Radiation detectors with indium zinc oxide transistors
By employing IZO transistors in a radiation detector system to differentiate between radiation-induced charges and dark current charges, the system effectively addresses the challenge of dark current interference, resulting in enhanced image accuracy and precision.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/111426
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-07
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-13
AI Technical Summary
Existing radiation detectors face challenges in accurately measuring radiation properties due to interference from dark currents, which can affect the reliability and precision of radiation imaging.
The use of indium zinc oxide (IZO) transistors in a radiation detector system, where each sensing element collects two charges - one during a radiation exposure period and another during a dark current-only period - allows for the subtraction of dark current effects, enhancing image accuracy.
This approach enables the radiation detector to produce more accurate radiation images by isolating and subtracting dark current contributions, thereby improving the overall precision and reliability of radiation measurements.
Smart Images

Figure CN2023111426_13022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
RADIATION DETECTORS WITH INDIUM ZINC OXIDE TRANSISTORSBackground
[0001] A radiation detector is a device that measures a property of a radiation. Examples of the property may include a spatial distribution of the intensity, phase, and polarization of the radiation. The radiation measured by the radiation detector may be a radiation that has transmitted through an object. The radiation measured by the radiation detector may be electromagnetic radiation such as infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-ray, or γ-ray. The radiation may be of other types such as α-rays and β-rays. An imaging system may include one or more radiation detectors.Summary
[0002] Disclosed herein is a method comprising: for i=1, …, M, collecting with a charge collecting module (i) a charge (i, 1) from a sensing element (i) of a same radiation detector throughout a first charge collection time period, with M being positive integer; for each value of i, collecting with the charge collecting module (i) a charge (i, 2) from the sensing element (i) throughout a second charge collection time period which does not overlap the first charge collection time period; and for each value of i, determining a final value (i) of a picture element (i) of a same final image based on the charge (i, 1) and the charge (i, 2) . The same radiation detector comprises a radiation absorption layer and an electronics layer. The radiation absorption layer comprises the sensing elements (i) , i=1, …, M. The electronics layer comprises the charge collecting modules (i) , i=1, …, M. For each value of i, the electronics layer comprises a read switch (i) which when closed electrically connects the charge collecting module (i) to a same charge measuring system of the electronics layer. For each value of i, the read switch (i) comprises a first IZO (indium zinc oxide) transistor (i) .
[0003] In an aspect, the radiation detector is an X-ray detector.
[0004] In an aspect, each of the first IZO transistors (i) , i=1, …, M is a TFT (thin film transistor) .
[0005] In an aspect, for each value of i, the charge measuring system comprises a voltmeter (i) which is configured to measure a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) .
[0006] In an aspect, the charge measuring system comprises a common voltmeter which is configured to, for each value of i, measure a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) .
[0007] In an aspect, the radiation absorption layer comprises gallium arsenide or cadmium telluride.
[0008] In an aspect, for each value of i, the charge collecting module (i) comprises a discharge switch (i) which when closed discharges a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) , the discharge switch (i) comprises a second IZO transistor (i) . Each of the second IZO transistors (i) , i=1, …, M is a TFT.
[0009] In an aspect, the radiation absorption layer receives radiation from a radiation source during the first charge collection time period, and the radiation absorption layer receives no radiation from the radiation source during the second charge collection time period.
[0010] In an aspect, the first charge collection time period and the second charge collection time period have equal lengths.
[0011] In an aspect, the first charge collection time period and the second charge collection time period are consecutive.
[0012] In an aspect, said determining the final value (i) comprises: digitizing the charge (i, 1) and the charge (i, 2) resulting in a digital value (i, 1) and a digital value (i, 2) respectively; and subtracting the digital value (i, 2) from the digital value (i, 1) resulting in the final value (i) .
[0013] In an aspect, said determining the final value (i) comprises subtracting the charge (i, 2) from the charge (i, 1) .
[0014] In an aspect, for each value of i, the charge collecting module (i) comprises a capacitor (i, 1) for storing the charge (i, 1) and a capacitor (i, 2) for storing the charge (i, 2) . For each value of i, said subtracting the charge (i, 2) from the charge (i, 1) comprises: electrically connecting a positive side of the capacitor (i, 1) to a negative side of the capacitor (i, 2) after both the first charge collection time period and the second charge collection time period end, and electrically connecting a negative side of the capacitor (i, 1) to a positive side of the capacitor (i, 2) after both the first charge collection time period and the second charge collection time period end.
