Circular RNA with increased stability and expression
By incorporating an umbrella-like secondary structure with a duplex region into circular RNAs, their stability is significantly enhanced, addressing the need for improved circRNA stability for therapeutic and industrial applications.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/112591
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-08-17
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-16
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-20
AI Technical Summary
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are inherently stable due to the absence of 5' and 3' ends, but their stability can be further enhanced for therapeutic and industrial applications, such as improved protein production.
Introducing specific secondary structures, such as an umbrella-like structure with a duplex region, into circRNAs to increase their stability. This is achieved by optimizing codon sequences or introducing complementary heterologous sequences to form a duplex region of at least 20 base pairs.
The enhanced stability of circRNAs with introduced secondary structures leads to improved expression and longevity within cells, making them more suitable for therapeutic and industrial uses, such as protein production and gene regulation.
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Figure PCTCN2024112591-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Figure PCTCN2024112591-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
CIRCULAR RNA WITH INCREASED STABILITY AND EXPRESSIONBACKGROUND
[0001] Circular RNA (or circRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA which forms a covalently closed continuous loop. In circular RNA, the 5’ and 3’ ends normally present in an RNA molecule have been joined together. Many types of circular RNA arise from otherwise protein-coding genes. Some circular RNA has been shown to code for proteins. Some types of circular RNA have also recently shown potential as gene regulators. The biological function of most circular RNA is unclear.
[0002] Since circular RNAs do not have 5’ or 3’ ends, they are resistant to exonuclease-mediated degradation and are presumably more stable than the linear RNA counterparts in cells. Their stability, however, can be further improved for therapeutic and industry purposes.SUMMARY
[0003] It is discovered that when certain secondary structures are introduced to a circular RNA, its stability can be increased. One such structure is an umbrella-like structure having a duplex region (like a pole in the umbrella) that can be as short as 20 base pairs long, or can be hundreds of base pairs. Accordingly, the present disclosure provides compositions and methods useful for preparing circular RNA, particularly circular RNA that encodes one or more proteins, which have superior stability. Such a circular RNA includes complementary regions capable of forming a duplex region that is important for maintaining the stability of the circular RNA under different environments. Such complementary regions can be formed by codon optimization, or be introduced as heterologous sequences. In a particular example, the circular RNA includes a self-amplifying RNA or trans-amplifying RNA that is capable to amplifying an RNA sequence of interest, and indirectly increasing the expression of the RNA sequence / protein of interest.
[0004] One embodiment of the present disclosure provides a circular RNA, comprising a fragment having a first portion and a second portion having at least 30%sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length. In a preferred embodiment, the fragment encodes one or more protein.
[0005] In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 50 bp in length, or preferably at least 75 bp, 100 bp, 125 bp, 150 bp, 175 bp, 200 bp, 225 bp, 250 bp, 275 bp, 300 bp, 325 bp, 350 bp, 375 bp, 400 bp, 425 bp, 450 bp, 475 bp, 500 bp, 525 bp, or 550 bp in length.
[0006] In some embodiments, the first portion and the second portion have at least 40%sequence complementarity therebetween, or preferably have at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%or 90%sequence complementarity therebetween.
[0007] In some embodiments, the fragment is 200 to 1000 bases in length, the duplex region is at least 20 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 40%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 50 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 100 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 200 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%.
[0008] In some embodiments, the fragment is 1000 to 3000 bases in length, the duplex region is at least 20 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 40%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 50 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 100 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 200 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 300 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 400 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 500 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 80%.
[0009] In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 3000 bases in length, the duplex region is at least 100 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 200 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 300 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 400 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 500 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 600 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 1000 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 80%.
[0010] In some embodiments, at least 10%of the fragment is in duplex regions, or least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%of the fragment is in duplex regions.
[0011] In some embodiments, the fragment forms an umbrella-like secondary structure.
[0012] In some embodiments, wherein the fragment is codon-optimized, based on a natural coding sequence, to increase sequence complementarity between the first portion and the second portion. In some embodiments, the fragment is further codon-optimized to improve codon adaptation index as compared to the natural coding sequence.
[0013] In some embodiments, circular RNA further comprises a 5’ intron, a 5’ internal spacer, a 3’ internal spacer, and / or a 3’ intron. In some embodiments, the circular RNA further comprises an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) .
[0014] In some embodiments, the first portion is within 50 nucleotides from a start codon of the coding region and / or the second portion is within 50 nucleotides from a stop codon of the coding region.
[0015] In some embodiments, the fragment comprises a coding region that encodes one or more protein, and at least part of the first portion and / or the second portion is outside the coding region.
[0016] In some embodiments, the circular RNA comprises a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) or trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA) . In some embodiments, the circular RNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, and 72, or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, 90%or 95%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 2-11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, and 72 while encoding the same proteins.
[0017] In some embodiments, the circular RNA comprises a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) , which may be a microRNA, siRNA, piRNA, or snoRNA.
[0018] Also provided, in one embodiment, is a linear precursor RNA which, upon circularization, forms a circular RNA of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the circularization is chemical circularization or enzymatic circularization.
[0019] One embodiment provides a method for preparing a linear precursor RNA of the present disclosure that comprises a coding region encoding one or more proteins, comprising (a) codon-optimizing the coding region to generate a first portion and a second portion within the coding region that have at least 30%sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length, (b) synthesizing a DNA that encodes the codon-optimized coding region, and (c) transcribing the synthesized DNA.
[0020] One embodiment provides a method for preparing a linear precursor RNA of the present disclosure that comprises a target sequence, comprising (a) inserting a first fragment into the target sequence to form a combination sequence, so that the first fragment and a second fragment within the target sequence have at least 30%sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length, (b) synthesizing a DNA that encodes the combination sequence, and (c) transcribing the synthesized DNA.
[0021] One embodiment provides a method for preparing a linear precursor RNA of the present disclosure that comprises a target sequence, comprising (a) inserting a first fragment and a second fragment to both sides of the target sequence to form a combination sequence, so that the first fragment and the second fragment within the target sequence have at least 30%sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length, (b) synthesizing a DNA that encodes the combination sequence, and (c) transcribing the synthesized DNA.
[0022] Still another embodiment provides a circular RNA comprising a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) or trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA) . In some embodiments, the circular RNA of comprises one or more viral non-structural proteins (NSP) . In some embodiments, the viral NSP are from an α-RNA virus.
[0023] In some embodiments, the α-RNA virus is selected from the group consisting of Aura virus, Barmah Forest virus, Bebaru virus, Caaingua virus, Cabassou virus, Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Eilat virus, Everglades virus, Fort Morgan virus, Getah virus, Highlands J virus, Madariaga virus, Mayaro virus, Middelburg virus, Mosso das Pedras virus, Mucambo virus, Ndumu virus, O’ nyong’ nyong virus, Pixuna virus, Rio Negro virus, Ross River virus, Salmon pancreas disease virus, Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus, Southern elephant seal virus, Tonate virus, Trocara virus, Una virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus and Whataroa virus.
