Time or doppler pre-compensated reference signals and associated assistance data and reporting enhancements

Abstract

Disclosed are techniques for wireless communication. In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) receives, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP. In some aspects, the UE transmits a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P. In another aspect, a positioning server may receive, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a RS-P and second information corresponding to a QCL relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first TRP and a second source reference signal from a second TRP.

Description

TIME OR DOPPLER PRE-COMPENSATED REFERENCE SIGNALS AND ASSOCIATED ASSISTANCE DATA AND REPORTING ENHANCEMENTSBACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE1. Field of the Disclosure

[0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless technologies.2. Description of the Related Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, advances in PRS processes and technology, and high-density deployments for 5G, enable highly accurate 5G-based positioning.SUMMARY

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overviewrelating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In an aspect, a method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmitting a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0006] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common average delay channel characteristic between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0007] In some aspects, the method includes receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; deriving a second averaged delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0008] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common delay spread channel characteristic.

[0009] In some aspects, the method includes receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; deriving a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the secondinformation; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0010] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0011] In some aspects, the method includes receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; refraining from deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0012] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0013] In some aspects, the method includes receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; refraining from deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

[0014] In some aspects, the method includes transmitting, to the positioning server, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which the RS-P is quasi co-located with at least two source reference signals from different transmission-reception points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received responsive to the request.

[0015] In some aspects, each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0016] In some aspects, the RS-P comprises at least one of: a positioning reference signal (PRS), a tracking reference signal (TRS), or a channel state information reference signal (CSI- RS).

[0017] In an aspect, a method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receiving at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0018] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal precompensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0019] In some aspects, the method includes performing a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain precompensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0020] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal precompensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the time domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0021] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal precompensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation relationshipthat the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency -domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0022] In some aspects, the method includes performing a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequencydomain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0023] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal precompensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0024] In some aspects, the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a set of transmitting device, including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the set of transmitting devices indicates that the set of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multi-transmission-reception point (multi-TRP) configuration.

[0025] In some aspects, the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

[0026] In some aspects, the first transmitting device is a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

[0027] In some aspects, the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

[0028] In some aspects, each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0029] In an aspect, a method of communication performed by a positioning server includes receiving, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS- P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0030] In some aspects, the method includes transmitting, to the NG-RAN node, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and receiving, responsive to the request and from the NG- RAN node, the first signaling including the first information corresponding to the RS-P and the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0031] In an aspect, a method of communication performed by a positioning server includes receiving, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmiting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0032] In some aspects, the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to a set of transmiting devices including the first transmiting device and the second transmitting device.

[0033] In some aspects, the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal precompensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0034] In some aspects, the target reference signal comprises a downlink reference signal (DLRS).

[0035] In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers and from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0036] In an aspect, an UE includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers and from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receive, via the one or more transceivers, at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0037] In an aspect, a positioning server includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers and from a nextgeneration radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of thefirst information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0038] In an aspect, a positioning server includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers and from a nextgeneration radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0039] In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes means for receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmissionreception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and means for transmitting a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0040] In an aspect, an UE includes means for receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and means for receiving at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0041] In an aspect, a positioning server includes means for receiving, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a secondsource reference signal from a second TRP; and means for transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0042] In an aspect, a positioning server includes means for receiving, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and means for transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0043] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0044] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by an UE, cause the UE to: receive, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receive at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0045] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a positioning server, cause the positioning server to: receive, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) andsecond information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS- P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0046] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a positioning server, cause the positioning server to: receive, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmit, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0047] Other obj ects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0048] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof.

[0049] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0050] FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0051] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0052] FIG. 4 illustrates examples of various positioning methods supported in New Radio (NR), according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0053] FIG. 5 illustrates an example location services procedure, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0054] FIG. 6 is a graph representing a radio frequency (RF) channel impulse response over time, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0055] FIG. 7A illustrates an example wireless communication system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0056] FIG. 7B illustrates an example quasi-colocation (QCL) relationship with respect to the wireless communication system in the example of FIG. 7A, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0057] FIG. 7C illustrates an example channel estimation operation with respect to the QCL relationship in the example of FIG. 7B, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0058] FIG. 8A illustrates an example wireless communication system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0059] FIG. 8B illustrates an example QCL relationship with respect to the wireless communication system in the example of FIG. 8A, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0060] FIG. 8C illustrates an example channel estimation operation with respect to the QCL relationship in the example of FIG. 8B, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0061] FIG. 8D illustrates an example implementation of the wireless communication system in the example of FIG. 8A, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0062] FIG. 9A illustrates an example QCL relationship with respect to the wireless communication system in the example of FIG. 1, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0063] FIG. 9B illustrates an example channel estimation operation with respect to the QCL relationship in the example of FIG. 9A, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0064] FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example positioning reference signal (PRS) configuration for the PRS transmissions of a given base station, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0065] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example downlink positioning reference signal (DL- PRS) configuration for two transmission-reception points (TRPs) operating in the same positioning frequency layer, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0066] FIG. 12 illustrates an example non-terrestrial network (NTN) system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0067] FIG. 13 illustrates an example pre-compensation relationship with respect to the NTN system in the example of FIG. 12, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0068] FIGS. 14-17 illustrate example methods of wireless communication, according to aspects of the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0069] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure.

[0070] Various aspects relate generally to reference signals that have quasi-collocation (QCL) relationships and / or are pre-compensated with respect to one or more other reference signals. Some aspects more specifically relate to using QCL and / or pre-compensation relationships in source reference signals transmitted from multiple transmitting devices for channel estimation of a target reference signal. In some examples, a target reference signal (e.g., used for positioning) may have one or more same QCL properties as one or both of two source reference signals, for example where each source reference signal is transmitted from a different transmission-reception point (TRP). In some cases, the QCL properties or characteristics shared between the two source reference signals may include an average delay, delay spread, Doppler shift, and / or a Doppler spread. In some examples, a server (e.g., a positioning server, location server, sensing server, etc.) may transmit assistance data to a user equipment (UE) related to the QCL and / or pre-compensation relationships. That is, for example, the server may signal one or more QCL and / or precompensation relationships that exist between the source reference signals as well as between each of the source reference signals and the target reference signal. In some cases, the server may signal a time offset parameter with respect to a corresponding synchronization signal block (SSB) resource, a corresponding positioning reference signal (PRS), or a corresponding tracking reference signal (TRS). In some cases, the server may signal a frequency offset parameter with respect to a corresponding SSB resource, a corresponding PRS, or a corresponding TRS.

[0071] In some examples, the server may signal a list of transmission-reception points (TRPs) from which the UE may receive the source reference signals and the target reference signals. In some cases, the list of TRPs may be included in a multi-TRP configuration ora single frequency network (SFN) scheme. In some cases, the server may signal that one or more TRPs in the multi-TRP configuration or the SFN scheme have a common expected reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window. In some examples, a set of source reference signals may be transmitted by the one or more TRPs, and if a source reference signal in the set of source reference signals can no longer be received by the UE, another source reference signal may be transmitted to the UE by the one or more TRPs.

[0072] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by signaling the QCL and / or pre-compensation relationships, the described techniques can be used to more effectively estimate a channel associated with a target reference signal. In some examples, by signaling that one or more TRPs have a common expected RSTD search window, the described techniques can enable a UE to determine that a precompensation relationship has been applied by a target reference signal thereby reducing the amount of assistance data that is required to be sent, in accordance with some examples.

[0073] The words “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0074] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0075] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or moreprocessors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action.

[0076] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) I virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (loT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on.

[0077] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs,including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc ). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink I forward traffic channel.

[0078] The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.

[0079] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[0080] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0081] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0082] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., throughthe core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[0083] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC I 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0084] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband loT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.

[0085] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0086] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink).

[0087] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.

[0088] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE®.

[0089] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0090] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions.

[0091] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmittingantennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0092] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction.

[0093] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (DL-RS) (e.g., SSB) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0094] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the DL-RS. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.

[0095] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz - 300 GHz) which is identified by the INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION® as a “millimeter wave” band.

[0096] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0097] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that theterm “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0098] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor earner” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a earner in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE- specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency I component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component earner,” “earner frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably.

[0099] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system wouldtheoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0100] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and / or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0101] In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of sidelink communication. Sidelink-capable UEs (SL-UEs) may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-every thing (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL- UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1 :M) system in which each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102.

[0102] In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be composed of one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g.,encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.1 lx WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.

[0103] Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may be capable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102’, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over sidelink 160.

[0104] In the example of FIG. 1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG. 1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / orother UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the S Vs 112.

[0105] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MS AS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and / or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0106] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more nonterrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth stab on (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102.

[0107] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN ST A 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WI-FI DIRECT®, BLUETOOTH®, and so on.

[0108] FIG. 2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0109] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server).

[0110] FIG. 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e. , 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management,mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs descnbed herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP® (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.[OHl] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272.

[0112] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the Ni l interface.

[0113] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and / or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0114] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and / or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server.

[0115] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface betweengNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. The gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface.

[0116] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “Fl” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0117] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5G NB, AP, TRP, cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[0118] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0119] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (0-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the 0-RAN ALLIANCE®)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C- RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0120] FIG. 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5 GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 255, or both). A CU 280 may communicate with one or more DUs 285 (e g., gNB-DUs 228) via respective midhaul links, such as an Fl interface. The DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RUs 229) via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 287 may communicate withrespective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 204 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 287.

[0121] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the Near-RT RICs 259, theNon-RT RICs 257 and the SMO Framework 255, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0122] In some aspects, the CU 280 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include RRC, PDCP, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - User Plane (CU- UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the El interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

[0123] The DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some aspects, the DU 285 may host one or more of a RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®). In some aspects, the DU 285 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module)can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280.

[0124] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 287. In some deployments, an RU 287, controlled by a DU 285, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and the CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0125] The SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an 01 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 269) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an 02 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287 and Near-RT RICs 259. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 261, via an 01 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an 01 interface. The SMO Framework 255 also may include aNon-RT RIC 257 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 255.

[0126] The Non-RT RIC 257 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non- real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 259. The Non-RT RIC 257 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an Al interface) the Near- RT RIC 259. The Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 280, one or more DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 259.

[0127] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 259, the Non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 259 and may be received at the SMO Framework 255 or the Non-RT RIC 257 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 257 or the Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via 01) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as Al policies).

[0128] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 304 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 302 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as a private network) to support the operations described herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to providesimilar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0129] The UE 304 and the base station 302 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and / or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0130] The UE 304 and the base station 302 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra- wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short- range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting andencoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® and / or Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to- everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0131] The UE 304 and the base station 302 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communi cation signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS®) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), QuasiZenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 304 and the base station 302, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[0132] The base station 302 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmiting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other basestations 302, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 302 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 302 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 302 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0133] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 304, base station 302) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 304, base station 302) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.