[0015] Also disclosed herein is a system, comprising a radiation detector that has a radiation absorption layer which comprises sensing elements (i) , i=1, …, M, with M being positive integer; an electronics layer which comprises charge collecting modules (i) , i=1, …, M; and a charge measuring system. For each value of i, the charge collecting module (i) is configured to collect a charge (i, 1) from the sensing element (i) throughout a first charge collection time period and is configured to collect a charge (i, 2) from the sensing element (i) throughout a second charge collection time period which does not overlap the first charge collection time period. For each value of i, the system is configured to determine a final value (i) of a picture element (i) of a same final image based on the charge (i, 1) and the charge (i, 2) . For each value of i, the electronics layer comprises a read switch (i) which when closed electrically connects the charge collecting module (i) to the charge measuring system. For each value of i, the read switch (i) comprises a first IZO (indium zinc oxide) transistor (i) .
[0016] In an aspect, the radiation detector is an X-ray detector.
[0017] In an aspect, each of the first IZO transistors (i) , i=1, …, M is a TFT (thin film transistor) .
[0018] In an aspect, for each value of i, the charge measuring system comprises a voltmeter (i) which is configured to measure a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) .
[0019] In an aspect, the charge measuring system comprises a common voltmeter which is configured to, for each value of i, measure a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) .
[0020] In an aspect, the radiation absorption layer comprises gallium arsenide or cadmium telluride.
[0021] In an aspect, for each value of i, the charge collecting module (i) comprises a discharge switch (i) which when closed discharges a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) . Each discharge switch (i) comprises a second IZO transistor (i) . Each second IZO transistor (i) , i=1, …, M, is a TFT.
[0022] In an aspect, the system further comprises a radiation source configured to send radiation toward the radiation absorption layer during the first charge collection time period, and configured to send no radiation toward the radiation absorption layer during the second charge collection time period.
[0023] Brief Description of Figures
[0024] Fig. 1 schematically shows a radiation detector, according to an embodiment.
[0025] Fig. 2 schematically shows a simplified cross-sectional view of the radiation detector, according to an embodiment.
[0026] Fig. 3 schematically shows a detailed cross-sectional view of the radiation detector, according to an embodiment.
[0027] Fig. 4 schematically shows a detailed cross-sectional view of the radiation detector, according to an alternative embodiment.
[0028] Fig. 5 schematically shows an imaging system, according to an embodiment.
[0029] Fig. 6 shows a flowchart generalizing the operation of the imaging system, according to an embodiment.Detailed Description
[0030] RADIATION DETECTOR
[0031] Fig. 1 schematically shows a radiation detector 100, as an example. The radiation detector 100 may include an array of pixels 150 (also referred to as sensing elements 150) . The array may be a rectangular array (as shown in Fig. 1) , a honeycomb array, a hexagonal array, or any other suitable array. The array of pixels 150 in the example of Fig. 1 has 4 rows and 7 columns; however, in general, the array of pixels 150 may have any number of rows and any number of columns.
[0032] Each pixel 150 may be configured to detect radiation from a radiation source (not shown) incident thereon and may be configured to measure a characteristic (e.g., the energy of the particles, the wavelength, and the frequency) of the radiation. The radiation may include radiation particles such as photons (X-rays, gamma rays, etc. ) and subatomic particles (alpha particles, beta particles, etc. ) Each pixel 150 may be configured to count numbers of particles of radiation incident thereon whose energy falls in a plurality of bins of energy, within a period of time. All the pixels 150 may be configured to count the numbers of particles of radiation incident thereon within a plurality of bins of energy within the same period of time. When the incident particles of radiation have similar energy, the pixels 150 may be simply configured to count numbers of particles of radiation incident thereon within a period of time, without measuring the energy of the individual particles of radiation.
[0033] Each pixel 150 may have its own analog-to-digital converter (ADC) configured to digitize an analog signal representing the energy of an incident particle of radiation into a digital signal, or to digitize an analog signal representing the total energy of a plurality of incident particles of radiation into a digital signal. The pixels 150 may be configured to operate in parallel. For example, when one pixel 150 measures an incident particle of radiation, another pixel 150 may be waiting for a particle of radiation to arrive. The pixels 150 may not have to be individually addressable.