[0024] In some embodiments, the viral NSP comprise one or more of nonstructural proteins 1–4 (nsP1-4) , preferably all of nsP1-4. In some embodiments, the circular RNA comprises an RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-72.
[0025] Also provided is an expression system, comprising the circular RNA and an mRNA comprising a fragment encoding a protein, flanked by 5’ and 3’ conserved sequence elements (CSE) . In some embodiments, the mRNA further comprises a subgenomic promoter, and / or a subgenomic UTR.
[0026] In some embodiments, the protein is a therapeutic protein, a fluorescent protein, or a luciferase, wherein the therapeutic protein is optionally selected from the group consisting of cancer vaccine, vaccine for an infectious disease, antibody, immune modulatory ligand, receptor, structural protein, growth factor ligand or receptor, hormone or hormone receptor, transcription factor, checkpoint inhibitor or agonist, Fc fusion protein, anticoagulant, blood clotting factor, chaperone, antimicrobial protein, enzyme, tight junction protein, mitochondrial stress response protein, cytoskeletal protein, metal-binding protein, Cre recombinase, Cas protein, base editor, and prime editor. In some embodiments, the immune modulatory ligand is an interferon, cytokine, chemokine, or interleukin. In some embodiments, the structural protein is a channel protein or nuclear pore protein.
[0027] Also provided is a method for expressing a protein in a cell, comprising introducing to the cell the circular RNA and an mRNA comprising a fragment encoding a protein, flanked by 5’ and 3’ conserved sequence elements (CSE) . In some embodiments, the expression is in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] FIG. 1A-J illustrate the calculated secondary structures of RNA molecules having different internal sequence complementarity. The secondary structure of circularized wild-type firefly luciferase (Fluc) RNA is shown in (A) . Engineered circular Fluc sequences with various lengths of head and tail (HT) sequence complementarity are shown in (B) 100bp (100HT) , (C) 200bp (200HT) , (D) 300bp (300HT) , (E) 400bp (400HT) , (F) 500bp (500HT) , (G) 600bp (600HT) , (H) 650bp (650HT) , (I) 700bp (700HT) , and (J) 750 bp (750HT) . Elements in the sequences: black –Fluc coding sequence. light gray –IREF. other gray –5’ and 3’ non-coding sequences (3’ intron, 5’ internal spacer, 3’ internal spacer, exon 1, 5’ intron) .
[0029] FIG. 2 shows agarose gel of (A) WT circular Fluc and (B) engineered circular (Circ) Fluc RNA with various lengths of HT (head-tail sequence complementarity) . Each group contains two samples, with in vitro transcripts (IVT) on the left and cyclization products (Circ) on the right. Relative Luminescence intensities with the corresponding circular RNA in the HEK293T cells following 24-hour transfection are shown in the table in (C) .
[0030] FIG. 3 shows the calculated secondary structure of 250HT circular Fluc RNA (A) and different degrees of codon optimization (B, C) . (D) Codon adaptation index were calculated using Linear Design software. (E) Relative Luminescence intensities with the corresponding circular RNA in the HEK293T cells following 24-hour transfection.
[0031] FIG. 4 shows relative Luminescence intensities with the corresponding circular RNA using various IRES in the HEK293T cells (A) , Hela cells (B) , Huh-7 cells (C) , HAP1 cells (D), Jurkat cells (E) and K562 cells (F) following 24-hour transfection.
[0032] FIG. 5 demonstrates the in vivo editing efficiency of the engineered circABE. (A) Schematic illustration of circABE &sgRNA LNPs preparation using Microfluidics device, and circABE &sgRNA mediated base editing in liver (targeting Pcsk9) . (B) The levels of serum Pcsk9 protein in mice injected with PBS, WT circABE &sgRNA LNPs and engineered circABE &sgRNA LNPs. (C) Editing efficiencies in liver induced by circABE &sgRNA LNPs.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] Definitions
[0034] It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity. for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies. As such, the terms “a”(or “an” ) , “one or more, ” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
[0035] As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides, ” and refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) . The term “polypeptide” refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids, and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, peptides, dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, “protein” , “amino acid chain” or any other term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are included within the definition of “polypeptide, ” and the term “polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A polypeptide may be derived from a natural biological source or produced by recombinant technology, but is not necessarily translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may be generated in any manner, including by chemical synthesis.
[0036] The term “encode” as it is applied to polynucleotides refers to a polynucleotide which is said to “encode” a polypeptide if, in its native state or when manipulated by methods well known to those skilled in the art, it can be transcribed and / or translated to produce the mRNA for the polypeptide and / or a fragment thereof. The antisense strand is the complement of such a nucleic acid, and the encoding sequence can be deduced therefrom.
[0037] Circular RNA of Improved Stability and Expression
[0038] RNA has a 2’ hydroxy group that makes the phosphodiester bond prone to nucleophilic attack and self-hydrolysis. Moreover, linear RNAs have single-stranded 5’ or 3’ ends which are susceptible to exonuclease-mediated degradation. RNA is less stable than DNA which lacks this hydroxy group and is double-stranded. With the advent of gene therapies as well as mRNA-based vaccines, improving the stability of RNA molecules became evermore important.
[0039] Circular RNA (or circRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA which forms a covalently closed continuous loop. Since circular RNAs do not have 5’ or 3’ ends, they are resistant to exonuclease-mediated degradation and are presumably more stable than the linear RNA counterparts in cells. Their stability, however, can be further improved for therapeutic and industry purposes such as protein production.
[0040] The instant inventors made the unexpected discovery that certain secondary structures can help improve the stability of RNA molecules. A structure that can be readily formed by integration or optimization of RNA sequences is the umbrella-like structure as illustrated in FIG. 1. The umbrella-like structure includes a duplex region (the “pole” ) formed by a 5’ portion (also referred to as a “head” (H) portion) and a 3’ portion (also referred to as a “tail” (T) portion) , flanking a middle portion that forms the canopy. While the canopy portion is optional, the length and complementarity of the duplex region can be important for the stability of the RNA molecule.
[0041] In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, provided is a circular RNA that includes a fragment having first portion (head / H) and a second portion (tail / T) having at least 30%sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region (pole) that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length. Also provided is a linear RNA precursor which, when circularized, forms the circular RNA as disclosed. The fragment of the RNA that forms the umbrella structure can be referred to as the “umbrella fragment. ”
[0042] Suppose the umbrella fragment has a length of L nucleotides (nt) , the head and tail have lengths of H nt and T nt, respectively, and their proportions in the fragment are H%=H / L%, T%= T / L%, respectively. The duplex region formed by the head and tail has a length of D base pairs (bp) , and within the duplex region, the degree of sequence complementarity (percentage of base pairing) is C%.
[0043] The impacts of each of these parameters have been investigated and experimentally tested. Tables 1 and 2 list some preferred parameters that are useful for the stability of the circular RNA.
