic units Ua1 and Ua2 are much smaller than the operating wavelength.

[0253] In some embodiments of the present application, the electromagnetic structures can be stacked to form an electromagnetic assembly, with no limit on the number of stacked layers. The electromagnetic assembly can be understood as a new electromagnetic structure. In some implementations, the stacked electromagnetic structures are stacked back-to-back. In other alternative implementations, the stacked electromagnetic structures are stacked face-to-face. In still other alternative implementations, the stacked electromagnetic structures are stacked in the same direction. This will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0254] Figure 40 shows an exploded view of antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 41 shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic assembly corresponding to Figure 40. Combining Figures 40 and 41, it can be seen that in some embodiments of the present application, the electromagnetic assembly includes a first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and a second electromagnetic structure Sa2 that are stacked. Furthermore, the second metal layer in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 faces the second metal layer in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2.

[0255] In some implementations, the second metal layer in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and the second metal layer in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 are formed separately. In other alternative implementations, the second metal layer in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and the second metal layer in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 are formed integrally.

[0256] Figure 42(a) shows the relationship between the projection area S1 where the basic units in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 are located and the projection area S2 where the basic units in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 are located in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 42(b) shows the relationship between the projection area S1 where the basic units in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 are located and the projection area S2 where the basic units in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 are located in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 42(c) shows the relationship between the projection area S1 where the basic units in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 are located and the projection area S2 where the basic units in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 are located in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 42(d) shows the relationship between the projection area S1 where the basic units in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 are located and the projection area S2 where the basic units in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 are located in some embodiments of the present application.

[0257] As shown in FIG42(a), in some implementations, the projection area S1 of the basic unit in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and the projection area S2 of the basic unit in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 completely overlap. As shown in FIG42(b), in some other alternative implementations, the projection area S1 of the basic unit in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 is located within the projection area S2 of the basic unit in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2. As shown in FIG42(c), in some other alternative implementations, the projection area S1 of the basic unit in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 partially overlaps with the projection area S2 of the basic unit in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2. As shown in FIG42(d), in some other alternative implementations, the projection area S1 of the basic unit in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and the projection area S2 of the basic unit in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 do not overlap at all.

[0258] Figure 43 shows an exploded view of antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 44 shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic assembly corresponding to Figure 43. Combining Figures 43 and 44, it can be seen that in some embodiments of the present application, the electromagnetic assembly includes a first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and a second electromagnetic structure Sa2 that are stacked. Furthermore, the first metal layer in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 faces the first metal layer in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2.

[0259] In some implementations, a dielectric layer is provided between the first metal layer in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and the first metal layer in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 to separate the first metal layers of the two electromagnetic structures.

[0260] Figure 45 shows an exploded view of antenna Aa in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 46 shows a perspective view of the electromagnetic assembly corresponding to Figure 45. Combining Figures 45 and 46, it can be seen that in some embodiments of the present application, the electromagnetic assembly includes a first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and a second electromagnetic structure Sa2 that are stacked. Furthermore, the second metal layer in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 faces the first metal layer in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2.

[0261] In some implementations, a dielectric layer is provided between the second metal layer in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and the first metal layer in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 to separate the second metal layer in the first electromagnetic structure Sa1 and the first metal layer in the second electromagnetic structure Sa2.

[0262] In some embodiments of the present application, the antenna corresponding to Figure 45 can be applied to antenna combinations of different sizes, and the first metal layer in the antenna corresponding to the second electromagnetic structure Sa2 can be used as the second metal layer in the antenna corresponding to the first electromagnetic structure Sa1.

[0263] In some embodiments of the present application, the electromagnetic structure in the present application is mainly used for loading antenna units, resonators and other devices with upper and lower parallel metal layers. The loading position can be the metal surface on the opposite side of the antenna or on the radiation structure of the antenna, mainly to achieve miniaturization of the antenna / device and expand the working bandwidth.

[0264] Figure 47(a) shows a top view of the slot antenna Ab in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 47(b) shows a bottom view of the slot antenna Ab in some embodiments of the present application. In combination with Figure 47(a) and Figure 47(b), it can be seen that in some embodiments of the present application, the slot antenna Ab includes a first metal layer 10b, a dielectric layer (not shown) and a second metal layer 30b that are stacked in sequence. Among them, a slot is provided on the first metal layer 10b, and the second metal layer 30b has a plurality of basic units Ub arranged periodically at a position opposite to the slot. It can be understood that the basic unit Ub in the slot antenna Ab can be specifically referred to the basic unit Ua in the aforementioned patch antenna Aa, and will not be described in detail here.