[0034] The radiation detector 100 described here may have applications such as in an X-ray telescope, X-ray mammography, industrial X-ray defect detection, X-ray microscopy or microradiography, X-ray casting inspection, X-ray non-destructive testing, X-ray weld inspection, X-ray digital subtraction angiography, etc. It may be suitable to use this radiation detector 100 in place of a photographic plate, a photographic film, a PSP plate, an X-ray image intensifier, a scintillator, or another semiconductor X-ray detector.
[0035] Fig. 2 schematically shows a simplified cross-sectional view of the radiation detector 100 of Fig. 1 along a line 2-2, according to an embodiment. Specifically, the radiation detector 100 may include a radiation absorption layer 110 and an electronics layer 120 (which may include one or more ASICs or application-specific integrated circuits) for processing and analyzing electrical signals which incident radiation generates in the radiation absorption layer 110. The radiation detector 100 may or may not include a scintillator (not shown) . The radiation absorption layer 110 may include a semiconductor material such as silicon, germanium, GaAs, CdTe, CdZnTe, or a combination thereof. The semiconductor material may have a high mass attenuation coefficient for the radiation of interest.
[0036] Fig. 3 schematically shows a detailed cross-sectional view of the radiation detector 100 of Fig. 1 along the line 2-2, as an example. Specifically, the radiation absorption layer 110 may include one or more diodes (e.g., p-i-n or p-n) formed by a first doped region 111, one or more discrete regions 114 of a second doped region 113. The second doped region 113 may be separated from the first doped region 111 by an optional intrinsic region 112. The discrete regions 114 may be separated from one another by the first doped region 111 or the intrinsic region 112. The first doped region 111 and the second doped region 113 may have opposite types of doping (e.g., region 111 is p-type and region 113 is n-type, or region 111 is n-type and region 113 is p-type) . In the example of Fig. 3, each of the discrete regions 114 of the second doped region 113 forms a diode with the first doped region 111 and the optional intrinsic region 112. Namely, in the example in Fig. 3, the radiation absorption layer 110 has a plurality of diodes (more specifically, 7 diodes corresponding to 7 pixels 150 of one row in the array of Fig. 1, of which only 2 pixels 150 are labeled in Fig. 3 for simplicity) . The plurality of diodes may have an electrode 119A as a shared (common) electrode. The first doped region 111 may also have discrete portions.
[0037] The electronics layer 120 may include an electronic system 121 suitable for processing or interpreting signals generated by the radiation incident on the radiation absorption layer 110. The electronic system 121 may include an analog circuitry such as a filter network, amplifiers, integrators, and comparators, or a digital circuitry such as a microprocessor, and memory. The electronic system 121 may include one or more ADCs (analog to digital converters) . The electronic system 121 may include components shared by the pixels 150 or components dedicated to a single pixel 150. For example, the electronic system 121 may include an amplifier dedicated to each pixel 150 and a microprocessor shared among all the pixels 150. The electronic system 121 may be electrically connected to the pixels 150 by vias 131. Space among the vias may be filled with a filler material 130, which may increase the mechanical stability of the connection of the electronics layer 120 to the radiation absorption layer 110. Other bonding techniques are possible to connect the electronic system 121 to the pixels 150 without using the vias 131.
[0038] When radiation from the radiation source (not shown) hits the radiation absorption layer 110 including diodes, particles of the radiation may be absorbed and generate one or more charge carriers (e.g., electrons, holes) by a number of mechanisms. The charge carriers may drift to the electrodes of one of the diodes under an electric field. The electric field may be an external electric field. The electrical contact 119B may include discrete portions each of which is in electrical contact with the discrete regions 114. The term “electrical contact” may be used interchangeably with the word “electrode. ” In an embodiment, the charge carriers may drift in directions such that the charge carriers generated by a single particle of the radiation are not substantially shared by two different discrete regions 114 ( “not substantially shared” here means less than 2%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01%of these charge carriers flow to a different one of the discrete regions 114 than the rest of the charge carriers) . Charge carriers generated by a particle of the radiation incident around the footprint of one of these discrete regions 114 are not substantially shared with another of these discrete regions 114. A pixel 150 associated with a discrete region 114 may be an area around the discrete region 114 in which substantially all (more than 98%, more than 99.5%, more than 99.9%, or more than 99.99%of) charge carriers generated by a particle of the radiation incident therein flow to the discrete region 114. Namely, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01%of these charge carriers flow beyond the pixel 150.