[0134] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) maygenerally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers ” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 304) and a base station (e.g., base station 302) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0135] The UE 304, the base station 302, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 304, the base station 302, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 332, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 332, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0136] The UE 304, the base station 302, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 304, the base station 302, and the network entity 306 may include positioning and QCL component 342, 388, and 398, respectively. The positioning and QCL component 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 304, the base station 302, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the positioning and QCL component 342, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the positioning and QCLcomponent 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 304, the base station 302, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible locations of the positioning and QCL component 342, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3B illustrates possible locations of the positioning and QCL component 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3C illustrates possible locations of the positioning and QCL component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0137] The UE 304 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 332 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or the satellite signal receiver 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and / or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0138] In addition, the UE 304 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and / or visual indications) to a user and / or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 302 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0139] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0140] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer-1 (LI) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer-1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatialstreams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 304. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0141] At the UE 304, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 332. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Layer-1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 304. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 304, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 302. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 302 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 332, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality.

[0142] In the downlink, the one or more processors 332 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection.

[0143] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 302, the one or more processors 332 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection,integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0144] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 302 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0145] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 302 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 304. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384.

[0146] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 304. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0147] For convenience, the UE 304, the base station 302, and / or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG. 3 A, a particular implementation of UE 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or personal computer (PC) or laptop may have Wi-Fiand / or BLUETOOTH® capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short- range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art.

[0148] The various components of the UE 304, the base station 302, and the network entity' 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 334, 382, and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 304, the base station 302, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 302), the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them.

[0149] The components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “bya base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 304, base station 302, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 332, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the positioning and QCL component 342, 388, and 398, etc.

[0150] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 304 via the base station 302 or independently from the base station 302 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as Wi-Fi).

[0151] NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. FIG. 4 illustrates examples of various positioning methods, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, illustrated by scenario 410, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (To As) of reference signals (e.g., PRS) received from pairs of base stations, referred to as RSTD or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the involved base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the UE’s location.

[0152] For DL-AoD positioning, illustrated by scenario 420, the positioning entity uses a measurement report from the UE of received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmittingbase station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the know n location(s) of the transmitting base stahon(s).

[0153] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, a UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference base station and a plurality of non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time (referred to as the relative time of arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the locations and relative timing of the involved base stations. Based on the reception-to-reception (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known locations of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the posit oning entity can estimate the location of the UE using TDOA.

[0154] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE.

[0155] Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) positioning and multi-round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as “multi-cell RTT” and “multi-RTT”). In an RTT procedure, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) transmits a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or base station), which transmits a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the time of arrival (To A) of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT- related signal. This time difference is referred to as a reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be made, or may be adjusted, to include only a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. Both entities may then send their Rx-Tx time difference measurement to a location server (e.g., an LMF 270), which calculates the round trippropagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities from the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity may send its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined from the RTT and the known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For multi- RTT positioning, illustrated by scenario 430, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on distances to, and the known locations of, the second entities. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve location accuracy, as illustrated by scenario 440.

[0156] The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighbor base stations. The location of the UE is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s).

[0157] To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, EMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or the cells / TRPs of the base stations) from which to measure reference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive slots including PRS, periodicity of the consecutive slots including PRS, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc ), and / or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the base stations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbor network nodes itself without the use of assistance data.

[0158] In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may further include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may be + / - 500 microseconds (ps). In some cases, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement are in FR1, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / - 32 ps. In other cases, when all of the resources used for the positioningmeasurement(s) are in FR2, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / - 8 ps.

[0159] A location estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A location estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence).

[0160] FIG. 5 illustrates an example location services procedure 500, according to aspects of the disclosure. The location services procedure 500 may be performed by a UE 204, an NG- RAN node 502 (e.g., gNB 222, gNB-CU 226, ng-eNB 224, or other node in the NG-RAN 220) in the NG-RAN 220, an AMF 264, an LMF 270, and a 5GC location services (LCS) entity 580 (e.g., any third-party application requesting the UE’s 204 location, a public service access point (PSAP), an E-911 server, etc.).

[0161] A location services request to obtain the location of a target (i.e., UE 204) may be initiated by a 5GC LCS entity 580, the AMF 264 serving the UE 204, or the UE 204 itself. FIG. 5 illustrates these options as stages 510a, 510b, and 510c, respectively. Specifically, at stage 510a, a 5GC LCS entity 580 sends a location services request to the AMF 264. Alternatively, at stage 510b, the AMF 264 generates a location services request itself. Alternatively, at stage 510c, the UE 204 sends a location services request to the AMF 264.

[0162] Once the AMF 264 has received (or generated) a location services request, it forwards the location services request to the LMF 270 at stage 520. The LMF 270 then performs NG- RAN positioning procedures with the NG-RAN node 502 at stage 530a and UE positioning procedures with the UE 204 at stage 530b. The specific NG-RAN positioning procedures and UE positioning procedures may depend on the type(s) of positioning method(s) used to locate the UE 204, which may depend on the capabilities of the UE 204. The positioning method(s) may be downlink-based (e.g., LTE-OTDOA, DL-TDOA,DL-AoD, etc.), uplink-based (e.g., UL-TDOA, UL-AoA, etc.), and / or downlink-and- uplink-based (e.g., LTE / NR E-CID, multi-RTT, etc.).

[0163] The NG-RAN positioning procedures and UE positioning procedures may utilize LTE positioning protocol (LPP) signaling between the UE 204 and the LMF 270 and LPP type A (LPPa) or New Radio positioning protocol type A (NRPPa) signaling between the NG- RAN node 502 and the LMF 270. LPP is used point-to-point between a location server (e.g., LMF 270) and a UE (e.g., UE 204) in order to obtain location-related measurements or a location estimate or to transfer assistance data. A single LPP session is used to support a single location request (e.g., for a single mobile-terminated location request (MT-LR), mobile-originated location request (MO-LR), or network induced location request (NI- LR)). Multiple LPP sessions can be used between the same endpoints to support multiple different location requests. Each LPP session comprises one or more LPP transactions, with each LPP transaction performing a single operation (e.g., capability exchange, assistance data transfer, location information transfer). LPP transactions are referred to as LPP procedures.

[0164] A prerequisite for stage 530 is that an LCS Correlation identifier (ID) and an AMF ID has been passed to the LMF 270 by the serving AMF 264. Both, the LCS Correlation ID and the AMF ID may be represented as a string of characters selected by the AMF 264. The LCS Correlation ID and the AMF ID are provided by the AMF 264 to the LMF 270 in the location services request at stage 520. When the LMF 270 then instigates stage 530, the LMF 270 also includes the LCS Correlation ID for this location session, together with the AMF ID, which indicates the AMF instance serving the UE 204. The LCS Correlation ID is used to ensure that during a positioning session between the LMF 270 and the UE 204, positioning response messages from the UE 204 are returned by the AMF 264 to the correct LMF 270 and carrying an indication (the LCS Correlation ID) that can be recognized by the LMF 270.

[0165] Note that the LCS Correlation ID serves as a location session identifier that may be used to identify messages exchanged between the AMF 264 and the LMF 270 for a particular location session for a UE 204, as described in greater detail in 3GPP TS 23.273, which is publicly available and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety'. As mentioned above and shown in stage 520, a location session between an AMF 264 and an LMF 270 for a particular UE 204 is instigated by the AMF 264, and the LCS Correlation ID maybe used to identify this location session (e g., may be used by the AMF 264 to identify state information for this location session, etc.).

[0166] LPP positioning methods and associated signaling content are defined in the 3GPP LPP standard (3GPP TS 37.355, which is publicly available and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). LPP signaling can be used to request and report measurements related to the following positioning methods: LTE-OTDOA, DL-TDOA, A-GNSS, E- CID, sensor, TBS, WLAN, Bluetooth, DL-AoD, UL-AoA, and multi-RTT. Currently, LPP measurement reports may contain the following measurements: (1) one or more ToA, TDOA, RSTD, or Rx-Tx time difference measurements, (2) one or more Ao A and / or AoD measurements (currently only for a base station to report UL-AoA and DL-AoD to the LMF 270), (3) one or more multipath measurements (per-path ToA, RSRP, Ao A / AoD), (4) one or more motion states (e.g., walking, driving, etc.) and trajectories (currently only for the UE 204), and (5) one or more report quality indications.

[0167] As part of the NG-RAN node positioning procedures (stage 530a) and UE positioning procedures (stage 530b), the LMF 270 may provide LPP assistance data in the form of downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) configuration information to the NG- RAN node 502 and the UE 204 for the selected positioning method(s). Alternatively or additionally, the NG-RAN node 502 may provide DL-PRS and / or uplink PRS (UL-PRS) configuration information to the UE 204 for the selected positioning method(s). Note that while FIG. 5 illustrates a single NG-RAN node 502, there may be multiple NG-RAN nodes 502 involved in the positioning session.

[0168] Once configured with the DL-PRS and / or UL-PRS configurations, the NG-RAN node 502 and the UE 204 transmit and receive / measure the respective PRS at the scheduled times. The NG-RAN node 502 and the UE 204 then send their respective measurements to the LMF 270. In some cases, the NG-RAN node 502 may send its measurements to the UE 204, which may forward them to the LMF 270 using LPP signaling. Alternatively, the NG-RAN node 502 may send its measurements directly to the LMF 270 in LPPa or NRPPa signaling. In some cases, the UE 204 may send its measurements to the NG-RAN node 502 in RRC, uplink control information (UCI), or MAC control element (MAC-CE) signaling, and the NG-RAN node 502 may forw ard the measurements to the LMF 270 using LPPa or NRPPa signaling. Alternatively, the UE 204 may send its measurements directly to the LMF 270 using LPP signaling.

[0169] Once the LMF 270 obtains the measurements from the UE 204 and / or the NG-RAN node 502 (depending on the type(s) of positioning method(s)), it calculates an estimate of the UE’s 204 location using those measurements. Then, at stage 540, the LMF 270 sends a location services response, which includes the location estimate for the UE 204, to the AMF 264. The AMF 264 then forwards the location services response to the entity that generated the location services request at stage 550. Specifically, if the location services request was received from a 5GC LCS entity 580 at stage 510a, then at stage 550a, the AMF 264 sends a location services response to the 5GC LCS entity 580. If, however, the location services request was received from the UE 204 at stage 510c, then at stage 550c, the AMF 264 sends a location services response to the UE 204. Or, if the AMF 264 generated the location services request at stage 510b, then at stage 550b, the AMF 264 stores / uses the location services response itself.

[0170] Note that although the foregoing has described the location services procedure 500 as a UE-assisted location services procedure, it may instead be a UE-based location services procedure. A UE-assisted location services procedure is one where the LMF 270 calculates the location of the UE 204, whereas a UE-based location services procedure is one where the UE 204 calculates its own location. In the case of a UE-based location services procedure, stages 510c and 550c would be performed. The LMF 270 may still coordinate the transmission / measurement of DL-PRS (and possibly UL-PRS), but the measurements would be forwarded to the UE 204 rather than the LMF 270. As such, the location services response at stages 540 and 550c may be the measurements from the involved NG-RAN node(s) 502 rather than a location estimate of the UE 204. Alternatively, where the involved NG-RAN node(s) 502 forward their respective measurements directly to the UE 204 (e.g., via RRC signaling), the location services response at stage 540 may simply be a confirmation that the NG-RAN node and UE positioning procedures at stage 530 are complete.

