Genetically modified non-human animals with humanized immunoglobulin locus
Genetically modified animals with humanized immunoglobulin loci overcome the challenges of existing antibody generation methods by producing fully human antibodies with improved binding affinities and reduced immunogenicity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/121081
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-26
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-25
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-03
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for generating human antibodies face challenges such as suboptimal binding affinities, poor pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity, particularly in transgenic animals with incomplete human antibody repertoires and endogenous antibody repertoires that introduce immunogenic epitopes.
Genetically modified non-human animals with humanized immunoglobulin loci, specifically with humanized heavy chain and lambda light chain immunoglobulin loci, are developed to generate fully human antibodies with improved binding affinities and reduced immunogenicity.
The genetically modified animals can efficiently produce fully human antibodies with human heavy chain and lambda light chain variable regions, offering improved diversity and reduced immunogenicity, thus addressing the limitations of existing antibody generation methods.
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Figure CN2024121081_03042025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
GENETICALLY MODIFIED NON-HUMAN ANIMALS WITH HUMANIZED IMMUNOGLOBULIN LOCUSTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This disclosure relates to genetically modified animals and cells with humanized light chain immunoglobulin locus and / or humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus.BACKGROUND
[0002] Therapeutic antibodies are one of the fastest growing classes of therapeutic compounds, rapidly outpacing the growth of small-molecule drugs. These therapeutic antibodies are usually human or humanized antibodies. The human or humanized antibodies can be generated by humanization of a rodent antibody (e.g., a mouse antibody) or by using phage libraries. The antibodies that are generated by these methods often have suboptimal binding affinities and biophysical attributes, leading to difficulties in manufacture and poor pharmacokinetics. Particularly, the humanization process may adversely affect the binding affinity and introduce immunogenic epitopes to the antibodies, and antibodies discovered using phage libraries show limited diversity and non-native pairing of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. Iterative and time-consuming experiments are often required to improve the properties. And in some cases, these antibodies can also be immunogenic in patients, leading to attenuation of their efficacy over time.
[0003] One possible approach for generating fully human antibodies is to use transgenic animals engineered to express a human antibody repertoire. The generation of transgenic animals, such as mice having varied immunoglobulin loci, has allowed the use of such transgenic animals in various research and development applications, e.g., in drug discovery and basic research into various biological systems. Many of the early generation transgenic animals had incomplete human antibody repertoires, had antibody production below the normal rates due to less efficient V (D) J recombination, had endogenous antibody repertoires which may introduce immunogenic epitopes, and various other issues.
[0004] In addition, antibody light chains are encoded by one of two separate loci: kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) . The majority of mouse antibody light chains are kappa type. The ratio of kappa to lambda light chains used in humans is about 60: 40. In mice, however, the ratio is about 95: 5. Preferential use of kappa light chains in mice has been reported to be preserved in genetically modified mice capable of expressing fully or partially human antibodies. Thus, mice expressing fully or partially human antibodies showed limited use of the lambda variable regions.
[0005] There is a need for efficient and cost-effective methods of producing human antibodies, and a need for non-human animals comprising humanized immunoglobulin locus, including humanized lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. These non-human animals can respond to an antigen and effectively generate humanized antibodies.SUMMARY
[0006] The present disclosure relates to genetically modified animals and / or cells with a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. The present disclosure also relates to genetically modified animals and / or cells with a modified locus containing human lambda light chain immunoglobulin genes and / or a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus. In some embodiments, the animals and / or cells also have a humanized kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus. The animals can be immunized to generate fully human antibodies having a human heavy chain variable region, and a kappa or lambda light chain variable region.
[0007] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a genetically-modified, non-human animal comprising at an endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus, one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and one or more human IGLC genes. In some embodiments, the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of one or more mouse IGLV genes in Table 4, one or more IGLJ genes in Table 5, and / or one or more mouse IGLC genes in Table 6. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of a contiguous sequence starting from mouse IGLV2 to mouse IGLC1.
[0008] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a genetically-modified, non-human animal comprising at an endogenous safe harbor locus, one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and one or more human IGLC genes, optionally wherein the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the endogenous safe harbor locus is an endogenous Hipp11 locus or an endogenous Rosa26 locus. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse, and the one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and one or more human IGLC genes are inserted at mouse Hipp11 locus.
[0009] In some embodiments, the human IGLV genes, the human IGLJ genes, and the human IGLC genes are operably linked and can undergo rearrangement. In some embodiments, the animal comprises at least 50 human IGLV genes in Table 1, at least 5 human IGLJ genes in Table 2, and at least 5 human IGLC genes in Table 3. In some embodiments, the animal comprises all human IGLV genes, all human IGLJ genes, and all human IGLC genes at the endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus of human chromosome 22 of a human subject. In some embodiments, the animal comprises all human IGLV genes, all human IGLJ genes, and all human IGLC genes at the endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus of human chromosome 22 of a human cell.
[0010] In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence derived from a human lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus, in some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence is at least 800 kb, at least 850 kb, at least 855 kb, at least 895 kb, at least 900 kb, at least 950 kb, or at least 1000 kb. In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified sequence derived from a human lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGLV (I) -70 to human IGLV3-1. In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified sequence derived from a human lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGLV (I) -70 to human IGLC7. In some embodiments, the animal is homozygous with respect to the lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus and / or the safe harbor locus. In some embodiments, the animal is heterozygous with respect to the lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus and / or the safe harbor locus. In some embodiments, the animal is a rodent (e.g., a mouse) .
[0011] In some embodiments, the animal further comprises at an endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus, one or more human IGHV genes, one or more human IGHD genes, and one or more human IGHJ genes. In some embodiments, the human IGHV genes, the human IGHD genes, and the human IGHJ genes are operably linked and can undergo VDJ rearrangement. In some embodiments, the animal comprises at least 150 human IGHV genes selected from Table 7, at least 20 human IGHD genes selected from Table 8, and at least 5 human IGHJ genes selected from Table 9. In some embodiments, the animal comprises all human IGHV genes, all human IGHD genes, and all human IGHJ genes at the endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus of human chromosome 14 of a human subject or cell. In some embodiments, the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of one or more mouse IGHV genes in Table 4, one or more mouse IGHD genes in Table 5, and / or one or more mouse IGHJ genes in Table 6. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of a contiguous sequence starting from mouse IGHV1-85 to mouse IGHJ4. In some embodiments, the animal comprises one or more endogenous IGHM, IGHδ, IGHG3, IGHG1, IGHG2b, IGHG2a, IGHE, and IGHA genes. In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus, in some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence is at least 800 kb. In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus, in some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence has one of the following features: (1) starting from human IGHV (III) -82 to human IGHV1-2; (2) starting from human IGHV (III) -82 to human IGHV6-1; (3) starting from human IGHD1-1 to human IGHJ6; and (4) starting from human IGHV (III) -82 to human IGHJ6. In some embodiments, the animal is homozygous or heterozygous with respect to the heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus.
[0012] In some embodiments, the animal further comprises at an endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus, one or more human IGKV genes, and one or more human IGKJ genes. In some embodiments, the animal comprises all human IGKV genes in Table 13, and all human IGKJ genes in Table 14. In some embodiments, the animal comprises all human IGKV genes, and all human IGKJ genes at the endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus of human chromosome 2 of a human subject or cell. In some embodiments, the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of one or more mouse IGKV genes in Table 15 and one or more mouse IGKJ genes in Table 16. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of a sequence starting from mouse IGKV2-137 to mouse IGKJ5. In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified sequence derived from a human kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGKV3D-7 to human IGKJ5. In some embodiments, the animal comprises an endogenous IGKC. In some embodiments, the animal is homozygous or heterozygous with respect to the kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus.
[0013] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome comprises an endogenous light chain immunoglobulin locus comprising: a replacement of one or more endogenous IGLV, endogenous IGLJ, and endogenous IGLC genes with one or more human IGLV, human IGLJ, and human IGLC genes, in some embodiments, the human IGLV, human IGLJ, and human IGLC genes are operably linked. In some embodiments, one or more endogenous IGLV, endogenous IGLJ, and endogenous IGLC genes are replaced by all human IGLV genes in Table 1, all human IGLJ genes in Table 2, and all human IGLC genes in Table 3. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse, and all mouse IGLV genes in Table 4, all mouse IGLJ genes in Table 5, and all mouse IGLC genes in Table 6 are replaced.
[0014] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome comprises an endogenous safe harbor locus comprising: an insertion of one or more human IGLV, human IGLJ, and human IGLC genes, wherein the human IGLV, human IGLJ, and human IGLC genes are operably linked, optionally wherein the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, all human IGLV genes in Table 1, all human IGLJ genes in Table 2, and all human IGLC genes in Table 3 are inserted at the endogenous safe harbor locus. In some embodiments, the endogenous safe harbor locus is an endogenous Hipp11 locus or an endogenous Rosa26 locus.
[0015] In some embodiments, the animal lacks an endogenous immunoglobulin lambda light chain variable region locus that is capable of rearranging and forming a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an endogenous lambda light chain variable domain (e.g., a mouse lambda light chain variable domain) . In some embodiments, the animal lacks an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region locus that is capable of rearranging and forming a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an endogenous heavy chain variable domain (e.g., a mouse heavy chain variable domain) . In some embodiments, the animal lacks an endogenous immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable region locus that is capable of rearranging and forming a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an endogenous kappa light chain variable domain (e.g., a mouse kappa light chain variable domain) .
[0016] In some embodiments, the animal can produce a humanized antibody.
[0017] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a cell obtained from the animal described herein. In some embodiments, the cell is a B cell that expresses an immunoglobulin lambda light chain that is derived from a rearrangement of one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and one or more human IGLC genes. In some embodiments, the cell is a B cell that expresses a chimeric immunoglobulin heavy chain comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain that is derived from a rearrangement of one or more human IGHV genes, one or more human IGHD genes, and one or more human IGHJ genes, in some embodiments, the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain is operably linked to a non-human heavy chain constant region. In some embodiments, the cell is a B cell that expresses a chimeric immunoglobulin kappa light chain comprising an immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable domain that is derived from a rearrangement of one or more human IGKV genes, and one or more human IGKJ genes, in some embodiments, the immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable domain is operably linked to a non-human kappa light chain constant region. In some embodiments, the cell is an embryonic stem (ES) cell.
[0018] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of making a chimeric antibody that specifically binds to an antigen, the method comprising exposing the animal described herein to the antigen; producing a hybridoma from a cell collected from the animal; and collecting the chimeric antibody produced by the hybridoma. In some embodiments, the method further comprises sequencing the genome of the hybridoma.
[0019] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of modifying genome of a cell, the method comprising modifying one or more human chromosomes; introducing the modified one or more human chromosomes into a cell of the animal; and inducing recombination between the modified one or more human chromosomes and one or more endogenous chromosomes, in some embodiments, at least 150 human IGHV genes selected from Table 7, at least 20 human IGHD genes selected from Table 8, and at least 5 human IGHJ genes selected from Table 9 are integrated into the one or more endogenous chromosomes (e.g., mouse chromosome 12) by recombination; and / or at least 50 human IGLV genes in Table 1, at least 5 human IGLJ genes in Table 2, and at least 5 human IGLC genes in Table 3 are integrated into the one or more endogenous chromosomes (e.g., mouse chromosome 16 or 11) by recombination..
[0020] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of modifying genome of a cell, the method comprising modifying one or more human chromosomes; introducing the modified one or more human chromosomes into a cell of the animal; and inducing recombination between the modified one or more human chromosomes and one or more endogenous chromosomes, in some embodiments, at least 150 human IGHV genes selected from Table 7, at least 20 human IGHD genes selected from Table 8, and at least 5 human IGHJ genes selected from Table 9 are integrated into the one or more endogenous chromosomes (e.g., mouse chromosome 12) by recombination; at least 50 human IGKV genes in Table 13, and at least 3 human IGKJ genes in Table 14 are integrated into the one or more endogenous chromosomes (e.g., mouse chromosome 6) by recombination; and / or at least 50 human IGLV genes in Table 1, at least 5 human IGLJ genes in Table 2, and at least 5 human IGLC genes in Table 3 are integrated into the one or more endogenous chromosomes (e.g., mouse chromosome 16 or 11) by recombination.
[0021] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of making an antibody that specifically binds to an antigen, the method comprising exposing the animal described herein to the antigen; sequencing nucleic acids encoding human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin variable regions in a cell that expresses a hybrid antibody that specifically binds to the antigen; and expressing in a cell a nucleic acid encoding the human heavy chain immunoglobulin variable region and a human heavy chain immunoglobulin constant region and a nucleic acid encoding the human light chain immunoglobulin variable region and a human light chain immunoglobulin constant region.
[0022] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of making an antibody that specifically binds to an antigen, the method comprising obtaining a nucleic acid sequence encoding human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin variable regions in a cell that expresses a hybrid antibody that specifically binds to the antigen, in some embodiments, the cell is obtained by exposing the animal described herein to the antigen; making a first nucleic acid, in some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the human heavy chain immunoglobulin variable region is operably linked with a nucleic acid encoding a human heavy chain immunoglobulin constant region in the first nucleic acid, and making a second nucleic acid, in some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the human light chain immunoglobulin variable region is operably linked with a nucleic acid encoding a human light chain immunoglobulin constant region in the second nucleic acid; and expressing the first and the second nucleic acids in a cell, thereby obtaining the antibody.
[0023] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of obtaining a nucleic acid that encodes an antibody binding domain that specifically binds to an antigen, the method comprising exposing the animal described herein to the antigen; and sequencing nucleic acids encoding human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin variable regions in a cell that expresses a hybrid antibody that specifically binds to the antigen.
[0024] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of obtaining a sample, the method comprising exposing the animal described herein to the antigen; and collecting the sample from the animal. In some embodiments, the sample is a spleen tissue, a spleen cell, or a B cell.
[0025] The disclosure also relates to an offspring of the non-human mammal.
[0026] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal is a rodent. In some embodiments, the non-human mammal is a mouse.
[0027] The disclosure also provides to a cell including the targeting vector as described herein.
[0028] The disclosure also relates to a cell (e.g., a stem cell, an embryonic stem cell, an immune cell, a B cell, a T cell, or a hybridoma) or a cell line, or a primary cell culture thereof derived from the non-human mammal or an offspring thereof. The disclosure further relates to the tissue, organ or a culture thereof derived from the non-human mammal or an offspring thereof.
[0029] The disclosure further relates to the use of the non-human mammal or an offspring thereof, the animal model generated through the method as described herein in the development of a product related to an immunization processes, the manufacture of a human antibody, or the model system for a research in pharmacology, immunology, microbiology and medicine.
[0030] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0031] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0032] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing human lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus on chromosome 22.
[0033] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing mouse lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus on chromosome 16.
[0034] FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method of introducing immunoglobulin genes into the mouse genome.
[0035] FIG. 4A shows a targeting strategy for modifying the mouse heavy chain immunoglobulin locus.
[0036] FIG. 4B shows a targeting strategy for modifying the mouse kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus.
[0037] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the mouse lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus (not drawn to scale) .
[0038] FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram showing the mouse lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus after two recombination sites were introduced to the genome.
[0039] FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram showing the mouse Hipp11 locus after two recombination sites were introduced to the locus.
[0040] FIG. 7A shows a targeting strategy at the mouse lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus on mouse chromosome 16 with a targeting vector. The targeting vector does not include mouse IGLV, IGLJ, or IGLC genes.
[0041] FIG. 7B shows a targeting strategy at the mouse Hipp11 locus on mouse chromosome 11 with a targeting vector. The mouse Hipp11 locus is located in cytoband A1 at ~3 cM between the Eif4enif1 and Drg1 genes.
[0042] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the human chromosome 22 highlighting the lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus (not drawn to scale) .
[0043] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the human chromosome 22 after the modification.
[0044] FIG. 10 shows a targeting strategy at the human lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus on human chromosome 22 with two targeting vectors.
[0045] FIG. 11A is a schematic diagram showing Cre-mediated recombination, in which human IGL genomic DNA sequence was used to replace the corresponding genomic DNA sequences at the mouse locus.
[0046] FIG. 11B is a schematic diagram showing Cre-mediated recombination, in which human IGL genomic DNA sequence was used to insert at the mouse locus.
[0047] FIGS. 12A-12F show PCR results of recombinant cells. NC is a negative control. H2O is a water control.
[0048] FIG. 13A is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) image. Arrows next to “2” indicate mouse chromosome 16. Arrows next to “1” indicate a human chromosome fragment labeled by the human-specific IGL probe.
[0049] FIG. 13B is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) image. Arrows indicate a human chromosome fragment labeled by the human-specific IGL probe.
[0050] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing the Flp-mediated recombination.
[0051] FIG. 15 shows Southern Blot results of cells after recombination using the IGL-5’Probe, IGL-3’Probe, IGK-Probe and IGH-Probe, respectively. WT is a wild-type control. hVH / hVK is a positive control.
[0052] FIG. 16 shows PCR results of hVH H / + / hVK H / + / hVLH / + mice.
[0053] FIGS. 17A-17B show the percentages of leukocyte subtypes in the spleen of hVH / hVK homozygous mice, hVH / hVK / hVL homozygous mice and the wild-type mice, as determined by flow cytometry.
[0054] FIGS. 18A-18B show the percentages of leukocyte subtypes in the lymph nodes of hVH / hVK homozygous mice, hVH / hVK / hVL homozygous mice and the wild-type mice, as determined by flow cytometry.
[0055] FIGS. 19A-19B show the percentages of T cell subtypes in the peripheral blood of hVH / hVK homozygous mice, hVH / hVK / hVL homozygous mice and the wild-type mice, as determined by flow cytometry.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0056] Healthy mice tend to use immunoglobulin kappa light chains, and the utilization rate of lambda light chains is only 5%. In healthy humans, the utilization rate of lambda light chain accounts for about 40%, which is much higher than that in mice. In practice, it is also found that lambda light chain antibodies have important clinical values. For example, one report concluded that antigens with limited epitopes tend to produce antibodies with restricted light chain usage and that in most individuals, antibodies with lambda light chains have specificities different and complementary to kappa-containing antibodies. Statistically, about 24%of the antibody drugs on the market feature a lambda light chain.
[0057] The present disclosure relates to genetically modified animals and / or cells having, inter alia, a humanized lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus, or a modified locus containing human lambda light chain immunoglobulin genes. The animals can be immunized to generate antibodies having a human or humanized lambda light chain.
[0058] The genetically modified animals can be made by introducing human immunoglobulin genes into the genome of non-human animals to produce animals that can express humanized antibodies or chimeric antibodies. FIG. 3 shows the methods of making the humanized mice. In some embodiments, the methods first involve modifying the human immunoglobulin region on the human chromosome. The modified human chromosomes are then introduced into the mouse recipient cell. The human immunoglobulin variable region is then introduced into the corresponding region of the mouse genome by direct replacement (e.g., in one step replacement) , or inserted into an endogenous safe harbor locus. The recipient cells are then screened, preferably for the cells that do not contain the human chromosomes. The cells are then injected to blastocysts to prepare chimeric animals (e.g., mice) . Subsequent breeding can be performed to obtain animals containing intact humanized immunoglobulin locus.
