Articles, systems and devices for detection of target impact and / or movement and methods of using the same

Abstract

Systems and methods for detection of a target impact or target movement can include a detection element having layered structure including an electromechanically structured material, an insulating layer, and a conductive layer; and a processor for receiving and processing a voltage signal from the detection element.

Description

ARTICLES, SYSTEMS AND DEVICES FOR DETECTION OF TARGET IMPACT AND / OR MOVEMENT AND METHODS OF USING THE SAMECROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos 63 / 584,155 filed September 20, 2023, 63 / 541 ,267 filed September 28, 2023, and 63 / 660,376, filed June 14, 2024, is hereby claimed and the disclosure are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.FIELD

[0002] The disclosure relates to devices and systems for use in detecting impact or movement, and more particularly devices and systems for detecting impact or movement in gameplay scenarios.BACKGROUND

[0003] Various gameplay scenarios utilize scoring mechanisms in which hits or impacts are counted as points in scoring the gameplay between participants or teams of participants. Scoring based on impacts from small physical objects can be difficult to track and assess as the impacts can be difficult to see visual and / or the number of impacts can make it difficult to visually track all impacts.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] Figure 1 A is an image of an article in accordance with the disclosure in the form of a wearable suit having one or more pads comprising the detection device of the system;

[0005] Figure 1 B is an exploded view of an article in accordance with the disclosure in the form of a wearable vest.

[0006] Figure 1C is an exploded view of an article in accordance with the disclosure having multiple conductive layers.

[0007] Figures 2A to 2C are schematic illustrations of conductive layers for use in articles in accordance with the disclosure.

[0008] Figure 3 is an image of a device in accordance with the disclosure in the form of a ball.

[0009] Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of an article in accordance with the disclosure.

[0010] Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of an article in accordance with the disclosure.

[0011] Figure 6 is a system in accordance with the disclosure showing the detection elements incorporated into a vest to be worn by the user, for example, in a flag football-like gameplay scenario.

[0012] Figure 7 is a system in accordance with the disclosure illustrating detection elements in accordance with the disclosure provided in a toy sword and / or one or more pieces of toy armor to be worn by the users.

[0013] Figure 8 is a system in accordance with the disclosure illustrating a detection element in accordance with the disclosure provided in a shield to be impacted by a toy projectile.

[0014] Figure 9 is a system in accordance with the disclosure, showing detection elements in accordance with the disclosure in a sensing mat for a golf application.

[0015] Figure 10 is a system in accordance with the disclosure showing the detection elements incorporated into a mat and / or paddles and / or the ball in a paddle gameplay scenario.

[0016] Figure 11 is a system in accordance with the disclosure showing detection elements incorporated into gloves and / or a target to be hit by the gloves.

[0017] Figure 12 is a system in accordance with the disclosure illustrating detection elements in accordance with the disclosure provided in an inflatable target.

[0018] Figure 13 is a system in accordance with the disclosure showing the detection element in a mat to be stepped on by a user.

[0019] Figure 14 is a system in accordance with the disclosure showing the detection element in a mat to sense when a user is forced off the mat.

[0020] Figure 15 is a process flow diagram of a method of making electromechanically structured foam in accordance with the disclosure.

[0021] Figure 16 is a process flow diagram of a method of making an electromechanically structured foam in accordance with the disclosure.

[0022] Figure 17 is a process flow diagram of a method of making an electromechanically structured foam in accordance with the disclosure.

[0023] Figures 18A and 18B are photographs of a molded electromechanically structured foam elements in accordance with the disclosure.

[0024] Figures 19A and 19B are photographs of a slab-based electromechanically structured foam elements in accordance with the disclosure.

[0025] Figure 20 is a photograph of a molded slab-style electromechanically structured foam element in accordance with the disclosure.

[0026] Figure 21 is a photograph showing a comparison of electromechanically structured foams formed in accordance with the disclosure.

[0027] Figures 22A and 22B are schematic illustrations of systems in accordance with the disclosure having first and second articles.DESCRIPTION

[0028] Articles, systems, and devices for detection of a target impact and / or target movement can include a detection element that is adapted to receive the target impact and / or have a target movement, which has a layered structure having a sensor layer and a ground plane layer. The device further includes a processor for receiving at least one measured electrical signal from the sensor layer or detection element as a whole indicating a change in electrical properties as between the sensor layer and the ground plane layer corresponding with the target impact and / or target movement. The device can also include an electrical connection between the ground plane layer and the processor and at least one electrical connection between the sensor layer and the processor.

[0029] As used herein “receive a target impact” refers to an object, such as a projectile impacting the device of the disclosure or the device of the disclosure impacting another object and the resulting impact between the objects being the target impact received by the device of the disclosure. The target movement can be movement of the device itself, movement of portions of layers of the device, for example, resulting from friction or impact from another object, or movement of objects past the device.

[0030] A device for detection of a target impact and / or target movement in accordance with the disclosure can include a detection element adapted to receive the target impact and / or target movement and a processor electrically coupled to the detection element for receiving at least one voltage signal from the detection element and determining a change in electrical potential as between the detection element and a reference ground plane. The absolute value of the change in electrical potential above a threshold is indicative of a target impact and / or target movement being received.

[0031] The detection element included in the devices, systems, and articles of the disclosure can have a layered structure that includes a conductive layer comprising one or more conductive pathways; an electromechanically structured material layer; and an insulating layer arranged between the conductive layer and the electromechanicallystructured material layer, electrically isolating the conductive layer from the electromechanically structured material.

[0032] The reference ground plane can be one of the conductive layer or the electromechanically structured material layer or a conductive layer separate from the detection element.

[0033] For example, the conductive layer can include a single conductive pathway that is electrically connected to a ground point of the processor to thereby serve as the reference ground plane. In this arrangement, the electromechanically structured material is a sensor layer from which the processor receive a voltage signal and is electrically coupled to the processor. For example, the electromechanically structured material can be electrically coupled to the processor by a direct wire connection. For example, the direct wire connection can be connected to a conductive structured disposed on or embedded within the electromechanically structured material. For example, a conductive grommet can be included in the electromechanically structured material and the wire connection can be connected to the conductive grommet.

[0034] For example, the electromechanically structured material layer can be electrically connected to a ground point of the processor to thereby serve as the reference ground plane. In this arrangement, the conductive layer serves as a sensor layer from which the processor receives a voltage signal. When the electromechanically structured material serves as a ground plane and / or the reference ground plane, the conductive layer functions as a sensor layer and can optionally comprise more than one conductive pathway defining zone for impact detection that can provide positional information in addition to target impact detection. Each conductive pathway can be individually connected to the processor.

[0035] For example, a conductive structure separate from the detection element can be provided and this conductive structure can be connected to a ground point of the processor to thereby serve as the ground plane. For example, the detection element can be electrically coupled to the processor as a unit as opposed to individual layers thereof. Such electrical connection can be established for example with a conductive clamp or other structure that is capable of transmitting the voltage signal from the sensor layer to the process. For example, the conductive clamp or other structure can be in physical contact with the detection element and electrically coupled to the processor, thereby electrically coupling the detection element to the processor.

[0036] The detection element and / or layers thereof can be electrically coupled to the processor in various manners, including through any wired and wireless connections known in the art.

[0037] Figure 1 A is an example embodiment an article 10 in accordance with the disclosure in the form of a wearable suit having multiple detection elements 11 . Detection elements can be present in one or more locations of the article, such as shown in Figure 1 A. Referring to Figure 1 B, an article 10 in accordance with the disclosure can have a detection element 1 1 with a layered structure in which an electromechanically structured material 12, such as, for example, a foam, is electrically isolated from a conductive layer 14 by an insulating layer 16. This structure can be optionally disposed between upper and lower fabrics 18, 20. The presence or absence of the fabric can depend on the application. For example, a single fabric wrapping an entire out surface of the article can be used as an alternative to opposed upper and lower fabrics. The fabric could also entirely be omitted. The article further includes a control unit 22, which can house or can be a processor and optionally include additional electronic elements such as LEDs, and LCD display, speakers or other audio components, and the like. Control units having such additional electronic components are well known in the art any known control unit can be used in the articles 10 of the disclosure. In embodiments, the control unit 22 can be the processor without additional other electronic components. The article can further include one or more power sources for powering the processor and / or any other electrical components.