[0171] FIG. 6 is a graph 600 representing an example channel estimate of a multipath channel between a receiver device (e.g., any of the UEs or base stations described herein) and a transmitter device (e.g., any other of the UEs or base stations described herein), according to aspects of the disclosure. The channel estimate represents the intensity of a radio frequency (RF) signal (e.g., a positioning reference signal (PRS)) received through a multipath channel as a function of time delay, and may be referred to as the channelenergy response (CER), channel impulse response (CIR), or power delay profile (PDP) of the channel. Thus, the horizontal axis represents time (e.g., milliseconds) and the vertical axis represents signal strength (e.g., decibels). Note that a multipath channel is a channel between a transmitter and a receiver over which an RF signal follows multiple paths, or multipaths, due to transmission of the RF signal on multiple beams and / or to the propagation characteristics of the RF signal (e.g., reflection, refraction, etc.).

[0172] In the example of FIG. 6, the receiver detects / measures multiple (four) channel taps of the RF signal. Each channel tap is a cluster of one or more rays and corresponds to a multipath that the RF signal followed between the transmitter and the receiver. Thus, a channel tap represents the time of arrival and signal strength of an RF signal over a multipath. There may be multiple channel taps due to the RF signal being transmitted on different transmit beams (and therefore at different angles), or because of the propagation characteristics of RF signals (e.g., potentially following different paths due to reflections), or both. Note that although FIG. 6 illustrates channel taps of two to five rays, as will be appreciated, the channel taps may have more or fewer than the illustrated number of rays.

[0173] In the example of FIG. 6, the channel tap detected at time T3 is composed of stronger rays than the channel tap detected at time Tl. This may be due to an obstruction on the LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver. Alternatively or additionally, there may be a strong reflector along the NLOS path corresponding to the channel tap detected at time T3.

[0174] FIG. 7A illustrates an example wireless communication system 700, according to aspects of the disclosure. In certain aspects, wireless communication system 700 is an example of, or includes aspects of, the corresponding elements described with reference to FIGS. 1-6 and 7B-13. In some examples, wireless communication system 700 includes first TRP 702-a, second TRP 702-b, and UE 704 in an SFN Scheme A configuration.

[0175] That is, wireless communication system 700 may correspond to a non-transparent SFN scheme that supports UE-based enhanced tracking and DMRS channel estimation operations. The first TRP 702-a may transmit a first TRS (TRS1) and the second TRP 702-b may transmit a second TRS (TRS2). TRS1 and TRS2 are source reference signals for the UE 704.

[0176] With reference to FIG. 7B, an example of a QCL relationship 750 for wireless communication system 700 is illustrated, according to aspects of the disclosure. That is,the UE 704 may receive signaling via downlink control information (DCI) that indicates a first TCI state and a second TCI state. The first TCI state indicates a QCL-TypeA configuration for TRS 1 708-a corresponding to DMRS 710 of the PDSCH or the PDCCH. The second TCI state indicates a QCL-TypeA configuration for TRS2 708-b corresponding to the DMRS 710 of the PDSCH or the PDCCH. This QCL relationship informs the UE 704 how to estimate the DMRS 701 of the corresponding PDSCH or PDCCH. Additionally, or alternatively, when operating in an FR2 band, the first TCI state may indicate a QCL-TypeD configuration for TRS1 708-a corresponding to DMRS 710 of the PDSCH or the PDCCH. The second TCI state may indicate a QCL-TypeD configuration for TRS2 708-b corresponding to the DMRS 710 of the PDSCH or the PDCCH.

[0177] FIG. 7C illustrates an example of a channel estimation technique 770 with respect to the QCL relationship 750 in the example of FIG. 7B, according to aspects of the disclosure. That is, the UE 704 measures TRS1 and generates a first CIR 712-a. The UE 704 also measures TRS2 and generates a second CIR 712-b. From a combination of the first CIR 712-a and the second CIR 712-b, the UE 704 derives the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread associated with the reception of TS1 and TRS2.

[0178] Referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, the UE 704 uses the derived Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread when the UE 704 receives and estimates the DMRS 710 of the PDSCH or the PDCCH. That is, the DMRS 710 is transmitted via both the first TRP 702-a and the second TRP 702-b in a synchronized manner in accordance with the SFN Scheme A configuration. As such, the UE 704 uses the first and second TCI states associated with the DMRS 710. The UE 704 may apply the derived Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread for time interpolation / extrapolation when performing the channel estimation of the DMRS 710 as follows:Rtt= a1e~i2n^tJ0(2nfd-!Lt') + a2e~]2n<d2'jtJ0(2nfd2t).

[0179] FIG. 8A illustrates an example wireless communication system 800, according to aspects of the disclosure. In certain aspects, wireless communication system 800 is an example of, or includes aspects of, the corresponding elements described with reference to FIGS. 1-7C and 8B-13. In some examples, wireless communication system 800 includes first TRP 802-a, second TRP 802-b, and UE 804 in an SFN Scheme B configuration.

[0180] That is, wireless communication system 800 may correspond to an SFN scheme that supports differential frequency pre-compensation. The first TRP 802-a may transmit a first TRS (TRS1) and the second TRP 802-b may transmit a second TRS (TRS2). TRS1 and TRS2 are source reference signals for the UE 804. The UE 804 then transmits an SRS that is received by both first TRP 802-a and the second TRP 802-b. Based on this information and in accordance with the SFN Scheme B configuration, the second TRP 802-b pre-compensates the DMRS and the PDSCH in the frequency domain. That is, the second TRP 802-b uses the frequency differential used by the first TRP 802-a when transmitting the DMRS and the PDSCH to the UE 804.

[0181] With reference to FIG. 8B, an example of a QCL relationship 850 for wireless communication system 800 is illustrated, according to aspects of the disclosure. That is, the UE 804 may receive signaling via DCI that indicates a first TCI state and a second TCI state. The first TCI state indicates a QCL-TypeA configuration for TRS1 808-a corresponding to DMRS 810 of the PDSCH. The second TCI state indicates a QCL- TypeA configuration for TRS2 808-b corresponding to the DMRS 810 of the PDSCH. This QCL relationship informs the UE 804 howto estimate the DMRS 810 ofthe PDSCH. For example, based on the second TCI state indicating the QCL-TypeA configuration for TRS2 808-b under the SFN Scheme B configuration (e.g., a QCL-TypeA* configuration), the UE knows to use the time domain properties (i.e., average delay and delay spread), but to ignore the frequency domain properties (i.e., Doppler shift, Doppler spread) when applying these QCL properties of TRS2 808-b to estimate the DMRS 810 of the PDSCH.

[0182] FIG. 8C illustrates an example of a channel estimation technique 870 with respect to the QCL relationship 850 in the example of FIG. 8B, according to aspects of the disclosure. That is, the UE 804 measures TRS1 and generates a first CIR 812-a. The UE 804 also measures TRS2 and generates a second CIR 812-b. Based on the SFN Scheme B configuration, the UE 804 derives the Doppler shift and Doppler spread associated with the reception of TRS 1 from just the first CIR 812-a. From a combination of the first CIR 812-a and the second CIR 812-b, the UE 804 derives the average delay and delay spread associated with the reception of TRS 1 and TRS2.

[0183] Referring to FIGS. 8 A and 8B, the UE 804 uses the derived Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread when the UE 804 receives and estimates the DMRS 810 of the PDSCH. That is, the DMRS 810 is transmitted via both the first TRP 802-a and thesecond TRP 802-b in a synchronized manner in accordance with the SFN Scheme B configuration. The UE 704 may apply the derived Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread for time interpolation / extrapolation when performing the channel estimation of the DMRS 810.

[0184] FIG. 8D illustrates an example implementation 890 of the wireless communication system 800 in the example of FIG. 8A, according to aspects of the disclosure. That is, in the context of the UE 804 travelling on a highspeed train 892, the first TRP 802-a and the second TRP 802-b may operate in accordance with the SFN Scheme B such that the frequency tracking is performed based on the first CIR 812-a of the TRS1, and the time tracking is based on a combination of the first CIR 812-a and the second 812-b of both TRS1 and TRS2.

[0185] FIG. 9A illustrates an example QCL relationship 950 with respect to the wireless communication system in the example of FIG. 1, according to aspects of the disclosure. In certain aspects, a communication system including QCL relationship 950 is an example of, or includes aspects of, the corresponding elements described with reference to FIGS. 1-8D and 9B-13. In some examples, QCL relationship 950 includes a first source reference signal 908-a, second source reference signal 908-b, and a target reference signal 910.

[0186] In some example, a UE (e.g., UE 104) may receive, from a positioning server (e.g., location server 172), signaling (e.g., assistance data) including first information corresponding to the target reference signal 910 (e.g., an RS-P) and second information corresponding to the QCL relationship 950 that the target reference signal 910 has with the first source reference signal 908-a and a second source reference signal 908-b. The first source reference signal 908-a may be transmitted from TRP0 (e.g., a first base station 102) in a multi-TRP scheme, and the second source reference signal 908-b may be transmitted from TRP1 (e.g., a second base station 102) in the multi-TRP scheme. The positioning server may be part of a core network or may be external to the core network. In some examples, the positioning server may cooperatively perform positioning procedures, sensing procedures, etc. with the UE and the TRPs in the multi-TRP scheme. For example, the UE may transmit a measurement report corresponding to the target reference signal 910, in which the measurement report includes the results of a positioning procedure. In some examples, one or more of the first source reference signal 908-a, thesecond source reference signal 908-b, and the target reference signal 910 may be a PRS. In accordance with some implementations, the PRS may be based on a PRS configuration as described with respect to FIGS. 10 and 11.

[0187] FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example PRS configuration 1000 for the PRS transmissions of a given base station, according to aspects of the disclosure. In FIG. 10, time is represented horizontally, increasing from left to right. Each long rectangle represents a slot and each short (shaded) rectangle represents an OFDM symbol. In the example of FIG. 10, a PRS resource set 1010 (labeled “PRS resource set 1”) includes two PRS resources, a first PRS resource 1012 (labeled “PRS resource 1”) and a second PRS resource 1014 (labeled “PRS resource 2”). The base station transmits PRS on the PRS resources 1012 and 1014 of the PRS resource set 1010.

[0188] The PRS resource set 1010 has an occasion length (N_PRS) of two slots and a periodicity (T_PRS) of, for example, 160 slots or 160 milliseconds (ms) (for 15 kHz subcarrier spacing). As such, both the PRS resources 1012 and 1014 are two consecutive slots in length and repeat every T_PRS slots, starting from the slot in which the first symbol of the respective PRS resource occurs. In the example of FIG. 10, the PRS resource 1012 has a symbol length (N_symb) of two symbols, and the PRS resource 1014 has a symbol length (N_symb) of four symbols. The PRS resource 1012 and the PRS resource 1014 may be transmitted on separate beams of the same base station.