[0059] The genetically modified animals described herein can have various advantages. For examples, in some cases, the genetically modified animals described herein have complete human antibody repertoires, particularly including human antibody lambda chain repertoires. Thus, the variable domains generated by these animals can have a diversity that is very similar to the diversity of the variable domains in human. Furthermore, because the entire sequence at the human immunoglobulin locus are introduced into the animal genome (with no modifications or limited modifications) , these genes can undergo the V (D) J recombination in a way that is very similar to what happens in human. In addition, the antibody production can be very efficient and has a rate that is similar to the normal rates due to the efficient V (D) J recombination. In addition, because V (D) J recombination may occur between endogenous IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGKV, IGKJ, IGLV, and / or IGLJ genes and human genes, if the endogenous IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGKV, IGKJ, IGLV, and / or IGLJ genes are incorporated in the rearranged heavy chain VDJ segment or the rearranged light chain VJ segment, it is likely that the antibodies generated by the antibody repertoires have immunogenic epitopes in human. The immunogenicity can lead to production of anti-drug-antibodies and may comprise efficacy. Here, the endogenous IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGKV, IGKJ, IGLV, IGLJ, and / or IGLC genes have been effectively deleted. It is less likely that the antibodies generated by the antibody repertoires are immunogenic in humans. Thus, the antibodies are more suitable for being used as therapeutics in humans. Further, because human genome has all IGLJ and IGLC genes located within a J-C cluster (see FIG. 1) , replacing all endogenous IGLV, IGLJ, and IGLC genes with human IGLV, IGLJ, and IGLC genes, or inserting human IGLV, IGLJ, and IGLC genes at an endogenous safe harbor locus in the modified animals ensures proper recombination to generate a functional human lambda light chain, and avoids potential mismatching during recombination with endogenous IGLV, IGLJ, or IGLC genes.
[0060] Therefore, the genetically modified animals provide an advantageous platform to produce humanized antibodies.
[0061] As compared to animals having a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a humanized kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus (e.g., the hVH / hVK mice described herein) , animals having a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus, a humanized kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus, and a humanized lambda chain immunoglobulin locus (e.g., the hVH / hVK / hVL mice described herein) or a modified locus containing human lambda chain immunoglobulin genes (e.g., the hVH / hVK / hVL mice (v) described herein) can generate fully human antibodies having human heavy chain and lambda light chain variable regions. Thus, such animals can generate more diverse antibodies for drug screening.
[0062] In some embodiments, the disclosure is related to animals having a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a humanized lambda chain immunoglobulin locus (e.g., the hVH / hVL mice described herein) , in which the entire sequence of the immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable region locus is knocked out. In some embodiments, the disclosure is related to animals having a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a modified locus containing human lambda chain immunoglobulin genes (e.g., the hVH / hVL mice (v) described herein) , in which the entire sequence of the immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable region locus is knocked out. Such animals can more effectively generate fully human antibodies that have human heavy chain and lambda light chain variable regions.
[0063] As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to an immunoglobulin molecule comprising four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable (VH) domain and a heavy chain constant region (CH) . Each light chain comprises a light chain variable (VL) domain and a light chain constant region (CL) . The VH and VL domains can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR) . Each VH and VL comprises three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (heavy chain CDRs may be abbreviated as HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3; light chain CDRs may be abbreviated as LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3) . The term “high affinity” antibody refers to an antibody that has a KD with respect to its target epitope about of 10-9 M or lower (e.g., about or lower than 1 × 10-9 M, 1 × 10-10 M, 1 × 10-11 M, or 1 × 10-12 M) . In some embodiments, KD can be measured by surface plasmon resonance, e.g., BIACORETM or ELISA.
[0064] As used herein, the term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a portion of a full-length antibody, wherein the portion of the antibody is capable of specifically binding to an antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment contains at least one variable domain (e.g., a variable domain of a heavy chain or a variable domain of light chain) . Non-limiting examples of antibody fragments include, e.g., Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, and Fv fragments.
[0065] As used herein, the term “human antibody” refers to an antibody that is encoded by a nucleic acid (e.g., rearranged human immunoglobulin heavy or light chain locus) present in a human. In some embodiments, a human antibody is collected from a human or produced in a human cell culture (e.g., human hybridoma cells) . In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a non-human cell (e.g., a mouse or hamster cell line) . In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a bacterial or yeast cell. In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a transgenic non-human animal (e.g., a mouse) containing an unrearranged or rearranged human immunoglobulin locus (e.g., heavy or light chain human immunoglobulin locus) .
[0066] As used herein, the term “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody that contains a sequence present in at least two different antibodies (e.g., antibodies from two different mammalian species such as a human and a mouse antibody) . A non-limiting example of a chimeric antibody is an antibody containing the variable domain sequences (e.g., all or part of a light chain and / or heavy chain variable domain sequence) of a human antibody and the constant domains of a non-human antibody. Additional examples of chimeric antibodies are described herein and are known in the art.
[0067] As used herein, the term “humanized antibody” refers to a non-human antibody which contains sequence derived from a non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin and contains sequences derived from a human immunoglobulin.
[0068] As used herein, the term “single-chain antibody” refers to a single polypeptide that contains at least two immunoglobulin variable domains (e.g., a variable domain of a mammalian immunoglobulin heavy chain or light chain) that is capable of specifically binding to an antigen.
[0069] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated by the present disclosure. Human patients can be adult humans or juvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.
[0070] As used herein, when referring to an antibody, the phrases “specifically binding” and “specifically binds” mean that the antibody interacts with its target molecule preferably to other molecules, because the interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure (i.e., the antigenic determinant or epitope) on the target molecule; in other words, the reagent is recognizing and binding to molecules that include a specific structure rather than to all molecules in general. An antibody that specifically binds to the target molecule may be referred to as a target-specific antibody.
[0071] As used herein, the terms “polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length of at least two amino acids.
[0072] As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid molecule, ” and “nucleic acid sequence” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of nucleotides of any length of at least two nucleotides, and include, without limitation, DNA, RNA, DNA / RNA hybrids, and modifications thereof.
[0073] As used herein, the term “an unmodified human sequence” refers to a sequence that is derived from a human subject, a human cell, a cultured human cell or a human cell line, wherein the sequence is identical to the genetic sequence of a human subject, a human cell, a cultured human cell or a human cell line.
[0074] Genetically modified mice having a humanized lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus or a modified locus containing human lambda light chain immunoglobulin genes
[0075] Lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus (also known as IGL or immunoglobulin lambda locus) is a region on the chromosome (e.g., human chromosome 22) that contains genes for the light chains of human antibodies (or immunoglobulins) . Similarly, the immunoglobulin light chain genes can also undergo a series rearrangement that lead to the production of a mature immunoglobulin light chain nucleic acid (e.g., a lambda light chain) .
[0076] In a healthy human individual, the total kappa to lambda ratio is roughly 2: 1 in serum (measuring intact whole antibodies) or 1: 1.5 if measuring free light chains. In mice, the total kappa to lambda ratio is roughly 9: 1. In some embodiments, the animal comprises a human or humanized lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. In some embodiments, the animal comprises a modified locus (e.g., a modified safe harbor locus) containing human lambda light chain immunoglobulin genes.
[0077] Lambda (λ) light chain immunoglobulin locus (also known as IGL locus or immunoglobulin Lambda locus) is located on human chromosome 22 (Chr22q11.2) . Table 1 lists IGLV genes and its relative orders in this locus. These genes and the order of these genes are also shown in FIG. 1. These IGL genes on human chromosome 22 form three clusters, i.e., cluster A, cluster B, and cluster C (from proximal to distal) . Specifically in FIG. 1, cluster A starts from ZNF280B and ends at the Enhancer downstream of IGLC7; cluster B starts from IGLV5-52 and ends at IGLV7-35, and cluster C starts from BCRL2 and ends at VPREB1.
[0078] Table 1. List of IGLV genes on human chromosome 22
[0079] Table 2 lists all IGLJ genes and its relative orders on human chromosome 22. These genes and the order of these genes are also shown in FIG. 1.
[0080] Table 2. List of IGLJ genes on human chromosome 22
[0081] Table 3 lists all immunoglobulin lambda constant (IGLC) genes. These genes and the order of these genes are also shown in FIG. 1. There is an Enhancer downstream of IGLC7 at the human lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus, and the relative order of the Enhancer is 8 in Table 3. In some embodiments, the genetically-modified, non-human animal described herein comprises this human Enhancer at the endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus or the modified locus (e.g., the modified safe harbor locus) described herein.
[0082] Table 3. List of IGLC genes on human chromosome 22
[0083] Lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus is located on mouse chromosome 16. The IGLV genes, IGLJ genes, and IGLC genes are listed in Tables 4-6, along with their relative orders in this locus. These genes and the order of these genes are also shown in FIG. 2.
[0084] Table 4. List of IGLV genes on mouse chromosome 16
[0085] Table 5. List of IGLJ genes on mouse chromosome 16
[0086] Table 6. List of IGLC genes on mouse chromosome 16
[0087] Enhancer 2-4 and Enhancer 3-1 are also located in the mouse lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. There is also an Enhancer downstream of IGLC1 at the mouse lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. The relative order of these enhancers can be found in FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the genetically-modified, non-human animal described herein does not comprise one or more of the enhancers selected from the mouse Enhancer following IGLC1, Enhancer 2-4, and Enhancer 3-1.
[0088] The present disclosure provides genetically-modified, non-human animal comprising one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ, and / or one or more human IGLC genes. In some embodiments, the human IGLV genes, the human IGLJ genes, and the human IGLC genes are operably linked together. In some embodiments, the human IGLV genes and the human IGLJ genes can undergo VJ rearrangement. In some embodiments, the human IGLV genes, the human IGLJ genes, and the human IGLC genes are at an endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the human IGLV genes, the human IGLJ genes, and the human IGLC genes are at an endogenous safe harbor locus (e.g., an endogenous Hipp11 locus) . In some embodiments, the animal described herein further comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus.
[0089] In some embodiments, the animal comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, or 74 human IGLV genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 1) .
[0090] In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 genes selected from IGLV (I) -70, IGLV4-69, IGLV (I) -68, IGLV10-67, IGLV (IV) -66-1, IGLV (V) -66, IGLV (IV) -65, IGLV (IV) -64, IGLV (I) -63, and IGLV1-62.
[0091] In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 genes selected from IGLV3-10, IGLV3-9, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-7, IGLV3-6, IGLV2-5, IGLV3-4, IGLV4-3, IGLV3-2, and IGLV3-1.
[0092] In some embodiments, the animal comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 human IGLJ genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 2) . In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 human IGLJ genes selected from IGLJ1, IGLJ2, IGLJ3, IGLJ4, IGLJ5, IGLJ6, and IGLJ7. In some embodiments, the animal comprises human IGLJ4, IGLJ5, and IGLJ6 at the endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus.
[0093] In some embodiments, the animal comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 human IGLC genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 3) . In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 human IGLC genes selected from IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC4, IGLC5, IGLC6, and IGLC7.
[0094] In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence comprising a sequence starting from a gene selected from IGLV (I) -70, IGLV4-69, IGLV (I) -68, IGLV10-67, IGLV (IV) -66-1, IGLV (V) -66, IGLV (IV) -65, IGLV (IV) -64, IGLV (I) -63, and IGLV1-62, and ending at a gene selected from IGLV3-10, IGLV3-9, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-7, IGLV3-6, IGLV2-5, IGLV3-4, IGLV4-3, IGLV3-2, and IGLV3-1. In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence comprising a sequence starting from a gene selected from IGLV (I) -70, IGLV4-69, IGLV (I) -68, IGLV10-67, IGLV (IV) -66-1, IGLV (V) -66, IGLV (IV) -65, IGLV (IV) -64, IGLV (I) -63, and IGLV1-62, and ending at a gene selected from IGLJ1, IGLJ2, IGLJ3, IGLJ4, IGLJ5, IGLJ6, and IGLJ7. In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence comprising a sequence starting from a gene selected from IGLV (I) -70, IGLV4-69, IGLV (I) -68, IGLV10-67, IGLV (IV) -66-1, IGLV (V) -66, IGLV (IV) -65, IGLV (IV) -64, IGLV (I) -63, and IGLV1-62, and ending at a gene selected from IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC4, IGLC5, IGLC6, and IGLC7.
[0095] In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGLV (I) -70 to human IGLC7. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGLV (I) -70 to human IGLJ7. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGLV (I) -70 to human IGLV3-1. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGLV (I) -70 to the human Enhancer immediately downstream of human IGLC7.
[0096] In some embodiments, the animal can have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten unmodified human sequences derived from a human lambda chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence has a length of about or at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 855, 860, 870, 880, 890, 895, 896, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, 1000, 1010, 1020, 1030, 1040, or 1050 kb.
[0097] In some embodiments, the IGLV genes and / or the IGLJ genes are operably linked together. The VJ recombination can occur among these genes and produce functional antibodies. In some embodiments, these genes are arranged in an order that is similar to the order in human lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. This arrangement offers various advantages, e.g., the arrangement of these genes allow the production of light chain variable domains with a diversity that is very similar to the diversity of the lambda light chain variable domains in human. In some embodiments, the IGLV genes and / or the IGLJ genes are operably linked together to the IGLC gene (e.g., human IGLC gene) .
[0098] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse, which does not comprise Enhancer 2-4 at the endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse, which comprises Enhancer 3-1 at the endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus.
[0099] In some embodiments, the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the disruption in the animal’s endogenous light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of one or more endogenous IGLV genes, one or more endogenous IGLJ genes, and / or one or more immunoglobulin lambda constant (IGLC) genes.
[0100] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse. The disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of at least or about 1, 2, or 3 mouse IGLV genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 4) . In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, or 3 mouse IGLV genes selected from IGLV1, IGLV2, and IGLV3. In some embodiments, the mouse still comprises about or at least 1, 2, or 3 mouse IGLV genes selected from IGLV1, IGLV2, and IGLV3.
[0101] In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 mouse IGLJ genes selected from IGLJ1, IGLJ2, IGLJ2P, IGLJ3, IGLJ3P, and IGLJ4. In some embodiments, the disruption still comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 mouse IGLJ genes selected from IGLJ1, IGLJ2, IGLJ2P, IGLJ3, IGLJ3P, and IGLJ4.
[0102] In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 mouse IGLC genes selected from IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC4. In some embodiments, the disruption still comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 mouse IGLC genes selected from IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC4.
[0103] In some embodiments, the disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of at least or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 mouse IGLV, IGLJ, and IGLC genes. In some embodiments, the deletion comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 mouse IGKC genes selected from IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC4. In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, or 3 mouse IGLV genes selected from IGLV1, IGLV2, and IGLV3. In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 mouse IGLJ genes selected from IGLJ1, IGLJ2, IGLJ2P, IGLJ3, IGLJ3P, and IGLJ4.
[0104] In some embodiments, the disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of about or at least 10 kb, 20 kb, 30 kb, 40 kb, 50 kb, 60 kb, 70 kb, 80 kb, 90 kb, 100 kb, 110 kb, 120 kb, 130 kb, 140 kb, 150 kb, 160 kb, 170 kb, 180 kb, 190 kb, 200 kb, 210 kb, 220 kb, 230 kb, 240 kb, 250 kb, 260 kb, 270 kb, 280 kb, 290 kb, 300 kb, 350 kb, 400 kb, 450 kb, 500 kb, or 1000 kb of nucleotides. In some embodiments, there is no disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene.
[0105] In some embodiments, the deleted sequence starts from IGLV2 to IGLC1. In some embodiments, the deleted sequence starts from IGLV3 to IGLC1. In some embodiments, the deleted sequence starts from IGLJ2 to IGLC1.
[0106] The human IGLV genes, human IGLJ genes, and human IGLC genes are operably linked together and can undergo rearrangement. In some embodiments, the modified mouse has complete human IGLV, IGLJ, and IGLC gene repertoires (e.g., including all non-pseudo human IGLV, IGLJ, and IGLC genes) . Thus, the modified mouse can produce an antibody having a human lambda light chain. In some embodiments, after recombination, one human IGLV gene (e.g., IGLV4-69, IGLV8-61, IGLV4-60, or IGLV6-57) and one human IGLJ gene (e.g., IGLJ1, IGLJ2, IGLJ3, IGLJ4, IGLJ5, IGLJ6, or IGLJ7) contribute to the sequence that encodes an antibody light chain variable region. In some embodiments, after recombination, one human IGLC gene (e.g., IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC4, IGLC5, IGLC6, or IGLC7) contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody light chain constant region. Furthermore, in some cases, the entire mouse IGLV genes, IGLJ genes, and IGLC genes (all none-pseudo genes) are knocked out, and the light chain will not have any sequence that is encoded by a sequence derived from the mouse, thereby minimizing immunogenicity in humans.
[0107] In some embodiments, the human cluster A IGL genes are included in the modified chromosome. In some embodiments, the human cluster B IGL genes are included in the modified chromosome. In some embodiments, the human cluster C IGL genes are included in the modified chromosome. In some embodiments, at least 1, at least 2, or at least 3 of the human cluster A-C genes are included in the modified chromosome.
[0108] In some embodiments, the human IGLV genes, human IGLJ genes, and human IGLC genes are inserted into one or more endogenous “safe harbor” loci (e.g., an endogenous Hipp11 locus or an endogenous Rosa26 locus) .
[0109] Genetically modified heavy chain immunoglobulin locus
[0110] Heavy chain immunoglobulin locus (also known as IGH or immunoglobulin heavy locus) is a region on the chromosome (e.g., human chromosome 14) that contains genes for the heavy chains of human antibodies (or immunoglobulins) .
[0111] This region represents the germline organization of the heavy chain locus. The locus includes V (variable) , D (diversity) , J (joining) , and C (constant) segments. The genes in the V region form a V gene cluster (also known as IGHV gene cluster) . The genes in the D region form a D gene cluster (also known as IGHD gene cluster) . The genes in the J region form a J gene cluster (also known as IGHJ gene cluster) .