[0038] One of the electromechanically structure material 12 or the conductive layer 14 serves that the sensor layer and the other as the ground plane layer. Electrical connection between these layers and the processor can be used to dictate which layer is serving which purpose. The article can include any further elements or structures as needed for the intended purpose of the article. For example, the vest structure of Figure 1 B shows straps 25 that retain the vest in position on the user. While Figure 1 B illustrates the article in the form of a vest, it should be understood that the article can have any configuration and the detection element can be used in any desired system, such as, but not limited to, floor mats, targets, balls, projectiles, hitting implements, and the like. Further the orientation of the materials / layers shown in Figure 1 B should not be considered limiting.

[0039] The conductive layer 14 can be in the form of a wire, conductive tracing, or conductive sheeting or any other conductive structure. When in the form of a wire or conductive tracing, the conductive layer 14 can be disposed on or embedded within and / or surrounded by the insulating layer. For example, as illustrated in Figure 4, a wire coated with an insulating coating or sheath can be the conductive layer 14 and insulating layer 16. The coated wire can be embedded, for example, within the electromechanically structured material to thereby form the article of the disclosure. Figure 4 further illustrates an example in which the wire embedded within the article is electrically connected to a processor 22,which is included within another portion of the article. For example, the article of Figure 4 can be in the form of a punching bag with the electromechanically structured material defining the portion of the article to be punched and the electronics, such as the processor or a control unit having a processor is incorporated into the structure from which the punching back hangs.

[0040] In other embodiments, for example as shown in Figure 1 B, a conductive tracing can be applied to a fabric layer that is adjacent to the insulating layer, such that the conductive tracing is disposed between the fabric and the insulating layer, with the electromechanically structured material being disposed on the opposed side of the insulating layer.

[0041] Detection elements 11 of the disclosure can have various orientations of the layers, so long as an insulating layer 16 is interposed between the electromechanically structured material 12 and the conductive layer 14 such that the two are electrically isolated from one another. The layers can be oriented, for example, such that the electromechanically structured material receives the target impact and / or target movement. In this orientation, the electromechanically structured can be electrically connected within the system to serve as either the sensor layer or the ground plane layer. For example, electromechanically structured material can be a foam and compression of the foam resulting from the target impact and / or target movement can results in a signal generated in the sensor layer. The ground plane layer can include a single conductive pathway, such as a single conductive loop arranged to surround (in a different plane of the structure) the circumference of an impact zone of the sensor layer. Alternatively, the ground plane can be formed of a foam and compression of the foam resulting from the target impact and / or target movement can result in a change in electrical properties within the foam. Referring to Figure 2A, the sensor layer can include one or more conductive pathways disposed upon the ground plane layer. Any number of conductive pathways can be provided. For example, a single conductive pathway surrounding the impact zone can be provided. Alternatively, as shown in Figures 2A to 2C, different impact zones can be defined by providing multiple distinct conductive pathways. For example, each conductive pathway can be its own nonoverlapping enclosed zone, thereby defining distinct impact zones. Alternatively, one or more of the conductive pathways can be provided as overlapping loops. Figure 2A to 2C illustrates that the enclosed zones do not need to be completely enclosed in a closed loop, but can have a small gap in the conductive pathway 24 defining the enclosed zone 26. In the configuration in which multiple zones are defined by multiple conductive pathways 24 enclosing individual zones 26, each pathway 24 has extending therefrom an electricalconnection 28 that electrically connects the conductive pathway to the processor. This allows for identification of impacts occurring within each specific zone.

[0042] Referring to Figure 1 C, the detection element can be provided as a multi-layer structure with multiple sensor layers 14A, 14B. For example, each sensor layer can include one or more conductive pathways. The sensor layers can be electrically isolated from one another with an intervening insulating layer 15. The conductive pathways of the sensor layers can at least partially overlap in the z-direction. The use of multiple sensor layers can allow for detecting of different locations and simultaneous detection of whether a first location was hit and / or a second location was hit. A grid pattern can be formed with the overlapping conductive pathways from the various layers for precise locations, for example.

[0043] Each sensor layer includes at least one electrical connection 28 to the processor. The processor can receive at least one measured electrical signal from the one or more conductive pathways 24 in the first and second sensor layers indicating a change in electrical properties as between the first and / or second layers indicating a change in electrical properties as between the first and / or second layer and the ground plane layer corresponding with the target impact and / or target movement. In embodiments having only a single sensor layer, the processor can receive at least one measured electrical signal from one or more conductive pathways 24 in the sensor layer indicating a change in electrical properties as between the sensor layer and the ground plane layer.

[0044] In any of the embodiments herein, the conductive pathways 24 can be formed by any known means, such as, for example, a conductive tracing applied by a known method, for example, screen printing. Conductive wiring and / or other conductive paints or coatings can also be used. The conductive pathways can be provided as conductive loops and / or conductive wires. Other non-closed shaped conductive tracings are contemplated herein as well. The shapes and coverage of the one or more conductive tracings can be tailored to the desired locations to be sensor or isolation of different sensing location for target impact identification. In embodiments in which the sensor layer includes multiple conductive pathways, each conductive pathway can be electrically isolated from an adjacent conductive pathway. For example, isolation can be provided by simply ensuring that the conductive pathways do not overlap in a single layer.

[0045] The electrical connection between the detection element and the processor can be provided by known means. In embodiments in which the sensor layer includes multiple conductive pathways 24, each conductive pathway 24 can be individually electrically connected by an electrical connection 28 to the processor, thereby providing signals to the processor from each conductive pathway 24.

[0046] The detection elements of the disclosure can include insulating layers disposed between any adjacent layers of the detection element. For example, the ground plane layer and sensor layer can be electrically isolated by an intervening insulating layer.

[0047] When a target impact occurs on the detection element, a signal from the target impact is received by the sensor layer. The signal can be the result of one or more of electrostatic discharge from the object striking the device, compression of one or more portions of the device, and / or relative movement of layers of the device. A signal resulting from the target impact results in a change in electrical potential between the sensor layer and the ground plane layer in the region of the impact, and such change in electrical potential is received as a signal by the processor, which then identifies the location of the target impact.

[0048] The electromechanically structure material can be a conductive woven or nonwoven fabric, a conductive paper, or a conductive foam. For example, the electromechanically structured material can be electromechanically structure foam formed from a foam material comprising an additive randomly dispersed within the foam material. The additive material can include, for example, a piezoelectric, a conductive material, triboelectric material, or other electrically active material. The detection element is capable of generating a signal in response to compression of the foam, such as, for example, by the target impact or target motion when the foam is provided as the sensor layer. When the foam is provided as a ground plane layer of the detection element, compression of the foam can still result through impact of the electromechanically structured material that is the sensor layer. The relative change in electrical potential between the electromechanically structured material when the detection element is impacted or moved can register as a signal to the processor without compression of the electromechanically structured material, such as through transfer of an electrostatic charge from the object impacting the device. Other impacts and motions can also result in a generated signal.

[0049] Articles in accordance with the disclosure can include a plurality of detection elements, for example, a plurality of pads, swords, targets, balls, or projectiles.

[0050] The processor can be any known type of signal processor. For example, the processor can be a digital signal processor. For example, the processor for the signal can be peak detector. The peak detector evaluates the signal for a probability of the signal being from the target impact or motion by comparing the signal to a threshold value. For example, the device can include a transmitter electrically coupled to the peak detector and a digital signal processor wirelessly coupled to the transmittal such that when the signal detected bythe peak detector meets the threshold value, the signal is transmitted to the digital signal processor for further processing of the signal.

[0051] The detection element or plurality of detection elements can be connected to the processor by one or more direct wire connections. For example, the direct wire connection can be provided by a conductive thread, a conductive grommet in the foam connected to a wire, or a conductive paint disposed between the foam and the processor.

[0052] The target impact or target movement to be detected by the detection element can be any one or more of an impact on the detection element, such as, for example, by a projectile, glove (e.g. boxing glove), sword (or other such contacting implement), and / or a movement of a wearer of the detection element, such as, but not limited to throwing, swinging, and / or shooting motions, and general body movement from any portion of the user such as to detect that the user is generally in motion.