[0189] Each instance of the PRS resource set 1010, illustrated as instances 1020-a, 1020-b, and 1020-c, includes an occasion of length ‘2’ (i.e., N_PRS=2) for each PRS resource 1012, 1014 of the PRS resource set. The PRS resources 1012 and 1014 are repeated every T_PRS slots up to the muting sequence periodicity T_REP. As such, a bitmap of length T_REP would be needed to indicate which occasions of instances 1020-a, 1020-b, and 1020-c of PRS resource set 1010 are muted (i.e., not transmitted).

[0190] In an aspect, there may be additional constraints on the PRS configuration 1000. For example, for all PRS resources (e.g., PRS resources 1012, 1014) of a PRS resource set (e.g., PRS resource set 1010), the base station can configure the following parameters to be the same: (a) the occasion length (N_PRS), (b) the number of symbols (N_symb), (c) the comb type, and / or (d) the bandwidth. In addition, for all PRS resources of all PRS resource sets, the subcarrier spacing and the cyclic prefix can be configured to be thesame for one base station or for all base stations. Whether it is for one base station or all base stations may depend on the UE’s capability to support the first and / or second option.

[0191] FIG. 11 is a diagram 1100 illustrating an example PRS configuration for two TRPs(labeled “TRP1” and “TRP2”) operating in the same positioning frequency layer (labeled “Positioning Frequency Layer 1”), according to aspects of the disclosure. For a positioning session, a UE may be provided with assistance data indicating the illustrated PRS configuration. In the example of FIG. 11 , the first TRP (“TRP 1”) is associated with (e.g., transmits) two PRS resource sets, labeled “PRS Resource Set 1” and “PRS Resource Set 2,” and the second TRP (“TRP2”) is associated with one PRS resource set, labeled “PRS Resource Set 3.” Each PRS resource set comprises at least two PRS resources. Specifically, the first PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 1”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 1” and “PRS Resource 2,” the second PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 2”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 3” and “PRS Resource 4,” and the third PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 3”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 5” and “PRS Resource 6.”

[0192] When a UE is configured in the assistance data of a positioning method with a number of PRS resources beyond its capability, the UE assumes the PRS resources in the assistance data are sorted in a decreasing order of measurement priority. In some cases, the 64 TRPs per frequency layer are sorted according to priority and the two PRS resource sets per TRP of the frequency layer are sorted according to priority. However, the four frequency layers may or may not be sorted according to priority, and the 64 PRS resources of the PRS resource set per TRP per frequency layer may or may not be sorted according to priority. The reference indicated by the assistance data parameter “nr-DL-PRS- Referencelnfo” for each frequency layer has the highest priority, at least for DL-TDOA positioning procedures.

[0193] Referring to FIG. 9A, the first source reference signal 908-a may be a first initial PRS and the second source reference signal 908-b may be a second initial PRS. A UE may receive the first initial PRS from TRP0 and the second initial PRS from TRP1. One or more QCL properties may be indicated in the QCL relationship 950. That is, the QCL relationship 950 may indicate how the first initial PRS and the second initial PRS are QCLed with the target reference signal 910, which may be a single target PRS. The UE may then apply the one or more QCL properties when performing a channel estimationof the single target PRS in a multi-TRP scheme. That is, for example, the target PRS may be transmitted via both the TRPO and the TRP1 in a synchronized manner. Beneficially, positioning information resulting from a positioning procedure involving the single target PRS may be more accurate, in accordance with some implementations.

[0194] In some examples, the first source reference signal 908-a may be a first SSB resource and the second source reference signal 908-b may be a second SSB resource. The target reference signal 910 may be a single PRS having one or more QCL properties indicated in the QCL relationship 950 with respect to the first SSB resource and the second SSB resource. Additionally, or alternatively, the target reference signal 910 may be a single TRS or a single CSI-RS having one or more QCL properties indicated in the QCL relationship 950 with respect to the first SSB resource and the second SSB resource. The UE may then apply the one or more QCL properties when performing a channel estimation of the single target PRS, the single target TRS, or the single target CSI-RS in a multi-TRP configuration. That is, for example, the single target PRS, the single target TRS, or the single target CSI-RS may be transmitted via both the first TRP and the second TRP in a synchronized manner.

[0195] In some aspects, the QCL properties of the QCL relationship 950 may correspond to one or more of a Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread, and spatial receive beam. That is, for example, a QCL Type X configuration includes various permutations of these QCL properties. For example, the QCL relationship 950 may correspond to an average delay QCL property. In some cases, the average delay QCL property identified in the QCL relationship 950 may be exclusive of the other QCL properties. In some cases, the average delay QCL property may be included with one or more other QCL properties identified in the QCL relationship 950. That is, for example, the QCL relationship 950 may include information indicating a common average delay channel characteristic. For example, the common average delay channel characteristic may indicate that the average delay QCL property applies to both the first source reference signal 908-a and the second source reference signal 908-b. In some cases, the common average delay channel characteristic refers to the average delay of the first source reference signal 908-a being QCLed with the average delay of the target reference signal 910, and the average delay of the second source reference signal 908-b being QCLed with the average delay of the target reference signal 910.

[0196] FIG. 9B illustrates an example channel estimation operation 970 with respect to the QCL relationship 950 in the example of FIG. 9 A, according to aspects of the disclosure. Referring to FIGS. 9 A and 9B, in some examples, after receiving the first source reference signal 908-a, a UE may perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may measure first source reference signal 908-a and may generate a first CIR 912-a. The UE may derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first CIR 912-a and the QCL relationship 950 indicating the common average delay channel characteristic. Additionally, after receiving the second source reference signal 908-b, the UE may perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal 908-b. The UE may also measure the second source reference signal 908- b and may generate a second CIR 912-b. The UE may derive a second average delay channel characteristic based at least in part on the second CIR 912-b and the QCL relationship 950 indicating the common average delay channel characteristic. The UE may receive the target reference signal 910 and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal 910. For example, the UE may apply one or more channel estimation techniques (e.g., adjusting receiver timing) associated with the first average delay and the second average delay when estimating the channel and subsequently demodulating the target reference signal 910. That is, for example, the average delay channel characteristic may pertain to time tracking and may serve as a correction for receive timing errors and propagation delay variations.

[0197] For example, the QCL relationship 950 may correspond to a delay spread QCL property. In some cases, the delay spread QCL property identified in the QCL relationship 950 may be exclusive of the other QCL properties. In some cases, the delay spread QCL property may be included with one or more other QCL properties identified in the QCL relationship 950. In some cases, the common delay spread channel characteristic refers to the delay spread of the first source reference signal 908-a being QCLed with the delay spread of the target reference signal 910, and the delay spread of the second source reference signal 908-b being QCLed with the delay spread of the target reference signal 910. In other words, both delay spreads that are measured in the first source reference signal 908-a and the second source reference signal 908-b are expected to appear also in the target reference signal 910 around a corresponding average delay of each of the first source reference signal 908-a and the second source reference signal 908-b.

[0198] Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, in some examples, after receiving the first source reference signal 908-a, a UE may perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may measure first source reference signal 908-a and may generate a first CIR 912-a. The UE may derive a first delay spread based at least in part on the first CIR 912-a and the QCL relationship 950 indicating the common delay spread channel characteristic. Additionally, after receiving the second source reference signal 908-b, the UE may perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal 908-b. The UE may also measure the second source reference signal 908- b and may generate a second CIR 912-b. The UE may derive a second delay spread based at least in part on the second CIR 912-b and the QCL relationship 950 indicating the common delay spread channel characteristic. The UE may receive the target reference signal 910 and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal 910. For example, the UE may apply one or more channel estimation techniques (e.g., frequency-domain filtering used in processing the received signal) associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread when estimating the channel and subsequently demodulating the target reference signal 910. That is, for example, the delay spread channel characteristic may pertain to time-domain dispersion caused by multipath in the propagation channel in the frequency domain.

[0199] In some examples, the QCL relationship 950 may include information indicating that an average delay channel characteristic associated with one of the source reference signals from a TRP (e.g., the second source reference signal 908-b from the second TRP) has been pre-compensated in the target reference signal 910. For example, the QCL relationship 950 may indicate that the average delay QCL property of the first source reference signal 908-a should be applied to the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the first TRP, but that the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the second TRP has been pre-compensated with an average delay based on the average delay of the first source reference signal 908-a. In other words, the second TRP is applying a delay shift in the average delay when transmitting the target reference signal 910 corresponding to the average delay from the first source reference signal 908-a.

[0200] Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, in some examples, after receiving the first source reference signal 908-a, a UE may perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may measure the first source reference signal 908-a andmay generate a first CIR 912-a. The UE may derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first CIR 912-a and the QCL relationship 950 indicating that the average delay QCL property applies to the first source reference signal 908-a. Additionally, after receiving the second source reference signal 908-b, the UE may perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal 908-b. The UE may also measure the second source reference signal 908-b and may generate a second CIR 912-b. While in some cases, the UE may use the second CIR 912-b for certain QCL parameters, the UE may refrain from deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the QCL relationship 950 indicating that the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the second TRP has been pre-compensated with an average delay based on the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may receive the target reference signal 910 and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal 910. For example, the UE may apply one or more channel estimation techniques (e.g., adjusting receiver timing) associated with the first average delay when estimating the channel and subsequently demodulating the target reference signal 910.

[0201] In some examples, the QCL relationship 950 may include information indicating that a Doppler shift channel characteristic associated with one of the source reference signals from a TRP (e.g., the second source reference signal 908-b from the second TRP) has been pre-compensated in the target reference signal 910. For example, the QCL relationship 950 may indicate that the Doppler shift QCL property of the first source reference signal 908-a should be applied to the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the first TRP, but that the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the second TRP has been pre-compensated with a Doppler shift based on the Doppler shift of the first source reference signal 908-a. In other words, the second TRP is applying a phase rotation in the Doppler shift when transmitting the target reference signal 910 corresponding to the Doppler shift from the first source reference signal 908-a.

[0202] Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, in some examples, after receiving the first source reference signal 908-a, a UE may perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may measure the first source reference signal 908-a and may generate a first CIR 912-a. The UE may derive a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first CIR 912-a and the QCL relationship 950 indicating that the Doppler shiftQCL property applies to the first source reference signal 908-a. Additionally, after receiving the second source reference signal 908-b, the UE may perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal 908-b. The UE may also measure the second source reference signal 908-a and may generate a second CIR 912-b. While in some cases, the UE may use the second CIR 912-b for certain QCL parameters, the UE may refrain from deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the QCL relationship 950 indicating that the target reference signal 910 transmitted from the second TRP has been pre-compensated with a Doppler shift based on the first source reference signal 908-a. The UE may receive the target reference signal 910 and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal 910. For example, the UE may apply one or more channel estimation techniques (e.g., corrections for receiver oscillator frequency errors and / or frequency offsets related to linear motion) associated with the first Doppler shift when estimating the channel and subsequently demodulating the target reference signal 910.