[0112] During B cell development, a recombination event at the DNA level joins a single D segment (also known as an IGHD gene) with a J segment (also known as an IGHJ gene) ; the fused D-J exon of this partially rearranged D-J region is then joined to a V segment (also known as an IGHV gene) . The rearranged V-D-J region containing a fused V-D-J exon is then transcribed and fused at the RNA level to the IGHM constant region; this transcript encodes a mu heavy chain. Later in development B cells generate V-D-J-Cmu-Cdelta pre-messenger RNA, which is alternatively spliced to encode either a mu or a delta heavy chain. Mature B cells in the lymph nodes undergo switch recombination, so that the fused V-D-J gene segment is brought in proximity to one of the IGHG, IGHA, or IGHE gene segments and each cell expresses either the gamma, alpha, or epsilon heavy chain. Potential recombination of many different IGHV genes with several IGHJ genes provides a wide range of antigen recognition. Additional diversity is attained by junctional diversity, resulting from the random addition of nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, and by somatic hypermutation, which occurs during B cell maturation in the spleen and lymph nodes. Several V, D, J, and C segments are known to be incapable of encoding a protein and are considered pseudogenous gene segments (often simply referred to as pseudogenes) .
[0113] The human heavy chain immunoglobulin locus is located on human chromosome 14. Table 7 lists IGHV genes and its relative orders in this locus.
[0114] Table 7. List of IGHV genes on human chromosome 14
[0115] RPS8P1, ADAM6, and KIAA0125 are also located in this locus. The relative order of RPS8P1 is 160, the relative order of ADAM6 is 161, and the relative order of KIAA0125 is 164. Table 8 lists all IGHD genes and its relative orders on human chromosome 14. Table 9 lists all IGHJ genes and its relative orders on human chromosome 14. The genes for immunoglobulin constant domains are located after the IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ genes. These genes include (as shown in the following order) : immunoglobulin heavy constant mu (IGHM) , immunoglobulin heavy constant delta (IGH δ) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 (IGHG3) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (IGHG1) , immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon P1 (pseudogene) (IGHEP1) , immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 (IGHA1) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma P (non-functional) (IGHGP) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2 (IGHG2) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 4 (IGHG4) , immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon (IGHE) , and immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 2 (IGHA2) .
[0116] Table 8. List of IGHD genes on human chromosome 14
[0117] Table 9. List of IGHJ genes on human chromosome 14
[0118] The mouse heavy chain immunoglobulin locus is located on mouse chromosome 12. Table 10 lists IGHV genes and its relative orders in this locus.
[0119] Table 10. List of IGHV genes on mouse chromosome 12
[0120] Table 11 lists all IGHD genes and its relative orders on mouse chromosome 12. Table 12 lists all IGHJ genes and its relative orders on mouse chromosome 12. The genes for immunoglobulin constant domains are after the IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ genes. These genes include (as shown in the following order) : immunoglobulin heavy constant mu (IGHM) , immunoglobulin heavy constant delta (IGH δ) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 (IGHG3) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (IGHG1) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2b (IGHG2b) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2a (IGHG2a) , immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon (IGHE) , and immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha (IGHA) genes.
[0121] Table 11. List of IGHD genes on mouse chromosome 12
[0122] Table 12. List of IGHJ genes on mouse chromosome 12
[0123] The present disclosure provides genetically-modified, non-human animal comprising one or more human IGHV genes, one or more human IGHD genes, and / or one or more human IGHJ genes. In some embodiments, the human IGHV genes, the human IGHD genes, and the human IGHJ genes are operably linked together and can undergo VDJ rearrangement. In some embodiments, the human IGHV genes, the human IGHD genes, and the human IGHJ genes are at the endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus.
[0124] In some embodiments, the animal comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160 or 161 human IGHV genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 7) .
[0125] In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 genes selected from IGHV (III) -82, IGHV7-81, IGHV4-80, IGHV3-79, IGHV (II) -78-1, IGHV5-78, IGHV7-77, IGHV (III) -76-1, IGHV3-76, and IGHV3-75.
[0126] In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 genes selected from IGHV (III) -5-2, IGHV (III) -5-1, IGHV2-5, IGHV7-4-1, IGHV4-4, IGHV1-3, IGHV (III) -2-1, IGHV1-2, IGHV (II) -1-1, and IGHV6-1.
[0127] In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence comprising a sequence starting from a gene selected from IGHV (III) -82, IGHV7-81, IGHV4-80, IGHV3-79, IGHV (II) -78-1, IGHV5-78, IGHV7-77 , IGHV (III) -76-1, IGHV3-76, and IGHV3-75, and ending at a gene selected from IGHV (III) -5-2, IGHV (III) -5-1, IGHV2-5, IGHV7-4-1, IGHV4-4, IGHV1-3, IGHV (III) -2-1, IGHV1-2, IGHV (II) -1-1, and IGHV6-1. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHV (III) -82 to human IGHV1-2. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHV (III) -82 to human IGHV (II) -1-1. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHV (III) -82 to human IGHV-6-1.
[0128] In some embodiments, the animal comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27 human IGHD genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 8) . In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 genes selected from IGHD1-1, IGHD2-2, IGHD3-3, IGHD4-4, IGHD5-5, IGHD4-23, IGHD5-24, IGHD6-25, IGHD1-26, and IGHD7-27.
[0129] In some embodiments, the animal comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 human IGHJ genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 9) . In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 human IGHJ genes selected from IGHJ1P, IGHJ1, IGHJ2, IGHJ2P, IGHJ3, IGHJ4, IGHJ5, IGHJ3P, and IGHJ6.
[0130] In some embodiments, the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence comprising a sequence starting from a gene selected from IGHD1-1, IGHD2-2, IGHD3-3, IGHD4-4, IGHD5-5, IGHD4-23, IGHD5-24, IGHD6-25, IGHD1-26, and IGHD7-27, and ending at a gene selected from IGHJ1P, IGHJ1, IGHJ2, IGHJ2P, IGHJ3, IGHJ4, IGHJ5, IGHJ3P, and IGHJ6. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHD1-1 to human IGHJ6.
[0131] In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHD1-1 to human IGHD7-27.
[0132] In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHJ1P to human IGHJ6. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHJ1 to human IGHJ6.
[0133] In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHV (III) -82 to human IGHJ6.
[0134] In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHV1-2 to human IGHJ6. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHV (II) -1-1 to human IGHJ6. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGHV6-1 to human IGHJ6.
[0135] In some embodiments, the animal can have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten unmodified human sequences. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence has a length of about or at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 kb.
[0136] In some embodiments, the animal comprises one or more endogenous genes selected from the group consisting of immunoglobulin heavy constant mu (IGHM) , immunoglobulin heavy constant delta (IGHδ) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 3 (IGHG3) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 (IGHG1) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2b (IGHG2b) , immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2a (IGHG2a) , immunoglobulin heavy constant epsilon (IGHE) , and immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha (IGHA) genes. In some embodiments, these endogenous genes are operably linked together. In some embodiments, these endogenous genes have the same order as in a wildtype animal. In some embodiments, isotype switching (immunoglobulin class switching) can occur in the animal.
[0137] In some embodiments, the IGHV genes, the IGHD genes, and / or the IGHJ genes are operably linked together. The VDJ recombination can occur among these genes and produce functional antibodies. In some embodiments, these genes are arranged in an order that is similar to the order in human heavy chain immunoglobulin locus. This arrangement offers various advantages, e.g., the arrangement of these genes allow the production of heavy chain variable domains with a diversity that is very similar to the diversity of the heavy chain variable domains in human. As some random sequences may be inserted to the sequence during VDJ recombination, in some embodiments, the complete human antibody repertoires with no or minimum modifications can reduce the likelihood that non-human sequence is inserted during the VDJ recombination.
[0138] In some embodiments, the IGHV genes, the IGHD genes, and / or the IGHJ genes are operably linked together to one or more genes (e.g., all genes) selected from IGHM, IGHδ, IGHG3, IGHG1, IGHG2b, IGHG2a, IGHE, and IGHA genes.
[0139] In some embodiments, the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of one or more endogenous IGHV genes, one or more endogenous IGHD genes, and one or more endogenous IGHJ genes.
[0140] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse. The disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of at least or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, or 182 mouse IGHV genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 10) . In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mouse IGHV genes selected from IGHV1-86, IGHV1-85, IGHV1-84, IGHV1-83, IGHV1-82, IGHV1-81, IGHV1-80, IGHV1-79, IGHV1-78, and IGHV1-77. In some embodiments, the mouse still comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mouse IGHV genes selected from IGHV1-86, IGHV1-85, IGHV1-84, IGHV1-83, IGHV1-82, IGHV1-81, IGHV1-80, IGHV1-79, IGHV1-78, and IGHV1-77 (e.g., IGHV1-86) .
[0141] In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mouse IGHV genes selected from IGHV5-6, IGHV5-5, IGHV2-3, IGHV6-1, IGHV5-4, IGHV5-3, IGHV2-2, IGHV5-2, IGHV2-1, and IGHV5-1. In some embodiments, the mouse still comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mouse IGHV genes selected from IGHV5-6, IGHV5-5, IGHV2-3, IGHV6-1, IGHV5-4, IGHV5-3, IGHV2-2, IGHV5-2, IGHV2-1, and IGHV5-1.
[0142] In some embodiments, the disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of at least or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 mouse IGHD genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 11) . In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mouse IGHD genes selected from IGHD5-1, IGHD3-1, IGHD1-1, IGHD6-1, IGHD2-3, IGHD2-7, IGHD2-8, IGHD5-6, IGHD3-2, and IGHD4-1. In some embodiments, the mouse still comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mouse IGHD genes selected from IGHD5-1, IGHD3-1, IGHD1-1, IGHD6-1, IGHD2-3, IGHD2-7, IGHD2-8, IGHD5-6, IGHD3-2, and IGHD4-1.
[0143] In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 mouse IGHJ genes selected from IGHJ1, IGHJ2, IGHJ3, and IGHJ4. In some embodiments, the mouse still comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 mouse IGHJ genes selected from IGHJ1, IGHJ2, IGHJ3, and IGHJ4.
[0144] In some embodiments, the disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of about or at least 500 kb, 600 kb, 700 kb, 800 kb, 900 kb, 1000 kb, 1500 kb, 2000 kb, 2500 kb, or 3000 kb of an endogenous sequence.
[0145] In some embodiments, the deleted sequence starts from IGHV1-86 to IGHJ4, from IGHV1-85 to IGHJ4, from IGHV1-84 to IGHJ4, from IGHV1-83 to IGHJ4, or from IGHV1-82 to IGHJ4 (e.g., from IGHV1-85 to IGHJ4) .
[0146] In some embodiments, the animal comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 sequences that are at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to a sequence in the human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the sequence has a length of about or at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 or 3500 kb. In some embodiments, the sequence starts from human IGHV (III) -82 to IGHV1-2. In some embodiments, the sequence starts from human IGHV7-81 to IGHV1-2. In some embodiments, the sequence starts from human IGHV (II) -1-1 to IGHVJ6. In some embodiments, the sequence starts from human IGHV6-1 to IGHVJ6.
[0147] The human IGHV genes, the human IGHD genes, and the human IGHJ genes are operably linked together and can undergo VDJ rearrangement. In some embodiments, the modified mouse has complete human IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ gene repertoires (e.g., including all non-pseudo human IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ genes) . Thus, the modified mouse can produce a complete human antibody repertory. In some embodiments, after VDJ recombination, one IGHV gene (e.g., IGHV3-21 or IGHV3-74) contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody heavy chain variable region. One IGHD gene contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody heavy chain variable region. And one IGHJ gene contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody heavy chain variable region. In some embodiments, the IGHV gene is IGHV3-21 or IGHV3-74.
[0148] In some embodiments, one IGHV gene (e.g., IGHV3-30, IGHV3-33, IGHV4-39, or IGHV4-34) contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody heavy chain variable region. One IGHD gene (e.g., IGHD6-19) contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody heavy chain variable region. And one IGHJ gene (e.g., IGHJ4 or IGHJ6) contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody heavy chain variable region. In some embodiments, one IGKV gene (e.g., IGKV4-1, IGKV1-33, IGKV2-30) contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody light chain variable region. One IGKJ gene (e.g., IGKJ1, IGKJ2, or IGKJ4) contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody light chain variable region.
[0149] Furthermore, in some cases, the entire mouse IGHV genes, IGHD genes, and IGHJ genes (e.g., including all none-pseudo genes) are knocked out, and the heavy chain variable region will not have any sequence that is encoded by a sequence derived from the mouse, thereby minimizing immunogenicity in human.
[0150] Genetically modified kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus
[0151] Kappa chain immunoglobulin locus (also known as IGK or immunoglobulin kappa locus) is a region on the chromosome (e.g., human chromosome 2) that contains genes for the kappa light chains of human antibodies (or immunoglobulins) . Similarly, the immunoglobulin kappa light chain genes can also undergo a series rearrangement that lead to the production of a mature immunoglobulin kappa light-chain nucleic acid (e.g., a kappa chain) .
[0152] The joining of a V segment (also known as an IGKV gene) and a J segment (also known as an IGKJ gene) creates a continuous exon that encodes the whole of the kappa light-chain variable domain. In the unrearranged DNA, the V gene segments (or IGKV gene cluster) are located relatively far away from the C region. The J gene segments (or IGKJ gene cluster) are located close to the C region. Joining of a V segment to a J gene segment also brings the V gene close to a C-region sequence. The J gene segment of the rearranged V region is separated from a C-region sequence only by an intron. To make a complete immunoglobulin kappa light-chain messenger RNA, the V-region exon is joined to the C-region sequence by RNA splicing after transcription.
[0153] The human kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus is located on human chromosome 2. Table 13 lists IGKV genes and its relative orders in this locus. There are several different groups for human IGKV genes, including IGKV1 genes (including all IGKV genes starting with IGKV1, also known as VκI) , IGKV2 genes (including all IGKV genes starting with IGKV2, also known as VκII) , IGKV3 genes (including all IGKV genes starting with IGKV3, also known as VκIII) , IGKV4 genes (including all IGKV genes starting with IGKV4, also known as VκIV) , IGKV5 genes (including all IGKV genes starting with IGKV5, also known as VκV) , IGKV6 genes (including all IGKV genes starting with IGKV6, also known as VκVI) , and IGKV7 genes (including all IGKV genes starting with IGKV7, also known as VκVII) .
[0154] These IGKV genes in human chromosome 2 also form two clusters, the proximal Vκcluster and the distal Vκ cluster. The sequences in the two clusters are similar but are not identical. This large segmental duplication of the sequence occurred since the divergence of the human lineage from the most recent shared ancestor with other great apes.
[0155] Table 13. List of IGKV genes on human chromosome 2
[0156] Table 14 lists all IGKJ genes and its relative orders on human chromosome 2. The immunoglobulin kappa constant (IGKC) gene, which encodes the kappa light chain immunoglobulin constant domains is located after the IGKV and IGKJ genes.
[0157] Table 14. List of IGKJ genes on human chromosome 2
[0158] The mouse kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus is located on mouse chromosome 6. Table 15 lists IGKV genes and its relative orders in this locus.
[0159] Table 15. List of IGKV genes on mouse chromosome 6
[0160] Gm9728 and Amd-ps2 are also located in this locus. The relative order of Gm9728 is 4, and the relative order of Amd-ps2 is 134. Table 16 lists all IGKJ genes and its relative orders on mouse chromosome 6. The IGKC gene, which encodes the kappa light chain immunoglobulin constant domains are after the IGKV and IGKJ genes.
[0161] Table 16. List of IGKJ genes on mouse chromosome 6
[0162] The present disclosure provides genetically-modified, non-human animal comprising one or more human IGKV genes and / or one or more human IGKJ genes. In some embodiments, the human IGKV genes and the human IGKJ genes are operably linked together and can undergo VJ rearrangement. In some embodiments, the human IGKV genes and the human IGKJ genes are at endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus.
[0163] In some embodiments, the animal comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, or 76 human IGKV genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 13) .
[0164] In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 genes selected from IGKV3D-7, IGKV1D-8, IGKV1D-43, IGKV1D-42, IGKV2D-10, IGKV3D-11, IGKV1D-12, IGKV1D-13, IGKV2D-14, and IGKV3D-15.
[0165] In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 genes selected from IGKV2-10, IGKV1-9, IGKV1-8, IGKV3-7, IGKV1-6, IGKV1-5, IGKV2-4, IGKV7-3, IGKV5-2, and IGKV4-1.
[0166] In some embodiments, the animal comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 human IGKJ genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 14) . In some embodiments, the animal comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 human IGKJ genes selected from IGKJ1, IGKJ2, IGKJ3, IGKJ4, and IGKJ5.
[0167] In some embodiments, the animal comprises an endogenous IGKC. In some embodiments, the IGKV genes and / or the IGKJ genes are operably linked together. The VJ recombination can occur among these genes and produce functional antibodies. In some embodiments, these genes are arranged in an order that is similar to the order in human kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus. This arrangement offers various advantages, e.g., the arrangement of these genes allow the production of kappa light chain variable domains with a diversity that is very similar to the diversity of the kappa light chain variable domains in human.
[0168] In some embodiments, the IGKV genes and / or the IGKJ genes are operably linked together to the IGKC gene (e.g., endogenous IGKC gene) .
[0169] In some embodiments, the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the disruption in the animal’s endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of one or more endogenous IGKV genes, and one or more endogenous IGKJ genes.
[0170] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse. The disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of at least or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, or 163 mouse IGKV genes (e.g., genes as shown in Table 15) . In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mouse IGKV genes selected from IGKV2-137, IGKV1-136, IGKV1-135, IGKV14-134-1, IGKV17-134, IGKV1-133, IGKV1-132, IGKV1-131, IGKV14-130, and IGKV9-129. In some embodiments, the mouse still comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mouse IGKV genes selected from IGKV2-137, IGKV1-136, IGKV1-135, IGKV14-134-1, IGKV17-134, IGKV1-133, IGKV1-132, IGKV1-131, IGKV14-130, and IGKV9-129.
[0171] In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mouse IGKV genes selected from IGKV3-10, IGKV3-9, IGKV3-8, IGKV3-7, IGKV3-6, IGKV3-5, IGKV3-4, IGKV3-3, IGKV3-2, and IGKV3-1. In some embodiments, the mouse still comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mouse IGKV genes selected from IGKV3-10, IGKV3-9, IGKV3-8, IGKV3-7, IGKV3-6, IGKV3-5, IGKV3-4, IGKV3-3, IGKV3-2, and IGKV3-1.
[0172] In some embodiments, the disruption comprises a deletion of about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 mouse IGKJ genes selected from IGKJ1, IGKJ2, IGKJ3, IGKJ4, and IGKJ5. In some embodiments, the mouse still comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 mouse IGKJ genes selected from IGKJ1, IGKJ2, IGKJ3, IGKJ4, and IGKJ5 (e.g., IGKJ5) .
[0173] In some embodiments, the disruption in the animal’s endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of about or at least 500 kb, 600 kb, 700 kb, 800 kb, 900 kb, 1000 kb, 1500 kb, 2000 kb, 2500 kb, 3000 kb or 3500 kb of an endogenous sequence.
