Highly stable solution-processed transparent electrode based on metal nanowire network and polymers
The polymer post-treatment process enhances the stability and interfacial contact of silver nanowire network-based transparent electrodes, addressing key challenges in existing technologies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/116575
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-08
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-03
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-13
AI Technical Summary
Existing silver nanowire network-based transparent electrodes face challenges with poor interfacial contact and stability against electrical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical stress.
A polymer post-treatment process is applied to improve the interfacial contact and stability of silver nanowire networks by forming a complex with polymers, which enhances adhesion and acts as a diffusion barrier.
The polymer post-treatment significantly improves the thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stability of the silver nanowire networks while maintaining high conductivity and transmittance.
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Figure CN2024116575_13032025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
HIGHLY STABLE SOLUTION-PROCESSED TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE BASED ON METAL NANOWIRE NETWORK AND POLYMERS
[0001] COPYRIGHT NOTICE
[0002] A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material, which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.Field of the Invention:
[0003] The present invention generally relates to a process for transparent electrodes. More specifically, the present invention relates to highly stable solution-processed transparent electrodes based on a metal nanowire network and polymers.Background of the Invention:
[0004] Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) are essential in modern industries, such as displays, solar cells, and detectors. Generally, high transmittance, high conductivity, and high stability are imperative requirements for TCEs. Tin-doped Indium Oxide (ITO) is currently the mainstream choice. However, the lack of storage of indium, high cost, and complicated deposition process would restrict its application in the near future. Metallic nanowire transparent conductive network, as an indium-free electrode material, with its superior photoelectric properties and mechanical flexibility, has attracted more and more attention from scientific research and industry.
[0005] Furthermore, nanowire (NW) networks have emerged in light-emitting diodes, solar cells, touch panels, flexible sensors, transparent heaters, and electromagnetic shielding and shows great potential as TCEs. Compared with ITO, the low manufacturing cost, easy-fabricating process, and great flexibility make Ag-NW suitable for large-scale and flexible applications. For the practical applications of nanowire network-based TCEs, it is very important to have good stabilities against electrical bias, annealing, chemical reactions, and mechanical stress. Meanwhile, the compatibility with other layers in the multi-layered device structure is essential.
[0006] Therefore, there is a need for a simple approach to achieve highly transparent, conductive, and stable top electrodes in the structure of a metallic network covered with polymers.Summary of the Invention:
[0007] It is an objective of the present invention to provide a process for highly stable solution-processed transparent electrodes based on a metal nanowire network and polymers to solve the aforementioned technical problems. Briefly, the polymer post-treatment process of the present invention is to resolve the below two problems present in the field of the Ag nanowire network based top transparent electrode system.
[0008] 1. The poor interfacial contact between the Ag nanowire network and the underlying layer due to the large roughness of Ag networks.
[0009] 2. The poor stability, including thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stability, of the Ag nanowire networks due to the nature of the nanowires.
[0010] There are no reports that simultaneously address both issues. However, these two issues are highly important for the industrial application of silver nanowire networks for top transparent electrodes.
[0011] Accordingly, in the present invention, those problems can be both solved by the provided polymer posttreatment as follows.
[0012] 1. Their poor interfacial contact is solved by polymer posttreatment. The functional groups in polymer coverage can interact with the metallic network and the underlying metal oxide layer. The tensile force in the interface improves the contact and reduces the interfacial electrical resistance.
[0013] 2. The stability of the metallic network is considerably improved by polymer posttreatment. The degradation mechanism of the metallic nanowires involves atomic diffusion of metal atoms or clusters under various activations. After compositing with polymer, the functional groups of polymers with linear, branched, or cross-linked structures strongly anchor the metal atoms and makes the diffusion barrier much higher than the reference. Thus, the thermal, electrical, and mechanical stabilities of nanowire networks significantly improved. At the same time, polymer interacted nanowire-based electrodes show better chemical stability against water / moisture, oxygen, or other environmental conditions than the controlled metal nanowire electrodes, resulting in improved chemical stability of the composite electrode.