[0265] It can be understood that the slot antenna includes two layers of metal, one of which has a slot that radiates electromagnetic energy outward, and the electromagnetic structure is etched on the metal on the other side of the slot.

[0266] Figure 48(a) shows a top view of the cavity antenna Ac in some embodiments of the present application. Figure 48(b) shows a bottom view of the cavity antenna Ac in some embodiments of the present application. In combination with Figure 48(a) and Figure 48(b), it can be seen that in some embodiments of the present application, the cavity antenna Ac includes a first metal layer 10c, a dielectric layer (not shown) and a second metal layer 30c that are stacked in sequence. Among them, a plurality of basic units Uc are periodically arranged on the first metal layer 10c. It can be understood that the basic unit Uc in the slot antenna Ac can be specifically referred to the basic unit Ua in the aforementioned patch antenna Aa, and will not be described in detail here.

[0267] It's easy to understand that a cavity antenna radiates from the cavity itself. The feed point can be fed just like a normal antenna, either through coupled or direct feed. Etching this structure into the metal shell of the cavity affects the magnetic field in that part of the cavity, effectively filling it with magnetic material and miniaturizing the antenna. The electromagnetic structure is etched where the magnetic field is strong, similar to how magnetic material must be loaded into a location with a magnetic field to alter it. In some applications, cavity antennas can be used in laptops, such as the rectangular box in Figure 49.

[0268] Table 1 Summary of antenna radiation efficiency in different application scenarios of this application

[0269] It is not difficult to find from Table 1 that the antenna radiation efficiency of the technical solution of this application is relatively low in various application scenarios. In addition, the resonant frequency of the antenna using the technical solution of this application is relatively low, which facilitates the integration of the electromagnetic structure of this application into the antenna.

[0270] The present application also provides an electronic device comprising any of the aforementioned antennas, which will not be described in detail here.

[0271] The present application also provides a communication device comprising any of the aforementioned antennas, which will not be described in detail here.

[0272] It should be noted that in this specification, the aforementioned implementation methods are only part of the implementation methods of the solutions provided in this application. Other technical solutions with the same or similar principles are also within the scope of protection of this application, and this application does not provide examples one by one.

[0273] In this application, like reference numerals and letters denote like items in the following drawings, and thus, once an item is defined in one drawing, it does not require further definition and explanation in the subsequent drawings.

[0274] The above describes the implementation methods of the present application by means of specific specific embodiments. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present application from the contents disclosed in this specification. Although the description of the present application will be introduced in conjunction with some embodiments, this does not mean that the features of this application are limited to the implementation methods. On the contrary, the purpose of introducing the application in conjunction with the implementation methods is to cover other options or modifications that may be extended based on the claims of the present application. In order to provide an in-depth understanding of the present application, the following description will contain many specific details. The present application can also be implemented without using these details. In addition, in order to avoid confusion or blurring the focus of the present application, some specific details will be omitted in the description. It should be noted that the embodiments in the present application and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other unless there is a conflict.

[0275] In the description of this application, it should be noted that the terms "center", "up", "down", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "outside", "inside", "circumferential", "radial", "axial", etc., indicating orientations or positional relationships, are based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they cannot be understood as limitations on this application.

[0276] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, the terms "dispose," "install," "connect," and "fit" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, they can refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integral connections; mechanical connections or electrical connections; direct connections or indirect connections through an intermediate medium; and internal connections between two components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meanings of the above terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0277] Obviously, those skilled in the art may make various changes and modifications to this application without departing from the spirit and scope of this application. Thus, if these modifications and variations of this application fall within the scope of the claims of this application and their equivalents, this application is intended to include these modifications and variations.