[0203] In some examples, a UE may transmit a request to a positioning server for an on-demand positioning procedure in which the target reference signal 910 is quasi co-located with at least two source reference signals from different TRPs. In some cases, the signaling of the QCL relationship 950 by the positioning server may be responsive to the request from the UE. In some examples, the positioning server may transmit to abase station (e.g., base station 102) or another NG-RAN node a request for the on-demand positioning procedure in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship. In some cases, the positioning server may receive at least some signaling responsive to the request. That is, for example, the positioning server may receive at least some signaling corresponding to the QCL relationship 950 from the base station that the positioning server then forwards to the UE.

[0204] For example, the positioning server may receive from the base station signaling that includes information corresponding to the target reference signal 910. The positioning server may also receive signaling that includes information corresponding to the QCL relationship 950 from the base station. The positioning server may then transmit signaling including at least some information associated with the first source reference signal 908- a, the second source reference signal 908-b, the target reference signal 910, and / or the QCL relationship 950 to the UE.

[0205] FIG. 12 illustrates an example NTN system 1200, according to aspects of the disclosure. In certain aspects, the NTN system is an example of, or includes aspects of, the corresponding elements described with reference to FIGS. 1-11 and 13. In some examples, the NTN system 1200 includes a first satellite 1202-a and a second satellite 1202-b. In some examples, the first satellite 1202-a may correspond to a first TRP and the second satellite 1202-b may correspond to a second TRP.

[0206] The first satellite 1202-a may transmit a first wide beam 1220. The first wide beam 1220 may have a coverage area 1230 and may include multiple narrow beams 1222. For example, the first satellite 1202-a may transmit a first narrow beam 1222-a that provides coverage for a first side area and is associated with a TRS 1. The first satellite 1202-a may transmit a second narrow beam 1222-b that provides coverage for a center area and is associated with a TRS0. The first satellite 1202-a may transmit a third narrow beam 1222- c that provides coverage for a second side area and is associated with a TRS2.

[0207] Similarly, the second satellite 1202-b may transmit a second wide beam 1224. The second wide beam 1224 may have a coverage area 1230 that is at least partially the same as the first wide beam 1220. The second wide beam 1224 may include multiple narrow beams 1226. For example, the second satellite 1202-b may transmit a first narrow beam 1226-a that also provides coverage for the first side area and is associated with the TRS1. The second satellite 1202-b may transmit a second narrow beam 1222-b that also provides coverage for the center area and is associated with the TRS0. The second satellite 1202- b may transmit a third narrow beam 1222-c that also provides coverage for the second side area and is associated with the TRS2.

[0208] In some examples, to support a multi-TRP configuration in a wide beam environment, a number of “sub-beams” (e.g., narrow beams 1222, 1226) are provided for each wide beam 1220, 1224. Accordingly, UEs that are capable of being configured for multi-TRP can be configured in the wide beam environment. For example, the cell-defining SSB of both the first satellite 1202-a and the second satellite 1202-b may be transmitted such that the difference at the center of the beam is approximately zero. Accordingly, SSB can be the QCL source with respect to other DL-RSs for UEs that are close to the center of the beam. But when moving to the sides and edges of each wide beam 1220, 1224, the time difference between both TRPs (e.g., the first satellite 1202-a and the second satellite 1202- b) may exceed the achievable multi-TRP coverage area. As such, in some cases, the QCLsource can be changed to another SSB / TRS (transmitted from the same physical beam of wide beams 1220, 1224, but delayed such that there is a “sub-beam / sub-area” created as the narrow beams 1222, 1226. The UE may have knowledge of the cell-defining SSB and the ‘;sub-beam” TRS / SSB may be equivalent except for a delay component, which may be signaled to the UE.

[0209] FIG. 13 illustrates an example pre-compensation relationship 1350 with respect to the NTN system 1200 in the example of FIG 12, according to aspects of the disclosure. In certain aspects, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 is an example of, or includes aspects of, the corresponding elements and aspects described with reference to FIGS. 1- 12. In some examples, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may correspond to other wireless communication systems different from NTN system 1200, including various multi-TRP configurations.

[0210] A pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include one or more relationships associated with multiple reference signals 1308 and multiple target reference signals 1310. That is, for example, pre-compensation may be applied to reference signals (e.g., PRS, TRS, etc.) that would otherwise be broadcast type signals in accordance with some aspects. For example, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include a first source reference signal 1308-a, a second source reference signal 1308-b, a first target reference signal 1310-a, a second target reference signal 1310-b, and a third target reference signal 1310- c. One or more pre-configuration factors 1332 may be included in the pre-compensation relationship 1350. For example, a first pre-configuration factor 1332-a may correspond to a relationship between the second source reference signal 1308-b and the first target reference signal 1310-a. A second pre-configuration factor 1332-b may correspond to a relationship between the second source reference signal 1308-b and the second target reference signal 1310-b. A third pre-configuration factor 1332-c may correspond to a relationship between the second source reference signal 1308-b and the third target reference signal 1310-c.

[0211] In some examples, each of the pre-configuration factors 1332 may relate to a time-domain pre-configuration factor. For example, the first pre-configuration factor 1332-a may have a first time-domain factor or value (e.g., pil), the second pre-configuration factor 1332-b may have a second time-domain factor or value (e.g., pO), and the third pre-configuration factor 1332-c may have a third time-domain factor or value (e.g., p2). That is, forexample, each target reference signal 1310 may have a different time-domain preconfiguration factor (e.g., pz). In some examples, each of the pre-configuration factors 1332 may relate to a frequency-domain pre-configuration factor. For example, the first pre-configuration factor 1332-a may have a first frequency-domain factor or value (e.g., Afl), the second pre-configuration factor 1332-b may have a second frequency -domain factor or value (e.g., AfO), and the third pre-configuration factor 1332-c may have a third frequency-domain factor or value (e.g., Af2). That is, for example, each target reference signal 1310 may have a different frequency -domain pre-configuration factor (e.g., Afz). In some cases, one or more of the pre-configuration factors 1332 may have the same factor or value. In some cases, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include both time-domain pre-configuration factors and frequency-domain pre-configuration factors.

[0212] Referring to FIGS. 12 and 13, atarget reference signal 1310 may be a DL-RS (e.g., TRS, PRS, CSI-RS, etc.). The target reference signal 1310 may have a time-domain precompensation with respect to one or more of the source reference signals 1308. For example, the first satellite 1202-a may transmit the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second satellite 1202-b may transmit the second source reference signal 1308-b. In some cases, the first source reference signal 1308-a is a first SSB (e.g., SSBO) and the second source reference signal 1308-b is a second SSB (e g., SSB1). SSBO may correspond to the first wide beam 1220 and SSB1 may correspond to the second wide beam 1224. In some cases, the target reference signal 1310 may be a TRS used for positioning. The second target reference signal 1310-b corresponding to the center area of coverage area 1230 may be TRS0 and have a second pre-configuration factor 1332-b with a second time-domain factor or value (e.g., pO).

[0213] That is, for example, TRS0 may be transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a with a timedomain channel characteristic corresponding to the first source reference signal 1308-a. TRS0 may be transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b in a coordinated manner with a time-domain channel characteristic different from the second source reference signal 1308-b. Rather, TRS0 may be transmited from the second satellite 1202-b with a timedomain channel characteristic that is pre-compensated by the second pre-configuration factor 1332-b having the second time-domain factor or value (e.g., pO). The second preconfiguration factor 1332-b may be selected such that the TRS0 transmited from the second satellite 1202-b arrives at a UE in the center area of coverage area 1230 atapproximately the same time that the TRSO transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a arrives at the UE. Accordingly, TRSO may be associated with the second narrow beam 1222-b transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a and the second narrow beam 1226-b transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b.

[0214] In some examples, the first target reference signal 1310-a corresponding to the first side area of coverage area 1230 may be TRS1 and have a second pre-configuration factor 1332-b with a first time-domain factor or value (e.g., pl). TRS1 may be transmited from the first satellite 1202-a with a time-domain channel characteristic corresponding to the first source reference signal 1308-a. TRS1 may be transmited from the second satellite 1202-b in a coordinated manner with a time-domain channel characteristic different from the second source reference signal 1308-b. Rather, TRS1 may be transmited from the second satellite 1202-b with atime-domain channel characteristic that is pre-compensated by the first pre-configuration factor 1332-a having the first time-domain factor or value (e.g., pl). The first pre-configuration factor 1332-a may be selected such that the TRS1 transmited from the second satellite 1202-b arrives at the UE in the first side area of coverage area 1230 at approximately the same time that the TRS1 transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a arrives at the UE. Accordingly, TRS1 may be associated with the first narrow beam 1222-a transmited from the first satellite 1202-a and the first narrow beam 1226-a transmited from the second satellite 1202-b. TRS2 associated with the second side area of the coverage area 1230 may be similarly pre-compensated in the time domain.

[0215] In some examples, rather than indicating the various time-domain factors or values associated with the target reference signals 1310, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include information indicating a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal 1308-a from the first satellite 1202-a is precompensated in the time domain with respect to the second source reference signal 1308- b from the second satellite 1202-b. From this time-domain pre-compensation configuration, the UE may infer time-domain pre-compensation has also been applied to the target reference signal 1310.

[0216] Additionally, or alternatively, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include information indicating a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which a first transmission of the target reference signal 1310 from the first satellite 1202-a is pre-compensated in the time domain with respect to a second transmission of the target reference signal 1310 from the second satellite 1202-b. That is, for example, while the first source reference signal 1308-a from the first satellite 1202-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b from the second satellite 1202-b may not be transmitted with precompensation in the time domain in some implementations, the UE is aware that the corresponding target reference signal 1310 is transmitted with pre-compensation in the time domain. That is, for example, regardless of whether the UE is located in the first side area, the center area, or the second side area of the coverage area 1230, the corresponding target reference signal 1310-a, 1310-b, or 1310-c will be transmitted with time-domain pre-compensation from at least one of the satellites 1202 cooperatively transmitting in accordance with a multi-TRP configuration or an SFN scheme.

[0217] Referring to FIGS. 12 and 13, the target reference signal 1310 may have a frequencydomain pre-compensation with respect to one or more of the source reference signals 1308. That is, for example, each of the satellites 1202 may be travelling in different directions. To offset this traveling of the satellites 1202 as well as any travelling of the UE, frequency pre-compensation may be applied to certain reference signals. In some examples, the first satellite 1202-a may transmit the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second satellite 1202-b may transmit the second source reference signal 1308-b. In some cases, the first source reference signal 1308-a is a first SSB (e.g., SSBO) and the second source reference signal 1308-b is a second SSB (e.g., SSB1). SSBO may correspond to the first wide beam 1220 and SSB1 may correspond to the second wide beam 1224. In some cases, the first source reference signal 1308-a is a first TRS (e.g., TRS00) and the second source reference signal 1308-b is a second TRS (e.g., TRS01). TRS00 may correspond to the first wide beam 1220 and TRS01 may correspond to the second wide beam 1224. In some cases, the target reference signal 1310 may be a TRS or a PRS used for positioning. In some cases, the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b is an SSB corresponding to the first wide beam 1220 and the second wide beam 1224, respectively. The third target reference signal 1310-c corresponding to the second side area of coverage area 1230 may be TRS2 and have a third pre-configuration factor 1332-c with a third frequency -domain factor or value (e.g., Af2).