[0014] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a method of integrating a solution-processed transparent electrode based on a metallic nanowire network and polymers is provided. The method includes forming at least one metallic network on an underlying substrate via a solution process comprising a plurality of metal nanowires and a plurality of junctions where the metal nanowires meet; forming a gap filling layer on the metallic network to form a complex of metallic network and polymer; and drying the complex of metallic network and polymer, in which the metallic network and polymer are connected to each other at least by chemical bonding.
[0015] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a transparent electrode based on a metallic nanowire network and polymer is provided. The transparent electrode includes a plurality of metal oxide nanoparticles, at least one metal nanowire, and an anchoring polymer layer. The metal oxide nanoparticles form a metal oxide layer. The metal nanowire is positioned on the metal oxide layer. The anchoring polymer layer connects to the metal nanowire and the metal oxide layer to form at least one junction point therebetween via chemical bonding of nitrogen.
[0016] This work demonstrates an easy-fabricating anchored AgNW network with good optical properties and good contact between top electrode and underneath layer, and finally achieving the superior electrical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical bending stabilities. In the present invention, the polymer-nanowire composite electrodes are easy-fabricating and show better stabilities than existed methods.
[0017] By the above configuration, the advantages of the present invention are summarized as follows:
[0018] 1. Simple solution process and low cost: a simple alcohol-based coating process for Ag nanowires, which avoids high energy consumption during the manufacturing process.
[0019] 2. High transmittance of electrode: the average transmittance of Ag networks is improved. especially in red region of visible light and the near-infrared region.
[0020] 3. High conductivity: the posttreatment of polymer on Ag networks has negligible influence on the conductivity.
[0021] 4. High stability: huge improvements in the thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stability of the Ag networks by polymer coverage.
[0022] 5. Ideal interfacial contact: the interfacial resistance between the Ag network and the underneath layer is reduced by polymer posttreatment.
[0023] 6. Green process: low temperature, atmosphere condition, and non-toxic process.
[0024] 7. Favorable to large-area and flexible process.Brief Description of the Drawings:
[0025] Embodiments of the invention are described in more details hereinafter with reference to the drawings, in which:
[0026] FIG. 1 illustrates the angled SEM image and schematic diagram of the Ag nanowire network lying on the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles layer with PEI treatment according to some embodiments of the present invention;
[0027] FIG. 2 illustrate performances of related devices according to some embodiments of the present invention, in which the section (a) shows current-voltage characteristics for ITO / ZnO NP / AgNW-based transparent conductive electrodes; and the section (b) shows the transmittance spectra of glass / ITO, glass / ITO / PEDOT: PSS, and ZnO / AgNW without and with PEI coatings;
[0028] FIG. 3 illustrate performances of related devices, in which the section (a) is the thermal stability of AgNW networks without and with PEI-10 treatment; the section (b) is the electrical stability of the AgNW networks without and with PEI-10 treatment at 5 V, and the inset diagram is the measured device structure of glass / ITO / ZnONP / AgNW / PEI-10; the section (c) is the storage stability of AgNW and AgNW / PEI-10 at 85 ℃ and 85%RH; and the section (d) is the chemical stability of AgNW and AgNW / PEI-10 immersed in 10 wt%polystyrene sulfonate solution; and the section (e) is the bending stability of AgNW network without and with PEI-10 treatment on 5 um cPI flexible substrate, and the bending radius is less than 2 mm; and the section (f) is the normalized current of the AgNW networks without and with PEI-10 treatment after around 10000 bending cycles;
[0029] FIG. 4 illustrate performances of related devices, in which the section (a) is the thermal stability of AgNW networks with PEI, PAA, PAA+PEI, and PAA+MEG treatments; the section (b) is the bending stability of the AgNW network with PEI, PAA, PAA+PEI, and PAA+MEG treatments on 5 um cPI flexible substrate, and the bending radius is less than 2 mm; and
[0030] FIG. 5 shows the schematic diagram of the formation process of the AgNW / polymer complex network.Detailed Description:
[0031] In the following description, apparatuses, systems, and / or methods of highly stable solution-processed transparent electrodes based on a metal nanowire network and polymers and the likes are set forth as preferred examples. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, including additions and / or substitutions may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Specific details may be omitted so as not to obscure the invention; however, the disclosure is written to enable one skilled in the art to practice the teachings herein without undue experimentation.