[0174] In some embodiments, the deleted sequence starts from IGKV2-137 to IGKJ4, from IGKV1-136 to IGKJ4, from IGKV1-135 to IGKJ4, from IGKV2-137 to IGKJ5, from IGKV1-136 to IGKJ5, or from IGKV1-135 to IGKJ5 (e.g., from IGKV2-137 to IGKJ5) .
[0175] In some embodiments, the animal comprises about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 sequences that are at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to a sequence in the human kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the sequence has a length of about or at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 or 3500 kb.
[0176] In some embodiments, the animal can have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten unmodified human sequences. In some embodiments, the unmodified human sequence has a length of about or at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 or 3500 kb.
[0177] In some embodiments, the sequence starts from human IGKV3D-7 to IGKJ5. In some embodiments, the sequence starts from human IGKV3D-7 to IGKJ4. In some embodiments, the sequence starts from human IGKV1D-8 to IGKJ5. In some embodiments, the sequence starts from human IGKV1D-8 to IGKJ4.
[0178] The human IGKV genes and the human IGKJ genes are operably linked together and can undergo VJ rearrangement. In some embodiments, the modified mouse has complete human IGKV and IGKJ gene repertoires (e.g., including all non-pseudo human IGKV and IGKJ genes) . Thus, the modified mouse can produce a complete human antibody repertory. In some embodiments, after VJ recombination, one IGKV gene (e.g., IGKV1D-43, IGKV1D-13, IGKV1D-16, or IGKV1D-12) contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody kappa light chain variable region. One human IGKJ gene contributes to the sequence that encodes an antibody kappa light chain variable region. In some embodiments, the IGKV gene is IGKV1D- 43, IGKV1D-13, IGKV1D-16, or IGKV1D-12. Furthermore, in some cases, the entire mouse IGKV genes, and IGKJ genes (all none-pseudo genes) are knocked out, and the kappa light chain variable region will not have any sequence that is encoded by a sequence derived from the mouse, thereby minimizing immunogenicity in humans.
[0179] In some embodiments, the human proximal Vκ cluster IGKV genes are included in the modified chromosome. In some embodiments, the human distal Vκ cluster IGKV genes are included in the modified chromosome. In some embodiments, both the human proximal Vκcluster IGKV genes and the human distal Vκ cluster IGKV genes are included in the modified chromosome.
[0180] Genetically modified animals
[0181] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides genetically-modified, non-human animal comprising a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus, a humanized lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus, and / or a humanized kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides genetically-modified, non-human animal comprising a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus, a modified locus containing human lambda light chain immunoglobulin genes, and / or a humanized kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus. In some embodiments, the animal comprises one or more human IGHV genes, one or more human IGHD genes, one or more human IGHJ genes, one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and / or one or more human IGLC genes. In some embodiments, the animal further comprises one or more human IGKV genes and one or more human IGKJ genes. In some embodiments, these genes are at the endogenous immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal comprises at a safe harbor locus, e.g., an endogenous Hipp11 locus or an endogenous Rosa26 locus, one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and one or more human IGLC genes.
[0182] In some embodiments, the animal comprises a human or humanized lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. In some embodiments, the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal does not have a disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal comprises a human or humanized kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus. In some embodiments, the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal does not have a disruption in the animal’s endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal comprises one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and one or more human IGLC genes at an endogenous safe harbor locus, e.g., an endogenous Hipp11 locus, an endogenous Rosa26 locus, or an endogenous COL1A1 gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s safe harbor locus. In some embodiments, the animal does not have a disruption in the animal’s safe harbor locus.
[0183] Theoretically, the safe harbor loci described herein, which are intragenic or extragenic regions of the mouse genome, can accommodate predictable expression of newly integrated DNA without adverse effects on the host cell or organism. A useful safe harbor can permit sufficient transgene expression to yield desired levels of the encoded protein. A safe harbor also may not predispose cells to malignant transformation nor alter cellular functions. For an integration site to be a potential safe harbor locus, it ideally needs to meet criteria including, but not limited to: absence of disruption of regulatory elements or genes, as judged by sequence annotation; is an intergenic region in a gene dense area, or a location at the convergence between two genes transcribed in opposite directions; keep distance to minimize the possibility of long-range interactions between encoded transcriptional activators and the promoters of adjacent genes, particularly cancer-related and microRNA genes; and has apparently ubiquitous transcriptional activity, as reflected by broad spatial and temporal expressed sequence tag (EST) expression patterns, indicating ubiquitous transcriptional activity. Within the region suitable for exogenous insertion, a precise locus chosen for insertion should be devoid of repetitive elements and conserved sequences and to which primers for amplification of homology arms could easily be designed.
[0184] Suitable sites for genome editing, or specifically, targeted integration, include, but are not limited to: Hipp11 locus, Rosa26 locus, COL1A1 locus, Polr2a locus, and AAVS1 locus. Details of the safe harbor loci can be found, e.g., in Ma, X., et al. "Validation of reliable safe harbor locus for efficient porcine transgenesis. " Functional &Integrative Genomics 22.4 (2022) : 553-563, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0185] The Hipp11 (H11) locus, which is situated between the DRG1 and EIF4ENIF1 genes in chromosome 11 of mice, offers great potential for stable gene knock-in and expression at high levels. The robust and ubiquitous function of H11 has been demonstrated in mice, pigs, human embryonic stem (hES) cells, and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Details of the Hipp11 locus can be found, e.g., in Zhu, F., et al. "DICE, an efficient system for iterative genomic editing in human pluripotent stem cells. " Nucleic Acids Research 42.5 (2014) : e34-e34, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0186] The Rosa26 locus is a non-coding gene composed of three exons on mouse chromosome 6, a region where it is easy to insert genes. There are no known functional proteins encoded by the Rosa26. Additionally, the Rosa26 locus makes it easy to perform homologous recombination (HR) , maintains expression levels of the protein from gene constructs inserted into this region, and does not affect the expression or function of other endogenous genes. Given its wide expression across all cell types and developmental stages, the Rosa26 region is often used as a safe site for gene targeting in mouse models. Details of the Rosa26 locus can be found, e.g., in Friedrich, G. et al. "Promoter traps in embryonic stem cells: a genetic screen to identify and mutate developmental genes in mice. " Genes &Development 5.9 (1991) : 1513-1523, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0187] The genetically modified non-human animal can be various animals, e.g., a mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, bovine (e.g., cow, bull, buffalo) , deer, sheep, goat, chicken, cat, dog, ferret, primate (e.g., marmoset, rhesus monkey) . For the non-human animals where suitable genetically modifiable embryonic stem (ES) cells are not readily available, other methods are employed to make a non-human animal comprising the genetic modification. Such methods include, e.g., modifying a non-ES cell genome (e.g., a fibroblast or an induced pluripotent cell) and employing nuclear transfer to transfer the modified genome to a suitable cell, e.g., an oocyte, and gestating the modified cell (e.g., the modified oocyte) in a non-human animal under suitable conditions to form an embryo. These methods are known in the art, and are described, e.g., in A. Nagy, et al., “Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual (Third Edition) , ” Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2006, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Thus, in various embodiments, human V, D, and / or J segments (e.g., any corresponding IGH, IGK, or IGL gene segments described herein) can be operably linked to non-human animal (e.g., rodent, mouse, rat, hamster) constant region gene sequences. In some embodiments, human V, D, and / or J segments (e.g., any corresponding IGH, IGK, or IGL gene segments described herein) can be operably linked to human constant region gene sequences. In some embodiments, human IGLV segments, IGLJ segments, and IGLC segments are operably linked, which allows rearrangement of the IGLV and IGLJ segments. During B cell development, these rearranged human V, D, and / or J segments can be linked to the non-human animal immunoglobulin constant region, or human immunoglobulin constant region.
[0188] In one aspect, the animal is a mammal, e.g., of the superfamily Dipodoidea or Muroidea. In some embodiments, the genetically modified animal is a rodent. The rodent can be selected from a mouse, a rat, and a hamster. In some embodiments, the genetically modified animal is from a family selected from Calomyscidae (e.g., mouse-like hamsters) , Cricetidae (e.g., hamster, New World rats and mice, voles) , Muridae (true mice and rats, gerbils, spiny mice, crested rats) , Nesomyidae (climbing mice, rock mice, with-tailed rats, Malagasy rats and mice) , Platacanthomyidae (e.g., spiny dormice) , and Spalacidae (e.g., mole rates, bamboo rats, and zokors) . In some embodiments, the genetically modified rodent is selected from a true mouse or rat (family Muridae) , a gerbil, a spiny mouse, and a crested rat. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a mouse.
[0189] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse of a C57 background (e.g., a C57BL strain selected from C57BL / A, C57BL / An, C57BL / GrFa, C57BL / KaLwN, C57BL / 6, C57BL / 6J, C57BL / 6ByJ, C57BL / 6NJ, C57BL / 10, C57BL / 10ScSn, C57BL / 10Cr, and C57BL / Ola) . In some embodiments, the mouse is a 129 strain selected from the group consisting of a strain that is 129P1, 129P2, 129P3, 129X1, 129S1 (e.g., 129S1 / SV, 129S1 / SvIm) , 129S2, 129S4, 129S5, 129S9 / SvEvH, 129S6 (129 / SvEvTac) , 129S7, 129S8, 129T1, 129T2. These mice are described, e.g., in Festing et al., Revised nomenclature for strain 129 mice, Mammalian Genome 10: 836 (1999) ; Auerbach et al., Establishment and Chimera Analysis of 129 / SvEv-and C57BL / 6-Derived Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Lines (2000) , both of which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety. In some embodiments, the genetically modified mouse is a mix of the 129 strain and the C57BL / 6 strain. In some embodiments, the mouse is a mix of the 129 strains, or a mix of the BL / 6 strains. In some embodiments, the mouse is a BALB strain, e.g., BALB / c strain. In some embodiments, the mouse is a mix of a BALB strain and another strain. In some embodiments, the mouse is from a hybrid line (e.g., 50%BALB / c-50%12954 / Sv; or 50%C57BL / 6-50%129) .
[0190] In some embodiments, the animal is a rat. The rat can be selected from a Wistar rat, an LEA strain, a Sprague Dawley strain, a Fischer strain, F344, F6, and Dark Agouti. In some embodiments, the rat strain is a mix of two or more strains selected from the group consisting of Wistar, LEA, Sprague Dawley, Fischer, F344, F6, and Dark Agouti.
[0191] The animal can have one or more other genetic modifications, and / or other modifications, that are suitable for the particular purpose for which the humanized animal is made.
[0192] Genetically modified non-human animals that comprise a modification of an endogenous non-human immunoglobulin gene locus. In some embodiments, the modification can comprise a human nucleic acid sequence encoding at least a portion of a human protein (e.g., at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the human heavy chain variable domain or light chain variable domain sequence) . Although genetically modified cells are also provided that can comprise the modifications described herein (e.g., ES cells, somatic cells) , in many embodiments, the genetically modified non-human animals comprise the modification of the endogenous locus in the germline of the animal.
[0193] Genetically modified animals can express a humanized antibody and / or a chimeric antibody from endogenous mouse loci, wherein one or more endogenous mouse immunoglobulin genes have been replaced with human immunoglobulin genes and / or a nucleotide sequence that is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the human immunoglobulin gene sequences (e.g., IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGKV, IGKJ, IGLV, IGLJ, and / or IGLC genes) . In various embodiments, an endogenous non-human immunoglobulin gene locus is modified in whole or in part to comprise human nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the human nucleic acid sequence is connected to the endogenous IGL locus via an upstream connection site (with a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 5) and a downstream connection site (with a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6) . In some embodiments, the integration of the human nucleic acid sequence (e.g., any of the human nucleic acid sequences described herein) can be verified by sequencing, using PCR primer pair SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2; or SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the integration of the human nucleic acid sequence (e.g., any of the human nucleic acid sequences described herein) can be verified by Southern Blot, using IGL-5’Probe (synthesized by primer pair SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8) , or IGL-3’Probe (synthesized by primer pair SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10) .
[0194] Genetically modified animals can express a humanized antibody and / or a chimeric antibody from endogenous mouse loci, wherein one or more endogenous mouse immunoglobulin genes have been replaced with human immunoglobulin genes and / or a nucleotide sequence that is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the human immunoglobulin gene sequences (e.g., IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGKV, and / or IGKJ genes) , and one or more human lambda light chain immunoglobulin genes and / or a nucleotide sequence that is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the human lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene sequences (e.g., IGLV, IGLJ, and / or IGLC genes) are inserted to an endogenous gene locus. In some embodiments, the endogenous gene locus is a safe harbor locus (e.g., any of the safe harbor loci described herein) . In some embodiments, the human nucleic acid sequence is connected to the endogenous locus (e.g., any of the safe harbor loci described herein) via an upstream connection site (with a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 24) and a downstream connection site (with a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 25) . In some embodiments, the integration of the human nucleic acid sequence (e.g., any of the human nucleic acid sequences described herein) can be verified by sequencing, e.g., by PCR. In some embodiments, the integration of the human nucleic acid sequence (e.g., any of the human nucleic acid sequences described herein) can be verified by Southern Blot.
[0195] Genetic, molecular and behavioral analyses for the non-human mammals described above can performed. The present disclosure also relates to the progeny produced by the non-human mammal provided by the present disclosure mated with the same or other genotypes. Non-human mammals can be any non-human animal known in the art and which can be used in the methods as described herein. Preferred non-human mammals are mammals, (e.g., rodents) . In some embodiments, the non-human mammal is a mouse.
[0196] The present disclosure also provides a cell line or primary cell culture derived from the non-human mammal or a progeny thereof. A model based on cell culture can be prepared, for example, by the following methods. Cell cultures can be obtained by way of isolation from a non-human mammal, alternatively cell can be obtained from the cell culture established using the same constructs and the standard cell transfection techniques. The integration of genetic constructs containing DNA sequences encoding human or humanized immunoglobulins can be detected by a variety of methods.
[0197] There are many analytical methods that can be used to detect exogenous DNA or modifications on the genomic DNA, including methods at the level of nucleic acid (including the mRNA quantification approaches using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or Southern blotting, and in situ hybridization) and methods at the protein level (including histochemistry, immunoblot analysis and in vitro binding studies) . In addition, the expression level of the gene of interest can be quantified by ELISA techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Many standard analysis methods can be used to complete quantitative measurements. For example, transcription levels can be measured using RT-PCR and hybridization methods including RNase protection, Southern blot analysis, and RNA dot analysis (RNAdot) analysis. Immunohistochemical staining, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis can also be used to assess the presence of human or humanized proteins.
[0198] Antibodies and Antigen Binding Fragments
[0199] The present disclosure provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., humanized antibodies or chimeric antibodies) that are produced by the methods described herein.
[0200] In general, antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are made up of two classes of polypeptide chains, light chains and heavy chains. A non-limiting antibody of the present disclosure can be an intact, four immunoglobulin chain antibody comprising two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chain of the antibody can be of any isotype including IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, or IgD or subclasses including IgG1, IgG2, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4, IgE1, IgE2, etc. The light chain can be a kappa light chain or a lambda light chain. An antibody can comprise two identical copies of a light chain and two identical copies of a heavy chain. The heavy chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VH) and multiple constant domains (or constant regions) , bind to one another via disulfide bonding within their constant domains to form the “stem” of the antibody. The light chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VL) and one constant domain (or constant region) , each bind to one heavy chain via disulfide binding. The variable region of each light chain is aligned with the variable region of the heavy chain to which it is bound. The variable regions of both the light chains and heavy chains contain three hypervariable regions sandwiched between more conserved framework regions (FR) .
[0201] These hypervariable regions, known as the complementary determining regions (CDRs) , form loops that comprise the principle antigen binding surface of the antibody. The four framework regions largely adopt a beta-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure. The CDRs in each chain are held in close proximity by the framework regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding region.
[0202] Methods for identifying the CDR regions of an antibody by analyzing the amino acid sequence of the antibody are well known, and a number of definitions of the CDRs are commonly used. The Kabat definition is based on sequence variability, and the Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions. These methods and definitions are described in, e.g., Martin, "Protein sequence and structure analysis of antibody variable domains, " Antibody Engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.422-439; Abhinandan, et al. "Analysis and improvements to Kabat and structurally correct numbering of antibody variable domains, " Molecular Immunology 45.14 (2008) : 3832-3839; Wu, T.T. and Kabat, E.A. (1970) J. Exp. Med. 132: 211-250; Martin et al., Methods Enzymol. 203: 121-53 (1991) ; Morea et al., Biophys Chem. 68 (1-3) : 9-16 (Oct. 1997) ; Morea et al., J Mol Biol. 275 (2) : 269-94 (Jan . 1998) ; Chothia et al., Nature 342 (6252) : 877-83 (Dec. 1989) ; Ponomarenko and Bourne, BMC Structural Biology 7: 64 (2007) ; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0203] The CDRs are important for recognizing an epitope of an antigen. As used herein, an “epitope” is the smallest portion of a target molecule capable of being specifically bound by the antigen binding domain of an antibody. The minimal size of an epitope may be about three, four, five, six, or seven amino acids, but these amino acids need not be in a consecutive linear sequence of the antigen’s primary structure, as the epitope may depend on an antigen’s three-dimensional configuration based on the antigen’s secondary and tertiary structure.
[0204] In some embodiments, the antibody is an intact immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA) . The IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) are highly conserved, differ in their constant region, particularly in their hinges and upper CH2 domains. The sequences and differences of the IgG subclasses are known in the art, and are described, e.g., in Vidarsson, et al, "IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. " Frontiers in Immunology 5 (2014) ; Irani, et al. "Molecular properties of human IgG subclasses and their implications for designing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against infectious diseases. " Molecular Immunology 67.2 (2015) : 171-182; Shakib, Farouk, ed. The human IgG subclasses: molecular analysis of structure, function and regulation. Elsevier, 2016; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0205] The antibody can also be an immunoglobulin molecule that is derived from any species (e.g., human, rodent, mouse, rat, or camelid) . Antibodies disclosed herein also include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, monospecific, polyspecific antibodies, and chimeric antibodies that include an immunoglobulin binding domain fused to another polypeptide. The term “antigen binding domain” or “antigen binding fragment” is a portion of an antibody that retains specific binding activity of the intact antibody, i.e., any portion of an antibody that is capable of specific binding to an epitope on the intact antibody’s target molecule. It includes, e.g., Fab, Fab', F (ab') 2, and variants of these fragments. Thus, in some embodiments, an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof can be, e.g., a scFv, a Fv, a Fd, a dAb, a bispecific antibody, a bispecific scFv, a diabody, a linear antibody, a single-chain antibody molecule, a multi-specific antibody formed from antibody fragments, and any polypeptide that includes a binding domain which is, or is homologous to, an antibody binding domain. Non-limiting examples of antigen binding domains include, e.g., the heavy chain and / or light chain CDRs of an intact antibody, the heavy and / or light chain variable regions of an intact antibody, full length heavy or light chains of an intact antibody, or an individual CDR from either the heavy chain or the light chain of an intact antibody.