[0039] Fig. 4 schematically shows a detailed cross-sectional view of the radiation detector 100 of Fig. 1 along the line 2-2, according to an alternative embodiment. More specifically, the radiation absorption layer 110 may include a resistor of a semiconductor material such as silicon, germanium, GaAs, CdTe, CdZnTe, or a combination thereof, but does not include a diode. The semiconductor material may have a high mass attenuation coefficient for the radiation of interest. In an embodiment, the electronics layer 120 of Fig. 4 is similar to the electronics layer 120 of Fig. 3 in terms of structure and function.
[0040] When the radiation hits the radiation absorption layer 110 including the resistor but not diodes, it may be absorbed and generate one or more charge carriers by a number of mechanisms. A particle of the radiation may generate 10 to 100,000 charge carriers. The charge carriers may drift to the electrical contacts 119A and 119B under an electric field. The electric field may be an external electric field. The electrical contact 119B may include discrete portions. In an embodiment, the charge carriers may drift in directions such that the charge carriers generated by a single particle of the radiation are not substantially shared by two different discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B ( “not substantially shared” here means less than 2%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01%of these charge carriers flow to a different one of the discrete portions than the rest of the charge carriers) . Charge carriers generated by a particle of the radiation incident around the footprint of one of these discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B are not substantially shared with another of these discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B. A pixel 150 associated with a discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B may be an area around the discrete portion in which substantially all (more than 98%, more than 99.5%, more than 99.9%or more than 99.99%of) charge carriers generated by a particle of the radiation incident therein flow to the discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B. Namely, less than 2%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.1%, or less than 0.01%of these charge carriers flow beyond the pixel associated with the one discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B.
[0041] The term “image” in the present patent application (including the claims) is not limited to spatial distribution of a property of a radiation (such as intensity) . For example, the term “image” may also include the spatial distribution of density of a substance or element.
[0042] IMAGING SYSTEM
[0043] Fig. 5 schematically shows an imaging system 500, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the imaging system 500 may include a radiation source 580 and the radiation detector 100 of Fig. 1 –Fig. 4.
[0044] Although the radiation source 580 is shown as a point, the radiation source 580 may have any size and shape (i.e., the radiation source 580 is not necessarily a point source) .
[0045] In an embodiment, the radiation detector 100 of the imaging system 500 may operate in the integration mode instead of the particle counting mode (also called photon counting mode) as described in the embodiments above. Specifically, when the radiation detector 100 operates in the integration mode, for each sensing element 150 of the radiation detector 100 (e.g., the sensing element 150.1) , the electronics layer 120 of the radiation detector 100 collects the charges (i.e., signals) generated in said each sensing element 150 throughout the integration time period (also called the charge collection time period) .
[0046] In an embodiment, the radiation detector 100 of Fig. 5 may be an X-ray detector. In an embodiment, the radiation absorption layer 110 of the radiation detector 100 of the imaging system 500 may include gallium arsenide or cadmium telluride.
[0047] In an embodiment, an object 590 may be positioned between the radiation source 580 and the radiation detector 100 (as shown) .
[0048] CHARGE COLLECTING MODULES
[0049] In an embodiment, the electronics layer 120 of the radiation detector 100 of the imaging system 500 may include 28 charge collecting modules 510 respectively and electrically connected to the 28 sensing elements 150 of the radiation detector 100.
[0050] For example, the electronics layer 120 may include a charge collecting module 510.1 electrically connected to the sensing element 150.1 via the electrode 119B. 1 (as shown) . Similarly, the electronics layer 120 may include a charge collecting module 510.2 electrically connected to the sensing element 150.2 via the electrode 119B. 2 (as shown) .
[0051] In an embodiment, each charge collecting module 510 may include one or more capacitors (not shown) for collecting charges generated in the corresponding sensing element 150.