[0032] In the present invention, a novel approach is provided, which can simultaneously improve the interfacial contact and electrode stabilities, such that a high-quality top transparent electrode can be manufactured by establishing silver nanowire composite with functional polymers via a facile solution process.
[0033] A method of integrating a solution-processed transparent electrode based on a metallic nanowire network and polymers is provided, including: step (a) : forming at least one metallic network on an underlying substrate via a solution process comprising a plurality of metal nanowires and a plurality of junctions where the metal nanowires meet (e.g., the first step of FIG. 5) ; step (b) : forming a gap filling layer on the metallic network to form a complex of metallic network and polymer (e.g., the second step of FIG. 5 or the second step in combination with the third step of FIG. 5) ; and step (c) : drying the complex of metallic network and polymer.
[0034] Among these steps, at least after the step (b) , at least one adhesive force is created between the gap filling layer and the metallic network (i.e., metal nanowire network) via chemical bonding (e.g. nitrogen) for adhesion. Similarly, as an embodiment involving the underlying substrate is a metal oxide nanoparticle film, adhesive force is created between the gap filling layer and the metal oxide nanoparticle film via chemical bonding (e.g. nitrogen) for adhesion as well. In this regard, contacts and adhesive forces among the underlying substrate, the metallic network, and the gap filling layer are enhanced via the chemical bonding. As such, in one embodiment, at least after the step (c) , a hybrid film including the metal nanowire network, and the metal oxide nanoparticle film is formed and obtained, which can be defined as a layer-by-layer structure.
[0035] In one embodiment, the forming the gap filling layer is performed by forming a polymer film on the metallic network. More precisely, the polymer includes amine-based or acid-based, or sulfide-based polymer that has plentiful groups. In various embodiments, the polymer includes polyethylenimine (PEI) , poly (propylene imine) (PPI) , polyamidoamine (PAMAM) , Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) , polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) , or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the gap filling layer is formed at least using polymers containing nitrogen (amine) , such as polyethylenimine (PEI) .
[0036] In one embodiment, the forming the gap filling layer is performed by forming two layers of materials and then cross-linking the materials on the metallic network (e.g., the second step in combination with the third step of FIG. 5) . In this regard, after the cross-linking, the gap filling layer can include cross-linking materials combined with two materials, an anchor polymer and a cross-linker. In various embodiments, the anchor polymer includes polyethylenimine (PEI) , poly (propylene imine) (PPI) , polyamidoamine (PAMAM) , Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) , polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) , or combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the cross-linker is polymer or monomer, including polyethylenimine (PEI) , poly (propylene imine) (PPI) , polyamidoamine (PAMAM) , Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) , polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) , ethylene glycol (EG) , Oxalic acid, or combinations thereof. For example, the anchor polymer is applied to the underlying substrate and the metallic network by using polymers containing nitrogen (amine) , such as polyethylenimine (PEI) . In one embodiment, the step of the cross-linking the materials on the metallic network is achieved by a cross-linking process, which is conducted by thermal annealing at a range of 50-150℃, or using UV treatment, or using cross-linking agent such as Sodium citrate and periodate potassium (KIO4) , etc.
[0037] In an embodiment, the underlying substrate is a preparation substrate or target substrate. The preparation substrate may be a silicon wafer, glass, etc. The target substrate is a metal oxide film such as zinc oxide (ZnO) , titanium oxide (TiO2) , tin oxide (SnO2) , nickel oxide (NiO) , indium tin oxide (ITO) , aluminum oxide (Al2O3) , or combinations thereof. In this regard, the preparation substrate is not limited to be composed only one metal; for example, in one embodiments, two or more different metal oxide compounds are applied to the preparation substrate.