[0053] The detection element and processor for the signal can be incorporated into an article of clothing worn by a user, a target to impacted by the user directly or through a projectile or ball, and / or a sporting goods, such as foam projectiles, darts, flying discs, balls, bats, swords, gloves, and grips for bats, racquets, and the like. The detection element and processor for the signal are incorporated into a projectile target to be hit by a projectile or a goal region into which the projectile is to be disposed.

[0054] A projectile can be formed entirely of the electromechanically structure formed, such as darts, and / or balls formed of the foam and / or round projectiles. Such projectiles can further include a process for processing the signal or can be designed for use with a target surface having a conductive region that is capable of transmitting the signal to a processor directly connected to the conductive region.

[0055] Articles of the disclosure can include one or more detection elements and can be in the form of a wearable article capable of detecting impact of or by a projectile or detecting movement of the wearer or objects to which it is attached. The wearable article can further include a processor or be directly connected to a processor to be also worn by the user for the signal generated from the detection element and a connection between the detection element and the processor.

[0056] Detection elements in accordance with the disclosure can include an electromechanically structured foam that is exhibits a change in electrical properties as between the layers of the detection element, as a result of compression of the film and associated piezoelectric properties of the foam. The detection element is connected to at least one processor for processing the signal generated by compression of the foam. The processor can be a signal processor, such as a digital signal processor, or can be anotherprocessing device such as a peak detection device that is capable of detecting the signal and evaluating whether a threshold value has been met.

[0057] The detection element device can be provided in various forms including, but not limited to, projectiles, such as foam darts, flying discs, or balls, a piece or pad attached to a projectile, such as to a foam dart tip, a wearable article, such as pads to be worn by a user, a sleeve, chest protector, entire body suits, shirts, pants, or the like, projectile goals, or nets, and / or other projectile targets. For example, the detection element can be included on a projectile, such as a dart, dart tip, round projectile, for detecting impact of the projectile on the surface. Combinations of targets and / or pads provided as the detection element with projectiles both having electromechanically structured foam included for impact detection are contemplated herein.

[0058] The devices of the disclosure can be included in systems which can include the device along with one or more impacting structures or implements for generating the target impact. For example, the impacting structure or implement can be a hitting implement, such as a sword, for example, a foam or other softer material play implement. Projectiles, such as darts, balls, and other thrown or launched items can be provided as the impacting structures. The device can be provided in the form of a target and / or in the form of a wearable element, such as pads. For example, the device can be incorporated into a chest protective element for contact by the impacting structure. Alternatively, or additionally, other regions of a body can be covered with pads that can include the device for detecting the impact, including, but not limited to shoulder, arms, torso, legs, head, and any other region of the body. For example, the device can be provided in shoulder and arm protection for sword play scenarios.

[0059] The devices of the disclosure can be incorporated into a variety of aspects of gameplay, such as for example, as part of the projectile or the projectile itself, a target or pad having the conductive material, or a combination of a pad or target and projectile. The devices of the system can be used to receive a target impact or can be used in a projectile or other striking object adapted to impact a receiving object, thereby generating the target impact. In such system where the device is incorporated into a striking object, the target impact can be an impact between the striking object having the device of the disclosure and a receiving object. The receiving object of such a game play system can also include a device of the system. Alternatively, the receiving object can be a simple impact sensor, such as including a piezoelectric sensor. For example, systems of the disclosure can include gloves, darts, balls, swords, bats, and the other such striking objects having a device in accordance with the disclosure along with a target, as the receiving object, to receive theimpact from these striking objects that optionally also includes a device in accordance with the disclosure or alternatively includes a piezoelectric sensor.

[0060] For example, the system can include a projectile formed from the electromechanically structured foam and can include a processor embedded in the projectile. Alternatively, the projectile, such as a ball, can be formed entirely or partially of the electromechanically structured foam and a wearable article or target can include an electrically conductive region, such as through incorporation of an electrically conductive probe or pad formed from an electrically conductive material, that is connected to the processor. When the projectile contacts the electrically conductive region, the signal generated by the impact within the electromechanically structured foam is transmitted into the conductive pad, which in turn is capable of transmitting the single to the processor.

[0061] As an example, the devices and systems of the disclosure can be used in a game play pattern involving two teams of seven players, with the object of the game being to secure points by either scoring a goal with a game ball or hitting an opponent with a projectile. Five players from each team can be on a field at one time with two players ready to substitute in. A full game can have four quarters of four minutes each. The team with the highest score wins. Scoring by advancing the game ball into the opposing team’s side to score a goal can be assessed at a first point value. For example, the point value of a goal can be six points. After a goal is scored, the gameplay can be reset, for example by players returning to their respective sides and the game ball being returned to the center of the field. Points scored by hitting a player with a projectile can be assessed at a second point value, for example one point.

[0062] The devices and systems of the disclosure can be used in various gameplay scenarios with the devices and systems of the disclosure being useful for detecting impacts, tracking impact-based scoring, tracking movement based scoring, and or player identification. For example, devices and systems of the disclosure can be useful in player identification with hit point accumulation, with the device capable of processing impacts or movements of different detection elements of the devices and systems with reference to ‘player identification’ further identifying the player and what team the player was assigned to; the identity of the specific player darts in their magazine / blaster, and / or other gameplay assignments. Further embodiments of using the devices and system in gameplay scenarios can incorporate processing of detectable signals from the detection elements of the device to allow for identifying an opposite player, identifying a friendly (same team) player, identifying a player who has been hit, identifying who statistically, based on the data traffic being received from the players, is the hot shot, the worst preforming player, and the like.

[0063] For example, the devices of the disclosure can be used to identify a hit, movement, and / or a goal and track the points of the respective teams. For example, the devices of the disclosure can be incorporated into an article worn or carried by the players. For example, the article can include the detection element and signal processor that allows the article to detect when it has been struck by a projectile or a specific action performed by the user. For example, the article can be in the form of a suit worn by the players. For example, the article can be in the form of a pad worn or attached to the players. For example, the article can be a chest pad, a chest and / or back pad, or pad covering one or more additional regions of the player. The devices of the disclosure can also be incorporated into a goal region of the field such that a conductive form and signal process is present in the goal region, such that upon contact of the detection element with the game ball, a goal is registered. The devices of the disclosure can be incorporated into a region of a gameplay accessory that comes in direct contact with another gameplay accessory. For example, the detection element can be incorporated into the webbing of a baseball glove or grip of a baseball bat. For example, players can be outfitted with a 2-piece hit detection suit that covers the full upper and lower body, or a single piece sleeve that covers the arm, for example, from bicep to wrist, or a shirt, or a chest protective item, or a leg sleeve, or pants. Wearable articles can be embedded with one or more detection elements in the form of pads formed from the electromechanically structured foam detect impact of an object of the pad and / or movement of the wearer. The wearable articles, projectiles, or other component into which the detection element is incorporated can further include a visual or audio signal if an impact is detected. For example, if a projectile impact is detected or specific movement is detected, LED lights can illuminate or change color as a visual signal. For example, the LED lights can be disposed on a wearable article, for example on the sleeve and / or collar. For example, the LED lights can change from white to red indicating a hit. A digital signal can then be transmitted to a wireless network for tracking the score in real-time. The suits can have the capability of being reset, for example by returning to a given location on the field or by any other resetting means.

[0064] Devices of the disclosure can be in the form of or include as a component thereof a wearable article. A wearable article for piezoelectric-based detection of a target impact or a target movement can include one or more pads disposed within the wearable article. Each of the one or more pads being a detection element comprising an electromechanically structured foam formed from a foam material comprising an additive random dispersed within the foam material (such as within the foam matrix). The additive includes at least a piezoelectric material. The detection element is capable of generating a signal in response to compression of the foam. The wearable article further includes a processor embeddedwithin or attached to the wearable article for receiving the signal and evaluating the signal for a probability of being the target impact or motion. The wearable article also includes a connection between the electromechanically structured foam and the processor for the signal.