[0218] That is, for example, TRS2 may be transmitted from the first satellite 1202 -a with a frequency-domain channel characteristic corresponding to the first source reference signal 1308-a. TRS2 may be transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b in a coordinated manner with a frequency -domain channel characteristic different from the second source reference signal 1308-b. Rather, TRS2 may be transmitted from the second satellite 1202- b with a frequency -domain channel characteristic that is pre-compensated by the third pre-configuration factor 1332-c having the third frequency-domain factor or value (e g., Af2). The third pre-configuration factor 1332-c may be selected such that the TRS2 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b arrives at a UE in the second side area of coverage area 1230 at approximately the same frequency that the TRS2 transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a arrives at the UE. Accordingly, TRS2 may be associated with the third narrow beam 1222-c transmitted from the first satellite 1202-a and the third narrow beam 1226-c transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b. TRS1 and TRS2 associated with the center area and second side area of the coverage area 1230 may be similarly precompensated in the frequency domain.

[0219] In some examples, a UE may receive signaling from a positioning server that includes information corresponding to a target reference signal 1310 and the pre-compensation relationship 1350. In some cases, the information may be received by the UE from the positioning server in the form of assistance data, for example, when the target reference signal 1310 is a PRS or other positioning reference signal. That is, for example, assistance data from the positioning server may enable the UE to utilize the target reference signals 1310 effectively for either TOA or Doppler estimation.

[0220] In some examples, the positioning server may receive at least some signaling including information corresponding to the target reference signal 1310 and the pre-compensation relationship 1350 from a base station (e.g., base station 202 or gNB-CU 226) operating in a multi-TRP configuration or an SFN scheme. In some cases, the information may be received by the positioning server from the base station in the form of assistance data, for example, when the target reference signal 1310 is a PRS or other positioning signal. That is, for example, assistance data from the base station may enable the positioning server to accurately determine distance measurements by knowing what, if any, pre-compensation is applied to a particular target reference signal 1310.

[0221] The UE may receive the first source reference signal 1308-a and / or the second source reference signal 1308-b from a base station. The UE may perform a channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal 1308-a and / or the second source reference signal 1308-b. For example, the UE may perform a channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal 1308-a and also perform a channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal 1308-b. The UE may derive various QCL properties associated with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b.

[0222] The UE may use the pre-compensation relationship 1350 to determine how to apply the various QCL properties associated with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b to reception of the target reference signal 1310. For example, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may indicate the first preconfiguration factor 1332-a as time-domain pre-compensation factor pl with respect to the first target reference signal 1310-a as TRS1, a second pre-configuration factor 1332- b as time-domain pre-compensation factor pO with respect to the second target reference signal 1310-b as TRS0, and the third pre-configuration factor 1332-c as time-domain precompensation factor p2 with respect to the third target reference signal 1310-c as TRS2.

[0223] For example, when the UE receives TRS0 in accordance with a multi-TRP configuration or an SFN scheme, the UE may apply certain channel estimation techniques based on the various QCL properties associated with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b. How'ever, the UE will determine that the timedomain pre-compensation factor pO has been applied to the TRS0 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b and to ignore at least some time domain QCL properties derived from the second source reference signal 1308-b when estimating the channel associated with TRS0.

[0224] As the UE travels to another area in the coverage area 1230, for example the first side area of the coverage area 1230, the UE receives TRS1 in accordance with the multi-TRP configuration or the SFN scheme. The UE may again apply certain channel estimation techniques based on the various QCL properties associated with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b. However, the UE will determine that the time-domain pre-compensation factor pl has been applied to the TRS1 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b and to ignore at least some time domain QCLproperties derived from the second source reference signal 1308-b when estimating the channel associated with TRS1.

[0225] In some examples, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may indicate the first preconfiguration factor 1332-a as frequency-domain pre-compensation factor Afl with respect to the first target reference signal 1310-a as TRS1, a second pre-configuration factor 1332-b as frequency-domain pre-compensation factor AfO with respect to the second target reference signal 1310-b as TRSO, and the third pre-configuration factor 1332-c as frequency -domain pre-compensation factor Af2 with respect to the third target reference signal 1310-c as TRS2.

[0226] For example, when the UE receives TRS2 in accordance with a multi-TRP configuration or an SFN scheme, the UE may apply certain channel estimation techniques based on the various QCL properties associated with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b. However, the UE will determine that the frequency-domain pre-compensation factor Af2 has been applied to the TRS2 transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b and to ignore at least some frequency domain QCL properties derived from the second source reference signal 1308-b when estimating the channel associated with TRS2. As the UE travels to another area in the coverage area 1230, for example the center area of the coverage area 1230, the UE receives TRSO in accordance with the multi-TRP configuration or the SFN scheme and may similarly determine that the frequency-domain pre-compensation factor AfO has been applied to the TRSO transmitted from the second satellite 1202-b based on the pre-compensation relationship 1350 signaled to the UE.

[0227] In some examples, rather than indicating the various frequency-domain factors or values associated with the target reference signals 1310, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include information indicating a frequency-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal 1308-a from the first satellite 1202-a is precompensated in the frequency domain with respect to the second source reference signal 1308-b from the second satellite 1202-b. From this frequency-domain pre-compensation configuration, the UE may infer that frequency-domain pre-compensation has also been applied to the target reference signal 1310.

[0228] Additionally, or alternatively, the pre-compensation relationship 1350 may include information indicating a frequency-domain pre-compensation configuration in which afirst transmission of the target reference signal 1310 from the first satellite 1202-a is precompensated in the frequency domain with respect to a second transmission of the target reference signal 1310 from the second satellite 1202-b. That is, for example, while the first source reference signal 1308-a from the first satellite 1202-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b from the second satellite 1202-b may not be transmitted with precompensation in the frequency domain in some implementations, the UE is aware that the corresponding target reference signal 1310 is transmitted with pre-compensation in the frequency domain. That is, for example, regardless of whether the UE is located in the first side area, the center area, or the second side area of the coverage area 1230, the corresponding target reference signal 1310-a, 1310-b, or 1310-c will be transmitted with frequency-domain pre-compensation from at least one of the satellites 1202 cooperatively transmitting in accordance with a multi-TRP configuration or an SFN scheme.

[0229] In some examples, the positioning server may provide the list of TRPs (e.g., satellites 1202) that are part of a SFN scheme (e.g., SFNed) or a multi-TRP configuration in an assistance data message. For example, a set of source reference signals may be transmitted by one or more TRPs in the list of TRPs. If a source reference signal in the set of source reference signals can no longer be received by the UE, another source reference signal may be transmitted to the UE by the one or more TRPs. For example, if a UE travels beyond the first side area of the coverage area 1230 and can no longer receive the SSBO from satellite 1202-a, the UE may subsequently receive an SSB2 from a third satellite if the third satellite is in the list of TRPs. In some cases, the positioning server may provide the QCL associated information for each reference signal participating in the SFN scheme or multi-TRP configuration. In some cases, the positioning server may provide a time offset (e.g., a time-domain pre-compensation factor) with respect to a corresponding SSB or a corresponding reference signal (e.g., SSB, TRS, PRS, etc.). In some cases, the positioning server may provide a frequency offset (e.g., frequency-domain precompensation factor) with respect to a corresponding SSB or a corresponding reference signal (e.g., SSB, TRS, PRS, etc.).

[0230] In some examples, a UE may receive signaling from a positioning server that includes information corresponding to an RSTD search window. In some cases, the TRPs (e.g., satellites 1202) participating in the SFN scheme or multi-TRP configuration have a common expected RSTD and common expected uncertainties. Additionally, oralternatively, the TRPs (e.g., satellites 1202) participating in the SFN scheme or multi- TRP configuration have a common expected Doppler shift and common expected uncertainties, in accordance with some examples. That is, for example, the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to first satellite 1202-a and the second satellite 1202-b. In some cases, the information corresponding to the RSTD search window from the positioning server indicates to the UE that the target reference signal 1310 has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal 1308. From this information, the UE may infer that pre-compensation is applied to certain reference signals in a multi-TRP configuration. That is, for example, signaling from the positioning server may lack explicit information corresponding to any reference signal precompensation relationship that the target reference signal 1310 may have with the first source reference signal 1308-a and the second source reference signal 1308-b.

[0231] FIG. 14 is a flowchart of an example process 1400 associated with time or doppler precompensated reference signals and associated assistance data and reporting enhancements, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 14 may be performed by a UE (e.g., UE 304). In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 14 may be performed by another device or a group of devices separate from or including the UE. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more process blocks of FIG. 14 may be performed by one or more components of an apparatus, such as a processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s), any or all of which may be means for performing the operations of process 1400.

[0232] As shown in FIG. 14, process 1400 may include, at block 1402, receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP. Means for performing the operation of block 1402 may include the processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s) of any of the apparatuses described herein. For example, the UE may receive, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a firstsource reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP, using WWAN transceivers 310 and 350.

[0233] As further shown in FIG. 14, process 1400 may include, at block 1404, transmitting a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P. Means for performing the operation of block 1404 may include the processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s) of any of the apparatuses described herein. For example, the UE may transmit a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P, using WWAN transceivers 310 and 350.

[0234] Process 1400 may include additional implementations, such as any single implementation or any combination of implementations described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0235] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common average delay channel characteristic between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0236] In some aspects, process 1400 includes receiving the first source reference signal, performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal, deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information, receiving the second source reference signal, performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal, deriving a second averaged delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information, receiving the RS-P, and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0237] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common delay spread channel characteristic.

[0238] In some aspects, process 1400 includes receiving the first source reference signal, performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal, deriving a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information, receiving the second source reference signal, performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal, deriving a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information, receiving the RS-P, and performing a third channel estimation with respectto the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0239] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0240] In some aspects, process 1400 includes receiving the first source reference signal, performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal, deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information, receiving the second source reference signal, performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal, refraining from deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information, receiving the RS-P, and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0241] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0242] In some aspects, process 1400 includes receiving the first source reference signal, performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal, deriving a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information, receiving the second source reference signal, performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal, refraining from deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information, receiving the RS-P, and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

[0243] In some aspects, process 1400 includes transmitting, to the positioning server, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which the RS-P is quasi co-located with at least two source reference signals from different transmission-reception points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received responsive to the request.

[0244] In some aspects, each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0245] In some aspects, the RS-P comprises at least one of a positioning reference signal (PRS), a tracking reference signal (TRS), or a channel state information reference signal (CSI- RS).

[0246] Although FIG. 14 shows example blocks of process 1400, in some implementations, process 1400 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 14. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1400 may be performed in parallel.

[0247] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the process 1400 may include a more effective reception of the RS-P resulting in more accurate positioning information associated with a positioning procedure. That is, for example, by signaling QCL and / or pre-compensation relationships associated with the source reference signals, reception of the RS-P may be more effective.

