Devices and methods for communication
By determining a parameter to ensure minimum power requirements for signal detection and generating OOK modulated signals, the solution addresses the challenge of high peak power consumption in IoT devices with limited energy storage, enabling efficient communication in ambient IoT environments.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/129170
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-11-01
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-08
AI Technical Summary
Existing IoT devices with limited or no energy storage capabilities face challenges in communication due to high peak power consumption, especially in ambient IoT modulation where energy is harvested from radio waves, light, motion, or heat.
The implementation of a device that determines a parameter to satisfy the minimum required power for signal detection at another device, generating an on-off keying (OOK) modulated signal by mapping a bit to a complex-valued symbol based on this parameter, and transmitting the signal to ensure effective communication.
This solution enables efficient communication in ambient IoT environments by optimizing power consumption and ensuring seamless signal detection, even for devices with limited energy storage or no energy storage at all.
Smart Images

Figure CN2023129170_08052025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES AND METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION
[0001] FIELDS
[0002] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication techniques and in particular, to devices and methods for ambient internet of thing (IoT) modulation.BACKGROUND
[0003] Internet of Things, or IoT, is a network of physical devices. These devices can transfer data to one another without human intervention. The automation and digitalization of various industries open numbers of new markets requiring new IoT technologies of supporting battery-less devices with no energy storage capability or devices with energy storage that do not need to be replaced or recharged manually. It may consider devices being either battery-less or with limited energy storage capability (i.e., using a capacitor) and the energy is provided through the harvesting of radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other power source that could be seen suitable. Considering the limited size and complexity required by practical applications for battery-less devices with no energy storage capability or devices with limited energy storage that do not need to be replaced or recharged manually, the output power of energy harvester is typically from 1μW to a few hundreds of μW. Existing cellular devices may not work well with energy harvesting due to their peak power consumption of higher than 10mW.
[0004] An example type of application may be asset identification, which presently has to resort mainly to barcode and radio frequency identity (RFID) in most industries. The main advantage of these two technologies is the ultra-low complexity and small form factor of the tags. However, the limited reading range of a few meters usually requires handheld scanning which leads to labor intensive and time-consuming operations, or RFID portals / gates which leads to costly deployments. Moreover, the lack of interference management scheme results in severe interference between RFID readers and capacity problems, especially in case of dense deployment. It is hard to support large-scale network with seamless coverage for RFID.SUMMARY
[0005] In general, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution on ambient IoT modulation.
[0006] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device, comprising: a processor, configured to cause the first device to: determine a parameter which is used to satisfy a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device; generate an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a complex-valued symbol based on the parameter; and transmit the on-off keying modulated signal to the second device.
[0007] In a second aspect, there is provided a second device, comprising: a processor, configured to cause the second device to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device.
[0008] In a third aspect, there is provided a second device, comprising: a processor, configured to cause the second device to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device.
[0009] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a first device. The method comprises: determining a parameter which is used to satisfy a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device; generating an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a complex-valued symbol based on the parameter; and transmitting the on-off keying modulated signal to the second device.
[0010] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a second device. The method comprises: receiving a first signal from a first device; generating an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generating a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated signal; and transmitting the second signal to the first device.
[0011] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a communication method performed by a second device. The method comprises: receiving a first signal from a first device; generating an on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generating a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal; and transmitting the second signal to the first device.
[0012] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to carry out the method according to the fourth, fifth, or sixth aspect.
[0013] Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] Through the more detailed description of some example embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a backscattering communication system;
[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a carrier signal spanning a wider bandwidth;
[0017] FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E illustrate examples communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented, respectively;
[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates a signaling flow of ambient IoT modulation in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate a schematic diagram of OOK modulation in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, respectively;
[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates a signaling flow of ambient IoT modulation in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 7A to FIG. 7C illustrate a schematic diagram of OOK modulation in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, respectively;
[0022] FIG. 8 illustrates a signaling flow of ambient IoT modulation in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic diagram of OOK modulation in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, respectively;
[0024] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a device, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a device, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented at a device, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0027] FIG. 13 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an apparatus that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0028] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0029] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0030] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0031] As used herein, the term ‘terminal device’ refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of the terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, devices on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further has ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also incorporate one or multiple Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) as known as Multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0032] The term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , and the like.