[0052] CHARGE MEASURING SYSTEM
[0053] In an embodiment, the electronics layer 120 of the radiation detector 100 of the imaging system 500 may include a charge measuring system 530 for measuring the charges stored in the 28 charge collecting modules 510.
[0054] READ SWITCHES
[0055] In an embodiment, for each charge collecting module 510, the electronics layer 120 may include a read switch 520 which when closed electrically connects said each charge collecting module 510 to the charge measuring system 530.
[0056] For example, the electronics layer 120 may include a read switch 520.1 which when closed electrically connects the charge collecting module 510.1 to the charge measuring system 530 (as shown) . Similarly, the electronics layer 120 may include a read switch 520.2 which when closed electrically connects the charge collecting module 510.2 to the charge measuring system 530 (as shown) .
[0057] In an embodiment, each of the 28 read switches 520 of the radiation detector 100 may include an IZO (indium zinc oxide) transistor (not shown) . An IZO transistor is a transistor that uses IZO as the semiconductor channel between the source electrode and the drain electrode.
[0058] In an embodiment, each of the 28 IZO transistors may be an IZO TFT (thin film transistor) .
[0059] OPERATION OF IMAGING SYSTEM
[0060] In an embodiment, the imaging system 500 may be operated as follows so as to generate a final image of the object 590.
[0061] FIRST CHARGE COLLECTION PROCESS
[0062] Note that the words “first” , “second” , and other ordinal numerals in the present patent application (including the claims) are used only for easy reference and do not imply any chronological order.
[0063] In an embodiment, the radiation source 580 may send a radiation beam 582 toward the object 590. Throughout a first charge collection time period which occurs while the radiation beam 582 is present, for the sensing element 150.1, the charge collecting module 510.1 may collect a first charge (i.e., signals) generated in the sensing element 150.1 during the first charge collection time period.
[0064] Note that the first charge generated in the sensing element 150.1 during the first charge collection time period may result from (A) radiation particles of the radiation beam 582 that are incident on the sensing element 150.1 during the first charge collection time period, and (B) dark currents flowing in the sensing element 150.1 during the first charge collection time period.
[0065] Dark currents may have multiple sources. For example, dark currents may result from structural defects in the semiconductor crystal of the radiation absorption layer 110. Dark currents may also result from thermal energy within the semiconductor lattice of the radiation absorption layer 110.
[0066] Also throughout the first charge collection time period, for the 27 remaining sensing elements 150.2 -150.28 of the radiation detector 100, the 27 charge collecting modules 510.2 –510.28 may collect 27 first charges respectively generated in the 27 sensing elements 150.2 -150.28 during the first charge collection time period.
[0067] Note that these 27 first charges generated in the 27 sensing elements 150.2 –150.28 during the first charge collection time period may result from (A) radiation particles of the radiation beam 582 that are incident on the 27 sensing elements 150.2 –150.28 during the first charge collection time period, and (B) dark currents flowing in the 27 sensing elements 150.2 –150.28 during the first charge collection time period.
[0068] In an embodiment, the charge measuring system 530 may read and measure the 28 first charges stored in the 28 charge collecting modules 510 via the 28 read switches 520 respectively.
[0069] SECOND CHARGE COLLECTION PROCESS
[0070] Next, in an embodiment, the radiation beam 582 may be removed (i.e., the radiation source 580 now sends no radiation toward the object 590) . In an embodiment, throughout a second charge collection time period which occurs while the radiation source 580 sends no radiation toward the object 590 (e.g., occurs after the radiation beam 582 is removed) , for the sensing element 150.1, the charge collecting module 510.1 may collect a second charge generated in the sensing element 150.1 during the second charge collection time period. In an embodiment, the second charge collection time period may be the same as the first charge collection time period in terms of length (e.g., both may be 20 ms in length) .
[0071] Note that the second charge generated in the sensing element 150.1 during the second charge collection time period may result from dark currents flowing in the sensing element 150.1 during the second charge collection time period.
[0072] Also throughout the second charge collection time period, for the 27 remaining sensing elements 150.2 -150.28 of the radiation detector 100, the 27 charge collecting modules 510.2 –510.28 may collect 27 second charges respectively generated in the 27 sensing elements 150.2 -150.28 during the second charge collection time period.