[0206] In some embodiments, the antigen binding fragment can form a part of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . In some embodiments, the chimeric antigen receptor are fusions of single-chain variable fragments (scFv) as described herein, fused to CD3-zeta transmembrane-and endodomain.
[0207] In some embodiments, the scFv has one heavy chain variable domain, and one light chain variable domain. In some embodiments, the scFv has two heavy chain variable domains, and two light chain variable domains. In some embodiments, the scFv has two antigen binding regions, and the two antigen binding regions can bind to the respective target antigens.
[0208] The antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., humanized antibodies or chimeric antibodies) that are produced by the methods described herein have various advantages. In some embodiments, no further optimization is required to obtain desired properties (e.g., binding affinities, thermal stabilities, and / or limited aggregation) .
[0209] In some implementations, the antibody (or antigen-binding fragments thereof) specifically binds to a target with a dissociation rate (koff) of less than 0.1 s-1, less than 0.01 s-1, less than 0.001 s-1, less than 0.0001 s-1, or less than 0.00001 s-1. In some embodiments, the dissociation rate (koff) is greater than 0.01 s-1, greater than 0.001 s-1, greater than 0.0001 s-1, greater than 0.00001 s-1, or greater than 0.000001 s-1.
[0210] In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is greater than 1 × 102 / Ms, greater than 1 × 103 / Ms, greater than 1 × 104 / Ms, greater than 1 × 105 / Ms, or greater than 1 × 106 / Ms. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is less than 1 × 105 / Ms, less than 1 × 106 / Ms, or less than 1 × 107 / Ms.
[0211] Affinities can be deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) . In some embodiments, KD is less than 1 × 10-6 M, less than 1 × 10-7 M, less than 1 × 10-8 M, less than 1 × 10-9 M, or less than 1 × 10-10 M. In some embodiments, the KD is less than 50nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 15 nM, 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, or 1 nM.In some embodiments, KD is greater than 1 × 10-7 M, greater than 1 × 10-8 M, greater than 1 × 10-9 M, greater than 1 × 10-10 M, greater than 1 × 10-11 M, or greater than 1 × 10-12 M. In some embodiments, the antibody binds to a target with KD less than or equal to about 0.9 nM, 0.8 nM, 0.7 nM, 0.6 nM, 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, 0.3 nM, 0.2 nM, or 0.1 nM.
[0212] In some embodiments, thermal stabilities are determined. The antibodies or antigen binding fragments as described herein can have a Tm greater than 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95 ℃.
[0213] As IgG can be described as a multi-domain protein, the melting curve sometimes shows two transitions, or three transitions, with a first denaturation temperature, Tm D1, and a second denaturation temperature Tm D2, and optionally a third denaturation temperature Tm D3.
[0214] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments as described herein has a Tm D1 greater than 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95 ℃. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments as described herein has a Tm D2 greater than 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95 ℃. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments as described herein has a Tm D3 greater than 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95 ℃. In some embodiments, Tm, Tm D1, Tm D2, Tm D3 are less than 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95 ℃. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments as described herein do not form aggregation when the temperate is less than 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95 ℃.
[0215] Methods of making genetically modified animals
[0216] The genetically modified animals can be made by introducing human immunoglobulin genes into the genome of non-human animals to produce animals that can express humanized antibodies or chimeric antibodies. FIG. 3 shows the methods of making the humanized animals. In some embodiments, the methods first involve modifying the human immunoglobulin locus on the human chromosome. The modified human chromosomes are then introduced into the mouse recipient cell. The human immunoglobulin variable region is then introduced into the corresponding region of the mouse genome by direct replacement, or inserted into an endogenous safe harbor locus. Then, the recipient cells are screened. In some embodiments, the cells do not contain the human chromosomes. The cells are then injected to blastocysts to prepare chimeric mice. Subsequent breeding can be performed to obtain mice containing intact humanized immunoglobulin locus.
[0217] Several other techniques may be used in making genetically modified animals, including, e.g., nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) , homologous recombination (HR) , zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) , transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALEN) , and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) -Cas system. In some embodiments, homologous recombination is used. In some embodiments, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing is used to generate genetically modified animals. Many of these genome editing techniques are known in the art, and is described, e.g., in Yin et al., "Delivery technologies for genome editing, " Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 16.6 (2017) : 387-399, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Many other methods are also provided and can be used in genome editing, e.g., micro-injecting a genetically modified nucleus into an enucleated oocyte, and fusing an enucleated oocyte with another genetically modified cell.
[0218] The genetic modification process can involve replacing endogenous sequence with human sequence or inserting human sequence by homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the cleavage at the upstream and the downstream of the target site (e.g., by zinc finger nucleases, TALEN or CRISPR) can result in DNA double strands break, and the homologous recombination is used to replace endogenous sequence with human sequence or insert human sequence.
[0219] In some embodiments, the methods for making a genetically modified, humanized animal, can include the step of replacing at an endogenous locus (or site) , a nucleic acid (e.g., V, D, J regions; V, J regions; or V, J, C regions) with a corresponding region of human sequence. The sequence can include a region (e.g., a part or the entire region) of IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGKV, IGKJ, IGLV, IGLJ, and / or IGLC genes. In some embodiments, the replacement is mediated by homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the replacement is mediated by Cre recombinase.
[0220] In some embodiments, the methods for making a genetically modified, humanized animal, can include the step of inserting a nucleic acid (e.g., V, D, J regions; V, J regions; or V, J, C regions) at an endogenous locus (e.g., any of the any of the safe harbor loci described herein) . The sequence can include a region (e.g., a part or the entire region) of IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGKV, IGKJ, IGLV, IGLJ, and / or IGLC genes. In some embodiments, the insertion is mediated by homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the insertion is mediated by Cre recombinase.
[0221] The human chromosome can be obtained from human cell lines, cancer cells, primary cell culture, and / or human fibroblasts. In some embodiments, the human cell is introduced with a first vector and is then fused with a recipient cell. The modified chromosome is then separated and introduced into another appropriate recipient cell. Cells with the desired resistance are selected to obtain cells containing only one human chromosome. Then, a second vector is introduced into the cells, and the cells are selected by resistance. Then, if needed, a third vector, and / or a fourth vector can be introduced. The recipient cell can be a mammalian cell, a human cell, or a mouse cell. In some embodiments, the recipient cell is a CHO cell, or preferably an A9 cell. In some embodiments, the modified chromosomes are labeled by fluorescence and separated. And the modified chromosomes are injected into the recipient cells by chromosome microinjection. In some embodiments, the donor cells are induced to multinucleate their chromosomes. These nuclei are then forced through the cell membrane to create microcells, which can be fused to a recipient cell. In some embodiments, microcell-mediated chromosome transfer can also be used. The chromosome manipulation techniques are described e.g., in CN1200014A; CN109837307A; US20120093785A1; and US2009253902; Kuroiwa et al. "Manipulation of human minichromosomes to carry greater than megabase-sized chromosome inserts. " Nature Biotechnology 18.10 (2000) : 1086-1090; Chinese patent CN1717483A; Paulis, Marianna . "Chromosome Transfer Via Cell Fusion. " Methods in Molecular Biology 738 (2011) : 57; Genes, Chromosomes &Cancer 14: 126127 (1995) ; Tomizuka et al. "Functional expression and germline atransmission of a human chromosome fragment in chimaeric mice. " Nature Genetics 16.2 (1997) : 133-143; Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1987, pp. 279-284; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0222] FIG. 10 show a similar targeting strategy for lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. Two vectors can first be integrated to human chromosome. The first vector has a DNA homology arm sequence upstream of the insertion site, a PGK promoter, a red fluorescent protein reporter gene (tdTomato) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a Blasticidin sequence (BSD) , an EF-1a promoter, LoxP (Rec01) , a hygromycin resistance gene (partial sequence of hygromycin phosphotransferase; “3’ HygR” ) , the Flp recognition target ( “FRT” ) , a downstream DNA homology arm sequence, and a diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) gene.
[0223] The second vector has a DNA homology arm sequence upstream of the insertion site, Lox (Rec02) , a partial sequence of Puromycin resistance gene (5’PuroR) , a PGK promoter, a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a neomycin resistance gene sequence (Neo) , an Internal Ribosomal Entry Site (IRES) , a piggyBac transposase gene sequence (PBase) , an EF-1a promoter, a DNA homology arm sequence downstream of insertion site, and a DTA gene.
[0224] LoxP recognition sequences can also be added to the human chromosome (e.g., human chromosome 22) . The cells can also be treated with Cre enzyme, leading to the recombination of the loxP sites, thereby removing genomic DNA sequences. In some embodiments, spontaneous chromosome breakage can be used to remove genomic DNA sequences as well.
[0225] The modification on mouse light chain immunoglobulin locus can be directly performed, as shown in FIG. 7A. In some embodiments, a vector is directly used to replace the entire mouse light chain immunoglobulin variable region. In some embodiments, the vector has from the 5’ to 3’ end: a DNA homology arm sequence upstream of the insertion site, Flp recognition target (FRT) , a mammalian expression promoter (EF-1a) from human elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1a promoter) , a hygromycin resistance gene (apartial sequence of hygromycin phosphotransferase; “5’HygR” ) , LoxP (Rec01) , 5’ PB (piggyBac) transposon sequence (PB5’) , a first Core insulator, a Ubiquitin C promoter, a sequence encoding the DT receptor (DTR) , a sequence encoding the FMDV self-cleaving peptide (2A) , a neomycin resistance gene sequence (Neo) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a second Core insulator, a 3’ PB transposon sequence (PB3’) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a sequence encoding the DT receptor (DTR) , a puromycin resistance gene partial sequence (3’PuroR) , Lox (Rec02) , a downstream DNA homology arm sequence, and a diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) gene.
[0226] Alternatively, the endogenous locus (e.g., any of the any of the safe harbor loci described herein) can be modified to insert a nucleic acid, as shown in FIG. 7B. In some embodiments, a vector is used to insert the nucleic acid at the endogenous locus. In some embodiments, the vector has from the 5’ to 3’ end: a DNA homology arm sequence upstream of the insertion site, Flp recognition target (FRT) , a mammalian expression promoter (EF-1a) from human elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1a promoter) , a hygromycin resistance gene (apartial sequence of hygromycin phosphotransferase; “5’ HygR” ) , LoxP (Rec01) , 5’ PB (piggyBac) transposon sequence (PB5’) , a first Core insulator, a Ubiquitin C promoter, a sequence encoding the DT receptor (DTR) , a sequence encoding the FMDV self-cleaving peptide (2A) , a neomycin resistance gene sequence (Neo) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a second Core insulator, a 3’ PB transposon sequence (PB3’) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a sequence encoding the DT receptor (DTR) , a puromycin resistance gene partial sequence (3’PuroR) , Lox (Rec02) , a downstream DNA homology arm sequence, and a diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) gene.
[0227] In some embodiments, a sequence encoding the mouse immunoglobulin variable and / or constant regions can be replaced by a sequence encoding the human immunoglobulin variable and / or constant regions by replacement (e.g., homologous recombination, or Cre mediated recombination) . In some embodiments, a sequence encoding the human immunoglobulin variable and / or constant regions can be inserted to the endogenous locus (e.g., any of the any of the safe harbor loci described herein) , e.g., by homologous recombination, or Cre mediated recombination. In some embodiments, Cre recombination can be used to mediate the replacement. In some embodiments, the vectors can add LoxP recognition sequence into the human chromosome. Similar modifications can be made to the mouse chromosome, wherein two LoxP recognition sequences can be added to the chromosome. For example, Cre recombinase can then mediate the replacement of V, J, C regions on mouse chromosome with the V, J, C regions on human chromosome.
[0228] The cells can be further screened for cells that do not have human chromosomes (e.g., by DT) . In some cases, cells that are not screened by DT may contain recombinant human chromosome fragments, but these fragments are small and are unstable in mouse cells (e.g., Shinohara et al. (2000) Chromosome Research, 8: 713 -725) , and will naturally disappear during cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a large fragment of the modified human chromosome is deleted, e.g., by Cre-mediated deletion or by spontaneous chromosomal breakage.
[0229] The 5’ end homology arm and / or the 3’ end homology arm can have a desired length to facilitate homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the homology arm is about or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 kb (e.g., about 3 kb) . In some embodiments, the homology arm is less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 kb.
[0230] In some embodiments, the vector may also optionally include a reporter protein, e.g., a luciferase (e.g., Gluc) or a fluorescent protein (e.g., EGFP, BFP, etc. ) .
[0231] These modifications can be performed in various cells. In some embodiments, the cell is a stem cell, an embryonic stem cell, or a fertilized egg cell.
[0232] The present disclosure further provides a method for establishing a humanized animal model, involving the following steps:
[0233] (a) providing the cell (e.g. a fertilized egg cell) based on the methods described herein;
[0234] (b) culturing the cell in a liquid culture medium;
[0235] (c) transplanting the cultured cell to the fallopian tube or uterus of the recipient female non-human mammal, allowing the cell to develop in the uterus of the female non-human mammal;
[0236] (d) identifying the germline transmission in the offspring genetically modified humanized non-human mammal of the pregnant female in step (c) .
[0237] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal in the foregoing method is a mouse (e.g., a C57 mouse, a BALB / c mouse, or a C57BL / 6 mouse) .
[0238] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal in step (c) is a female with pseudo pregnancy (or false pregnancy) .
[0239] In some embodiments, the fertilized eggs for the methods described above are C57BL / 6 fertilized eggs. Other fertilized eggs that can also be used in the methods as described herein include, but are not limited to, FVB / N fertilized eggs, BALB / c fertilized eggs, DBA / 1 fertilized eggs and DBA / 2 fertilized eggs.
[0240] Fertilized eggs can come from any non-human animal, e.g., any non-human animal as described herein. In some embodiments, the fertilized egg cells are derived from rodents. The genetic construct can be introduced into a fertilized egg by microinjection of DNA. For example, by way of culturing a fertilized egg after microinjection, a cultured fertilized egg can be transferred to a false pregnant non-human animal, which then gives birth of a non-human mammal, so as to generate the non-human mammal mentioned in the methods described above.
[0241] Cells, tissues, and animals (e.g., mouse) are also provided that comprise the nucleotide sequences as described herein, as well as cells, tissues, and animals (e.g., mouse) that express humanized or chimeric antibodies from an endogenous non-human locus.
[0242] The present disclosure also provides various targeting vectors (e.g., vectors that are useful for making the genetically modified animals) . In some embodiments, the vector can comprise: a) a DNA fragment homologous to the 5’ end of a region to be altered (5’ homology arm) ; b) a sequence comprising desired genetic elements (e.g., LoxP recognition site, drug resistance genes, and / or reporter genes etc. ) ; and c) a second DNA fragment homologous to the 3’ end of the region to be altered (3’ homology arm) . The disclosure also relates to a cell comprising the targeting vectors as described herein.
[0243] In some embodiments, the genes in the cell are heterozygous. In some embodiments, the genes in the cell are homozygous.
[0244] In some embodiments, the non-human mammalian cell is a mouse cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a fertilized egg cell.
[0245] The present disclosure further relates to methods for generating genetically modified animal model with two or more human or chimeric genes. The animal can comprise one or more human or humanized immunoglobulin locus and a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein. In some embodiments, the additional human or chimeric protein can be programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) , cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) , Lymphocyte Activating 3 (LAG-3) , B And T Lymphocyte Associated (BTLA) , Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1 (PD-L1) , CD27, CD28, CD47, CD137, CD154, T-Cell Immunoreceptor With Ig And ITIM Domains (TIGIT) , T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-Domain Containing-3 (TIM-3) , Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein (GITR) , or TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 4 (TNFRSF4 or OX40) .
[0246] The methods of generating genetically modified animal model with additional human or chimeric genes (e.g., humanized genes) can include the following steps:
[0247] (a) using the methods as described herein to obtain a genetically modified non-human animal;
[0248] (b) mating the genetically modified non-human animal with another genetically modified non-human animal, and then screening the progeny to obtain a genetically modified non-human animal with two or more human or chimeric genes.
[0249] In some embodiments, in step (b) of the method, the genetically modified animal can be mated with a genetically modified non-human animal with human or chimeric PD-1, CTLA-4, OX40, TIGIT, PD-L1, BTLA, TIM-3, LAG-3, CD137, CD47, SIRPa, CD27, CD28, CD154, TIGIT, GITR, , or. Some of these genetically modified non-human animal are described, e.g., in PCT / CN2017 / 090320, PCT / CN2017 / 099577, PCT / CN2017 / 099575, PCT / CN2017 / 099576, PCT / CN2017 / 099574, PCT / CN2017 / 106024, PCT / CN2017 / 110494, PCT / CN2017 / 110435, PCT / CN2017 / 120388, PCT / CN2018 / 081628, PCT / CN2018 / 081629; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0250] In some embodiments, the genetically modified animals can have a human ADAM6 gene, an endogenous ADAM6 gene or a modified ADAM6 gene. The ADAM6 protein is a member of the ADAM family of proteins, where ADAM is an acronym for A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease. The human ADAM6 gene, normally found between human IGHV genes IGHV1-2 and IGHV6-1, is a pseudogene. In mice, there are two ADAM6 genes, ADAM6a and ADAM6b. They are located in an intergenic region between mouse IGHV and IGHD gene clusters. The mouse ADAM6a is located between mouse IGHV5-1 and mouse IGHD5-1. The mouse ADAM6b is located between mouse IGHD3-1 and mouse IGHD1-1. Thus, in some embodiments, the genetically modified animals can have a human ADAM6 gene. In some embodiments, the genetically modified animals do not have an endogenous ADAM6 gene.
[0251] In some embodiments, the genetically modified animals are mice. In some embodiments, the mice are modified to include a nucleotide sequence that encodes an ADAM6 protein (e.g., ADAM6a or ADAM6b) . In some embodiments, the sequence is placed at any suitable position. It can be placed in the intergenic region, or in any suitable position in the genome. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes a sequence that is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to a mouse ADAM6a gene (e.g., 113539230-113547024 of NC_000078.6; SEQ ID NO: 53) or a mouse ADAM6b gene (e.g., 113486188-113492125 of NC_000078.6; SEQ ID NO: 54) . In some embodiments, the nucleic acid additionally includes the regulatory elements for the ADAM6a gene and ADAM6b gene (e.g., promoters) .