[0065] The articles can be in various form and incorporate the detection elements in various elements of systems and devices to allow for a variety of gameplay scenarios to be achieved. Examples of articles into which the detection elements of the disclosure can be incorporated are illustrated in Figures 5-12. Figure 5 illustrates, for example, a mask scenario. The mask can either be worn by a user or can be hung for punching, for example, as a punching bag. The various enclosed zones to identify target contact area can be defined by the use of the sensor and ground plane layers, as described above. The mask having the detection element defining such zones can be used in various gameplay scenarios to detect the presence and / or a count of hits in a given zone. . Figures 1 , 6, and 7 illustrate embodiments of the article in the form of wearable devices, such as suits, vests or other structure that covers at least a portion of a wear’s body. In the illustrated embodiment of Figure 6, detection elements can alternatively or additionally be incorporated into the ball. Wearable articles can be included in projectile based play to detect projectile impact. The impact can be from any desired object, such as a projectile, a play sword (as shown in Figure 7) or other contacting implement for combat-like play patterns, or through contact with another users, such as for example, in tracking a player being “down” in touch football, for example. Figure 8 illustrates an example in which the detection device can be incorporated into shields and / or projectiles.

[0066] Referring to Figures 9-12, the articles of the disclosure can be in the form of a target, with the detection element incorporated for detection of impact within a specific zone of the target. For example, a game can be provided with a target impacting surface upon which a player directs a ball or other such structure to contact. The impacting surface can include the device of the disclosure to register the impact. The impact can be made, for example, by throwing the impacting element onto the target having the device, or by using other elements, such as paddles to hit the impacting element towards the target, or by contacting the target by hand or with gloves, such as boxing gloves. The target can be wallhanging or can be in the form of a matt, for example, and placed upon the floor. The device can register the impacts to thereby provide a score. Different regions can be identified through use of the one or more conductive pathways in the detection element to allow for various scoring based on region of impact. Other mat-based targets can be contemplated incorporating the device of the disclosure. For example, a golf-style game play can be contemplated, whereby a series of targets can be placed in a region and a user attempts tohit a target with a golf ball or foam representation thereof. The targets can register the hit through the detection element to provide for scoring. In any of the matt or target based embodiments of the device, the processor of the device included in the targets can wirelessly communication to a scoring element or can be directly wired to a score system. The scoring system can include a screen for visual indication of the score or other visual representations and / or audio elements for audio scoring or other sound elements. For example, in a golf-style came, the tee can be provided with the score system that wirelessly communicates with the target mats.

[0067] Target type play can incorporated into various gameplay scenarios, such as boxing (Figure 10). Boxing gloves can be used to impact a device having a detection element in accordance with the disclosure and register the user impact. Alternatively, the boxing gloves can include a detection element in accordance with the disclosure and a change in electrical properties of the detection element can occur when impacting a surface and can generate a detectable signal. As with any systems for gameplay disclosed herein incorporating one or more detection elements of the disclosure, the system can include a score system connected to the processor of the device wirelessly or through a direct wired connection. The device in a boxing-style gameplay scenario can include one or more conductive loops and / or coils to define target regions for the user to contact. The device can be incorporated into a system that further include visual or audio indications directing a user where to strike the target having the device of the disclosure. For example, regions of the target can include lights that illuminate to indicate location of strike. Conductive pathways of the detection element of the disclosure can correspond to these illumination regions such that a signal can be generated identifying whether a correct region was impacted.

[0068] The detection elements of the disclosure can be included in a target. For example, a wall-hanging or floor standing target can include the device of the disclosure and can be capable of sending signals to the processor as to the location of the impact on the target. In such embodiments, the sensor layer includes a plurality of conductive pathways that define the regions of the target. For example, concentric loops and / or coils can be provided to define a classic target design having narrowing diameter regions of target impact to a central “bullseye” region.

[0069] Target style gameplay can be incorporated into mats to be stepped on by a user. The device can register a change in electrical properties between the sensor layer and the ground play either by removal of a user’s body weight from the mat or by a new indication of a depression of the mat by the user contacting the mat. This can be useful in gameplay scenarios such as preparing maze or pathways for a user to pass through by only touching the mats. This can also be useful in wrestling or contact type gameplay, for example, with agoal of the user to remain in contact with their mat and try and remove another user from contact with that user’s mat.

[0070] A smart vest for detecting impact or movement of the vest can include the device of the disclosure. The smart vest can be used in a variety of game play scenarios, such as, for example, detecting impact of “hit” of the wearer for scoring purposes. The impact can be from any desired object, such as a projectile, a play sword or other contacting implement for combat-like play patterns, or through contact with another users, such as for example, in tracking a player being “down” in touch football, for example. Another implementation can include, for example, a tag worn on the chest, back, or other portion of the body, that is designed to be impacted by another users in a wrestling style gameplay. The gameplay can include registration of an impact on the tag for scoring purposes.

[0071] A wearable article and projectile for detection of a target impact by the projectile can include the projectile comprising a detection element comprising an electromechanically structured foam formed from a foam material comprising an additive random dispersed within the foam. The additive comprising an electrically active material that is capable of detecting and / or generate a change in electrical properties upon receiving a target impact and / or movement. The detection element being capable of generating a signal in response to compression of the foam such as upon impact of the projectile with an object. The wearable article includes one or more conductive regions. A processor attached to or embedded within the wearable article for receiving the signal and evaluating the signal for a probability of being the target impact or motion. A connection is provided between the one or more conductive regions of the wearable article and the processor for the signal. The one or more conductive regions are capable of transmitting an electrical signal generated by the detection element upon impact of the projectile with the conductive pad to the signal processor.

[0072] The foams, additives, processors, and other elements described herein with respect to the devices and systems can be similarly used in any of the wearable article or wearable article / projectile combinations.

[0073] The wearable article and projectile combination can include the projectile being formed entirely from the electromechanically structured foam. Alternatively, a portion of the projectile is formed from the electromechanically structured foam. As a still further alternative, the electromechanically structured foam can be attached to the projectile.

[0074] The wearable article described herein can be in the form of any clothing article or play article piece, such as a chest protector or helmet. The wearable article can be one ormore of an arm sleeve, a leg sleeve, gloves, a shirt, pants, a body covering suit, torso protection, neck protection, chest protection, head protection, and the like.

[0075] A method of using the devices, systems and / or wearable articles in accordance with the disclosure can include a gameplay scenario in which one or more detection elements are provided as one or more pads, the wearable article being worn by each player of a gameplay. The gameplay can involve at least two players, each player attempting to contact another player with a projectile to score a point in the gameplay. Contact of the projectile with the one or more pads represents the target impact. A plurality of signals are generated from the detection elements during gameplay. The processor for the signal evaluates the plurality of signals generated from the one or more detection elements to determine which of the plurality of signals is the target impact and track a number of points for each player.

[0076] The processor can include a filter to filter out ones of the plurality of signals corresponding to movement of the player. The filtered ones of the plurality of signals corresponding to movement of the player can be evaluated to compare overall movement of each player, the player with the highest number of signals corresponding to movement earning a movement score.

[0077] A method for using the devices and systems in accordance with the disclosure can include a device in which the one or more detection elements are incorporated into one or more projectiles. A conductive element is worn by each player of a gameplay, the conductive element being directly connected to the processor for the signal also worn by each player. The conductive element provides a wireless connection between the detection element and the processor for the signal. The gameplay can involve at least two players, each player attempting to contact another player with a projectile at a location at which the conductive element is disposed to score a point in the gameplay. Contact of the conductive element with the projectile represents the target impact, The processor for the signal detects a signal and evaluates the signal for being the target impact and tracks a number of points for each player.

[0078] In any of the methods of the disclosure, the projectile can be a foam dart. In any of the methods of the disclosure the projectile can be a ball. Any other projectile form disclosed herein can also be used.

[0079] Methods of using the devices and systems of the disclosure can be used for evaluating a target movement of a user. For example, the device can be incorporated into a wearable article such as a sleeve or other arm covering. The signal from the electromechanically structured foam can be generated in response to movement by thewearer. For example, the wearer can make a shooting movement, which generates a signal. The processor can process this signal and evaluate whether the signal represents the target movement. For example, the target movement can be a throwing motion ideal for throwing a ball or shooting a basketball. Other movements can be evaluated using methods and systems of the disclosure.