[0073] Note that the 27 second charges respectively generated in the 27 sensing elements 150.2 -150.28 during the second charge collection time period may result from dark currents flowing in the 27 sensing elements 150.2 -150.28 during the second charge collection time period.
[0074] In an embodiment, the charge measuring system 530 may read and measure the 28 second charges stored the 28 charge collecting modules 510 via the 28 read switches 520 respectively.
[0075] ELIMINATION OF EFFECTS OF DARK CURRENTS
[0076] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 5, a final value of the picture element of the final image of the object 590 corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 may be determined based on the first charge and the second charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 described above.
[0077] Specifically, in an embodiment, the final value of the picture element of the final image of the object 590 corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 may be the difference between (a) the digital value of the first charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 and (b) the digital value of the second charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1. More specifically, in an embodiment, the first charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 may be read out by the charge measuring system 530 via the read switch 520.1 and then digitized resulting in a first digital value; and the second charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 may be read out by the charge measuring system 530 via the read switch 520.1 and then digitized resulting in a second digital value. Then, the second digital value may be subtracted from the first digital value resulting in the final value of the picture element of the final image of the object 590 corresponding to the sensing element 150.1.
[0078] In an alternative embodiment, the second charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 may be subtracted from the first charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 so as to determine the final value of the picture element of the final image of the object 590 corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 mentioned above.
[0079] Specifically, in an embodiment, the charge collecting module 510.1 may include a first capacitor and a second capacitor (not shown) for storing respectively the first charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 and the second charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1.
[0080] In an embodiment, after both the first and second charge collection time periods end, the second charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 may be subtracted from the first charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 by electrically connecting the positive side of the first capacitor to the negative side of the second capacitor and (B) electrically connecting the negative side of the first capacitor to the positive side of the second capacitor. As a result, the resulting charge in the first capacitor represents the difference between the first charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 and the second charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1. Then, the voltage across the first capacitor may be read out by the charge measuring system 530 via the read switch 520.1 and then digitized resulting in the final value of the picture element of the final image corresponding to the sensing element 150.1.
[0081] Note that the subtraction of the second charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 from the first charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 mentioned above eliminates the effects of dark currents on the picture element of the final image corresponding to the sensing element 150.1.
[0082] In an embodiment, the 27 final values of the 27 remaining picture elements of the final image of the object 590 corresponding to the 27 remaining sensing element 150.2 –150.28 may be determined in a manner similar to the manner in which the final value of the picture element of the final image of the object 590 corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 is determined as described above.
[0083] FLOWCHART GENERALIZING OPERATION OF IMAGING SYSTEM
[0084] Fig. 6 shows a flowchart 600 generalizing the operation of the imaging system 500 of Fig. 5, according to an embodiment.
[0085] In step 610, the operation may include for i=1, …, M, collecting with a charge collecting module (i) a charge (i, 1) from a sensing element (i) of a same radiation detector throughout a first charge collection time period, with M being positive integer. For example, in the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 5, the charge collecting module 510.1 collects the first charge from the sensing element 150.1 throughout the first charge collection time period. Note that M=28.
[0086] In step 620, the operation may include for each value of i, collecting with the charge collecting module (i) a charge (i, 2) from the sensing element (i) throughout a second charge collection time period which does not overlap the first charge collection time period. For example, in the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 5, the charge collecting module 510.1 collects the second charge from the sensing elements 150.1 throughout the second charge collection time period.
[0087] In step 630, the operation may include for each value of i, determining a final value (i) of a picture element (i) of a same final image based on the charge (i, 1) and the charge (i, 2) . For example, in the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 5, the final value of the picture element of the final image of the object 590 corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 is determined based on the first charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1 and the second charge corresponding to the sensing element 150.1.
[0088] Also in step 630, (A) the radiation detector comprises a radiation absorption layer and an electronics layer; (B) the radiation absorption layer comprises the sensing elements (i) , i=1, …, M; (C) the electronics layer comprises the charge collecting modules (i) , i=1, …, M, (D) for each value of i, the electronics layer comprises a read switch (i) which when closed electrically connects the charge collecting module (i) to a same charge measuring system of the electronics layer, and (E) for each value of i, the read switch (i) comprises a first IZO (indium zinc oxide) transistor (i) .