[0044] Table 1. Preferred Umbrella Parameters for Stable Circular RNA
[0045] Table 2. Preferred Umbrella Parameters for Stable Circular RNA
[0046] One of the parameters is the length of the duplex region (pole) . In one embodiment, the duplex region is at least 20 bp in length. In some embodiments, the duplex region has a length that is at least 30 bp, 40 bp, 50 bp, 60 bp, 70 bp, 75 bp, 100 bp, 125 bp, 150 bp, 175 bp, 200 bp, 225 bp, 250 bp, 275 bp, 300 bp, 325 bp, 350 bp, 375 bp, 400 bp, 425 bp, 450 bp, 475 bp, 500 bp, 525 bp, 550 bp, 600 bp, 700 bp, 800 bp, 900 bp or 1000 bp. In some embodiments, the duplex region is not longer than 5000 bp, or not longer than 4000 bp, 3000 bp, 2000 bp, 1500 bp, 1400 bp, 1300 bp, 1200 bp, 1100 bp, 1000 bp, 950 bp, 900 bp, 850 bp, 800 bp, 750 bp, 700 bp, 650 bp, 600 bp, 550 bp, 500 bp, 450 bp, 400 bp, 350 bp, 300 bp, 250 bp or 200 bp.
[0047] Another parameter is the proportions of the head and tail portions in the umbrella fragment. In one embodiment, the proportion of the head or the tail in the umbrella fragment is at least 5%. In one embodiment, the proportion of the head or the tail in the umbrella fragment is at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%or 40%. In one embodiment, the proportion of the head or the tail in the umbrella fragment is not higher than 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%or 20%.
[0048] Yes it can be important to consider the total length of the circular RNA. In one embodiment, the proportion of the head or the tail of the total length of the circular RNA is at least 2%. In one embodiment, the proportion of the head or the tail the total length of the circular RNA is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%or 40%. In one embodiment, the proportion of the head or the tail the total length of the circular RNA is not higher than 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%or 20%.
[0049] Yet another useful parameter is the extent of sequence complementarity (C%) within the duplex region. Generally, higher sequence complementarity improves RNA stability but it can be challenging to create (e.g., from codon optimization) . In one embodiment, at least 30%of the bases within the duplex region are paired. In one embodiment, at least 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%or 95%of the bases within the duplex region are paired.
[0050] These parameters can interact with one another. For instance, when the length of the duplex region is long, the sequence complementarity within can be lower. In one example, the fragment is 200 to 1000 bases in length, the duplex region is at least 20 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 40%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 50 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 100 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 200 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%.
[0051] In some embodiments, the fragment is 1000 to 3000 bases in length, the duplex region is at least 20 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 40%. In one example, the duplex region is at least 50 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 100 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 200 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 300 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 400 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 500 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 80%.
[0052] In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 3000 bases in length, the duplex region is at least 100 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%. In one example, the duplex region is at least 200 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 300 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 400 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 500 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 600 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 1000 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 80%.
[0053] In some embodiments, the fragment is at least 20,000 bases in length. In some embodiments, the duplex region is at least 100 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%. In one example, the duplex region is at least 200 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 300 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 400 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 500 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 600 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%. In another example, the duplex region is at least 1000 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 80%.
[0054] Example circular RNA sequences according to various of the above embodiments are shown in Table 3, with the actual sequences provided in the appended computer Sequence Listing.
[0055] Table 3. Example Circular RNAs
[0056] In some embodiments, within the umbrella-like structure, the canopy portion constitutes a proportion that is not greater than 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%or 10%. In some embodiments, within the umbrella-like structure, the canopy portion constitutes a proportion that is at least 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30%.
[0057] A. Generation of Head and Tail
[0058] The circular RNA molecules of the instant disclosure can include any form of RNA, such as protein-coding RNA (e.g., mRNA, such as eukaryotic mRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) . Such natural RNA molecules do not include a 5’ portion and a 3’ portion that share enough sequence complementarity to allow formation of a duplex sufficient to maintain the umbrella-like structure. In particular, it is contemplated that natural eukaryotic mRNA would not be able to form duplex regions. Importantly, duplex regions are believed to cause immune responses, which would cause translation inhibition and cellular damage or even death. It is surprised in our setting this umbrella circular RNA with long duplex region did not cause immune responses, translation inhibition, or cell death.
[0059] In one embodiment, heterologous sequences can be added to a RNA sequence. For instance, a first heterologous sequence can be added to the 5’ end of a coding sequence and a second heterologous sequence can be added to the 3’ end of the coding sequence. If the first heterologous sequence and the second heterologous sequence are complementary to each other, then they can form a suitable duplex region, while the coding sequence between them forms the canopy.
[0060] In another example, only one heterologous sequence is added to the RNA sequence, which is complementary to an existing portion of the RNA sequence. For instance, the added heterologous sequence can be added to the 5’ end of the coding sequence, and is complementary to a 3’ portion of the coding sequence. Therefore, the added heterologous sequence forms a duplex region with the 3’ portion of the coding sequence, while the remaining coding sequence is retained as the canopy.
[0061] In some embodiments, the existing RNA already has a duplex region which might be too short or not have enough complementarity. Then, one or two heterologous sequences can be added to the ends to extend the duplex region.
[0062] Sequence complementarity can also be generated or increased for an existing RNA sequence without affecting its function. For instance, if the RNA includes a coding portion which encodes one or more proteins, codon optimization can be done to increase sequence complementarity. Normally, codon optimization is done to increase codon adaptation index.
[0063] The “Codon Adaptation Index” or CAI, is a measure of the synonymous codon usage bias for a DNA or RNA sequence and measures the resemblance between the synonymous codon usage of a gene and the synonymous codon frequencies of a reference set. The CAI index ranges from 0 to 1 being one if a gene always uses, for each encoded amino acid, the most frequently used synonymous codon in the reference set.
[0064] In the present disclosure, codon optimization can be done for improving the CAI, and / or increasing sequence complementarity. On average, each amino acid has 3 corresponding codons. Through computational modeling, it was determined that for an RNA that encodes for a protein of at least 67 amino acids, codon optimization can be done to generate sufficient sequence complementarity between the 5’ portion and the 3’ portion of the mRNA to form a duplex region.
[0065] In this respect, the present disclosure also provides methods of preparing circular RNA. In one embodiment, a method is provided for preparing a circular RNA, or a corresponding linear precursor RNA. In some embodiments, the RNA encodes one or more proteins. In some embodiments, the proteins are eukaryotic. In some embodiments, the method entails codon-optimizing the coding region to generate a first portion and a second portion within the coding region that have sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length. Then, cDNA with the codon-optimized sequence is then prepared (e.g., synthesized) , which can be then transcribed to generate the linear RNA. The linear RNA can then be circularized in vitro or in vivo.
[0066] In one embodiment, a method is provided for preparing a circular RNA, or a corresponding linear precursor RNA. The RNA includes a target sequence, and can be protein-coding or non-coding, without limitation. In some embodiments, the method entails (a) inserting a first fragment into the target sequence to form a combination sequence, so that the first fragment and a second fragment within the target sequence have sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length, (b) generating a DNA that encodes the combination sequence, and (c) transcribing the synthesized DNA.