[0038] In an embodiment, at least one metallic nanowire of the metal nanowires includes silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, palladium, or combinations thereof. In this regard, the step of the forming the metallic network onto the underlying substrate includes: preparing the metallic nanowire in form of the solution; and forming the metallic network using spin coating, drop casting, spray coating, or blade coating techniques onto the underlying substrate. In various embodiments, a solvent for the metal nanowire includes ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, glycerin, or a mixture thereof.
[0039] In an embodiment, the step of the forming the gap filling layer on the metallic network involves using polymer and includes: preparing the polymer in form of solution, in which a solution concentration of the polymer is in a range of 1-20 mg / mL; and coating the metallic network with the polymer in form of solution using spin coating, drop casting, spray coating, or blade coating techniques, so as to form a conductive polymer thin film. In various embodiments, a solvent of the polymer is ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, Glycerin, or a mixture thereof.
[0040] In the present disclosure, a wide range of solution deposition techniques is applied, such as spin-coating, blade coating, inkjet printing, and Mayer rod coating, so one or more of these methods can be used for forming one target layer / film over a base (e.g., preparation substrate) .
[0041] In an embodiment, the drying the complex of metallic network and polymer is processed under a temperature in a range of 70-150℃ for about 10 minutes.
[0042] In some embodiments, the complex of metallic network and polymer can serve as a conductive film which can realize a sheet resistance of lower than 20Ω / sq, as well as achieving an average transmittance in the visible region over 50%. In some embodiments, the complex of metallic network and polymer can serve as a conductive film which can sustain a temperature of over 250 ℃ or a voltage over 10V. In some embodiments, the complex of metallic network and polymer can serve as a conductive film which can keep over 90%of its conductivity after 10000 bending cycles with a bending radius lower than 2 mm.
[0043] Herein, the silver nanowire (AgNW) / Polyethylenimine (PEI) results can be applied to describe the invention.
[0044] FIG. 1 illustrates the angled SEM image and schematic diagram of the Ag nanowire network lying on the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles layer with PEI treatment according to some embodiments of the present invention. Specifically, the illustration of FIG. 1 shows that the PEI can well cover the AgNW and fill the gap between top electrode-AgNW and underneath layer-ZnO, which can reduce the contact defects at the interface. The PEI can connect to both the AgNW and the underlying ZnO layer via chemical bonding, (such as through nitrogen-containing functional groups) for adhesion.
[0045] More specifically, in an embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, a transparent electrode 100 based on a metallic nanowire network and polymer includes: a plurality of metal oxide nanoparticles forming a metal oxide layer 110; at least one metal nanowire 120 positioned on the metal oxide layer 110; and an anchoring polymer layer 130 connecting to the metal oxide layer 110 and the metal nanowire 120 to form at least one junction point (e.g., the circle nodes) therebetween via nitrogen. In this regard, the connection points for the junction are achieved with chemical bonding, enhancing contacts and adhesive forces between the metal oxide layer 110 and the anchoring polymer layer 130 and between the metal nanowire 120 and the anchoring polymer layer 130. It is noted that the mentioned chemical bonding of nitrogen for adhesion is a concept different than applying Van-der-Waals forces and / or other electrostatic interactions and / or capillary forces.
[0046] In some embodiments, the anchoring polymer layer 130 extends from the metal oxide layer 110 to the metal nanowire 120 (which can be further illustrated in FIG. 5) . In some embodiments, the transparent electrode further includes a cross-linking layer 132 covering the metal nanowire 120 and the anchoring polymer layer 130. In some embodiments, the metal nanowire 120 is enclosed by the anchoring polymer layer 130 in combination with the cross-linking layer 132. For example, an entirety of the metal nanowire 120 can be protected by the anchoring polymer layer 130 in combination with the cross-linking layer 132. In some embodiments, the anchoring polymer layer 130 in combination with the cross-linking layer 132 serves as a complex of polymer conformally covering the metal nanowire 120 along a surface of the metal oxide layer 110. Therefore, the formed transparent electrode structure will exhibit fluctuations on the surface thereof.