[0089] For example, in the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 5, (A) the radiation detector 100 comprises the radiation absorption layer 110 and the electronics layer 120; (B) the radiation absorption layer 110 comprises the sensing elements 150.1 –150.28; (C) the electronics layer 120 comprises the charge collecting modules 510.1 –510.28; (D) for each sensing element 150. i, the electronics layer 120 comprises the read switch 520. i which when closed electrically connects the charge collecting module 510. i to the charge measuring system 530 of the electronics layer 120; and (E) each of the 28 read switches 520 is an IZO transistor.
[0090] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0091] FIRST AND SECOND CHARGE COLLECTION TIME PERIODS
[0092] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 5, the first and second charge collection time periods may not overlap.
[0093] In an embodiment, the first charge collection time period may occur before or after the second charge collection time period.
[0094] In an embodiment, the first charge collection time period and the second charge collection time period may be consecutive, meaning one period starts when the other period ends.
[0095] A VOLTMETER FOR EACH CHARGE COLLECTING MODULE
[0096] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 5, the charge measuring system 530 may include 28 voltmeters 532 for reading and measuring the charges stored in the 28 charge collecting modules 510 respectively. In an embodiment, the 28 read switches 520 when closed electrically connect the 28 charge collecting modules 510 to the 28 voltmeters 532 respectively (as shown) .
[0097] For example, the voltmeter 532.1 is used for reading and measuring a charge stored in the charge collecting module 510.1; and the read switch 520.1 when closed electrically connects the charge collecting module 510.1 to the voltmeter 532.1 (as shown) .
[0098] For another example, the voltmeter 532.2 is used for reading and measuring a charge stored in the charge collecting module 510.2; and the read switch 520.2 when closed electrically connects the charge collecting module 510.2 to the voltmeter 532.2 (as shown) .
[0099] DISCHARGE SWITCH FOR EACH CHARGE COLLECTING MODULE
[0100] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 5, the 28 charge collecting modules 510 may respectively include 28 discharge switches 512 for discharging the charges stored in the 28 charge collecting module 510 respectively.
[0101] For example, the charge collecting module 510.1 may include a discharge switch 512.1 which when closed drains a charge stored in the charge collecting module 510.1 to ground. For another example, the charge collecting module 510.2 may include a discharge switch 512.2 which when closed drains a charge stored in the charge collecting module 510.2 to ground.
[0102] In an embodiment, each of the 28 discharge switches 512 may include an IZO transistor. In an embodiment, each of the 28 discharge switches 512 may include an IZO TFT (thin film transistor) .
[0103] ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENTS
[0104] A COMMON VOLTMETER FOR ALL CHARGE COLLECTING MODULES
[0105] In the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 5, the charge measuring system 530 includes 28 voltmeters 532 for reading and measuring the charges stored in the 28 charge collecting modules 510. In an alternative embodiment, the charge measuring system 530 may include a common voltmeter (not shown) for reading and measuring the charges stored in each of the 28 charge collecting modules 510. In an embodiment, each read switch 520 when closed electrically connects the corresponding charge collecting module 510 to the common voltmeter of the charge measuring system 530.
[0106] In an embodiment, the common voltmeter may read and measure the charges stored in the 28 charge collecting modules 510 in series (i.e., the common voltmeter should read and measure one charge collecting module 510 at a time) .