[0067] In another embodiment, the method entails (a) inserting a first fragment and a second fragment to both sides of the target sequence to form a combination sequence, so that the first fragment and the second fragment within the target sequence have sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length, (b) generating a DNA that encodes the combination sequence, and (c) transcribing the synthesized DNA.
[0068] B. Elements in the Circular RNA
[0069] As provided, in some embodiments, the circular RNA of the present disclosure includes a coding sequence for one or more proteins. The head and tail sequences may be parts of the coding sequences, preferably upon codon optimization, or be introduced from heterologous sources. Additional elements of mRNA may not be part of the umbrella-like structure, as illustrated in FIG. 1. Such additional elements, without limitation, include one or more of 3’ intron, 5’ internal spacer, 3’ internal spacer and 5’ intron. The intron sequences, in some embodiments, are group I or group I introns or group II or group II introns.
[0070] In some embodiments, the circular RNA further includes an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) . The IRES is helpful for initiating translation for the circular RNA which lacks the 5’ cap.
[0071] In some embodiments, the circular RNA includes an mRNA sequence that encodes one or more proteins. In some embodiments, the proteins are ekpyrotic proteins. In some embodiments, the mRNA is not a natural mRNA sequence. In some embodiments, the one or more proteins are selected from fluorescent protein, luciferase, cancer antigen or vaccine, pathogen, antibody, nanobody, non-antibody protein, immune modulatory ligand, receptor, structural protein, growth factor ligand or receptor, hormone or hormone receptor, transcription factor, checkpoint inhibitor or agonist, Fc fusion protein, anticoagulant, blood clotting factor, chaperone protein, antimicrobial protein, structural protein, biochemical enzyme, tight junction protein, mitochondrial stress response, cytoskeletal protein, metal-binding protein, small molecule, Cre recombinase, Cas protein, BE protein or PE protein. In some embodiments, the immune modulatory ligand is an interferon, cytokine, chemokine, or interleukin. The protein can also be a channel protein or nuclear pore protein, without limitation.
[0072] In some embodiments, the coding sequence is not a natural coding sequence. In some embodiments, the circular RNA includes a self-amplifying RNA, a trans-amplifying RNA or a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) .
[0073] Non-limiting examples of lncRNA include microRNA, siRNA, piRNA, or snoRNA.
[0074] C. Self-Amplifying RNA and Trans-Amplifying RNA
[0075] Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) are mRNA capable of replicating themselves. An example self-amplifying RNA includes 5’ and 3’ conserved sequence elements (CSE) , coding sequences for nonstructural proteins 1–4 (nsP1-4) genes, and a subgenomic promoter. Following translation, the nsP1-4 proteins form an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) complex which recognizes flanking CSE sequences and amplifies the transcript between the CSEs. If a gene of interest (GOI) transcript is inserted between the CSEs, then the GOI transcript can be amplified.
[0076] A trans-amplifying mRNA (taRNA) uses two different transcripts to achieve a similar effect to a self-amplifying RNA. The first transcript encoding the nsP1-4 genes flanked by 5’ and 3’ UTRs is co-delivered with a separate transcript that includes the subgenomic promoter, and the viral CSE sequences flanking the GOI. Translation of the first transcript results in the formation of the RdRP complex, which subsequently amplifies the GOI-encoding transcript to result in the accumulation of the GOI protein.
[0077] The saRNA and taRNA technology is being used to deliver vaccines to patients, where the vaccine protein is the GOI to be expressed. Other therapeutic proteins can likewise be delivered. It is contemplated herein that, if the saRNA or taRNA is delivered as a circular RNA with improved stability, it can be provide a more efficient therapeutic method.
[0078] However, it has been challenging to generate circular forms of an RNA the encodes NSP1-4, because circular RNA has only been made for relatively small size RNA such as those of 1-2 kb in length. A coding sequence for NSP1-4, however, is about 8 kb. The instant inventors, have been successful in circularizing mRNA encoding NSP1-4, such as with the instant technology.
[0079] In one embodiment, the circular RNA includes a saRNA. Between the two CSEs, the order of the coding sequences may be nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, nsP4 and the GOI. In this example, the head and tail portions of the umbrella-like structure may be generated by codon-optimizing the coding sequences for nsP1 and GOI. Alternatively, the head and tail sequences may be heterologous sequences from other sources.
[0080] In another embodiment, the circular RNA includes a taRNA, which can be delivered together with a second transcript that does not need to be circular. The circular taRNA can include a 5’UTR, coding sequences for nsP1-4, 3’UTR and a poly (A) signal. The head and tail sequences can be generated by codon-optimizing the coding sequences for nsP1 and nsP4. In some embodiments, the head and tail may include adjacent sequences as well (e.g., nsP2 and nsP3) , without limitation.
[0081] Many natural saRNA and taRNA sequences exist. The sequences of some example taRNA are provided in Table 4, including those derived from the saRNA of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (SEQ ID NO: 1) , Aura virus (SEQ ID NO: 12) , Barmah Forest virus (SEQ ID NO: 14) , Bebaru virus (SEQ ID NO: 16) , CaaingTA virus (SEQ ID NO: 18) , Cabassou virus (SEQ ID NO: 20) , Chikungunya virus (SEQ ID NO: 22) , Eastern equine encephalitis virus (SEQ ID NO: 24) , Eilat virus (SEQ ID NO: 26) , Everglades virus (SEQ ID NO: 28) , Fort Morgan virus (SEQ ID NO: 30) , Getah virus (SEQ ID NO: 32) , Highlands J virus (SEQ ID NO: 34) , Madariaga virus (SEQ ID NO: 36) , Mayaro virus (SEQ ID NO: 38) , Middelburg virus (SEQ ID NO: 40) , Mosso das Pedras virus (SEQ ID NO: 42) , MTCambo virus (SEQ ID NO: 44) , Ndumu virus (SEQ ID NO: 46) , O'nyong'nyong virus (SEQ ID NO: 48), Pixuna virus (SEQ ID NO: 50) , Rio Negro virus (SEQ ID NO: 52) , Ross River virus (SEQ ID NO: 54) , Salmon pancreas disease virus (SEQ ID NO: 56) , Semliki Forest virus (SEQ ID NO: 58) , Sindbis virus (SEQ ID NO: 60) , Southern elephant seal virus (SEQ ID NO: 62) , Tonate virus (SEQ ID NO: 64) , Trocara virus (SEQ ID NO: 66) , Una virus (SEQ ID NO: 68) , Western equine encephalitis virus (SEQ ID NO: 70) , and Whataroa virus (SEQ ID NO: 71) .