[0080] In systems and articles of the disclosure, the elements of the detection device including the detection element and the processor can contained or provided on a single article or can be provided in separate articles. For example, a system for detecting a target impact and / or target movement can include a first article having one or more detection elements adapted to receive the target, the detection element. The one or more detection elements can have a layered structure with a conductive layer, an electromechanically structured material layer, and an insulating layer electrically isolating the conductive layer and the electromechanically structured layer as described in any of the foregoing paragraphs. The system can further include a second article comprising a processor electrically coupled to the detection element for receiving at least one voltage signal from the detection element and determining a change in electrical potential as between the detection element and a reference ground plane. The second article or a further article can include a conductive structure electrically coupled to a ground point of the processor to serve as the reference ground plane. Alternatively, the conductive layer or the electromechanically structured material layer can connected to the ground point of the processor to serve as the reference ground plane and the further conductive structure is not needed. An absolute value of the change in electrical potential above a threshold is indicative of a target impact and / or target movement being received. Any of the arrangements of layers of the detection elements, connections to processors, and auxiliary electronic components described herein can be used in systems having multiple articles.

[0081] An example of a system having multiple articles is shown in Figure 22. The articles can be any desired article depending on the target impact and / or movement and / or desired game play. Figures 22A and 22B illustrate examples of system having first and second articles with the detection element being in the first article and the processor being in the second article. Figure 22A illustrates a first article 102 that includes the detection element 111. An electrically conductive clamp 132 is coupled to the first article 102 and directly wire connected 134 to a second article 104. The second article in this example can be a display unit. The display unit can include a visual indicator 130 such an LED light to indicate a light and can further include a display screen 136. The second article 104 can include a control unit having the processor 122, which is electrically connected and controls the visual indicator. The second article can also include a power supply 126 for poweringthe processor, the visual indicator, and any other electronic components that may be present on the second article. While not show, the first article 102 could also include auxiliary electronic components such as displays or indicator lights and can include a power supply if such auxiliary electronic components are included. Figure 22B illustrates an example in which the first article 102 is a wearable article (i.e., a vest in the example) and the second article is toy projectile blaster. As with the example illustrated in Figure 22A, the first article 102 includes the detection element and is electrically connected a processor present on the second article by a clamp attached to the first article and wire connected to the second article. Wireless connections are also contemplated herein.

[0082] Any of the systems of the disclosure can further include one or more beacons that emit a radio frequency signal that is capable of being detected by the device when the device is in proximity of the beacon. This can be used, for example, to set up regions for regain or losing scoring and / or health scores. The beacons can be used, for example, to set boundaries of a play space and a visible or audible signal is emitted when the device is detected to be within a region or the beacons. The beacons can have various uses in various game play scenarios.Electromechanically Structured Materials

[0083] Electromechanically structured materials as used herein refers to a material capable of generating an electrical signal from a mechanical compression of the material. The electromechanically structured materials can be in various foams, such as, but as not limited to foams, three-dimensional fibrous structures, porous cellulose materials, woven and non-woven materials having a porous structure, and combinations thereof.

[0084] As used herein “an electromechanically structured foam” refers to a foam structure capable of generating an electrical signal from a mechanical compression of the foam, which signal can then be transmitted through the foam. In the foams of the disclosure, the foam includes an additive comprising an electrically active material randomly dispersed throughout the foam material, thereby providing a foam capable of generating an electrical signal as a result of the compression of the foam and / or friction resulting from the relative movement of the foam to other layers of the detection element or the impacting element. Electrically active additives can be conductive, semiconductive, piezoelectric, dielectric, and / or electrostatic. For example, the foam can be conductive and piezoelectric through dispersion of one or more additives containing conductive and piezoelectric materials in the additive.

[0085] Electrically active additives can include various materials, such as fibers, metals, metal oxides, and powders. Examples of fibers include, but are not limited to carbon fiber, piezoelectric fibers, carbon nanotubes, wool fibers, and other textile fibers, such as silk,cotton, and the like. Metal, metal alloys, and / or oxides thereof can be electrically active. For example, the additive can be zinc oxide, copper, steel, iron, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, or nickel oxide. Any known electrically active metal, metal alloy, or oxide thereof can be used as the additive. Electrically active food-based materials, such as powdered onion skins, crystalline sugars, powdered grapes, powder blueberries, and the like can be used. For example, the additive can include carbon in powder form. For example, the additive can include graphene and / or graphene oxide. Other materials can include, for example, barium titanate, quartz, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), calcium chloride. For example, the additive can include graphite or other conductive carbon such as carbon black, which can be both conductive and piezoelectric. The additive can include separate materials for providing piezoelectric and conductive properties to the foam material. As a further alternative, conductivity of the foam can be provided separately from the additive disposed within the foam, such as through a conductive coating or shell, or a conductive probe inserted into or otherwise coupled to the foam. The additive can be present in the foam in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, or about 1 wt% to about 5 wt%, based on the weight of the polymer to be foamed when forming the electromechanically structured foam.

[0086] The electromechanically structured material can be coated by an electrically active coating. For example, the coating having an additive comprising electrically active materials. For example, the coating or additive therein can be conductive, semiconductive, piezoelectric, dielectric, and / or electrostatic. For example, the coating additive can include a material that is both conductive and piezoelectric. The additive can include, for example, graphite or carbon black. The additive can be present in an amount of about 3 wt% to about 40 wt% based on the total weight of the coating. The coating can be disposed on one or more surfaces of the foam. For example, the coating can be disposed on one surface of the electromechanically structured material, on opposed surfaces of the electromechanically structured material, on two or more surfaces of the electromechanically structured material, or over an entirety of the exterior surface of the electromechanically structured material.

[0087] When in the electromechanically structured material is in the form of a foam, the foam material can be an open-cell foam. The open-cell foam can include an electrically active additive dispersed throughout matrix of the foam. Alternatively or additionally, the foam can include a coating on one or more surfaces of the foam. The additive coating can be electrically active. For example, the coating can include a conductive material and / or a piezoelectric material. The additive coating can be provided, for example, on one surface of the foam or on opposed surfaces of the foam, or coated over an entirety of the exterior surface of the foam. The coating can extend into the matrix of the foam in someembodiments. Coatings can be applied during the foam making process, such as with inmold coating of the foam produced within a mold, or coated after the foam is generated.

[0088] The additive, when mixed with the foam forming components, can be provided in an amount of up to about 0.1 wt% to about 16 wt% by weight of the polymer to be foamed. The conductive material can in included in a conductive coating in an amount of about 50wt% to 90wt% based on the weight of the coating.

[0089] The additive in the coating and or dispersed within the foam matrix can be any suitable piezoelectric and / or conductive material. For example, a single additive that is both piezoelectric and conductive can be provided. For example, carbon black, graphite, or graphene can be provided as a single additive material that is both piezoelectric and conductive. Use of separate conductive and piezoelectric materials in the additive are also contemplated herein. The additive can be in any suitable form including liquid or particulate form, such as particles or tubes.

[0090] The electromechanically structured material converts mechanical compressive motion (e.g., bending, flexing, stretching of the foam) into an electrical signal based on a piezoelectric effect. For example, the compression of and / or movement of the electromechanically structured material due to an impact and / or movement can result in a potential accumulating in and transferring through the entirety of electromechanically structured material as a result of the electrically active additive present within the electromechanically structured material or in the coating. The electrical potential transmitted through the electromechanically structured material can be transmitted as a voltage signal to a processor. For example, the voltage signal can be transmitted to the processor from the one or more probes coupled at or within the foam structure; such probe connections may be coupled electrically, mechanically or with adhesive to electromechanically structured foam, coating, or paint.

[0091] As noted above, the voltage signal can alternatively be provided from the conductive layer as the sensor layer and the electromechanically structured material can optionally be coupled to a ground point to serve as a reference (ground) plane.