[0252] In some embodiments, a functional mouse ADAM6 locus can be placed in the midst of human IGHV gene cluster. In some embodiment, the mouse ADAM6 locus is between two human IGVH genes. In some embodiments, the human ADAM6 pseudogene between human VH1-2 and human VH (II) -1-1 is replaced with the mouse ADAM6 locus. In some embodiments, the ADAM6a gene and the ADAM6b gene are located between human IGHV1-2 and human VH (II) -1-1 in the genome of the animal. In some embodiments, the location of the mouse ADAM6 sequence within the human gene sequence can approximate the position of the human ADAM6 pseudogene or can approximate the position of the mouse ADAM6 sequence (e.g., within the V-D intergenic region) . In some embodiments, the genetic modified mice has a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus. In some embodiments, the mouse ADAM6a and the mouse ADAM6b are located between human IGHV1-2 and IGHV6-1 genes. Placing the mouse ADAM6a and the mouse ADAM6b between human IGHV1-2 and IGHV6-1 genes can have various advantages. For example, because these genes replaces the human ADAM6 gene at the same locus, it is likely that the replacement of human ADAM6 gene will have limited impact on the VDJ recombination and the mouse ADAM6a and the mouse ADAM6b gene can also function properly (as in a location that is similar to the endogenous locus) .
[0253] Thus, in one aspect, the disclosure provides a genetically-modified animal comprising at an endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus, a first sequence comprising one or more human IGHV genes; a second sequence comprising a ADAM6 gene; and a third sequence comprising one or more human IGHD genes, and one or more human IGHJ genes. In some embodiments, the first sequence, the second sequence, and the third sequence are operably linked.
[0254] In some embodiments, the first sequence comprises all human IGHV genes in Table 7 except IGHV2-10, IGHV3-9, IGHV1-8, IGHV (II) -1-1, and IGHV6-1. In some embodiments, the first sequence comprises all human IGHV genes in Table 7 except IGHV5-10-1 and IGHV3-64D, IGHV (II) -1-1, and IGHV6-1. In some embodiments, the first sequence is an unmodified sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus.
[0255] In some embodiments, the second sequence comprises either one or both of a mouse ADAM6a gene and a mouse ADAM6b gene. In some embodiments, the animal is a fertile male mouse. In some embodiments, the second sequence does not have a mouse ADAM6a gene or a mouse ADAM6b gene.
[0256] In some embodiments, the third sequence comprises all human IGHD genes in Table 8, and all human IGHJ genes in Table 9. In some embodiments, the third sequence comprises human IGHV6-1. In some embodiments, the third sequence comprises human IGHV (II) -1-1. In some embodiments, the third sequence is an unmodified sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus.
[0257] In some embodiments, the AMAM6a and / or ADAM6b are endogenous sequences. In some embodiments, the AMAM6a and / or ADAM6b are not replaced, and / or located in its endogenous or native position. In some embodiments, the mouse IGHV genes before mouse IGHV1-2 in the heavy chain variable region locus are replaced with human IGHV genes. In some embodiments, the mouse IGHV, IGHD and IGHJ genes after mouse IGHV6-1 in the heavy chain variable region locus are replaced with one or more human IGHV genes, IGHD and / or IGHJ genes.
[0258] Thus, in some embodiments, the mouse IGHV, IGHD and IGHJ genes can be replaced with human IGHV, IGHD and IGHJ by more than one replacements. In the first step, a selected number of mouse IGHV genes on the 5’s ide of the ADAM6a (e.g., all mouse IGHV genes in Table 10) are replaced with human IGHV genes. In the second step, a selected number of mouse IGHD and IGHJ genes on the 3’s ide of the ADAM6b (e.g., all mouse IGHD genes in Table 11 except IGHD5-1 and IGHD3-1 and all IGHJ genes in Table 12) are replaced with human IGHD and human IGHJ genes. The replacement can be performed by homologous recombination or Cre-mediated recombination.
[0259] In some embodiments, the mice do not have mouse ADAM6a or ADAM6b genes. In some embodiments, the mice have human ADAM6 genes.
[0260] Various methods can be used to increase the fertility of the mice. In some embodiments, female mice with superovulation can be used in mating. In some embodiments, in vitro fertilization can be used. Superovulation can be induced by injecting serum gonadotropin and chorionic gonadotropin (e.g., human or mouse CG) into a mature female mouse. A mature male mouse can be sacrificed and its cauda epididymides can be isolated. The duct of cauda epididymis is cut open to release sperm. Next, a superovulating mature female mouse can be sacrificed and the oviducts can be isolated. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) can be released from the oviduct. Next, sperm suspension can be added to the COCs and incubated for insemination. Pathenogenic oocytes containing only one pronucleus can be removed. After the incubation, embryos at 2-cell stage can be transferred to recipient females. Methods of increasing mouse fertility are known in the art.
[0261] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0262] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to nucleotide sequences encoding any peptides that are described herein, or any amino acid sequences that are encoded by any nucleotide sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is less than 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, or 600 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is less than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400 amino acid residues.
[0263] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence (i) comprises an amino acid sequence; or (ii) consists of an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0264] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (i) comprises a nucleic acid sequence; or (ii) consists of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0265] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology” ) . The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. For example, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
[0266] The percentage of residues conserved with similar physicochemical properties (percent homology) , e.g. leucine and isoleucine, can also be used to measure sequence similarity. Families of amino acid residues having similar physicochemical properties have been defined in the art. These families include e.g., amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . The homology percentage, in many cases, is higher than the identity percentage. Thus, the present disclosure also provides an amino acid sequence that has at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%homology percentage to any amino acid sequence as described herein, or a nucleic acid encoding these amino acid sequences.
[0267] Methods of using genetic modified animals
[0268] The genetic modified animals can be used to generate humanized or chimeric antibodies that can bind specifically to a target. In some embodiments, the target (e.g., a protein or a fragment of the protein) can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies in these animals using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation. In some embodiments, the genetic modified animal is exposed to a selected antigen for a time and under conditions which permit the animal to produce antibody specific for the antigen.
[0269] Polyclonal antibodies can be raised in animals by multiple injections (e.g., subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections) of an antigenic peptide or protein. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or protein is injected with at least one adjuvant. In some embodiments, the antigenic peptide or protein can be conjugated to an agent that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized. Animals can be injected with the antigenic peptide or protein more than one time (e.g., twice, three times, or four times) .
[0270] The full-length polypeptide or protein can be used or, alternatively, antigenic peptide fragments thereof can be used as immunogens. The antigenic peptide of a protein comprises at least 8 (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, or 30) amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence and encompasses an epitope of the protein such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune complex with the protein.
[0271] An immunogen typically is used to prepare antibodies by immunizing a suitable subject (e.g., the genetically modified animal as described herein) . An appropriate immunogenic preparation can contain, for example, a recombinantly-expressed or a chemically-synthesized polypeptide (e.g., a fragment of the protein) . The preparation can further include an adjuvant, such as Freund’s complete or incomplete adjuvant, or a similar immunostimulatory agent.
[0272] Polyclonal antibodies can be prepared as described above by immunizing a suitable subject with a polypeptide, or an antigenic peptide thereof (e.g., part of the protein) as an immunogen. The antibody titer in the immunized subject can be monitored over time by standard techniques, such as with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the immobilized polypeptide or peptide. If desired, the antibody molecules can be isolated from the mammal (e.g., from the blood) and further purified by well-known techniques, such as protein A of protein G chromatography to obtain the IgG fraction. At an appropriate time after immunization, e.g., when the specific antibody titers are highest, antibody-producing cells can be obtained from the subject and used to prepare monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques, such as the hybridoma technique originally described by Kohler et al. (Nature 256: 495-497, 1975) , the human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., Immunol. Today 4: 72, 1983) , the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96, 1985) , or trioma techniques. The technology for producing hybridomas is well known (see, generally, Current Protocols in Immunology, 1994, Coligan et al. (Eds. ) , John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, NY) . Hybridoma cells producing a monoclonal antibody are detected by screening the hybridoma culture supernatants for antibodies that bind the polypeptide or epitope of interest, e.g., using a standard ELISA assay.
[0273] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a mouse that comprises a modification of an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, wherein the mouse produces a B cell that comprises a rearranged immunoglobulin sequence operably linked to a heavy chain constant region gene sequence. In some embodiment, the rearranged immunoglobulin sequence operably linked to the heavy chain constant region gene sequence comprises a human heavy chain V, D, and / or J sequence. In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant region gene sequence comprises a human or a mouse heavy chain sequence selected from the group consisting of a CH1, a hinge, a CH2, a CH3, and a combination thereof.
[0274] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a mouse that comprises a modification of an endogenous immunoglobulin light chain (e.g., kappa or lambda) locus, and / or a modified locus (e.g., any of the safe harbor loci described herein) containing human lambda light chain immunoglobulin genes, wherein the mouse produces a B cell that comprises a rearranged immunoglobulin sequence operably linked to a light chain constant region gene sequence. In some embodiments, the rearranged immunoglobulin sequence operably linked to the light chain constant region gene sequence comprises a human light chain V and / or J sequence. In some embodiments, the light chain constant region gene sequence comprises a human or a mouse light chain constant region.
[0275] The mouse B cells or spleen cells can comprise a rearranged non-mouse immunoglobulin variable gene sequence, e.g., operably linked to a mouse immunoglobulin constant region gene. The sequences for encoding human heavy chain variable region and human light chain variable region are determined. The sequences can be determined by e.g., sequencing the hybridoma of interest or B cells. In some embodiments, single B cell screening is used. It can screen the natural antibody repertoire without the need for hybridoma fusion and combinatorial display. For example, B cells can be mixed with a panel of DNA-barcoded antigens, such that both the antigen barcode (s) and B-cell receptor (BCR) sequences of individual B cells are recovered via single-cell sequencing protocols.
[0276] The antibodies can be further modified to obtain a humanized antibody or a human antibody, e.g., by operably linking the sequence encoding human heavy chain variable region to a sequence encoding a human heavy chain constant region, and / or operably linking the sequence encoding human light chain variable region to a sequence encoding a human light chain constant region.
[0277] In some embodiments, if the mouse expresses a protein that is very similar to the antigen of interest, it can be difficult to elicit an immune response in the mouse. This is because during immune cell development, B-cells and T-cells that recognize MHC molecules bound to peptides of self-origin are deleted from the repertoire of immune cells. In those cases, the humanized mouse can be further modified. The corresponding gene in the mouse can be knocked out, and the mouse is then exposed to the antigen of interest. Because the mouse does not go through negative selection for the gene product, the mouse can generate an antibody that can specifically bind to the target easily.
[0278] The disclosure also provides methods of making antibodies, nucleic acids, cells, tissues (e.g., spleen tissue) . In some embodiments, the methods involve exposing the animal as described herein to the antigen. Antibodies (e.g., hybrid antibodies) , nucleic acids encoding the antibodies, cells, and / or tissues (e.g., spleen tissue) can be obtained from the animal. In some embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin variable regions are determined, e.g., by sequencing. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the human heavy chain immunoglobulin variable region can be operably linked with a nucleic acid encoding a human heavy chain immunoglobulin constant region. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the human light chain immunoglobulin variable region can be operably linked with a nucleic acid encoding a human light chain immunoglobulin constant region. In some embodiments, the cells containing the nucleic acids as described herein are cultured and the antibodies are collected.
[0279] In some embodiments, no mouse immunoglobulin V, D, J genes (e.g., no mouse IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGKV, IGKJ, IGLV, and / or IGLJ genes) contributes to the heavy chain and / or light chain variable region sequence. In some embodiments, the heavy chain and / or light chain variable region sequence produced by the animal are fully human, and are completely contributed by human immunoglobulin V, D, J genes (e.g., human IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGKV, IGKJ, IGLV, and / or IGLJ genes) .
[0280] Variants of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the DNA encoding a human, humanized, or chimeric antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein, or by peptide synthesis. Such variants include, for example, deletions, insertions, or substitutions of residues within the amino acids sequences that make-up the antigen-binding site of the antibody or an antigen-binding domain. In a population of such variants, some antibodies or antigen-binding fragments will have increased affinity for the target protein. Any combination of deletions, insertions, and / or combinations can be made to arrive at an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that has increased binding affinity for the target. The amino acid changes introduced into the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can also alter or introduce new post-translational modifications into the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, such as changing (e.g., increasing or decreasing) the number of glycosylation sites, changing the type of glycosylation site (e.g., changing the amino acid sequence such that a different sugar is attached by enzymes present in a cell) , or introducing new glycosylation sites.
[0281] Antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any species of animal, including mammals. Non-limiting examples of native antibodies include antibodies derived from humans, primates, e.g., monkeys and apes, cows, pigs, horses, sheep, camelids (e.g., camels and llamas) , chicken, goats, and rodents (e.g., rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits) , including transgenic rodents genetically engineered to produce human antibodies.
[0282] Human and humanized antibodies include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from (or having the same amino acid sequence as those derived from) human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Human antibodies may include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo) , for example in the CDRs.
[0283] Additional modifications to the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments can be made. For example, a cysteine residue (s) can be introduced into the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The homodimeric antibody thus generated may have any increased half-life in vitro and / or in vivo. Homodimeric antibodies with increased half-life in vitro and / or in vivo can also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described, for example, in Wolff et al. (Cancer Res. 53: 2560-2565, 1993) . Alternatively, an antibody can be engineered which has dual Fc regions (see, for example, Stevenson et al., Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3: 219-230, 1989) .
[0284] In some embodiments, a covalent modification can be made to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. These covalent modifications can be made by chemical or enzymatic synthesis, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage. Other types of covalent modifications of the antibody or antibody fragment are introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the antibody or fragment with an organic derivatization agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the N-or C-terminal residues.
[0285] EXAMPLES
[0286] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0287] EXAMPLE 1: Overview
[0288] Experiments were performed to introduce immunoglobulin genes into the mouse genome.
[0289] FIG. 3 shows methods of making the humanized mice. The methods first involve modifying the human immunoglobulin region on the human chromosome. The modified human chromosomes were then introduced into the mouse recipient cell.
[0290] The mouse immunoglobulin region was replaced by the human immunoglobulin region by direct replacement (e.g., homologous recombination, or Cre-mediated recombination) . In some cases, the human immunoglobulin region can be introduced into the mouse genome by a stepwise approach. Then, the recipient cells were screened for the correct replacement. The cells were then injected to blastocysts to prepare chimeric mice. Subsequent breeding was performed to obtain mice containing intact human immunoglobulin regions.
[0291] EXAMPLE 2: Modification of the mouse heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus
[0292] hVH / hVK mice have both a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a humanized kappa chain immunoglobulin locus. The heavy chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes for the heavy chains of antibodies. The locus includes IGHV (variable) , IGHD (diversity) , IGHJ (joining) , and heavy chain constant domain genes (FIG. 4A) . The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus is a region on the chromosome that contains genes that encode the light chains of antibodies (kappa chain) . The kappa chain immunoglobulin locus includes IGKV (variable) , IGKJ (joining) , and light chain constant domain genes (FIG. 4B) . A detailed description regarding hVH / hVK mice can be found in PCT / CN2020 / 075698, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0293] Kappa (κ) light chain locus knock-out mice
[0294] The immunoglobulin kappa light chain locus is located on mouse chromosome 6. The mouse chromosome 6 was modified by knocking out the entire sequence of the immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable region locus. Detailed knock-out methods can be found, e.g., in WO2020169022A1 and US20200390073A1; Zou, X., et al. "Subtle differences in antibody responses and hypermutation of lambda light chains in mice with a disrupted χ constant region. " European Journal of Immunology 25.8 (1995) : 2154-2162; Zou, Y. R., et al. "Gene targeting in the Ig kappa locus: efficient generation of lambda chain-expressing B cells, independent of gene rearrangements in Ig kappa. " The EMBO Journal 12.3 (1993) : 811-820; and Takeda, S., et al. "Deletion of the immunoglobulin kappa chain intron enhancer abolishes kappa chain gene rearrangement in cis but not lambda chain gene rearrangement in trans. " The EMBO Journal 12.6 (1993) : 2329-2336; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0295] Lambda (λ) light chain locus knock-out mice
[0296] The immunoglobulin lambda light chain is located on mouse chromosome 16. The mouse chromosome 16 was modified by knocking out the entire sequence of the immunoglobulin lambda light chain variable region locus. Detailed knocking out methods can be found, e.g., in Zou, X., et al. "Block in development at the pre-B-II to immature B cell stage in mice without Igκ and Igλ light chain. " The Journal of Immunology 170.3 (2003) : 1354-1361, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0297] The mice described herein can be bred with each other to obtain mice having humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and lacking all or part of mouse immunoglobulin light chain loci.
[0298] EXAMPLE 3: Making mice having a modified locus containing human lambda light chain immunoglobulin genes
[0299] Modification of the mouse lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus
[0300] The lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus (also known as immunoglobulin lambda locus or IGL) is located on mouse chromosome 16. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the mouse lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. Two recombination sites (Rec01 and Rec02) were introduced on both sides of the variable region of the lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus, and the resulting modified chromosome is shown in FIG. 6A. One of them is a wildtype loxP site, and the other is a heterospecific mutant lox site (lox2272) . The recombination cannot occur between the wildtype loxP site and the heterospecific mutant lox site. The modification was performed in mouse embryonic stem cells. An overview of the targeting strategy is shown in FIG. 7A.
[0301] The vector (V01) has the following elements from the 5’ to 3’ end: a DNA homology arm sequence upstream of the insertion site, Flp recognition target (FRT) , a mammalian expression promoter (EF-1a) from human elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1a promoter) , a hygromycin resistance gene (apartial sequence of hygromycin phosphotransferase; “5’ HygR” ) , LoxP (Rec01) , 5’PB (piggyBac) transposon sequence (PB5’) , a first Core insulator, a Ubiquitin C promoter, a sequence encoding the DT receptor (DTR) , a sequence encoding the FMDV self-cleaving peptide (2A) , a neomycin resistance gene sequence (Neo) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a second Core insulator, a 3’ PB transposon sequence (PB3’) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a sequence encoding the DT receptor (DTR) , a puromycin resistance gene partial sequence (3’PuroR) , Lox (Rec02) , a downstream DNA homology arm sequence, and a diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) gene. In some cases, the first and / or second Core insulators are optional elements.
[0302] The vector (V01) was introduced into the cells, and then the cells were screened by G418. The recombination was confirmed by PCR. The positive clones were selected after screening.