[0082] Their codon-optimized, umbrella-forming, circular versions have been generated. The linear, precursor sequences are also provided in Table 4, such as those from Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (SEQ ID NO: 2) , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus –200HT (SEQ ID NO: 3) , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus –500HT (SEQ ID NO: 4) , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus –750HT (SEQ ID NO: 5) , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus –1000HT (SEQ ID NO: 6) , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus –1250HT (SEQ ID NO: 7) , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus –1500HT (SEQ ID NO: 8) , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus –2000HT (SEQ ID NO: 9) , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus –3000HT (SEQ ID NO: 10) , Aura virus (SEQ ID NO: 13) , Barmah Forest virus (SEQ ID NO: 15) , Bebaru virus (SEQ ID NO: 17) , CaaingTA virus (SEQ ID NO: 19) , Cabassou virus (SEQ ID NO: 21) , Chikungunya virus (SEQ ID NO: 23) , Eastern equine encephalitis virus (SEQ ID NO: 25) , Eilat virus (SEQ ID NO: 27) , Everglades virus (SEQ ID NO: 29) , Fort Morgan virus (SEQ ID NO: 31) , Getah virus (SEQ ID NO: 33) , Highlands J virus (SEQ ID NO: 35) , Madariaga virus (SEQ ID NO: 37) , Mayaro virus (SEQ ID NO: 39) , Middelburg virus (SEQ ID NO: 41) , Mosso das Pedras virus (SEQ ID NO: 43) , MTCambo virus (SEQ ID NO: 45) , Ndumu virus (SEQ ID NO: 47) , O’ nyong’ nyong virus (SEQ ID NO: 49), Pixuna virus (SEQ ID NO: 51) , Rio Negro virus (SEQ ID NO: 53) , Ross River virus (SEQ ID NO: 55) , Salmon pancreas disease virus (SEQ ID NO: 57) , Semliki Forest virus (SEQ ID NO: 59) , Sindbis virus (SEQ ID NO: 61) , Southern elephant seal virus (SEQ ID NO: 63) , Tonate virus (SEQ ID NO: 65) , Trocara virus (SEQ ID NO: 67) , Una virus (SEQ ID NO: 69) , and Whataroa virus (SEQ ID NO: 72) .
[0083] Each of these modified saRNA / taRNA sequences, as long as their biological equivalents, are within the scope of the present disclosure. A biological equivalent of a reference RNA molecule is one that has at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or 99.5%sequence identity but encodes the same protein sequence, or an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%or 99.5%sequence identity to the protein sequence.
[0084] In some embodiments, the circular RNA of the present disclosure includes the codon-optimized coding sequences (i.e., without the 5’ intron, 5’ internal spacer, 3’ intron, and 3’ internal spacer, or the IRES sequence) of any one of SEQ ID NO: 2-11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, or 72.
[0085] Circularization, however, can be achieved through other means as well. For instance, in vivo, circular RNAs can form from splicing events, either as exonic circular RNA from circularization of exons or as intronic circular RNA. Therefore, one embodiment of the present disclosure provides a circular RNA that includes a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) or trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA) . In a particular example, the circular RNA includes a trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA) .
[0086] In some embodiments, the circular RNA includes one or more viral non-structural proteins (NSP) . The NSP may be from an α-RNA virus, such as Aura virus, Barmah Forest virus, Bebaru virus, Caaingua virus, Cabassou virus, Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Eilat virus, Everglades virus, Fort Morgan virus, Getah virus, Highlands J virus, Madariaga virus, Mayaro virus, Middelburg virus, Mosso das Pedras virus, Mucambo virus, Ndumu virus, O’ nyong’ nyong virus, Pixuna virus, Rio Negro virus, Ross River virus, Salmon pancreas disease virus, Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus, Southern elephant seal virus, Tonate virus, Trocara virus, Una virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus and Whataroa virus. The NSP can include any one of nonstructural proteins 1–4 (nsP1-4) , but preferably all of nsP1-4.
[0087] Example circular taRNA sequences are provided in SEQ ID NO: 1-72.
[0088] The circular taRNA can amplify a separate RNA molecule which preferably encodes a protein. In the separate RNA molecule, the protein-coding sequence can be flanked by 5’ and 3’ conserved sequence elements (CSE) , which can be recognized by the nsP proteins. In some embodiments, the separate RNA further includes a subgenomic promoter, and / or a subgenomic UTR.
[0089] In some embodiments, the protein being expressed from the separate RNA can be a therapeutic protein, a fluorescent protein, or a luciferase. Non-limiting examples of therapeutic proteins include cancer vaccine, vaccine for an infectious disease, antibody, immune modulatory ligand (e.g., interferon, cytokine, chemokine, or interleukin) , receptor, structural protein (e.g., channel protein or nuclear pore protein) , growth factor ligand or receptor, hormone or hormone receptor, transcription factor, checkpoint inhibitor or agonist, Fc fusion protein, anticoagulant, blood clotting factor, chaperone, antimicrobial protein, enzyme, tight junction protein, mitochondrial stress response protein, cytoskeletal protein, metal-binding protein, Cre recombinase, Cas protein, base editor, and prime editor.
[0090] Methods of using the circular RNA, optionally along with the separate RNA, for expressing proteins in a cell are also provided. In one embodiment, a method for expressing a protein in a cell is provided that includes introducing to the cell the circular RNA and an mRNA comprising a fragment encoding a protein, flanked by 5’ and 3’ conserved sequence elements (CSE) . The method can be carried out in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo (e.g., in a patient) .
[0091] Upon entry into the cell, the circular RNA expresses viral NSPs, which recognize the CSE sequences on the separate mRNA and can amplify the mRNA. Such amplification, therefore, can ensure high expression of the mRNA.
[0092] In some embodiments, two or more separate mRNA can be introduced to a cell, all of which (by virtue of their inclusion of the CSE sequences) can be amplified by the NSPs as well. The present technology, therefore, provides an efficient and yet convenient way to ensure high expression of any protein-coding sequences, without requiring manipulation (e.g., codon optimization) of the protein-coding sequences.
[0093] D. Circularization, RNA Modifications and Delivery
[0094] Linear precursor RNA can be readily produced by in vitro transcription. Upon production, the linear RNA can be circularized with methods known in the art.
[0095] In vivo, circular RNAs can form from splicing events, either as exonic circular RNA from circularization of exons or as intronic circular RNA. In vitro, RNA circularization involves the intramolecular formation of a 3’, 5’-phosphodiester bond, requiring close proximity of the 3’-and 5’-terminus of the linear precursor. The in vitro circularization can be chemical or enzymatic, without limitation.
[0096] Chemical ligation of linear RNA can be done using cyanogen bromide (BrCN) in the presence of a morpholino derivative as an activator. Other condensing agents such as ethyl-3-(3’-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) can also be used for phosphodiester bond formation.