[0107] While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
Claims
1.A method, comprising:for i=1, …, M, collecting with a charge collecting module (i) a charge (i, 1) from a sensing element (i) of a radiation detector throughout a first charge collection time period, with M being positive integer;for each value of i, collecting with the charge collecting module (i) a charge (i, 2) from the sensing element (i) throughout a second charge collection time period which does not overlap the first charge collection time period; andfor each value of i, determining a final value (i) of a picture element (i) of a same final image based on the charge (i, 1) and the charge (i, 2) ,wherein the radiation detector comprises a radiation absorption layer and an electronics layer,wherein the radiation absorption layer comprises the sensing elements (i) , i=1, …, M,wherein the electronics layer comprises the charge collecting modules (i) , i=1, …, M,wherein for each value of i, the electronics layer comprises a read switch (i) which when closed electrically connects the charge collecting module (i) to a same charge measuring system of the electronics layer, andwherein for each value of i, the read switch (i) comprises a first IZO (indium zinc oxide) transistor (i) .2.The method of claim 1, wherein the radiation detector is an X-ray detector.3.The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first IZO transistors (i) , i=1, …, M is a TFT (thin film transistor) .4.The method of claim 1, wherein for each value of i, the charge measuring system comprises a voltmeter (i) which is configured to measure a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) .5.The method of claim 1, wherein the charge measuring system comprises a common voltmeter which is configured to, for each value of i, measure a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) .6.The method of claim 1, wherein the radiation absorption layer comprises gallium arsenide or cadmium telluride.7.The method of claim 1,wherein for each value of i, the charge collecting module (i) comprises a discharge switch (i) which when closed discharges a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) ,wherein for each value of i, the discharge switch (i) comprises a second IZO transistor (i) , andwherein each of the second IZO transistors (i) , i=1, …, M is a TFT.8.The method of claim 1,wherein the radiation absorption layer receives radiation from a radiation source during the first charge collection time period, andwherein the radiation absorption layer receives no radiation from the radiation source during the second charge collection time period.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the first charge collection time period and the second charge collection time period have equal lengths.10.The method of claim 1, wherein the first charge collection time period and the second charge collection time period are consecutive.11.The method of claim 1, wherein said determining the final value (i) comprises:digitizing the charge (i, 1) and the charge (i, 2) resulting in a digital value (i, 1) and a digital value (i, 2) respectively; andsubtracting the digital value (i, 2) from the digital value (i, 1) resulting in the final value (i) .12.The method of claim 1, wherein said determining the final value (i) comprises subtracting the charge (i, 2) from the charge (i, 1) .13.The method of claim 12,wherein for each value of i, the charge collecting module (i) comprises a capacitor (i, 1) for storing the charge (i, 1) ,wherein for each value of i, the charge collecting module (i) comprises a capacitor (i, 2) for storing the charge (i, 2) , andwherein for each value of i, said subtracting the charge (i, 2) from the charge (i, 1) comprises:electrically connecting a positive side of the capacitor (i, 1) to a negative side of the capacitor (i, 2) after both the first charge collection time period and the second charge collection time period end, andelectrically connecting a negative side of the capacitor (i, 1) to a positive side of the capacitor (i, 2) after both the first charge collection time period and the second charge collection time period end.14.A system, comprising a radiation detector which comprises:a radiation absorption layer which comprises sensing elements (i) , i=1, …, M, with M being positive integer; andan electronics layer which comprises charge collecting modules (i) , i=1, …, M, and a charge measuring system,wherein for each value of i, the charge collecting module (i) is configured to collect a charge (i, 1) from the sensing element (i) throughout a first charge collection time period,wherein for each value of i, the charge collecting module (i) is configured to collect a charge (i, 2) from the sensing element (i) throughout a second charge collection time period which does not overlap the first charge collection time period,wherein for each value of i, the system is configured to determine a final value (i) of a picture element (i) of a same final image based on the charge (i, 1) and the charge (i, 2) ,wherein for each value of i, the electronics layer comprises a read switch (i) which when closed electrically connects the charge collecting module (i) to the charge measuring system, andwherein for each value of i, the read switch (i) comprises a first IZO (indium zinc oxide) transistor (i) .15.The system of claim 14, wherein the radiation detector is an X-ray detector.16.The system of claim 14, wherein each of the first IZO transistors (i) , i=1, …, M is a TFT (thin film transistor) .17.The system of claim 14, wherein for each value of i, the charge measuring system comprises a voltmeter (i) which is configured to measure a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) .18.The system of claim 14, wherein the charge measuring system comprises a common voltmeter which is configured to, for each value of i, measure a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) .19.The system of claim 14, wherein the radiation absorption layer comprises gallium arsenide or cadmium telluride.20.The system of claim 14,wherein for each value of i, the charge collecting module (i) comprises a discharge switch (i) which when closed discharges a charge stored in the charge collecting module (i) ,wherein for each value of i, the discharge switch (i) comprises a second IZO transistor (i) , andwherein each of the second IZO transistors (i) , i=1, …, M is a TFT.21.The system of claim 14, further comprising a radiation source configured to send radiation toward the radiation absorption layer during the first charge collection time period, and configured to send no radiation toward the radiation absorption layer during the second charge collection time period.
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