[0047] In some embodiments, the cross-linking layer 132 is a transparent or translucent solid that is formed / disposed over the metal oxide layer 110 and surrounds the areas where the metal nanowire 120 and the anchoring polymer layer 130 are located. The cross-linking layer 132 can have a fixed contour / profile, thereby allowing the volume and shape of the transparent electrode 100 to remain roughly constant.
[0048] In some embodiments, the anchoring polymer layer 130 acts as a gap-filling layer alone. In other embodiments, the complex of polymer resulting from the anchoring polymer layer 130 and the cross-linking layer 132 acts as a gap-filling layer collectively. By this configuration, high stability is achieved due to improvements in the thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stability of the cross-linking layer 132 (e.g., the Ag network) by polymer coverage with good adhesion as well.
[0049] In one embodiment, the metal oxide layer 110 is a zinc oxide nano-particle (ZnONP) layer; the metal oxide layer 110 is not limited to ZnO. For example, the metal oxide layer 110 is a layer formed by metal nano-particles titanium oxide (TiO2) , tin oxide (SnO2) , nickel oxide (NiO) , indium tin oxide (ITO) , aluminum oxide (Al2O3) , or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the anchoring polymer layer 130 is a polymer containing nitrogen (amine) , such as nitrogen-containing amine polymers or polyethylenimine (PEI) .
[0050] The transparent electrode 100 with such structure can be defined as a layer-by-layer structure.
[0051] FIG. 2 illustrate performances of related devices according to some embodiments of the present invention, in which the section (a) shows current-voltage characteristics for ITO / ZnO NP / AgNW-based transparent conductive electrodes; and the section (b) shows the transmittance spectra of glass / ITO, glass / ITO / PEDOT: PSS, and ZnO / AgNW without and with PEI coatings.
[0052] The current-voltage characteristics of the device with a structure of ITO / ZnO NP / AgNW-based TCEs have been measured to analyze the interfacial conductivity between ZnONP and AgNWs, as shown in the section (a) of FIG. 2. After introducing a suitable amount of PEI, the conductivity improves, indicating better contact at the interface. Combining with the angled SEM image, PEI can fill the gap between ZnO and AgNW to achieve better contact and interfacial conductivity. To analyze the optical properties of TCE, the transmittance and reflectance spectra use glasses as baselines are measured as shown in the section (b) of FIG. 2. All these ZnO / AgNW / PEI show quite high average transmittance, even reach 97%with 10mg / mL PEI. When the thickness of PEI increases, the transmittance in the near-infrared region increases correspondingly. These results show that the PEI-composited AgNW transparent conductive electrodes perform good interfacial contact and transmittance. After the PEI treatment, the thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stability of the Ag nanowire networks are significantly improved, as shown in FIG. 3.
[0053] FIG. 3 illustrate performances of related devices, in which the section (a) is the thermal stability of AgNW networks without and with PEI-10 treatment; the section (b) is the electrical stability of the AgNW networks without and with PEI-10 treatment at 5 V, and the inset diagram is the measured device structure of glass / ITO / ZnONP / AgNW / PEI-10; the section (c) is the storage stability of AgNW and AgNW / PEI-10 at 85 ℃ and 85%RH; and the section (d) is the chemical stability of AgNW and AgNW / PEI-10 immersed in 10 wt%polystyrene sulfonate solution; and the section (e) is the bending stability of AgNW network without and with PEI-10 treatment on 5 um cPI flexible substrate, and the bending radius is less than 2 mm; and the section (f) is the normalized current of the AgNW networks without and with PEI-10 treatment after around 10000 bending cycles.