[0092] The process can receive the voltage signal and compare the voltage signal to a reference plane and determines whether the change in potential is representative of a target impact and / or target movement. For example, when the absolute value of the change in potential is above a threshold, the processor registers the impact and / or movement as a target impact. When the change in potential is below the threshold, the processor registers the impact and / or movement as noise or another event not to be registered as a detection event. The electrical signals can be processed using downstream processing software orfirmware with electronics such as operational amplifiers, comparators, analog and / or digital signal processing circuitry for enhancing detected electrical signals. Digital signal processing algorithms or filtering may be employed, e.g., providing front end high pass filtering for signal detection or removing spurious input signals, and analog to digital signal conversion for data acquisition signal processing. This can be done with electronic components provided as part of the wearable device or projectile itself or can be streamed to an external device for further processing.

[0093] The electrical signal can be transmitted to a controller or processor for identification of and / or processing of the signal. For example, the controller or processor can be electrically coupled to the detection element as described herein and using any known means, such as with a direct wire connection, conductive thread sewn through the foam, conductive tape, metal fittings or clips, inductive couplings, and the like. The controller or processor can also be electrically coupled to the detection element using electrically conductive liquid materials, such as water.

[0094] The electrical signal generated by the detection element can be detected and identified with or without further filtering and processing of the signal. Further processing can include the use signal filters, threshold detectors, signal profiling analysis, neural networks, and / or machine learning to filter all of the signals generated by the foam in motion and isolating and identifying the unique signal generated by a projectile impact. The electronic properties of the devices of the disclosure can detect movements other than dart impacts. Further filtering or processing of the signal can be used to parse non-projectile impact related signals from projectile-related impacts and / or identify them as unique movement or actions. Neural networks, for example, can compare a signal to a known signal of a projectile impact and generate a probability number for the detected impact resulting from a projectile. The neural network can be continually trained with ongoing use of the device for improved accuracy in identifying projectile-related impacts. Filtering and processing can also or alternatively include identifying a location and / or size and / or type of the impact. Further processing of the signal can occur by transmission of a signal by the controller after impact is detected to a main server or other computer processor, locally or cloud based or both. The transmission can occur, for example, wireless through any suitable connection such as Bluetooth, cellular, active RFID, Wi-Fi connection, or directly via wired connection . The signal can be stored locally and later transmitted or transferred, then processed through an analog or digital means. The signal can be transferred, for example, through close proximity wireless transfer.Electromechanically Structured Foam

[0095] The foam can be, for example, a polyurethane-based foam. The foam can be, for example, a slab-type foam or a molded foam. The conductive materials can be admixed into the foam precursor materials to thereby disperse the conductive material within the foam. The foam precursor material can include the polymer to be foamed and one or more foaming agents, as well as other additive conventionally known in the art of foam making. The conductive material can be incorporate into a coating material to be applied to the foam after foam formation or during molding. For example, a molded foam with a conductive coating can be formed by injecting the foam precursor material into a mold having the conductive coating applied to the surface of the mold and forming the foam within the mold, resulting in transfer of the conductive coating to the surface of the foam.

[0096] An example method of making a foam in accordance with the disclosure can include mixing polyether polyol with a conductive material. For example, the conductive material can be carbon black. Then the mixture if further mixed with isocyanate and other foaming agents. The mixture can then be deposited on a surface to allow the foam to rise and solidify. For example, the foam can be disposed onto a moving conveyor for rising and solidifying. The foam can be cut into sheets or other desired shapes. The foam can be coated with a conductive coating on one or both of the top and bottom surfaces. It is also contemplated herein to entirely coat the foam with the conductive coating. The foam sheet can be thermoformed to achieved desired geometry if needed. It is contemplated that the foam can be produced without the conductive material being mixed with the polyol and only the conductive coating being applied or with the conductive material being mixed with the polyol and without the conductive coating being applied. Slab foams processed in accordance with this example was found to have a density of about 30-45 kg / m3, a Shore C hardness of about 65-70, a tensile strength of about 90-115 kPA, and a surface resistance of 105.

[0097] A molding process for forming the foam can include mixing foam precursor materials, such as a polymer to be foamed and the electrically active additives with a foaming agent. For example, polyol, conductive carbon, and optionally colorant can be mixed with isocyanate. The mixture can then be disposed into a mold. For example, the mixture can be injected into a mold. The mold can be closed and heated to initiate the foaming process within the mold. To accommodate for injection nozzle size, an expandable graphite material can be used as the conductive additive. For example, the foaming polymer can be mixed with about 0.1 to 16 wt% expandable graphite by weight of the polymer. Optionally, the mold can be coated with a coating, which can transfer to the surface of the molded foam during the foaming process. Alternatively, optionally, the molded product canbe coated with a conductive coating post-molding. A foam without a conductive material additive in the precursor foaming mixture can also be made and coated with a conductive coating by either method. Molded foam was produced and observed to have a density of 630 kg / m3and a Shore C hardness of 48-64.Molded Foam ExampleSlab Foam Example ASlab Foam Example B

[0098] A foam was prepared in accordance with the process outlined in Figure 15. The amount of expandable graphite used in the foam precursor materials was around 3 wt% by weight of the polymer. The in-mold paint also included 3 wt% expandable graphite by weight of the paint. The resulting foam had the following characteristicsFoams were prepared in accordance with the process outlined in Figure 16. The foams included 0-3wt% carbon black by weight of the polymer as an additive in the foam precursor material, and 40 wt% carbon black by weight of the coating applied after foam formation. The foams had the following characteristics:

[0099] Foams were produced in accordance with the process of Figure 17. The foams included about 16% by weight carbon black based on the total weight of the polymer. The foams had the following characteristics.Characteristics:

[0100] The foregoing description is given for clearness of understanding only, and no unnecessary limitations should be understood therefrom, as modifications within the scope of the disclosure may be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art.

[0101] All patents, patent applications, government publications, government regulations, and literature references cited in this specification are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In the case of conflict, the present description, including definitions, will control.