[0303] Modification of the mouse Hipp11 locus
[0304] Similar methods as described above were used to modify the mouse Hipp11 locus, which is located on mouse chromosome 11. Specifically, two recombination sites (Rec01 and Rec02) were introduced at the mouse Hipp11 locus, and the resulting modified chromosome is shown in FIG. 6B. One of them is a wildtype loxP site, and the other is a heterospecific mutant lox site (lox2272) . The recombination cannot occur between the wildtype loxP site and the heterospecific mutant lox site. The modification was performed in mouse embryonic stem cells. An overview of the targeting strategy is shown in FIG. 7B. As shown in FIG. 7B, the two recombination sites were introduced at the mouse Hipp11 locus, which is between exon 19 of the Eif4enif1 gene and exon 7 of the Drg1 gene. The Hipp11 locus is also described, e.g., in Hippenmeyer, S., et al. "Genetic mosaic dissection of Lis1 and Ndel1 in neuronal migration. " Neuron 68.4 (2010) : 695-709, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0305] The vector (V04) has the following elements from the 5’ to 3’ end: a DNA homology arm sequence upstream of the insertion site, Flp recognition target (FRT) , a mammalian expression promoter (EF-1a) from human elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1a promoter) , a hygromycin resistance gene (apartial sequence of hygromycin phosphotransferase; “5’ HygR” ) , LoxP (Rec01) , 5’ PB (piggyBac) transposon sequence (PB5’) , a first Core insulator, a Ubiquitin C promoter, a sequence encoding the DT receptor (DTR) , a sequence encoding the FMDV self-cleaving peptide (2A) , a neomycin resistance gene sequence (Neo) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a second Core insulator, a 3’ PB transposon sequence (PB3’) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a sequence encoding the DT receptor (DTR) , a puromycin resistance gene partial sequence (3’PuroR) , Lox (Rec02) , a downstream DNA homology arm sequence, and a diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) gene. In some cases, the first and / or second Core insulators are optional elements.
[0306] The vector (V04) was introduced into the cells, and then the cells were screened by G418. The recombination was confirmed by PCR. The positive clones were selected after screening.
[0307] Modification of the human lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus
[0308] The purpose of the experiment is to generate a modified human chromosome with at least two recombination sites. The two recombination sites were introduced on both sides of the lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus.
[0309] The lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus is located on human chromosome 22. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the human chromosome 22 highlighting the lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus. The modified human lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus (IGL) is shown in FIG. 9. An overview of the targeting strategy is shown in FIG. 10, in which the Rec01 and Rec02 sites are recombination sites.
[0310] Experiments were performed to insert vectors into human chromosome 22. The first targeting vector (V02) has the following elements from 5’ to 3’ end: a DNA homology arm sequence upstream of the insertion site, a PGK promoter, a red fluorescent protein reporter gene (tdTomato) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a Blasticidin sequence (BSD) , an EF-1a promoter, LoxP (Rec01) , a hygromycin resistance gene (partial sequence of hygromycin phosphotransferase; “3’ HygR” ) , the Flp recognition target ( “FRT” ) , a downstream DNA homology arm sequence, and a diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) gene.
[0311] The second vector (V03) has the following elements from 5’ to 3’ end: a DNA homology arm sequence upstream of the insertion site, Lox (Rec02) , a partial sequence of Puromycin resistance gene (5’PuroR) , a PGK promoter, a transcription termination / polyadenylation signal sequence (PolyA; “PA” ) , a neomycin resistance gene sequence (Neo) , an Internal Ribosomal Entry Site (IRES) , a piggyBac transposase gene sequence (PBase) , an EF-1a promoter, a DNA homology arm sequence downstream of insertion site, and a DTA gene.
[0312] In some experiments, the vectors (V02 and V03) were introduced into the cells, and the cells were selected by appropriate drug resistance markers or a combination thereof (e.g., Blasticidin and / or G418) . There are many ways to introduce the vectors of interest into the human chromosome. The human chromosome can be obtained from human cell lines, cancer cells, primary cell culture, and / or human fibroblasts.
[0313] In one experiment, the first vector was introduced into the chromosome. The modified chromosome can be added to the recipient cell, and then the second vector can be inserted to the modified chromosome.
[0314] In one experiment, the human fibroblasts were selected and were transduced with vector V02. The human fibroblasts were then fused with recipient cells (A9 cells or CHO cells) . The modified chromosome was separated and introduced into another appropriate recipient cells. Cells were then selected by Blasticidin resistance to obtain cells containing only one human chromosome. Then, vector V03 was introduced into the cells, and the cells were selected by resistance to G148. The positive clones with Rec01 and Rec02 were selected after screening. The chromosome manipulation techniques are described, e.g., in Kuroiwa et al. "Manipulation of human minichromosomes to carry greater than megabase-sized chromosome inserts. " Nature Biotechnology 18.10 (2000) : 1086-1090, CN1200014A, CN109837307A; US20120093785A1, US2009253902, CN1717483A, Paulis, Marianna. "Chromosome Transfer Via Cell Fusion. " Methods in Molecular Biology 738 (2011) : 57; Genes, Chromosomes &Cancer 14: 126127 (1995) ; Tomizuka et al. "Functional expression and germline atransmission of a human chromosome fragment in chimaeric mice. " Nature Genetics 16.2 (1997) : 133-143; and Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1987, pp. 279-284; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0315] Introduction of human chromosomes or fragment into mouse ES cells
[0316] The modified chromosome was introduced into embryonic stem (ES) cells by methods described previously. The cells were then screened by antibiotic resistance. Only cells containing one human chromosome was selected. FIG. 11A shows the modified mouse chromosome 16. Cre recombinase then mediated the recombination, to obtain a humanized mouse IGL locus, in which IGLV, IGLJ and IGLC genes on mouse chromosome were replaced with the IGLV, IGLJ and IGLC genes on human chromosome.
[0317] The human chromosome DNA sequence was introduced to the chromosome of mouse ES cells by replacing the sequence between the recombination sites Rec01 and Rec02. Hygromycin and puromycin were used for screening positive cells. The cells were further screened by DTA to obtain mouse cells that did not contain human chromosomes before being injected into mouse blastocysts.
[0318] The cells after Cre recombination were tested to confirm that the human gene sequences were integrated into the mouse chromosome 16. The clones identified as positive by PCR were then verified by Southern Blot, to confirm whether the clones had random insertions. The detection results are shown in FIGS. 12A-12C. The results showed that cells numbered 1-E02, 1-F01, 1-A01 and 1-B01 were verified as positive clones without random insertions. These primers are shown in the table below.
[0319] Table 17. PCR primer sequences and target fragment sizes
[0320] Furthermore, the integration of human IGL fragment into mouse chromosome 16 was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using mouse chromosome 16-specific BACs labeled with PromoFluor 488P-conjugated dyes (PromoKine, Cat#: PK-PF488P-8-100) , e.g., RP23-15M16 and RP23-155M1; and human chromosome 22 IGL-specific BACs labeled with PromoFluor 555P-conjugated dyes (PromoKine, Cat#: PK-PF555P-8-100) , e.g., CH17-117C7, CH17-238D3, CH17-303C15, and CH17-95F2. The preparation method of BAC probes is known to those skilled in the art (e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed. ) , Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1989) or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. Ausubel et al., ed. Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1987) ) , which is incorporated herein by reference. The result is shown in FIG. 13A. Arrows next to “1” indicate the human IGL fragment. Arrows next to “2” indicate mouse chromosome 16.The results showed that the human IGL fragment was successfully integrated into mouse chromosome 16.
[0321] In another experiment, FIG. 11B shows the modified mouse chromosome 11. Cre recombinase then mediated the recombination, to obtain a humanized mouse Hipp11 locus, in which the IGLV, IGLJ and IGLC genes on human chromosome were inserted at the Hipp11 locus on mouse chromosome.
[0322] The cells after Cre recombination were tested to confirm that the human gene sequences were integrated into the mouse chromosome 11. The clones identified as positive by PCR were then verified by Southern Blot, to confirm whether the clones had random insertions. The detection results are shown in FIGS. 12D-12F. The results showed that cells numbered 1-B12, 1-D12, 1-E10, 1-G11 and 1-H01 were verified as positive clones without random insertions. These primers are shown in the table below.
[0323] Table 18. PCR primer sequences and target fragment sizes
[0324] Furthermore, integration of the human IGL fragment into mouse chromosome 11 was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) by the methods described previously. The result is shown in FIG. 13B. Arrows indicate the human IGL fragment. The results showed that the human IGL fragment was successfully integrated into mouse chromosome.
[0325] Making mice containing a humanized lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus
[0326] The positive clone cells (e.g., 1-E02, 1-F01, 1-A01 and 1-B01) were injected into the blastocysts of wildtype mice (e.g., C57BL / 6 mice) by microinjection. The embryo microinjection was carried out according to the method described, e.g., in A. Nagy, et al., “Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual (Third Edition) , ” Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2006. The injected fertilized eggs were then transferred to a culture medium for a short time culture, and then was transplanted into the oviduct of the recipient mouse to produce the genetically modified humanized mice (F0 generation) . The F2 generation homozygous mice were obtained by backcrossing the F0 generation chimeric mice with hVH / hVK mice to obtain the F1 generation mice, and then breeding the F1 generation heterozygous mice with each other. Alternatively, the obtained F0 generation mice can also be used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) with hVH / hVK mice. The obtained mice having a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus, a humanized kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus, and a humanized lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus were named “hVH / hVK / hVL mice. ”
[0327] The hVH / hVK / hVL mice were bred with mice having a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and lacking all or part of mouse immunoglobulin kappa light chain locus, to obtain the “hVH / hVL mice, ” which had a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a humanized lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus, but lacked all or part of mouse immunoglobulin kappa light chain locus. The positive mice were also bred with the Flp transgenic mice to remove the positive selectable marker genes (schematic diagram shown in FIG. 14) . The mice were further crossed with mice with BALB / c background several times (e.g., at least 5 times) to obtain heterozygous mice with BALB / c background that have a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and humanized light chain immunoglobulin locus.
[0328] The IGL gene humanized mice were engineered to express humanized IGL molecules in vivo, which contain all human IGLV genes, all human IGLJ genes, and all IGLC genes. The connection between the 5’ end of the human IGL gene and the mouse sequence was designed as: wherein the sequence in italic at the 5’ end is the mouse sequence, the sequences in bold are the restriction site sequences or additional sequences, the sequences with double underlines are FRT sites, the sequences with underlines and italic are lox sites, the underlined sequence is the EF1a+HYG+PA sequence, and the sequence at the 3’ end is the human sequence.
[0329] The connection between the 3’ end of the human IGL gene and the mouse sequence was designed as: wherein the sequence in italic at the 3’ end is the mouse sequence, the sequences in bold are the restriction site sequences or additional sequences, the sequences with underlines are lox sites, and the sequence with the normal front at the 5’ end is the human sequence.
[0330] The humanized VHH / + / hVKH / + / / hVLH / + mice having a heterozygous humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and heterozygous humanized light chain immunoglobulin loci can be identified by PCR analysis and Southern Blot.
[0331] The mice identified as positive by PCR were then verified by Southern Blot, to confirm whether the clones had random insertions (cell DNA was digested with AseI, BglII, Ndel, or Sspl, and then hybridized with respective probes) . The restriction enzymes, probes, and the target fragment sizes are shown in the table below.
[0332] Table 19. Enzymes and probes used in Southern Blot
[0333] The Southern Blot results are shown in FIG. 15. The results showed that mice numbered F1-1, F1-2, F1-3, F1-4, F1-5, F1-6, F1-7, F1-8, F1-9, F1-10 and F1-11 were verified as positive mice without random insertions.
[0334] The following primers were used for probe synthesis in Southern Blot assays:
[0335] IGL-5’Probe:
[0336] IGL-5’Probe-F: 5’-AACTCAGTGATGCCAAACAGCTAGG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 7) ,
[0337] IGL-5’Probe-R: 5’-TGCATTCTTTGGGTTCAATGTTTCCA-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 8) ;
[0338] IGL-3’Probe:
[0339] IGL-3’Probe-F: 5’-GCTTCCTCCCTTGAGTTCAGTCCTC-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 9) ,
[0340] IGL-3’Probe-R: 5’-TAGGCAGAGGATCCACAGGAACCAT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 10) ;
[0341] IGK-Probe:
[0342] IGK-Probe-F: 5’-TGATGGGTCAACCATGTTCCTGTGG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 11) ,
[0343] IGK-Probe-R: 5’-TCAGCCATTGCTTCTGCTTTCTCCT-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 12) ;
[0344] IGH-Probe:
[0345] IGH-Probe-F: 5’-CTTAGACCACCTTGCACCTTCCCTG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 13) ,
[0346] IGH-Probe-R: 5’-CAGATCTGAAGCTGGGTCTGTCACG-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 14) .
[0347] In addition, to verify the integrity of human IGL sequences in hVHH / + / hVKH / + / hVLH / +mice, PCR-based methods were used to detect the completeness of human IGLV, IGLJ and IGLC genes. The PCR results are shown in FIG. 16. The method detected 22 IGLV genes, 5 IGLJ genes, and 5 IGLC genes. Furthermore, PCR-based methods can be used to detect all human IGLV, IGLJ, and IGLC genes based on their nucleotide sequences by designing primers, and test for continuity and integrity of all IGLV, IGLJ, and IGLC genes.
[0348] The expression of humanized IGL protein in positive mice can also be confirmed, e.g., by flow cytometry. Specifically, one 6-week-old C57BL / 6 wild-type mouse and one hVHH / H / hVK- / - / hVLH / H mouse (hVH / hVL homozygous mouse) were selected. Mouse spleen cells were collected. The cells were first stained with PE anti-human Ig light chain λ Antibody, FITC anti-mouse Ig light chain κ Antibody, and Pacific BlueTM anti-mouse / human CD45R / B220 Antibody, and then subjected to flow cytometry analysis. The flow cytometry analysis results are shown in the table below. The results showed that humanized IGL protein was detected in the hVH / hVL homozygous mouse.
[0349] Table 20. Flow cytometry detection in the C57BL / 6 mouse and hVH / hVL homozygous mouse
[0350] Making mice containing a modified Hipp11 locus
[0351] The positive clone cells (e.g., 1-B12, 1-D12, 1-E10, 1-G11 and 1-H01) were injected into the blastocysts of wildtype mice (e.g., C57BL / 6 mice) by microinjection. The injected fertilized eggs were then transferred to a culture medium for a short time culture, and then was transplanted into the oviduct of the recipient mouse to produce the genetically modified humanized mice (F0 generation) . The heterozygous mice were obtained by breeding the F0 generation chimeric mice with hVHH / H / hVKH / H / hVL- / -mice (hVH / hVK mice lacking all or part of mouse immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus) , and then breeding the heterozygous mice with each other to generate homozygous mice. Alternatively, the obtained F0 generation mice can also be used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) with hVHH / H / hVKH / H / hVL- / -mice. The obtained mice having a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus, a humanized kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus, and a humanized lambda light chain immunoglobulin locus were named “hVH / hVK / hVL mice (v) . ”
[0352] The hVH / hVK / hVL mice (v) were bred with mice having a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and lacking all or part of mouse immunoglobulin kappa light chain locus and lambda light chain locus, to obtain the “hVH / hVL mice (v) , ” which had a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a modified Hipp11 locus where the human IGLV, IGLJ and IGLC genes were inserted, but lacked all or part of mouse immunoglobulin kappa light chain locus and lambda light chain locus. The positive mice were also bred with the Flp transgenic mice to remove the positive selectable marker genes. The mice were further crossed with mice with BALB / c background several times (e.g., at least 5 times) to obtain heterozygous mice with BALB / c background that have a humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and humanized light chain immunoglobulin locus.
[0353] The IGL gene humanized mice were engineered to express humanized IGL molecules in vivo, which contain all human IGLV genes, all human IGLJ genes, and all IGLC genes. The connection between the 5’ end of the human IGL gene and the mouse sequence was designed as: wherein the sequence in italic at the 5’ end is the mouse sequence, the sequences in bold are the restriction site sequences or additional sequences, the sequences with double underlines are FRT sites, the sequences with underlines and italic are lox sites, the underlined sequence is the EF1a+HYG+PA sequence, and the sequence at the 3’ end is the human sequence.
[0354] The connection between the 3’ end of the human IGL gene and the mouse sequence was designed as: wherein the sequence in italic at the 3’ end is the mouse sequence, the sequences in bold are the restriction site sequences or additional sequences, the sequences with underlines are lox sites, and the sequence with the normal front at the 5’ end is the human sequence.
[0355] The humanized hVH / hVK / hVLmice (v) and hVH / hVLmice (v) can be identified by PCR analysis and Southern Blot. The mice identified as positive by PCR were then verified by Southern Blot, to confirm whether the clones had random insertions
[0356] In addition, to verify the integrity of human IGL sequences in hVHH / + / hVKH / + / hVLH / +mice (v) and hVHH / + / hVLH / + mice (v) , PCR-based methods were used to detect the completeness of human IGLV, IGLJ and IGLC genes. The results were consistent with FIG. 16.
[0357] EXAMPLE 4: Human IGL region gene segments in mice
[0358] The mRNA sequences of the IGL regions in mice were analyzed by next generation sequencing. Specifically, two unimmunized (not exposed to a particular antigen) hVHH / H / hVKH / H / hVLH / H mice and two unimmunized hVHH / H / hVLH / H mice were selected. Spleen cells were collected from the mice for RNA extraction. A 5' RACE kit ( RACE 5' / 3' Kit, Takara Bio USA, Inc., Cat#634858) was used to perform reverse transcription to obtain cDNA. The obtained IGH cDNA was amplified by PCR using the mouse IGH constant region-specific primer and the upstream primer of the 5' RACE kit to obtain the IGH region sequence fragment, followed by sequencing. The mouse IGH constant region-specific primer sequence is set forth in 5 '-CCCAAGCTTACGAGGGGGAAGACATTTGGGAA -3' (SEQ ID NO: 15) . The obtained IGK cDNA was amplified by PCR using the mouse IGK region-specific primer and the upstream primer of the 5' RACE kit to obtain the IGK region sequence fragment, followed by sequencing. The mouse IGK region-specific primer sequence is set forth in 5'-CTAACACTCATTCCTGTTGAAGCTCTTGAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 16) . The obtained IGL cDNA was amplified by PCR using the human IGL region-specific primer and the upstream primer of the 5' RACE kit to obtain the IGL region sequence fragment, followed by sequencing. The human IGL region-specific primer sequence is set forth in 5 '-GCTCCCGGGTAGAAGTCAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 17) .
[0359] The sequencing results were compared to the NCBI Ig Blast tool for human immunoglobulin sequences to identify the expression of human IHGV, IGHD, IGHJ, IGKV, IGKJ and IGLV, IGLJ genes after V (D) J recombination. The results are shown in table below.
[0360] Table 21. List of detected IGHV genes, IGHD genes, and IGHJ genes that were expressed after V (D) J recombination in hVHH / H / hVLH / H mice
[0361] Table 22. List of detected IGLV genes and IGLJ genes that were expressed after V (D) J recombination in hVHH / H / hVLH / H mice
[0362] Table 23. List of detected IGHV genes, IGHD genes, and IGHJ genes that were expressed after V (D) J recombination in hVHH / H / hVKH / H / hVLH / H mice
[0363] Table 24. List of detected IGKV genes and IGKJ genes that were expressed after V (D) J recombination in hVHH / H / hVKH / H / hVLH / H mice
[0364] Table 25. List of detected IGLV genes and IGLJ genes that were expressed after V (D) J recombination in hVHH / H / hVKH / H / hVLH / H mice
[0365] In addition, the mRNA sequences of the IGL regions in hVHH / H / hVKH / H / hVLH / H mice (v) and hVHH / H / hVLH / H mice (v) were analyzed by next generation sequencing. The results were consistent with those obtained above for hVHH / H / hVKH / H / hVLH / H mice and hVHH / H / hVLH / H mice.