[0097] Circular RNA can also be produced directly, such as with the approach of solid phase synthesis of circular RNAs. The procedure combines standard phosphoramidite chemistry for chain assembly and phosphotriester chemistry for ring closure. An important element of the procedure is the start nucleoside being linked via a 3’-phosphodiester to the polymer support. After chain assembly is finished, final detritylation generates a 5’-terminal hydroxyl group for nucleophilic attack onto the unique 3’-terminal phosphodiester, leading to circularization while the oligonucleotide is still linked to the polymer. Subsequent cleavage of cyanoethyl groups enables selective detaching of circular RNAs. This is possible, because only the circular RNAs are bound through phosphotriesters via an o-chlorophenyl group to the resin and therefore can be selectively removed by treatment with tetramethylguanidinium pyridine-2-aldoximate.
[0098] A number of protocols for enzymatic ligation of synthetic oligonucleotides have been developed. Typically, three different polynucleotide ligases, capable of ligating nicks in single-and / or double-stranded RNA constructs are used: T4 DNA ligase (T4 Dnl) , T4 RNA ligase 1 (T4 Rnl 1) and T4 RNA ligase 2 (T4 Rnl 2) , all encoded in the genome of bacteriophage T4. They catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond between 5’- phosphate (donor) and 3’-hydroxyl (acceptor) end groups in DNA or RNA in an ATP-dependent reaction.
[0099] In some embodiments, the circular RNA is chemically modified, such as on the uridine nucleosides. In some embodiments, the chemically modified uridine nucleosides are N1-methylpseudouridines. In some embodiments, the chemically modified nucleobase is selected from 5-formylcytidine (5fC) , 5-methylcytidine (5meC) , 5-methoxycytidine (5moC) , 5-hydroxycytidine (5hoC) , 5-hydroxymethylcytidine (5hmC) , 5-formyluridine (5fU) , 5-methyluridine (5-meU) , 5-methoxyuridine (5moU) , 5-carboxymethylesteruridine (5camU) , pseudouridine (Ψ) , N1-methylpseudouridine (me1Ψ) , N6-methyladenosine (me6A) , or thienoguanosine (thG) .
[0100] In some embodiments, the chemically modified ribose is selected from 2’-O-methyl (2’-O-Me) , 2’-Fluoro (2’-F) , 2’-deoxy-2’-fluoro-beta-D-arabino-nucleic acid (2’F-ANA) , 4’-S, 4’-SFANA, 2’-azido, UNA, 2’-O-methoxy-ethyl (2’-O-ME) , 2’-O-Allyl, 2’-O-Ethylamine, 2’-O-Cyanoethyl, Locked nucleic acid (LAN) , Methylene-cLAN, N-MeO-amino BNA, or N-MeO-aminooxy BNA.
[0101] In some embodiments, one or more phosphodiester linkage in the circular RNA is chemically modified. In some embodiments, the chemically modified phosphodiester linkage is selected from Phosphorothioate (PS) , Boranophosphate, phosphodithioate (PS2) , 3’, 5’-amide, N3’-phosphoramidate (NP) , Phosphodiester (PO) , or 2’, 5’-phosphodiester (2’, 5’-PO) .
[0102] In some embodiments, the circular RNAs are formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) . In some embodiments, the LNP comprises (a) a molar ratio of 40-60%ionizable amino lipid, a molar ratio of 8-16%phospholipid, a molar ratio of 30-45%sterol, and a molar ratio of 1-5%PEG-modified lipid, (b) a molar ratio of 45-65%ionizable amino 40 lipid, a molar ratio of 5-10%phospholipid, a molar ratio of 25-40%sterol, and a molar ratio of 0.5-5%PEG modified lipid, (c) a molar ratio of 40-60%ionizable amino lipid, a molar ratio of 8-16%phospholipid, a molar ratio of 30-45%sterol, and a molar ratio of 1-5%PEG modified lipid, (d) a molar ratio of 45-65%ionizable amino lipid, a molar ratio of 5-10%phospholipid, a molar ratio of 25-40%sterol, and a molar ratio of 0.5-5%PEG modified lipid, (e) a molar ratio of 40-60%ionizable amino lipid, a molar ratio of 8-16%phospholipid, a molar ratio of 30-45%sterol, and a molar ratio of 1-5%PEG modified lipid, or (f) a molar ratio of 45-65%ionizable amino lipid, a molar ratio of 5-10%phospholipid, a molar ratio of 25-40%sterol, and a molar ratio of 0.5-5%PEG modified lipid.
[0103] In some embodiments, each mRNA is packaged in a liposome. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a cationic lipid, a non-cationic lipid, a cholesterol-based lipid and a PEG modified lipid.
[0104] In some embodiments, the cationic lipid is selected from the group consisting of 1, 1’- ( (2- (4- (2- ( (2- (bis (2-hydroxydodecyl) amino) ethyl) 2-hydroxydodecyl) amino) ethyl) piperazin-1-yl) ethyl) azanediyl) bis (dodecan-2-ol) (C12-200) , (6Z, 9Z, 28Z, 31Z) -heptatriaconta-6, 9, 28, 31-tetraen-19-yl 4- (dimethylamino) butanoate (MC3) , N, N-dimethyl-2, 3-bis ( (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yloxy) propan-1-amine (DLinDMA) , 2- (2, 2-di ( (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl) -1, 3-dioxolan-4-yl) -N, N-dimethylethanamine (DLinKC2DMA, [XTC2] ) , 3, 6-bis (4- (bis (2-hydroxydodecyl) amino) butyl) piperazine-2, 5-dione (cKK-E12) , 10, 13-dimethyl-17- (6-methylheptan-2-yl) -2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-yl 3- (1H-imidazol-5-yl) propanoate (ICE) , (15Z, 18Z) -N, N-dimethyl-6- ( (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl) tetracosa-15, 18-dien-1-amine (HGT5000) , (4Z, 15Z, 18Z) -N, N-dimethyl-6- ( (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yl) tetracosa-4, 15, 18-trien-1-amine (HGT5001) , N, N-dioleyl-N, N-dimethylammonium chloride (DODAC) , N, N-distearyl-N, N-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) , 1, 2-dimyristyloxyproyl-3-dimethyl-hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide (DMRIE) , dioleoyloxy-N- [2-sperminecarboxamido) ethyl] -N, N-dimethyl-1-propaniminiumtrifluoroacetate (DOSPA) , dioctadecylamidoglycyl spermine (DOGS) , 1, 2-dioleoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DODAP) , N, N-dimethyl- (2, 3-dioleyloxy) propylamine (DODMA) and N, N-dimethyl- (2, 3-dimyristyloxy) propylamine (DMDMA) , 1, 2-dilinolenyloxy-N, N-dimethylaminopropane (DLenDMA) , (2S) -2- (4- ( (10, 13-dimethyl-17- (6-methylheptan-2-yl) -2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta [a] phenanthren-3-yl) oxy) butoxy) -N, N-dimethyl-3- ( (9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yloxy) propan-1-amine (CLinDMA) , 2- [5’- (cholest-5-en-3 [betal] -oxy) -3’-oxapentoxy) -3-dimethyl-1-1 (cis, cis-9’, 12’-octadecadienoxy) propane (CpLinDMA) , N, N-dimethyl-3, 4-dioleyloxybenzylamine (DMOBA) , 1, 2-N, N’-dioleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (DOcarbDAP) , (9Z, 9’ Z, 12Z, 12’ Z) -3- (dimethylamino) propane-1, 2-diyl bis (octadeca-9, 12-dienoate) (DLinDAP) , 1, 2-dilinoleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (DLinCDAP) , 2, 2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl- [1, 3] -dioxolane (DLin-K-DMA) , 2- ( (2, 3-bis ( (9Z, 12Z) - octadeca-9, 12-dien-1-yloxy) propyl) disulfanyl) -N, N-dimethylethanamine (HGT4003) , and combinations thereof.