[0054] Besides being assisted by a single polymer, double-layer polymers can further improve the stabilities of AgNW electrodes. Polyacrylic acid (PAA) , which has abundant acid groups along with its chain, is chosen to cooperate with PEI to exhibit the improved stabilities of AgNW networks. Figure 4 shows the thermal stability and mechanical stability of AgNW networks with PEI, PAA, PAA+PEI, and PAA+Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) . Compared with PEI, PAA demonstrates better stability, contributed by the stronger interaction between polymer and Ag. Interestingly, PAA cooperated with PEI and MEG both exhibit better performance than pure PAA ones. As we discussed above, the atomic anchoring effect of polymer on the Ag surface prevents the surface Ag atom from diffusion during thermal annealing and mechanical bending, resulting in enhanced stability of the AgNW network. The deposition of second layer materials on the network is aimed to cross-link with the first layer, which is expected to enhance structural stability. Cross-linked polymers can sustain higher strain and lead to a superior performance of AgNW stability than single polymers, which is proved by FIG. 4. Astonishingly, the AgNW networks with PAA / PEI or PAA / MEG show negligible degradation after 18000 bending cycles with a bending radius of 2 mm.
[0055] FIG. 4 illustrate performances of related devices, in which the section (a) is the thermal stability of AgNW networks with PEI, PAA, PAA+PEI, and PAA+MEG treatments; the section (b) is the bending stability of the AgNW network with PEI, PAA, PAA+PEI, and PAA+MEG treatments on 5 um cPI flexible substrate, and the bending radius is less than 2 mm.
[0056] FIG. 5 shows the schematic diagram of the formation process of the AgNW / polymer complex network. The formation process of the AgNW / polymer complex network is conducted with solution processed deposition methods, as shown in FIG. 5. The first layer polymer is recognized as an ‘anchor polymer’ , which can strongly interact with Ag. The second layer material could be a monomer or polymer which is employed as a ‘cross-linker’ .
[0057] The foregoing description of the present invention has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to the practitioner skilled in the art.
[0058] The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with various modifications that are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Claims
1.A method of integrating a solution-processed transparent electrode based on a metallic nanowire network and polymers, comprising:forming at least one metallic network on an underlying substrate via a solution process comprising a plurality of metal nanowires and a plurality of junctions where the metal nanowires meet;forming a gap filling layer on the metallic network to form a complex of the metallic network and polymer; anddrying the complex of metallic network and polymer, wherein the metallic network and polymer are connected to each other at least by chemical bonding.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the forming the gap filling layer comprises forming a single polymer film on the metallic network.3.The method according to claim 2, wherein the polymer of the single polymer film comprises amine-based or acid-based, or sulfide-based polymer that has plentiful groups.4.The method according to claim 3, wherein the polymer of the single polymer film comprises polyethylenimine (PEI) , poly (propylene imine) (PPI) , polyamidoamine (PAMAM) , Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) , polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) , or combinations thereof.5.The method according to claim 1, wherein the forming the gap filling layer comprises forming two layers of materials and cross-linking the materials on the metallic network.6.The method according to claim 5, wherein the cross-linking the materials is performed to form cross-linking materials which are combined with two materials, comprising an anchor polymer and a cross-linker.7.The method according to claim 6, wherein the anchor polymer comprises polyethylenimine (PEI) , poly (propylene imine) (PPI) , polyamidoamine (PAMAM) , Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) , polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) , or combinations thereof.8.The method according to claim 6, wherein the anchor polymer comprises nitrogen-containing amine polymers, adhering to the metallic network and the underlying substrate via chemical bonding of nitrogen9.The method according to claim 6, wherein the cross-linker is polymer or monomer, comprising polyethylenimine (PEI) , poly (propylene imine) (PPI) , polyamidoamine (PAMAM) , poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) , polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) , ethylene glycol (EG) , Oxalic acid, or combinations thereof.10.The method according to claim 5, wherein the cross-linking the materials is performed by a cross-linking process which is conducted by thermal annealing at 50-150 ℃, or using UV treatment, or using cross-linking agent such as Sodium citrate and periodate potassium (KIO4) , or combinations thereof.11.The method according to claim 1, wherein the underlying substrate is a preparation substrate or target substrate.12.The method according to claim 11, wherein the preparation