Claims

1. An electromagnetic structure, characterized in that: The electromagnetic structure comprises a first metal layer, a dielectric layer, and a second metal layer stacked in sequence along a stacking direction, wherein one of the first metal layer and the second metal layer is used for power feeding, and the other is used for grounding; The first metal layer includes a plurality of basic units periodically arranged in an arrangement plane, the electrical dimensions of the basic units are sub-wavelength, each of the basic units includes a boundary line, the basic unit is at least partially hollowed out in the area enclosed by the boundary line, and the arrangement plane is perpendicular to the stacking direction.

2. The electromagnetic structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The boundary line includes: two first boundary segments, each of which extends in a direction parallel to a magnetic field direction of the electromagnetic structure; A second boundary segment, wherein an extension direction of the second boundary segment intersects with a magnetic field direction corresponding to the electromagnetic structure, and the second boundary segment is used to connect two of the first boundary segments.

3. The electromagnetic structure according to claim 2, characterized in that: The second boundary segment extends in a reciprocating manner within the arrangement plane.

4. The electromagnetic structure according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that: Each of the basic units further includes an inner line located in the area enclosed by the boundary line, and the inner line extends back and forth in the arrangement plane.

5. The electromagnetic structure according to claim 4, characterized in that: The internal lines include: two first inner segments, each of the first inner segments being coupled to one of the second boundary segments; The second internal segment is used to connect the two first internal segments between two of the second internal segments end to end.

6. The electromagnetic structure according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that: The number of the inner lines is at least two, and at least two of the inner lines are relatively rotated and superimposed on each other.

7. The electromagnetic structure according to claim 6, characterized in that: At least two of the inner lines are spaced apart and the distance between adjacent segments is the same.

8. The electromagnetic structure according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: The plurality of basic units are of at least two types, and each type of the basic units is periodically arranged in the arrangement plane.

9. The electromagnetic structure according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The arrangement plane includes a first direction and a second direction intersecting each other, and a plurality of the basic units are periodically arranged in the first direction and / or in the second direction.

10. The electromagnetic structure according to claim 9, characterized in that: The first direction is perpendicular to the second direction.

11. The electromagnetic structure according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that: The first direction is parallel to the magnetic field direction of the electromagnetic structure.

12. The electromagnetic structure according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that: The outline of the boundary line includes any one of a square, a rectangle, a triangle, a circle and an ellipse.

13. An electromagnetic component, characterized in that: The electromagnetic assembly comprises two electromagnetic structures according to any one of claims 1 to 12, and the two electromagnetic structures are arranged in a superimposed manner.

14. The electromagnetic assembly according to claim 13, characterized in that Among the two electromagnetic structures, the first metal layer of one electromagnetic structure faces the first metal layer of the other electromagnetic structure.

15. The electromagnetic assembly according to claim 13, characterized in that Among the two electromagnetic structures, the second metal layer of one electromagnetic structure faces the second metal layer of the other electromagnetic structure.

16. The electromagnetic assembly according to claim 15, characterized in that The second metal layers of the two electromagnetic structures are integrally formed.

17. The electromagnetic assembly according to claim 13, characterized in that In the two electromagnetic structures, the first metal layer of one electromagnetic structure faces the second metal layer of the other electromagnetic structure.

18. The electromagnetic assembly according to claim 13, characterized in that In the two electromagnetic structures, the first metal layer of one electromagnetic structure serves as the second metal layer of the other electromagnetic structure.

19. The electromagnetic assembly according to any one of claims 13 to 18, characterized in that The relative relationship between the two electromagnetic structures includes any one of the following: The two electromagnetic structures have the same structure and size; or The two electromagnetic structures have the same structure and are in proportional size; or The two electromagnetic structures are different in structure.

20. The electromagnetic assembly according to any one of claims 13 to 19, characterized in that The superposition method of the two electromagnetic structures includes any one of the following: The directions of the first metal layer pointing to the second metal layer in the two electromagnetic structures are consistent; or In the two electromagnetic structures, the directions in which the first metal layer points to the second metal layer are opposite.

21. An antenna, characterized in that: The antenna comprises the electromagnetic structure according to any one of claims 1 to 12.

22. The antenna according to claim 21, characterized in that The antenna includes any one of a patch antenna, a cavity antenna, a slot antenna and a strip antenna.

23. An electronic device, characterized in that: The electronic device comprises the antenna according to claim 21 or 22.

24. A communication device, characterized in that: The communication device comprises the antenna according to claim 21 or 22.

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