[0102] Throughout the specification, where the compounds, compositions, methods, and / or processes are described as including components, steps, or materials, it is contemplated that the compounds, compositions, methods, and / or processes can also comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of any combination of the recited components or materials, unless described otherwise. Component concentrations can be expressed in terms of weight concentrations, unless specifically indicated otherwise. Combinations of components are contemplated to include homogeneous and / or heterogeneous mixtures, as would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art in view of the foregoing disclosure.Other Aspects1 . A system for piezoelectric-based detection of a target impact or target movement, comprising: a detection element comprising an electromechanically structured foam formed from a foam material comprising an additive randomly dispersed within the foam material, the additive comprising a piezoelectric material, the detection element being capable of generating a signal in response to compression of the foam, and the target impact or target movement capable of causing compression of the foam; a processor for receiving the signal and evaluating the signal for a probability of being the target impact or target movement; a connection between the detection element and the processor for the signal.2. The system of aspect 1 , wherein the piezoelectric material is also conductive.3. The system of aspect 2, wherein the additive is graphite or carbon black.4. The system of aspect 1 , wherein the additive further comprises a conductive material.5. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the additive is present in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 16 wt% by weight of a polymer to be foamed when forming the electromechanically structured foam.6. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the electromechanically structured foam further comprises a conductive coating on at least one exterior surface of the foam7. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the electromechanically structured foam further comprises a conductive and piezoelectric coating on at least one exterior surface of the foam, the conductive and piezoelectric coating comprising a coating additive comprising a piezoelectric material and a conductive material.8. The system of aspect 7, wherein the coating comprises 3 wt% to about 40 wt% of the coating additive by weight of the coating9. The system of aspect 7 or 8, wherein the coating additive comprises a single material that is both conductive and piezoelectric.10. The system of aspect 9, wherein the coating additive is graphite or carbon black.11 . The system of aspect 7 or 8, wherein the coating additive comprises a conductive material that is separate from the piezoelectric material.12. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the processor for the signal is a digital signal processor.13. The system of any one of aspects 1 to 11 , wherein the processor for the signal is a peak detector, the peak detector evaluating the signal for a probability of the signal being from the target impact or target movement by comparing the signal to a threshold value.14. The system of aspect 13, wherein the system further comprises a transmitter electrically coupled to the peak detector and a digital signal processor wirelessly coupled to the transmittal such that when the signal detected by the peak detector meets the threshold value, the signal is transmitted to the digital signal processor for further processing of the signal15. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, further comprising a visual and / or audio element for indicating the signal is evaluated to be the target impact or target movement.16. The system of aspect 15, wherein the visual element comprises one or more LEDs.17. The system of aspect 15 or 16, wherein the audio element comprises one or more speakers for generating an audible sound.18. The system of any one of aspects 15 to 17, further comprising a controller for the visual and / or audio elements, the controller receiving instructions from the processor for the signal for controlling the visual and / or audio elements.19. The system of any one of aspects 15 to 17, wherein the processor for the signal is connected to the visual and / or audio elements and controls the visual and / or audio elements.20. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the detection element is connected to the processor by a direct wire connection.21 . The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the direct wire connection is provided by a conductive thread, a conductive grommet in the foam connected to a wire, or a conductive paint disposed between the foam and the processor.22. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the target impact or movement is an impact from a projectile on the detection element.23. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the target impact or movement is a movement of a wearer of the detection element.24. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the movement of the wearer is a throwing, swinging, and / or shooting movement.25. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the movement of the wearer is general body movement from any portion of the user.26. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the detection element and processor for the signal are incorporated into an article of clothing worn by a user.27. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the detection element and processor for the signal are incorporated into a sporting good.28. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the detection element and processor for the signal are incorporated into a ball or foam dart projectile.29. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the detection element and processor for the signal are incorporated into a projectile target to be hit by a projectile.30. The system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the detection element is formed into or incorporated into a projectile, and the system further comprises a target for the projectile, the target comprising a conductive element connected to the processor for the signal, wherein upon impact of the projectile with the conductive element, the signal is generated by the detection element of the projectile and transmitted to the processor by the conductive element, the connection of the detection element and the processor being provided through the transmission of the signal by the conductive element.31 . The system of aspect 30, wherein the projectile is in the form of a dart and the detection element is provided on a tip of the dart.32. The system of aspect 30, wherein the projectile is in the form of a ball formed entirely of the foam, such that the entire ball is the detection element.33. The system of any one of aspects 31 to 32, wherein the target comprises one or more pads worn by a user.34. A method for using the system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the system is incorporated into a wearable article wherein the one or more detection elements are provided as one or more pads, the wearable article being worn by each player of a gameplay, comprising: the gameplay comprising at least two players, each player attempting to contact another player with a projectile to score a point in the gameplay, wherein: contact of the projectile with the one or more pads represents the target impact, a plurality of signals is generated from the detection elements during gameplay, the processor for the signal evaluates the plurality of signals generated from the one or more detection elements to determine which of the plurality of signals is the target impact and track a number of points for each player.35. The method of aspect 34, wherein the processor for the signal comprises a filter to filter out ones of the plurality of signals corresponding to movement of the player.36. The method of aspect 35, wherein the filtered ones of the plurality of signals corresponding to movement of the player are evaluated to compare overall movement of each player, the player with the highest number of signals corresponding to movement earning a movement score.37. A method for using the system of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the system comprises the one or more detection elements incorporated into one or more projectiles, a conductive element worn by each player of a gameplay, the conductive element being directly connected to the processor for the signal also worn by each player, the conductive element providing a wireless connection between the detection element and the processor for the signal, the method comprising: the gameplay comprising at least two players, each player attempting to contact another player with a projectile at a location at which the conductive element is disposed to score a point in the gameplay, wherein: contact of the conductive element with the projectile represents the target impact, the processor for the signal detects a signal and evaluates the signal for being the target impact and tracks a number of points for each player.38. The method of any one of aspects 34 to 37, wherein the projectile is a foam dart.39. The method of any one of aspects 34 to 37, wherein the projectile is a ball.40. A wearable article for piezoelectric-based detection of a target impact or target movement, comprising: one or more pads disposed within the wearable article, each of the one or more pads being a detection element comprising an electromechanically structured foam formed from a foam material comprising an additive random dispersed within the foam material, the additive comprising a piezoelectric material, the detection element being capable of generating a signal in response to compression of the foam, and the target impact or target movement being capable of causing compression of the foam; a processor embedded within or attached to the wearable article for receiving the signal and evaluating the signal for a probability of being the target impact or target movement; a connection between the electromechanically structured foam and the processor for the signal.41 . A wearable article and projectile for piezoelectric-based detection of a target impact by the projectile, comprising: the projectile comprising a detection element comprising an electromechanically structured foam formed from a foam material comprising an additive random dispersed within the foam, the additive comprising a piezoelectric material, the detection element beingcapable of generating a signal in response to compression of the foam, and the target impact capable of causing compression of the foam; the wearable article comprising a one or more conductive regions; a processor attached to the wearable article for receiving the signal and evaluating the signal for a probability of being the target impact; a connection between the one or more conductive regions of the wearable article and the processor for the signal, one or more conductive regions capable of transmitting an electrical signal generated by the detection element upon impact of the projectile with the conductive pad to the signal processor.42. The wearable article of aspect 41 , wherein the projectile is formed entirely from the electromechanically structured foam.43. The wearable article of aspect 41 , wherein a portion of the projectile is formed from the electromechanically structured foam.44. The wearable article of aspect 41 , wherein the electromechanically structured foam is attached to the projectile.45. The wearable article of any one of aspects 40 to 44, wherein the wearable article is an arm sleeve.46. The wearable article of any one of aspects 40 to 44, wherein the wearable article is a shirt.47. The wearable article of one of aspects 40 to 44, wherein the wearable article is a pair of pants.48. The wearable article of any one of aspects 40 to 44, wherein the wearable article is a body-covering suit.

Claims

What is claimed is:1 . A device for detection of a target impact and / or target movement, comprising: a detection element adapted to receive the target impact and / or target movement, the detection element having a layered structure comprising: a conductive layer comprising one or more conductive pathways; an electromechanically structured material layer; and an insulating layer arranged between the conductive layer and the electromechanically structured material layer, electrically isolating the conductive layer from the electromechanically structured material; and a processor electrically coupled to the detection element for receiving at least one voltage signal from the detection element and determining a change in electrical potential as between the detection element and a reference ground plane, wherein an absolute value of the change in electrical potential above a threshold is indicative of a target impact and / or target movement being received.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the conductive layer comprises a single conductive pathway and electrically connected to a ground point of the processor, thereby being the reference ground plane.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the electromechanically structure material layer is electrically connected to a ground point of the processor, thereby being the reference ground plane.

4. The device of claim 3, wherein the conductive layer comprises a two or more conductive pathway, each conductive pathway being individually electrically coupled to the processor.

5. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a conductive structure separate from the detection element, wherein conductive structure is connected to a ground point of the processor, thereby being the reference ground plane6. The device of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the processor is coupled to the detection element by a wired connect.

7. The device of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the processor is coupled to the detection element by a wireless connection.

8. The device of any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising a conductive clamp in physical contact with the detection element and electrically coupled to the processor to thereby electrically couple the detection element to the processor.

9. The device of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the conductive layer is a sensor layer from which the processor receives the voltage and each of the one or more conductive pathways of the conductive layer is electrically coupled to the processor.

10. The device of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the electromechanically structured material is the sensor layer from which the processor receives the voltage signal, and the electromechanically structured material is electrically coupled to the processor.11 . The device of claim 10, wherein the electromechanically structure material is wire connected to the processor.

12. The device of claim 11 , wherein the wire connection comprises a conductive structure disposed on or attached to the electromechanically structured material and a wire connecting the conductive structure to the processor.

13. A device for detection of a target impact and / or target movement, comprising: a detection element adapted to receive the target impact and / or target movement, the detection element having a layered structure comprising: a sensor layer comprising an electromechanically structured material; a ground plane layer comprising a single conductive pathway; an insulating layer disposed between the ground plane layer the sensor layer electrically isolating the single conductive pathway from the ground plane layer; a processor for receiving at least one voltage signal from the sensor layer and compares the voltage signal to a voltage of the ground plane layer to determine a change in electrical potential as between the sensor layer and the ground plane layer, wherein an absolute value of the change in electrical potential above a threshold indicates a target impact and / or target movement; an electrical connection between the ground plane and the processor; and at least one electrical connection between the sensor layer and the processor.