substrate is silicon wafer, glass, or combinations thereof.13.The method according to claim 11, wherein the target substrate is a metal oxide film such as zinc oxide (ZnO) , titanium oxide (TiO2) , tin oxide (SnO2) , nickel oxide (NiO) , indium tin oxide (ITO) , aluminum oxide (Al2O3) , or combinations thereof.14.The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one metallic nanowire of the metal nanowires includes silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, or palladium.15.The method according to claim 14, wherein the step of the forming the metallic network onto the substrate comprises:preparing the metallic nanowires in form of solution;forming the metallic network using spin coating, drop casting, spray coating, or blade coating techniques by applying the solution with the metallic nanowires to the underlying substrate.16.The method according to claim 15, wherein a solvent of the metal nanowire includes ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, Glycerin, or a mixture thereof.17.The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of the forming the gap filling layer involves a polymer and comprises:preparing the polymer in form of solution;deploying a solution concentration with respect to the polymer in a range of 1-20 mg / mL; andcoating the metallic network with the polymer in form of the solution using spin coating, drop casting, spray coating, or blade coating techniques.18.The method according to claim 17, wherein a solvent of the polymer includes ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, Glycerin, or a mixture thereof.19.The method according to claim 1, wherein the drying of the complex of the metallic network and the polymer is processed under 70-150 ℃ for 10 minutes.20.The method according to claim 1, wherein the complex of the metallic network and the polymer serves as a conductive film which realizes a sheet resistance of lower than 20Ω / sq and achieves an average transmittance in the visible region over 50%.21.The method according to claim 1, wherein the complex of the metallic network and the polymer serves as a conductive film which sustains a temperature of over 250 ℃ or a voltage over 10V.22.The method according to claim 1, wherein the complex of the metallic network and the polymer serves as a conductive film which keeps over 90%of its conductivity after 10000 bending cycles with a bending radius lower than 2 mm.23.A transparent electrode based on a metallic nanowire network and polymer, comprising:a plurality of metal oxide nanoparticles forming a metal oxide layer;at least one metal nanowire positioned on the metal oxide layer; andan anchoring polymer layer connecting to the metal nanowire and the metal oxide layer to form at least one junction point therebetween via chemical bonding of nitrogen.24.The transparent electrode according to claim 23, wherein the anchoring polymer layer extends from the metal oxide layer to the metal nanowire.25.The transparent electrode according to claim 24, further comprising a cross-linking layer covering the metal nanowire and the anchoring polymer layer.26.The transparent electrode according to claim 25, wherein the metal nanowire is enclosed by the anchoring polymer layer in combination with the cross-linking layer.27.The transparent electrode according to claim 26, wherein the anchoring polymer layer in combination with the cross-linking layer serves as a complex of polymer conformally covering the metal nanowire along a surface of the metal oxide layer.28.The transparent electrode according to claim 23, wherein the metal oxide layer comprises zinc oxide (ZnO) , titanium oxide (TiO2) , tin oxide (SnO2) , nickel oxide (NiO) , indium tin oxide (ITO) , aluminum oxide (Al2O3) , or combination thereof.29.The transparent electrode according to claim 23, wherein the metal nanowire laterally extends along a surface of the metal oxide layer.30.The transparent electrode according to claim 27, wherein the complex of the polymer comprises, amine-based or acid-based, or sulfide-based polymer that has plentiful groups.31.The transparent electrode according to claim 30, wherein the complex of the polymer comprises polyethylenimine (PEI) , poly (propylene imine) (PPI) , polyamidoamine (PAMAM) , Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) , polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) , or combinations thereof.32.The transparent electrode according to claim 23, wherein the anchoring polymer layer comprises polyethylenimine (PEI) , poly (propylene imine) (PPI) , polyamidoamine (PAMAM) , Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) , polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) , or combinations thereof.33.The transparent electrode according to claim 23, wherein the anchor polymer comprises nitrogen-containing amine polymers, adhering to the metallic network and the underlying substrate via the chemical bonding of the nitrogen.34.The transparent electrode according to claim 23, wherein the cross-linking layer comprises polymer or monomer, comprising polyethylenimine (PEI) , poly (propylene imine) (PPI) , polyamidoamine (PAMAM) , Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) , polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) , ethylene glycol (EG) , Oxalic acid, or combinations thereof.
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