[0248] FIG. 15 is a flowchart of an example process 1500 associated with time or doppler precompensated reference signals and associated assistance data and reporting enhancements, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 15 may be performed by a UE (e.g., UE 304). In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 15 may be performed by another device or a group of devices separate from or including the UE. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more process blocks of FIG. 15 may be performed by one or more components of an apparatus, such as a processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s), any or all of which may be means for performing the operations of process 1500.

[0249] As shown in FIG. 15, process 1500 may include, at block 1502, receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal precompensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device. Means for performing the operation of block 1502 may include the processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s) of any of the apparatuses described herein. For example, the UE may receive, from a positioning server, signaling including firstinformation corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device, using WWAN transceivers 310 and 350.

[0250] As further shown in FIG. 15, process 1500 may include, at block 1504, receiving at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal. Means for performing the operation of block 1504 may include the processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s) of any of the apparatuses described herein. For example, the UE may receive at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal, using WWAN transceivers 310 and 350.

[0251] Process 1500 may include additional implementations, such as any single implementation or any combination of implementations described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0252] In some aspects, process 1500 includes the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain precompensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain precompensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0253] In some aspects, process 1500 includes performing a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal, and performing a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain precompensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0254] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal precompensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the time domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0255] In some aspects, process 1500 includes the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency -domain precompensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0256] In some aspects, process 1500 includes performing a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal, and performing a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequencydomain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0257] In some aspects, the second information corresponding to the reference signal precompensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0258] In some aspects, process 1500 includes the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a set of transmitting device, including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the set of transmitting devices indicates that the set of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multi-transmission-reception point (multi-TRP) configuration.

[0259] In some aspects, process 1500 includes the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

[0260] In some aspects, the first transmitting device is a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

[0261] In some aspects, the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

[0262] In some aspects, each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0263] Although FIG. 15 shows example blocks of process 1500, in some implementations, process 1500 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 15. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1500 may be performed in parallel.

[0264] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the process 1500 may include more effective reception of the target reference signal. That is, for example, by signaling QCL and / or pre-compensation relationships associated with the source reference signals, reception of the target reference signal may be more effective. Another technical advantage of the process 1500 may include enabling an NTN system to effectively operate in a multi-TRP configuration.

[0265] FIG. 16 is a flowchart of an example process 1600 associated with time or doppler precompensated reference signals and associated assistance data and reporting enhancements, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 16 may be performed by a positioning server (e.g., network entity 306). In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 16 may be performed by another device or a group of devices separate from or including the positioning server. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more process blocks of FIG. 16 may be performed by one or more components of an apparatus, such as a processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s), any or all of which may be means for performing the operations of process 1600.

[0266] As shown in FIG. 16, process 1600 may include, at block 1602, receiving, from a nextgeneration radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP. Means for performing the operation of block 1602 may include the processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s) of any of theapparatuses described herein. For example, the positioning server may receive, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP, using network transceivers 390.

[0267] As further shown in FIG. 16, process 1600 may include, at block 1604, transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship. Means for performing the operation of block 1604 may include the processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s) of any of the apparatuses described herein. For example, the positioning server may transmit, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship, using network transceivers 390.

[0268] Process 1600 may include additional implementations, such as any single implementation or any combination of implementations described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0269] In some aspects, process 1600 includes transmitting, to the NG-RAN node, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship, and receiving, responsive to the request and from the NG- RAN node, the first signaling including the first information corresponding to the RS-P and the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0270] Although FIG. 16 shows example blocks of process 1600, in some implementations, process 1600 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 16. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1600 may be performed in parallel.

[0271] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the process 1600 may include receiving more effective information related to the reference signals that the positioning server uses in a positioning procedure. Another technical advantage of the process 1600 may include a more effective reception of the RS-P resulting in more accurate positioning information associated with a positioning procedure that may be used by the positioning server. Thatis, for example, by signaling QCL and / or pre-compensation relationships associated with the source reference signals, reception of the RS-P may be more effective.

[0272] FIG. 17 is a flowchart of an example process 1700 associated with time or doppler precompensated reference signals and associated assistance data and reporting enhancements, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 17 may be performed by a positioning server (e.g., network entity 306). In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 17 may be performed by another device or a group of devices separate from or including the positioning server. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more process blocks of FIG. 17 may be performed by one or more components of an apparatus, such as a processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s), any or all of which may be means for performing the operations of process 1700.

[0273] As shown in FIG. 17, process 1700 may include, at block 1702, receiving, from a nextgeneration radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device. Means for performing the operation of block 1702 may include the processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s) of any of the apparatuses described herein. For example, the positioning server may receive, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device, using network transceivers 390.

[0274] As further shown in FIG. 17, process 1700 may include, at block 1704, transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship. Means for performing the operation of block 1704 may include the processor(s), memory, or transceiver(s) of any of the apparatuses described herein. For example, the positioning server may transmit, to a userequipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship, using network transceivers 390.

[0275] Process 1700 may include additional implementations, such as any single implementation or any combination of implementations described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

[0276] In some aspects, process 1700 includes the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to a set of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device.

[0277] In some aspects, the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal precompensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0278] In some aspects, the target reference signal comprises a downlink reference signal (DLRS).

[0279] Although FIG. 17 shows example blocks of process 1700, in some implementations, process 1700 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 17. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1700 may be performed in parallel.

[0280] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the process 1700 may include receiving more effective information related to the reference signals that the positioning server uses in a positioning procedure. Another technical advantage of the process 1700 may include a more effective reception of the target reference signal resulting in more accurate positioning information associated with the positioning procedure that may be used by the positioning server. That is, for example, by signaling QCL and / or pre-compensation relationships associated with the source reference signals, reception of the target reference signal may be more effective. Another technical advantage of the process 1700 may include reducing the amount of assistance data that is required to be sent to a UE by signaling that one or more TRPs have a common expected RSTD search window. That is, for example, the common expected RSTD search window signaling can enable a UEto determine that a pre-compensation relationship has been applied to a target reference signal absent addition assistance data related to the specific pre-compensation relationship.

[0281] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0282] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0283] Clause 1. A method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmitting a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0284] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common average delay channel characteristic between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0285] Clause 3. The method of clause 2, further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source referencesignal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; deriving a second averaged delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0286] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common delay spread channel characteristic.

[0287] Clause 5. The method of clause 4. further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; deriving a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0288] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0289] Clause 7. The method of clause 6. further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; refraining from deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0290] Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0291] Clause 9. The method of clause 8, further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; refraining from deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

[0292] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 9, further comprising: transmitting, to the positioning server, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which the RS-P is quasi co-located with at least two source reference signals from different transmissionreception points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received responsive to the request.

[0293] Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0294] Clause 12. The method of any of clauses 1 to 11, wherein the RS-P comprises at least one of: a positioning reference signal (PRS), a tracking reference signal (TRS), or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS).

[0295] Clause 13. A method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmiting device; and receiving at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0296] Clause 14. The method of clause 13, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain precompensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain precompensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0297] Clause 15. The method of clause 14, further comprising: performing a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0298] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 13 to 15, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a timedomain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is precompensated in the time domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0299] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 13 to 16, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain precompensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0300] Clause 18. The method of clause 17, further comprising: performing a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequency -domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0301] Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 13 to 18, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0302] Clause 20. The method of any of clauses 13 to 19, wherein: the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a set of transmitting device, including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the set of transmitting devices indicates that the set of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multi-transmission-reception point (multi-TRP) configuration.

[0303] Clause 21. The method of clause 20, wherein: the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

[0304] Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 13 to 21, wherein the first transmitting device is a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

[0305] Clause 23. The method of any of clauses 13 to 22, wherein the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

[0306] Clause 24. The method of any of clauses 13 to 23, wherein each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0307] Clause 25. A method of communication performed by a positioning server, comprising: receiving, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS- P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmitting, to a userequipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0308] Clause 26. The method of clause 25, further comprising: transmitting, to the NG-RAN node, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and receiving, responsive to the request and from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling including the first information corresponding to the RS-P and the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0309] Clause 27. A method of communication performed by a positioning server, comprising: receiving, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0310] Clause 28. The method of clause 27, wherein: the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to a set of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device.

[0311] Clause 29. The method of clause 28, wherein the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0312] Clause 30. The method of any of clauses 27 to 29, wherein the target reference signal comprises a downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

[0313] Clause 31. A user equipment (UE), comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or incombination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers and from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0314] Clause 32. The UE of clause 31, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common average delay channel characteristic between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0315] Clause 33. The UE of clause 32, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive, via the one or more transceivers, the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; derive a second averaged delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receive, via the one or more transceivers, the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0316] Clause 34. The UE of any of clauses 31 to 33, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common delay spread channel characteristic.

[0317] Clause 35. The UE of clause 34, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; derive a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive, via the one or more transceivers, the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; derive a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receive, via the one or moretransceivers, the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0318] Clause 36. The UE of any of clauses 31 to 35, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0319] Clause 37. The UE of clause 36, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive, via the one or more transceivers, the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; refrain from deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receive, via the one or more transceivers, the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0320] Clause 38. The UE of any of clauses 31 to 37, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0321] Clause 39. The UE of clause 38, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; derive a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive, via the one or more transceivers, the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; refrain from denying a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receive, via the one or more transceivers, the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

[0322] Clause 40. The UE of any of clauses 31 to 39, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the positioning server, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which the RS-P is quasi co-located with at least two source reference signals from different transmission-reception points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received responsive to the request.

[0323] Clause 41. The UE of any of clauses 31 to 40, wherein each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0324] Clause 42. The UE of any of clauses 31 to 41, wherein the RS-P comprises at least one of: a positioning reference signal (PRS), a tracking reference signal (TRS), or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS).

[0325] Clause 43. An UE, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers and from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receive, via the one or more transceivers, at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0326] Clause 44. The UE of clause 43, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain precompensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain precompensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0327] Clause 45. The UE of clause 44, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: perform a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal;and perform a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain precompensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0328] Clause 46. The UE of any of clauses 43 to 45, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a timedomain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is precompensated in the time domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0329] Clause 47. The UE of any of clauses 43 to 46, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain precompensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0330] Clause 48. The UE of clause 47, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: perform a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and perform a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequencydomain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0331] Clause 49. The UE of any of clauses 43 to 48, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0332] Clause 50. The UE of any of clauses 43 to 49, wherein: the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a set of transmitting device, including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the set of transmitting devices indicates that the set of transmittingdevices is associated with at least one of a single frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multi-transmission-reception point (multi-TRP) configuration.

[0333] Clause 51. The UE of clause 50, wherein: the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

[0334] Clause 52. The UE of any of clauses 43 to 51, wherein the first transmitting device is a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

[0335] Clause 53. The UE of any of clauses 43 to 52, wherein the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

[0336] Clause 54. The UE of any of clauses 43 to 53, wherein each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0337] Clause 55. A positioning server, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers and from a nextgeneration radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0338] Clause 56. The positioning server of clause 55, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the NG-RAN node, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; andreceive, via the one or more transceivers, responsive to the request and from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling including the first information corresponding to the RS-P and the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0339] Clause 57. A positioning server, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers and from a nextgeneration radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0340] Clause 58. The positioning server of clause 57, wherein: the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to a set of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device.