[0105] In some embodiments, the cholesterol-based lipid is cholesterol or PEGylated cholesterol. In some embodiments, the cationic lipid constitutes about 30-50%of the liposome by molar ratio. In some embodiments, the ratio of cationic lipid: non-cationic lipid: cholesterol lipid: PEGylated lipid is approximately 40: 30: 25: 5 by molar ratio. In some embodiments, the liposome comprises a combination selected from the group consisting of: cKK-E12, 1, 2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) , cholesterol and 1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene Glycol (DMG-PEG2K) ; C12-200, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K; HGT4003, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K; or ICE, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K.
[0106] A specific dosage of the circular RNA and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the disease, the patient’s age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet, and the time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the severity of the particular disease being treated. Judgment of such factors by medical caregivers is within the ordinary skill in the art. The amount will also depend on the individual patient to be treated, the route of administration, the type of formulation, the characteristics of the compound used, the severity of the disease, and the desired effect. The amount used can be determined by pharmacological and pharmacokinetic principles well known in the art.
[0107] Methods of administration of the circular RNA include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The circular RNA or compositions comprising the circular RNA may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc. ) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Thus, pharmaceutical compositions containing the antigen-binding polypeptides of the disclosure may be administered orally, rectally, parenterally, intracistemally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, drops or transdermal patch) , bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray.
[0108] The term “parenteral” as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intra-articular injection and infusion.
[0109] Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it may be desirable to introduce the circular RNA into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.
[0110] It may be desirable to administer the circular RNA or compositions of the disclosure locally to the area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction, with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. Preferably, when administering a protein, including a circular RNA, of the disclosure, care must be taken to use materials to which the protein does not absorb.
[0111] EXAMPLES
[0112] Example 1. Preparation and Testing of Circular RNA with Different Lengths of Head-Tail Sequence Complementarity
[0113] In this example, circular RNA was designed and tested with different lengths of head-tail sequence complementarity.
[0114] The test RNA molecules included the coding sequence of the firefly luciferase (Fluc) , along with certain non-coding sequences such as 5’ intron, 3’ intron, 5’ internal spacer, and 3’ internal spacer. In addition, to enable translation of the RNA, an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) was added 5’ to the coding sequence.
[0115] Ten different types of RNA molecules were designed. In “WT” , the wild-type coding sequence of Fluc was used. FIG. 1A shows the predicted (with the RNAFold program) secondary structure if the WT RNA is circularized. Note that the secondary structure is relatively random, with many small loops and stems.
[0116] The coding sequence of Fluc was codon-optimized such that the 100 bases of the 5’ portion ( “head” ) and the 100 bases of the 3’ portion ( “tail” ) share sequence complementarity. This RNA molecule is referred to as 100HT (100 base-complementarity between the head and tail) . Given that the 100 bases are fairly short relative to the total length of the RNA molecule, upon circularization, the 100HT is predicted to form a fairly random secondary structure (FIG. 1B) .
[0117] Further codon optimization was conducted to generate Fluc-encoding RNA molecules having 200 bases head-tail sequence complementarity ( “200HT” ) . Upon circularization, 200HT forms an 200bp rod between the complementary head and tail portion, and it resembles an umbrella (FIG. 1C) .
[0118] When the head-tail sequence complementarity was increased to 300 bp ( “300HT” ) , the secondary structure of the circularized RNA molecule further resembles an umbrella structure (FIG. 1D) . The umbrella included a 300bp rod, connected to a canopy formed by the coding sequence between the head and tail.
[0119] Along this line, 400HT, 500HT, 600HT, 650HT, 700HT, and 750HT were also designed, and their secondary structures upon circularization included longer rods and smaller canopies in the umbrella structures (FIG. 1E-J) .
[0120] Non-circularized (precursor) RNAs of these RNA molecules were in vitro transcribed from synthesized DNA and then subjected to ribozyme-catalyzed circularization by the Type I intron sequences under the presence of magnesium. The circularization was confirmed on agarose gel (FIG. 2A-B) . The circularized RNA molecules were then transfected to HEK293T cells. 24 hours following the transfection, luminescence intensities were measured, reflecting the activity (amount) of the circularized RNA molecules in the cells.
[0121] As shown in FIG. 2C, 600HT had the highest luminescence intensity and thus was the most stable in the HEK293 cells. 650HT was similarly stable, followed by 700HT, 750HT and 500 HT. In fact, all of the engineered RNA molecules were more stable than the wild-type.
[0122] To investigate whether increased codon adaptation index (CAI) can further improve expression of circular RNA with umbrella structures, a 250HT circular Fluc RNA was codon-optimized (FIG. 3A-C) , and their CAI were calculated (FIG. 3D) . As shown in FIG. 3E, circular RNA with higher CAI had higher expression of the Fluc protein (24 hours after transfection) .
[0123] To assess the generality of this strategy, this example used the design above across various IRES (CVB3, PV3, HRVA1, SwineVesicular, EV-B107 and SimianV4) and cell lines (HEK293T, Hela, Huh-7, HAP1, Jurkat and K562) . As shown in FIG. 4A-F, the expression level of the 800HT circular Fluc RNA was significantly elevated compared to the WT RNA, demonstrating the broad applicability.
[0124] Finally, this example applied this strategy to the modification of gene editing tools. We engineered the circRNA of the adenine base editor (circABE) and co-delivered circABE and sgRNA targeting the Pcsk9 to mouse liver cells via lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) (FIG. 5A) . As shown in FIG. 5B-C, the in vivo editing efficiency of the engineered circABE was significantly enhanced, effectively reducing the levels of PCSK9 protein in the serum.