14. A device for detection of a target impact and / or target movement, comprising: a detection element adapted to receive the target impact and / or target movement, the layered structure, the detection element having a layered structure comprising: a ground plane layer comprising an electromechanically structured material; a sensor layer comprising one or more conductive pathways ; an insulating layer disposed between the ground plane layer and the sensor layer, electrically isolating the one or more conductive pathway from the ground plane layer; a processor for receiving at least one voltage signal from the one or more conductive pathways and comparing the voltage signal to a voltage of the ground plane layer to determine a change in electrical potential as between the sensor layer and the ground planelayer, wherein an absolute value of the change in electrical potential above a threshold indicates a target impact or target movement; an electrical connection between the ground plane and the processor; and at least one electrical connection between the sensor layer and the processor.

15. The device of claim 14, wherein the sensor layer comprises a plurality of conductive pathways, each comprising conductive loops and / or coils, and the at least one electrical connection comprises an electrical connection between each conductive loop and the processor.

16. The device of claim 15, wherein the plurality of conductive loops and / or coils are electrically isolated from one another.

17. A device for detection of a target impact and / or target movement, comprising: a detection element adapted to receive the target impact and / or target movement, the detection element having a layered structure comprising: a ground plane layer comprising an electromechanically structured material; a first sensor layer comprising one or more conductive pathways; a first insulating layer disposed between the ground plane layer and the first sensor layer, electrically isolating the one or more conductive pathways from the ground plane layer. a second sensor layer comprising one or more conductive pathways electrically isolated from the first sensor layer by a second insulating layer; a processor for receiving at least one voltage signal from the one or more conductive pathways in the first and second sensor layers and comparing the voltage signal to a voltage of the ground plane layer to determine a change in electrical potential as between the first and / or second sensor layer and the ground plane layer wherein an absolute value of the change in electrical potential above a threshold indicates a target impact or target movement; an electrical connection between the ground plane layer and the processor; and at least one electrical connection between each of the first and second sensor layers and the processor.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein a portion of at least one conductive pathway of the first sensory layer overlaps in the z-axis with a portion of at least one conductive pathway of the second sensory layer.

19. The device of any one of claims 17 or 18, wherein one or both of the first and second sensor layers comprises a plurality of conductive pathways, each comprising conductive loops and / or coils, and the at least one electrical connection comprises an electrical connection between each conductive loop and the processor.

20. The device of claim 19, wherein the plurality of conductive loops and / or coils are electrically isolated from one another.21 . The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electromechanically structure material comprises one or more of a foam, a three- dimensional fibrous structure, a porous cellulose material, woven materials having a porous structure, and non-woven materials having a porous structure.

22. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electromechanically structured material is an electromechanically structured foam formed from a foam material comprising one or more electrically active additives randomly dispersed within the foam material23. The device of claim 21 , wherein the electrically active additives comprise one or more of conductive additives, semiconductive additives, piezoelectric additives, dielectric additives, and electrostatic additives.

24. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more electrically active additives comprise graphite and / or carbon black.

25. The device of any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the voltage signal detected by the processor generated by compression of the foam by the target impact or target movement.

26. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electromechanically structured material comprises an electrically active coating on at least one exterior surface of the electromechanically structured material.

27. The device of claim 26, wherein the coating comprises 3 wt% to about 40 wt% of an electrically active coating additive by weight of the coating.

28. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electromechanically structured material is in the form of a foam and comprises an electrically active additive present in an amount of about 0.1 wt% to about 16 wt% by weight of a polymer to be foamed when forming the electromechanically structured foam.

29. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the conductive layer is a conductive woven or non-woven material.

30. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more conductive pathways are in the form of a wire and the insulating layer is an insulating sheath surrounding the wire.31 . The device of any one of the preceding claims wherein the sensor layer comprises a conductive ink applied to a substrate to form the one or more conductive loops or coils.

32. The device of any one of the preceding claims, further comprises a decal layer and a second insulating layer arranged between the decal layer and the sensor layer, wherein the decal layer is an external facing layer of the device.

33. The device of any one of the preceding claims, further comprises a decal layer and a second insulating layer arranged between the decal layer and the ground plane layer, wherein the decal layer is an external facing layer of the device.

34. The device of claim 32 or 33, wherein the second insulating layer is an adhesive layer for connecting the decal layer and the sensor layer.

35. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first insulating layer is an adhesive layer for connecting the ground plane layer and the sensor layer.

36. The device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the detection element is arranged between two external fabric layers, at least one external fabric layer having a printed image or decal.

37. A smart vest comprising the device of any one of the preceding claims.

38. The vest of claim 37, wherein the sensor layer comprises a plurality of conductive loops and / or coils arranged in different regions of the vest each one of the plurality of conductive loops and / or coil and a plurality of electrical connections individually connecting each one of the plurality of loops and / or coils to the processor, wherein upon target impact, a location of the impact is adapted to be determined based on the signal generated.

39. A wall-hanging or free-standing target comprising the device of any one of the preceding claims.

40. The target of claim 39, wherein the sensor layer comprises a plurality of conductive loops and / or coils arranged in different regions of the vest each one of the plurality of conductive loops and / or coil and a plurality of electrical connections individually connecting each one of the plurality of loops and / or coils to the processor, wherein upon target impact, a location of the impact is adapted to be determined based on the signal generated.41 . A system, comprising: the device of claim any one of the preceding claims; and one or more impacting structures for impacting the device to generate the target impact.

42. The system of claim 41 , wherein the one or more impacting structures comprises projectiles.

43. The system of claim 42, wherein the projectiles comprise darts or balls.

44. The system of claim 41 , wherein the one or more impacting structures comprises swords.

45. The system of any one of claims 41 to 44, wherein the device provided in the form of a vest or is a portion of a vest.

46. The system of any one of claims 41 to 45, wherein the device is provided in the form of a target or is a portion of a target.

47. The system of claim 46, wherein the target is a floor standing structure or a wall-hanging structure.

48. The system of claim 47, wherein the target is a shield or is provided on a shield.

49. The system of any one of claims 41 to 48, wherein the system further comprises one or more beacons emitting a radio frequency signal capable of being detected by the device when the device is in proximity of the beacon.

50. A system for detecting a target impact and / or target movement comprising: a first article comprising a detection element adapted to receive the target, the detection element having a layered structure comprising: a conductive layer comprising one or more conductive pathways; an electromechanically structured material layer; and an insulating layer arranged between the conductive layer and the electromechanically structured material layer, electrically isolating the one or more conductive pathways from the electromechanically structured material; a second article comprising a processor electrically coupled to the detection element for receiving at least one voltage signal from the detection element and determining a change in electrical potential as between the detection element and a reference ground plane, wherein an absolute value of the change in electrical potential above a threshold is indicative of a target impact and / or target movement being received.51 . The system of claim 50, wherein the first article is in the form of a wearable article and the second article is toy projectile blaster.

52. The system of any one of claims 50 to 52, further comprising a conductive clamp attached to the first article for receiving the at least one voltage signal from the detection element and transmitting the at least one voltage signal to the processor.

53. The system of claim 52, wherein the conductive clamp transmits the at least one voltage signal to the processor by a wired connection.

54. The system of claim 52, wherein the conductive claim transmits the at least one voltage signal to the processor by a wireless connection.

55. The system of any one of claims 50 to 54, wherein the conductive layer comprises a single conductive pathway and electrically connected to a ground point of the processor, thereby being the reference ground plane.

56. The system of any one of claims 50 to 54, wherein the electromechanically structure material layer is electrically connected to a ground point of the processor, thereby being the reference ground plane.

57. The system of claim 56, wherein the conductive layer comprises a two or more conductive pathway, each conductive pathway being individually electrically coupled to the processor.

58. The system of any one of claims 50 to 54, wherein the second article further comprises a conductive structure electrically coupled to a ground point of the processor, thereby being the reference ground plane.

59. The system of any one of claims 50 to 58, wherein the conductive layer is a sensor layer from which the processor receives the voltage and each of the one or more conductive pathways of the conductive layer is electrically coupled to the processor60. The system of any one of claims 50 to 58, wherein the electromechanically structured material is the sensor layer from which the processor receives the voltage signal, and the electromechanically structured material is electrically coupled to the processor.

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