[0366] EXAMPLE 5: B cell development in hVH / hVK / hVL mice
[0367] The B cell development was tested using the hVHH / H / hVKH / H mice having a homozygous humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a homozygous humanized kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus (hVH / hVK homozygous mice) , as well as the hVHH / H / hVKH / H / hVLH / H mice having a homozygous humanized heavy chain immunoglobulin locus, a homozygous humanized kappa light chain immunoglobulin locus, and a homozygous humanized lambda chain immunoglobulin locus (hVH / hVK / hVL homozygous mice) . The number of mice was six, including three females and three males. Experiments were performed to compare the immune systems of the hVH / hVK homozygous mice, the hVH / hVK / hVL homozygous mice, and wild-type mice before immunization. The body weight and weight of some organs, e.g., spleen, thymus, liver, heart, lung and kidney, were measured in the hVH / hVK homozygous mice, the hVH / hVK / hVL homozygous mice, and the wild-type mice. No significant differences in average body weight and organ (e.g., spleen, thymus, liver, heart, lung, and kidney) weight were detected between the humanized mice and the wild-type mice.
[0368] Flow cytometry was performed to analyze lymphocyte populations and distribution in the spleen (FIGS. 17A-17B) , lymph nodes (FIGS. 18A-18B) and peripheral blood (FIGS. 19A-19B) of the hVH / hVK homozygous mice, the hVH / hVK / hVL homozygous mice, and the wild-type mice. The results showed that in VH / hVK / hVL homozygous mice, the percentage of B cells, T cells, NK cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, spleen, and lymph nodes were almost identical to those of wild type mice and hVH / hVK homozygous mice. In the results, the leukocytes included: B cells (e.g., characterized by CD45+, CD19+, TCRβ-) , T cells, macrophages (e.g., characterized by CD45+, CD11b+, F4 / 80+) , monocytes (e.g., characterized by CD45+, CD11b+, F4 / 80-, Ly-6C high, Ly6G-) , neutrophils (e.g., characterized by CD45+, CD11b+, F4 / 80-, Ly-6C+, Ly6G+) , DC cells (e.g., characterized by CD45+, CD11b+, F4 / 80-, Ly-6C+, Ly6G+) and natural killer (NK) cells (e.g., characterized by CD45+, TCRβ-, CD19-, NK1.1+) . T cells were further characterized by CD45+, CD19-, TCR+. CD4+ T cells (CD4) were characterized by CD45+, CD19-, TCR+, CD4+, CD8-; and CD8+ T cells (CD8) were characterized by CD45+, CD19-, TCR+, CD4-, CD8+. Only intact, single, and live leukocytes were included in the flow cytometry analysis.
[0369] Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the B cell populations in in the hVH / hVK homozygous mice and the hVH / hVK / hVL homozygous mice spleen (Table 26) , lymph nodes (Table 27) , and bone marrow (Table 28) , respectively. B cell progenitor cells in bone marrow can be divided into 3 cell populations: pro-B-cells (characterized by B220lowCD43highIgMlow) , pre-B-cells (characterized by B220lowCD43intIgMlow) , and immature-B-cells (characterized by B220highCD43lowIgMhigh) .
[0370] The development stages of B cells in spleen were categorized into T1 (Transitional type 1 B cell, characterized by B220+IgM+IgD-) , T2 (Transitional type 2 B cell, characterized by B220+IgM+IgD+) , and mature B cells (characterized by B220+IgMlowIgD+) . B cell development was also evaluated in spleen by flow cytometry to selectively stain plasma cells (B220lowIgM-IgD-CD138+) and memory B cells (B220+IgM+IgD-CD38+) . In addition, B cell development was evaluated at the spleen marginal zone (Marginal-zone B cell, referred to as MZ-B, characterized by B220+CD21+CD23-) and follicular zone (Follicular B cell, referred to as FO-B, characterized by B220+CD21lowCD23+) .
[0371] The development stages of B cells in lymph nodes were categorized into T1 (Transitional type 1 B cell, characterized by B220+IgM+IgD-) , T2 (Transitional type 2 B cell, characterized by B220+IgM+IgD+) , and mature B cells (characterized by B220+IgMlowIgD+) . B cell development was also evaluated in lymph nodes by flow cytometry to selectively stain plasma cells (B220lowIgM-IgD-CD138+) and memory B cells (B220+IgM+IgD-CD38+) . The results are shown in the tables below.
[0372] Table 26. Flow cytometry detection of B cell development in spleen
[0373] Table 27. Flow cytometry detection of B cell development in lymph nodes
[0374] Table 28. Flow cytometry detection of B cell development in bone marrow
[0375] EXAMPLE 6: Antibody production in hVH / hVK / hVL mice
[0376] Antigen A is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Five hVHH / H / hVKH / H / hVLH / H mice and five hVHH / H / hVK- / - / hVLH / H mice were immunized by Antigen A for a total of five times. Freund’s complete adjuvant (CFA) and 20 μg of Antigen A were used for the first immunization and Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (IFA) , CpG oligonucleotide (CpG) and 20 μg of Antigen A were used for the second, third, fourth and fifth immunizations. A total of five immunizations were performed. The third and fourth immunizations were separated by six weeks, and the remaining immunizations were separated by two weeks. Three weeks after the third immunization, retro-orbital blood was collected, and the antibody titer of serum was detected by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) . One week later, mice with a high titer were further injected with 20 μg human Antigen A through the intraperitoneal injection for impulse immunization.
[0377] The binding affinity of the anti-Antigen A antibodies to His-tagged human Antigen A protein (hA-His) was measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using BiacoreTM (Biacore, Inc., Piscataway N. J. ) 8K biosensor equipped with pre-immobilized Protein A sensor chips. Data analysis was performed in BiacoreTM 8K Evaluation Software 3.0 using a standard 1: 1 binding model. Affinity values were deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) .
[0378] As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the same method with appropriate adjustments for parameters (e.g., antibody concentration) was performed for each tested antibody. The binding affinity of all antibodies reached or even exceeded 10-8 M, indicating that the methods can successfully generate antibodies with high binding affinity against an antigen.
[0379] Table 29. Binding affinity of anti-Antigen A antibodies
[0380] Antigen B is a sialoadhesin molecule and a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family. Antigen B was used to immunize of hVHH / H / hVK- / - / hVLH / H mice. BiacoreTM was then used to detect the affinity of 8 human common light chain antibodies produced against the antigen B.
[0381] Table 30. Binding affinity of anti-Antigen B antibodies
[0382] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0383] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.A genetically-modified, non-human animal comprising at an endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus, one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and one or more human IGLC genes.2.The animal of claim 1, wherein the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus.3.The animal of claim 2, wherein the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of one or more mouse IGLV genes in Table 4, one or more IGLJ genes in Table 5, and / or one or more mouse IGLC genes in Table 6.4.The animal of claim 2 or 3, wherein the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of a contiguous sequence starting from mouse IGLV2 to mouse IGLC1.5.A genetically-modified, non-human animal comprising at an endogenous safe harbor locus, one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and one or more human IGLC genes, optionally wherein the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus.6.The animal of claim 5, wherein the endogenous safe harbor locus is an endogenous Hipp11 locus or an endogenous Rosa26 locus.7.The animal of claim 5 or 6, wherein the animal is a mouse, and the one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and one or more human IGLC genes are inserted at mouse Hipp11 locus.8.The animal of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the human IGLV genes, the human IGLJ genes, and the human IGLC genes are operably linked and can undergo rearrangement.9.The animal of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the animal comprises at least 50 human IGLV genes in Table 1, at least 5 human IGLJ genes in Table 2, and at least 5 human IGLC genes in Table 3.10.The animal of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the animal comprises all human IGLV genes, all human IGLJ genes, and all human IGLC genes at the endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus of human chromosome 22 of a human subject.11.The animal of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the animal comprises all human IGLV genes, all human IGLJ genes, and all human IGLC genes at the endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus of human chromosome 22 of a human cell.12.The animal of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence derived from a human lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus, wherein the unmodified human sequence is at least 800 kb, at least 850 kb, at least 855 kb, at least 895 kb, at least 900 kb, at least 950 kb, or at least 1000 kb.13.The animal of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the animal comprises an unmodified sequence derived from a human lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGLV (I) -70 to human IGLV3-1.14.The animal of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the animal comprises an unmodified sequence derived from a human lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGLV (I) -70 to human IGLC7.15.The animal of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the animal is homozygous with respect to the lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus and / or the safe harbor locus.16.The animal of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the animal is heterozygous with respect to the lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus and / or the safe harbor locus.17.The animal of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the animal is a rodent (e.g., a mouse) .18.The animal of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the animal further comprises at an endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus, one or more human IGHV genes, one or more human IGHD genes, and one or more human IGHJ genes.19.The animal of claim 18, wherein the human IGHV genes, the human IGHD genes, and the human IGHJ genes are operably linked and can undergo VDJ rearrangement.20.The animal of claim 18 or 19, wherein the animal comprises at least 150 human IGHV genes selected from Table 7, at least 20 human IGHD genes selected from Table 8, and at least 5 human IGHJ genes selected from Table 9.21.The animal of claim 18 or 19, wherein the animal comprises all human IGHV genes, all human IGHD genes, and all human IGHJ genes at the endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus of human chromosome 14 of a human subject or cell.22.The animal of any one of claims 18-21, wherein the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus.23.The animal of claim 22, wherein the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of one or more mouse IGHV genes in Table 4, one or more mouse IGHD genes in Table 5, and / or one or more mouse IGHJ genes in Table 6.24.The animal of claim 22, wherein the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of a contiguous sequence starting from mouse IGHV1-85 to mouse IGHJ4.25.The animal of any one of claims 18-24, wherein the animal comprises one or more endogenous IGHM, IGHδ, IGHG3, IGHG1, IGHG2b, IGHG2a, IGHE, and IGHA genes.26.The animal of any one of claims 18-25, wherein the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus, wherein the unmodified human sequence is at least 800 kb.27.The animal of any one of claims 18-26, wherein the animal comprises an unmodified human sequence derived from a human heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus, wherein the unmodified human sequence has one of the following features:(1) starting from human IGHV (III) -82 to human IGHV1-2;(2) starting from human IGHV (III) -82 to human IGHV6-1;(3) starting from human IGHD1-1 to human IGHJ6; and(4) starting from human IGHV (III) -82 to human IGHJ6.28.The animal of any one of claims 18-27, wherein the animal is homozygous or heterozygous with respect to the heavy chain immunoglobulin gene locus.29.The animal of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the animal further comprises at an endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus, one or more human IGKV genes, and one or more human IGKJ genes.30.The animal of claim 29, wherein the animal comprises all human IGKV genes in Table 13, and all human IGKJ genes in Table 14.31.The animal of claim 29 or 30, wherein the animal comprises all human IGKV genes, and all human IGKJ genes at the endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus of human chromosome 2 of a human subject or cell.32.The animal of any one of claims 29-31, wherein the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus.33.The animal of claim 32, wherein the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of one or more mouse IGKV genes in Table 15 and one or more mouse IGKJ genes in Table 16.34.The animal of claim 32 or 33, wherein the animal is a mouse and the disruption in the animal’s endogenous kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus comprises a deletion of a sequence starting from mouse IGKV2-137 to mouse IGKJ5.35.The animal of any one of claims 29-34, wherein the animal comprises an unmodified sequence derived from a human kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus starting from human IGKV3D-7 to human IGKJ5.36.The animal of any one of claims 29-35, wherein the animal comprises an endogenous IGKC.37.The animal of any one of claims 29-35, wherein the animal is homozygous or heterozygous with respect to the kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene locus.38.A genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome comprises an endogenous light chain immunoglobulin locus comprising: a replacement of one or more endogenous IGLV, endogenous IGLJ, and endogenous IGLC genes with one or more human IGLV, human IGLJ, and human IGLC genes, wherein the human IGLV, human IGLJ, and human IGLC genes are operably linked.39.The animal of claim 38, wherein one or more endogenous IGLV, endogenous IGLJ, and endogenous IGLC genes are replaced by all human IGLV genes in Table 1, all human IGLJ genes in Table 2, and all human IGLC genes in Table 3.40.The animal of claim 38 or 39, wherein the animal is a mouse, and all mouse IGLV genes in Table 4, all mouse IGLJ genes in Table 5, and all mouse IGLC genes in Table 6 are replaced.41.A genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome comprises an endogenous safe harbor locus comprising: an insertion of one or more human IGLV, human IGLJ, and human IGLC genes, wherein the human IGLV, human IGLJ, and human IGLC genes are operably linked, optionally wherein the animal comprises a disruption in the animal’s endogenous lambda light chain immunoglobulin gene locus.42.The animal of claim 41, wherein all human IGLV genes in Table 1, all human IGLJ genes in Table 2, and all human IGLC genes in Table 3 are inserted at the endogenous safe harbor locus.43.The animal of claim 41 or 42, wherein the endogenous safe harbor locus is an endogenous Hipp11 locus or an endogenous Rosa26 locus.44.The animal of any one of claims 1-43, wherein the animal lacks an endogenous immunoglobulin lambda light chain variable region locus that is capable of rearranging and forming a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an endogenous lambda light chain variable domain (e.g., a mouse lambda light chain variable domain) .45.The animal of any one of claims 1-44, wherein the animal lacks an endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region locus that is capable of rearranging and forming a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an endogenous heavy chain variable domain (e.g., a mouse heavy chain variable domain) .46.The animal of any one of claims 1-45, wherein the animal lacks an endogenous immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable region locus that is capable of rearranging and forming a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an endogenous kappa light chain variable domain (e.g., a mouse kappa light chain variable domain) .47.The animal of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the animal can produce a humanized antibody.48.A cell obtained from the animal of any one of claims 1-47.49.The cell of claim 48, wherein the cell is a B cell that expresses an immunoglobulin lambda light chain that is derived from a rearrangement of one or more human IGLV genes, one or more human IGLJ genes, and one or more human IGLC genes.50.The cell of claim 48 or 49, wherein the cell is a B cell that expresses a chimeric immunoglobulin heavy chain comprising an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain that is derived from a rearrangement of one or more human IGHV genes, one or more human IGHD genes, and one or more human IGHJ genes, wherein the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain is operably linked to a non-human heavy chain constant region.51.The cell of any one of claims 48-50, wherein the cell is a B cell that expresses a chimeric immunoglobulin kappa light chain comprising an immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable domain that is derived from a rearrangement of one or more human IGKV genes, and one or more human IGKJ genes, wherein the immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable domain is operably linked to a non-human kappa light chain constant region.52.The cell of claim 48, wherein the cell is an embryonic stem (ES) cell.53.A method of making a chimeric antibody that specifically binds to an antigen, the method comprisingexposing the animal of any one of claims 1-47 to the antigen;producing a hybridoma from a cell collected from the animal; andcollecting the chimeric antibody produced by the hybridoma.54.The method of claim 53, wherein the method further comprises sequencing the genome of the hybridoma.55.A method of modifying genome of a cell, the method comprisingmodifying one or more human chromosomes;introducing the modified one or more human chromosomes into a cell of the animal; andinducing recombination between the modified one or more human chromosomes and one or more endogenous chromosomes,wherein at least 150 human IGHV genes selected from Table 7, at least 20 human IGHD genes selected from Table 8, and at least 5 human IGHJ genes selected from Table 9 are integrated into the one or more endogenous chromosomes (e.g., mouse chromosome 12) by recombination; and / or at least 50 human IGLV genes in Table 1, at least 5 human IGLJ genes in Table 2, and at least 5 human IGLC genes in Table 3 are integrated into the one or more endogenous chromosomes (e.g., mouse chromosome 16 or 11) by recombination.56.A method of modifying genome of a cell, the method comprisingmodifying one or more human chromosomes;introducing the modified one or more human chromosomes into a cell of the animal; andinducing recombination between the modified one or more human chromosomes and one or more endogenous chromosomes,wherein at least 150 human IGHV genes selected from Table 7, at least 20 human IGHD genes selected from Table 8, and at least 5 human IGHJ genes selected from Table 9 are integrated into the one or more endogenous chromosomes (e.g., mouse chromosome 12) by recombination; at least 50 human IGKV genes in Table 13, and at least 3 human IGKJ genes in Table 14 are integrated into the one or more endogenous chromosomes (e.g., mouse chromosome 6) by recombination; and / or at least 50 human IGLV genes in Table 1, at least 5 human IGLJ genes in Table 2, and at least 5 human IGLC genes in Table 3 are integrated into the one or more endogenous chromosomes (e.g., mouse chromosome 16 or 11) by recombination.57.A method of making an antibody that specifically binds to an antigen, the method comprising exposing the animal of any one of claims 1-47 to the antigen;sequencing nucleic acids encoding human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin variable regions in a cell that expresses a hybrid antibody that specifically binds to the antigen; andexpressing in a cell a nucleic acid encoding the human heavy chain immunoglobulin variable region and a human heavy chain immunoglobulin constant region and a nucleic acid encoding the human light chain immunoglobulin variable region and a human light chain immunoglobulin constant region.58.A method of making an antibody that specifically binds to an antigen, the method comprising obtaining a nucleic acid sequence encoding human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin variable regions in a cell that expresses a hybrid antibody that specifically binds to the antigen, wherein the cell is obtained by exposing the animal of any one of claims 1-47 to the antigen;making a first nucleic acid, wherein the nucleic acid encoding the human heavy chain immunoglobulin variable region is operably linked with a nucleic acid encoding a human heavy chain immunoglobulin constant region in the first nucleic acid, and making a second nucleic acid, wherein the nucleic acid encoding the human light chain immunoglobulin variable region is operably linked with a nucleic acid encoding a human light chain immunoglobulin constant region in the second nucleic acid; andexpressing the first and the second nucleic acids in a cell, thereby obtaining the antibody.59.A method of obtaining a nucleic acid that encodes an antibody binding domain that specifically binds to an antigen, the method comprisingexposing the animal of any one of claims 1-47 to the antigen; andsequencing nucleic acids encoding human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin variable regions in a cell that expresses a hybrid antibody that specifically binds to the antigen.60.A method of obtaining a sample, the method comprisingexposing the animal of any one of claims 1-47 to the antigen; andcollecting the sample from the animal.61.The method of claim 60, wherein the sample is a spleen tissue, a spleen cell, or a B cell.
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