[0341] Clause 59. The positioning server of clause 58, wherein the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0342] Clause 60. The positioning server of any of clauses 57 to 59, wherein the target reference signal comprises a downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

[0343] Clause 61. A user equipment (UE), comprising: means for receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and means for transmitting a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0344] Clause 62. The UE of clause 61, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common average delay channel characteristic between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0345] Clause 63. The UE of clause 62, further comprising: means for receiving the first source reference signal; means for performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; means for deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the second source reference signal; means for performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; means for deriving a second averaged delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the RS-P; and means for performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0346] Clause 64. The UE of any of clauses 61 to 63, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common delay spread channel characteristic.

[0347] Clause 65. The UE of clause 64, further comprising: means for receiving the first source reference signal; means for performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; means for deriving a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information: means for receiving the second source reference signal; means for performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; means for deriving a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the RS-P; and means for performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0348] Clause 66. The UE of any of clauses 61 to 65, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0349] Clause 67. The UE of clause 66, further comprising: means for receiving the first source reference signal; means for performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; means for deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the second source reference signal; means for performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; means for refraining from deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; means for receiving the RS-P; and means for performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0350] Clause 68. The UE of any of clauses 61 to 67, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0351] Clause 69. The UE of clause 68, further comprising: means for receiving the first source reference signal; means for performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; means for deriving a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; means for receiving the second source reference signal; means for performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; means for refraining from deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; means for receiving the RS-P; and means for performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

[0352] Clause 70. The UE of any of clauses 61 to 69, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the positioning server, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which the RS-P is quasi co-located with at least two source reference signals from different transmission-reception points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received responsive to the request.

[0353] Clause 71. The UE of any of clauses 61 to 70, wherein each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0354] Clause 72. The UE of any of clauses 61 to 71, wherein the RS-P comprises at least one of: a positioning reference signal (PRS), a tracking reference signal (TRS), or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS).

[0355] Clause 73. An UE, comprising: means for receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and means for receiving at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0356] Clause 74. The UE of clause 73, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain precompensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain precompensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0357] Clause 75. The UE of clause 74, further comprising: means for performing a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and means for performing a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0358] Clause 76. The UE of any of clauses 73 to 75, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a timedomain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is precompensated in the time domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0359] Clause 77. The UE of any of clauses 73 to 76, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0360] Clause 78. The UE of clause 77, further comprising: means for performing a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and means for performing a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequency-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0361] Clause 79. The UE of any of clauses 73 to 78, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0362] Clause 80. The UE of any of clauses 73 to 79, wherein: the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a set of transmitting device, including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the set of transmitting devices indicates that the set of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multi-transmission-reception point (multi-TRP) configuration.

[0363] Clause 81. The UE of clause 80, wherein: the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

[0364] Clause 82. The UE of any of clauses 73 to 81, wherein the first transmitting device is a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

[0365] Clause 83. The UE of any of clauses 73 to 82, wherein the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

[0366] Clause 84. The UE of any of clauses 73 to 83, wherein each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0367] Clause 85. A positioning server, comprising: means for receiving, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and means for transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0368] Clause 86. The positioning server of clause 85, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the NG-RAN node, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and means for receiving, responsive to the request and from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling including the first information corresponding to the RS-P and the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0369] Clause 87. A positioning server, comprising: means for receiving, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and means for transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0370] Clause 88. The positioning server of clause 87, wherein: the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertaintywindow for message transmissions corresponding to a set of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device.

[0371] Clause 89. The positioning server of clause 88, wherein the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0372] Clause 90. The positioning server of any of clauses 87 to 89, wherein the target reference signal comprises a downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

[0373] Clause 91. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

[0374] Clause 92. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 91, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common average delay channel characteristic between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

[0375] Clause 93. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 92, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; derive a second averaged delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receive the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

[0376] Clause 94. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 91 to 93, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common delay spread channel characteristic.

[0377] Clause 95. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 94, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; derive a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; derive a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receive the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

[0378] Clause 96. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 91 to 95, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0379] Clause 97. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 96, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; derive a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; refrain from deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receive the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

[0380] Clause 98. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 91 to 97, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

[0381] Clause 99. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 98, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: receive the first source reference signal; perform a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; derive a first Doppler shift based at least inpart on the first channel estimation and the second information; receive the second source reference signal; perform a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; refrain from deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receive the RS-P; and perform a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

[0382] Clause 100. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 91 to 99, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: transmit, to the positioning server, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which the RS-P is quasi co-located with at least two source reference signals from different transmission-reception points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received responsive to the request.

[0383] Clause 101. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 91 to 100, wherein each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

[0384] Clause 102. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 91 to 101, wherein the RS-P comprises at least one of: a positioning reference signal (PRS), a tracking reference signal (TRS), or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS).

[0385] Clause 103. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by an UE, cause the UE to: receive, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receive at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0386] Clause 104. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 103, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensationparameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0387] Clause 105. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 104, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: perform a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and perform a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the time-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0388] Clause 106. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 103 to 105, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the time domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0389] Clause 107. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 103 to 106, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency -domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

[0390] Clause 108. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 107, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: perform a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and perform a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequency-domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

[0391] Clause 109. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 103 to 108, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency -domain pre-compensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is pre-compensated in the frequency domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

[0392] Clause 110. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 103 to 109, wherein: the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a set of transmitting device, including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the set of transmitting devices indicates that the set of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multi-transmission-reception point (multi-TRP) configuration.

[0393] Clause 111. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 110, wherein: the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

[0394] Clause 112. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 103 to 111, wherein the first transmitting device is a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

[0395] Clause 113. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 103 to 112, wherein the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

[0396] Clause 114. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 103 to 113, wherein each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

[0397] Clause 115. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a positioning server, cause the positioning server to: receive, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmit, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0398] Clause 116. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 115, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the positioning server, cause the positioning server to: transmit, to the NG-RAN node, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and receive, responsive to the request and from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling including the first information corresponding to the RS-P and the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

[0399] Clause 117. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a positioning server, cause the positioning server to: receive, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and transmit, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

[0400] Clause 118. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 117, wherein: the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to a set of transmitting devices including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device.

[0401] Clause 119. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 118, wherein the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

[0402] Clause 120. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 117 to 119, wherein the target reference signal comprises a downlink reference signal (DL-RS).

[0403] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0404] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0405] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0406] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executedby a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0407] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0408] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Further, no component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set,” “group,” and the like are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” and the like does not preclude the presence of one or more additional elements (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B). Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of’) or the alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., “one or more” should not be interpreted as “one and more”). Furthermore, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Accordingly, as used herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” encompass “one” component, function, action, or instruction performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality and also “two or more” components, functions, actions, or instructions performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality in combination.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE). comprising: receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; and transmitting a measurement report corresponding to the RS-P.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common average delay channel characteristic between the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; deriving a second averaged delay based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay and the second average delay.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates a common delay spread channel characteristic.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first delay spread based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; deriving a second delay spread based at least in part on the second channel estimation and the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first delay spread and the second delay spread.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has an average delay channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first average delay based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; refraining from deriving a second average delay associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information;receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first average delay.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship indicates that the second source reference signal has a Doppler shift channel characteristic that has been pre-compensated in the RS-P.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving the first source reference signal; performing a first channel estimation with respect to the first source reference signal; deriving a first Doppler shift based at least in part on the first channel estimation and the second information; receiving the second source reference signal; performing a second channel estimation with respect to the second source reference signal; refraining from deriving a second Doppler shift associated with the second channel estimation based at least in part on the second information; receiving the RS-P; and performing a third channel estimation with respect to the RS-P by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the first Doppler shift.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting, to the positioning server, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which the RS-P is quasi co-located with at least two source reference signals from different transmission-reception points (TRPs), wherein the signaling from the positioning server is received responsive to the request.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a positioning reference signal (PRS).

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the RS-P comprises at least one of: a positioning reference signal (PRS), a tracking reference signal (TRS), or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS).

13. A method of communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving, from a positioning server, signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmitting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmitting device; and receiving at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the time-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain precompensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: performing a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the timedomain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.10916. The method of claim 13, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a time-domain precompensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is precompensated in the time domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein: the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with the first source reference signal, the second source reference signal, or both, and the frequency-domain pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequencydomain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to at least one of the first source reference signal from the first transmitting device or the second source reference signal from the second transmitting device.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: performing a first channel estimation with respect to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal; and performing a second channel estimation with respect to the target reference signal by applying one or more channel estimation techniques associated with the frequency -domain pre-compensation parameter corresponding to the at least one of the first source reference signal or the second source reference signal.

19. The method of claim 13, wherein the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship indicates a frequency-domain precompensation configuration in which the first source reference signal is precompensated in the frequency domain with respect to the second source reference signal.

20. The method of claim 13, wherein:the signaling further includes third information corresponding to a set of transmitting device, including the first transmitting device and the second transmitting device, and the third information corresponding to the set of transmitting devices indicates that the set of transmitting devices is associated with at least one of a single frequency network (SFN) scheme or a multi-transmission-reception point (multi-TRP) configuration.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein: the signaling further includes fourth information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the fourth information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to the set of transmitting devices.

22. The method of claim 13, wherein the first transmitting device is a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and the second transmitting device is a second TRP.

23. The method of claim 13, wherein the first transmitting device is a first satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN) and the second transmitting device is a second satellite in the NTN.

24. The method of claim 13, wherein each source reference signal of the first source reference signal and the second source reference signal comprises at least one of a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource or a tracking reference signal (TRS).

25. A method of communication performed by a positioning server, comprising: receiving, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a reference signal for positioning (RS-P) and second information corresponding to a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship that the RS-P has with a first source reference signal from a first transmission-reception point (TRP) and a second source reference signal from a second TRP; andtransmiting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the RS-P or the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: transmiting, to the NG-RAN node, a request for an on-demand positioning procedure in which at least two source reference signals share at least one QCL relationship; and receiving, responsive to the request and from the NG-RAN node, the first signaling including the first information corresponding to the RS-P and the second information corresponding to the QCL relationship.

27. A method of communication performed by a positioning server, comprising: receiving, from a next-generation radio access network (NG-RAN) node, first signaling including first information corresponding to a target reference signal and second information corresponding to a reference signal pre-compensation relationship that the target reference signal has with a first source reference signal from a first transmiting device and a second source reference signal from a second transmiting device; and transmiting, to a user equipment (UE), second signaling including at least some of the first information corresponding to the target reference signal or the second information corresponding to the reference signal pre-compensation relationship.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein: the second signaling lacks the second information, the second signaling further includes third information corresponding to a reference signal time difference (RSTD) search window, and the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates a common uncertainty window for message transmissions corresponding to a set of transmiting devices including the first transmiting device and the second transmitting device.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the third information corresponding to the RSTD search window indicates to the UE that the target reference signal has at least one reference signal pre-compensation relationship with at least one source reference signal.

30. The method of claim 27, wherein the target reference signal comprises a downlink reference signal (DL-RS).113

Images