[0125] Table 4. Sequences
[0126] (Note: 3’ intron is underlined; 5’ internal spacer is underlined and italic, IRES is bold and italic, protein-coding has regular fonts, italic, and all RNA sequences are shown as DNA sequences, corresponding to the Sequence Listing which is required to be in DNA formats; it is appreciated that each “T” in the sequences corresponds to a “U” in RNA)
[0127] ***
[0128] The present disclosure is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the disclosure, and any compositions or methods which are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the methods and compositions of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
[0129] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
Claims
1.A circular RNA, comprising a fragment having a first portion and a second portion having at least 30%sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length.2.The circular RNA of claim 1, wherein the fragment encodes one or more protein.3.The circular RNA of claim 1 or 2, wherein the duplex region is at least 50 bp in length, or preferably at least 75 bp, 100 bp, 125 bp, 150 bp, 175 bp, 200 bp, 225 bp, 250 bp, 275 bp, 300 bp, 325 bp, 350 bp, 375 bp, 400 bp, 425 bp, 450 bp, 475 bp, 500 bp, 525 bp, or 550 bp in length.4.The circular RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the first portion and the second portion have at least 40%sequence complementarity therebetween, or preferably have at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%or 90%sequence complementarity therebetween.5.The circular RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the fragment is 200 to 1000 bases in length, the duplex region is at least 20 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 40%.6.The circular RNA of claim 5, wherein:(a) the duplex region is at least 50 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%,(b) the duplex region is at least 100 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%, or(c) the duplex region is at least 200 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%.7.The circular RNA of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the fragment is 1000 to 3000 bases in length, the duplex region is at least 20 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 40%.8.The circular RNA of claim 8, wherein:(a) the duplex region is at least 50 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%,(b) the duplex region is at least 100 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%,(c) the duplex region is at least 200 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%,(d) the duplex region is at least 300 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%,(e) the duplex region is at least 400 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%, or(f) the duplex region is at least 500 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 80%.9.The circular RNA of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the fragment is at least 3000 bases in length, the duplex region is at least 100 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%.10.The circular RNA of claim 9, wherein:(a) the duplex region is at least 200 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 50%,(b) the duplex region is at least 300 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%,(c) the duplex region is at least 400 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%,(d) the duplex region is at least 500 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 60%,(e) the duplex region is at least 600 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 70%, or(f) the duplex region is at least 1000 bp in length, and the sequence complementarity within the duplex region is at least 80%.11.The circular RNA of claim 9, wherein at least 10%of the fragment is in duplex regions, or least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%of the fragment is in duplex regions.12.The circular RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the fragment forms an umbrella-like secondary structure.13.The circular RNA of any one of claims 2-12, wherein the fragment is codon-optimized, based on a natural coding sequence, to increase sequence complementarity between the first portion and the second portion.14.The circular RNA of claim 13, wherein the fragment is further codon-optimized to improve codon adaptation index as compared to the natural coding sequence.15.The circular RNA of any one of claims 2-14, further comprising a 5’ intron, a 5’ internal spacer, a 3’ internal spacer, and / or a 3’ intron.16.The circular RNA of any preceding claim, further comprising an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) .17.The circular RNA of any one of claims 2-16, wherein the first portion is within 50 nucleotides from a start codon of the coding region and / or the second portion is within 50 nucleotides from a stop codon of the coding region.18.The circular RNA of claim 1, wherein the fragment comprises a coding region that encodes one or more protein, and at least part of the first portion and / or the second portion is outside the coding region.19.The circular RNA of any one of claims 1-18, which comprises a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) or trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA) .20.The circular RNA of claim 19, which comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2-11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, and 72, or a nucleic acid sequence having at least 85%, 90%or 95%sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 2-11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, and 72 while encoding the same proteins.21.The circular RNA of any one of claims 1 and 3-12, which comprises a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) .22.The circular RNA of claim 21, wherein the lncRNA is a microRNA, siRNA, piRNA, or snoRNA.23.A linear precursor RNA which, upon circularization, forms a circular RNA of any one of claims 1-22.24.The linear precursor RNA of claim 23, wherein the circularization is chemical circularization or enzymatic circularization.25.A method for preparing the linear precursor RNA of claim 23 that comprises a coding region encoding one or more proteins, comprising (a) codon-optimizing the coding region to generate a first portion and a second portion within the coding region that have at least 30%sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length, (b) synthesizing a DNA that encodes the codon-optimized coding region, and (c) transcribing the synthesized DNA.26.A method for preparing the linear precursor RNA of claim 23 that comprises a target sequence, comprising (a) inserting a first fragment into the target sequence to form a combination sequence, so that the first fragment and a second fragment within the target sequence have at least 30%sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length, (b) synthesizing a DNA that encodes the combination sequence, and (c) transcribing the synthesized DNA.27.A method for preparing the linear precursor RNA of claim 23 that comprises a target sequence, comprising (a) inserting a first fragment and a second fragment to both sides of the target sequence to form a combination sequence, so that the first fragment and the second fragment within the target sequence have at least 30%sequence complementarity therebetween to allow formation of a duplex region that is at least 20 base pairs (bp) in length, (b) synthesizing a DNA that encodes the combination sequence, and (c) transcribing the synthesized DNA.28.A circular RNA comprising a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) or trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA) .29.The circular RNA of claim 28, which comprises one or more viral non-structural proteins (NSP) .30.The circular RNA of claim 29, wherein the viral NSP are from an α-RNA virus.31.The circular RNA of claim 30, wherein the α-RNA virus is selected from the group consisting of Aura virus, Barmah Forest virus, Bebaru virus, Caaingua virus, Cabassou virus, Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Eilat virus, Everglades virus, Fort Morgan virus, Getah virus, Highlands J virus, Madariaga virus, Mayaro virus, Middelburg virus, Mosso das Pedras virus, Mucambo virus, Ndumu virus, O’ nyong’ nyong virus, Pixuna virus, Rio Negro virus, Ross River virus, Salmon pancreas disease virus, Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus, Southern elephant seal virus, Tonate virus, Trocara virus, Una virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus and Whataroa virus.32.The circular RNA of any one of claims 28-31, wherein the viral NSP comprise one or more of nonstructural proteins 1–4 (nsP1-4) , preferably all of nsP1-4.33.The circular RNA of claim 28, which comprises an RNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-72.34.An expression system, comprising the circular RNA of any one of claims 28-33 and an mRNA comprising a fragment encoding a protein, flanked by 5’ and 3’ conserved sequence elements (CSE) .35.The expression system of claim 34, wherein the mRNA further comprises a subgenomic promoter, and / or a subgenomic UTR.36.The expression system of claim 34 or 35, wherein the protein is a therapeutic protein, a fluorescent protein, or a luciferase, wherein the therapeutic protein is optionally selected from the group consisting of cancer vaccine, vaccine for an infectious disease, antibody, immune modulatory ligand, receptor, structural protein, growth factor ligand or receptor, hormone or hormone receptor, transcription factor, checkpoint inhibitor or agonist, Fc fusion protein, anticoagulant, blood clotting factor, chaperone, antimicrobial protein, enzyme, tight junction protein, mitochondrial stress response protein, cytoskeletal protein, metal-binding protein, Cre recombinase, Cas protein, base editor, and prime editor.37.The expression system of claim 36, wherein the immune modulatory ligand is an interferon, cytokine, chemokine, or interleukin.38.The expression system of claim 36, wherein the structural protein is a channel protein or nuclear pore protein.39.A method for expressing a protein in a cell, comprising introducing to the cell the circular RNA of any one of claims 28-33 and an mRNA comprising a fragment encoding a protein, flanked by 5’ and 3’ conserved sequence elements (CSE) .40.The method of claim 39, wherein the expression is in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.
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