[0033] The terminal device or the network device may have Artificial intelligence (AI) or Machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0034] The terminal or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g., FR1 (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz) , FR2 (e.g., 24.25GHz to 52.6GHz) , frequency band larger than 100 GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connection with the network devices under Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0035] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g., signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, channel emulator. In some embodiments, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node and the other one may be a secondary node. The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In some embodiments, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In some embodiments, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device or the second network device. In some embodiments, first information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and second information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In some embodiments, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0036] As used herein, the singular forms ‘a’ , ‘an’ and ‘the’ are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term ‘includes’ and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean ‘includes, but is not limited to. ’ The term ‘based on’is to be read as ‘at least in part based on. ’ The term ‘one embodiment’ and ‘an embodiment’ are to be read as ‘at least one embodiment. ’ The term ‘another embodiment’ is to be read as ‘at least one other embodiment. ’ The terms ‘first, ’ ‘second, ’ and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0037] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as ‘best, ’ ‘lowest, ’ ‘highest, ’ ‘minimum, ’ ‘maximum, ’ or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0038] As used herein, the term “resource, ” “transmission resource, ” “uplink resource, ” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0039] Ambient IoT is a 3GPP IoT device which is much smaller and cheaper compared to previous generations of IoT. The ultimate ambient IoT energy source is that from radio waves. Both Ambient IoT and Ambient computing rely upon energy harvesting as one of the key mechanisms for powering and enabling the technology. Energy harvesting, as it applies to Ambient IoT and Ambient Computing, is the harnessing of the power in ambient radio waves to power tiny computers.
[0040] Ambient IoT device may have a new radio / air interface to a reader / node. The new radio interface may be frame based or non-frame based. Deploying ambient IoT service on existing system could reduce the operation cost and quickly commercialize the new service. However, it is a frame structure for the IoT device is not clear.
[0041] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the IoT radio interface is a frame based. A frame structure is indicated to the IoT device. The IoT device performs the communication based on the frame structure. Frame based interface may have better compatibility with current NR / NB-IoT frame based interface.
[0042] As used herein, the term “IoT radio interface” may refer to an air interface that is used for IoT communication. The term “IoT symbol” used herein may refer to a resource in time domain that is used for IoT communication. The term “frame” may refer to a time duration. The term “backscatter” used herein may refer to a method that uses an incident radio-frequency (RF) signal to transmit data without a battery or power source. The term “backscatter signal” used herein may refer to a reflection of ambient radio frequency signal. The term “cyclic prefix” used herein may refer to a guard internal inserted in a symbol. The term “on-off keying (OOK) modulation” used herein may refer to a modulation technique where carrier wave is present and absent at two different logic states. In OOK modulation there is no carrier during the transmission of logic zero. The carrier is transmitted during the transmission of logic one.
[0043] In some solutions, possible configurations of backscatter system may include mono-static, where the transmitting access point (AP) and receiving AP is the same, and bi-static, where the transmitting AP and receiving AP are separated. In a backscattering communication system as illustrated in FIG. 1, load modulation may be usually used. The load modulation technology mainly may include two methods: resistance-based load modulation and capacitor-based load modulation. For resistance-based load modulation, a resistor which is called a load modulation resistor, is connected in parallel to the load. The resistor is turned on or turned off according to the clock of the data stream, and the switch is controlled by the binary data encoding. For capacitor-based load modulation, a capacitor is connected in parallel with the load to replace the load modulation resistor.
[0044] Taking resistance-based ASK modulation as an example, the device can switch between absorption state and reflection state by adjusting the load reflection coefficient. In the absorption state, the device achieves impedance matching thus the input RF signal is completely absorbed by the terminal. Hence, the signal received by the reader will be at low-level, which indicates a bit ‘0’ . On the contrary, in the reflection state, the device adjusts the circuit impedance that leads to a mismatch of the impedance thus a part of the RF signal is reflected. Then the signal received by the reader will be at high-level to indicate a bit ‘1’ .
[0045] Similarly, the device can also change the response frequency of the circuit by adjusting the capacitance of the circuit to realize frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation. FSK has better bit error rate (BER) performance than amplitude shift keying (ASK) . It is often used to realize frequency division multi-access.
[0046] Therefore, backscattering communication achieves extremely low-complexity signal modulation and transmission via impedance modulation. The backscatter terminal does not require complex radio frequency (RF) structures, such as PA, high-precision oscillator, duplexer, and high-precision filter. There is also no need for complex baseband processing, complex channel estimation and equalization operations. In addition, one distinguished characteristic is that it doesn’ t need to generate a high frequency carrier but instead uses the incoming carrier as the carrier for backscattering transmission. It is a promising scheme to enable ultra-low complexity and ultra-low power consumption (e.g., lower than 1 mW) . In addition, it is beneficial to use backscattering to support co-existence with legacy devices, e.g., by backscattering the preamble sent by the AP. For backscattering, since it uses the carrier signal from the AP. The carrier signal has to propagate within both the DL and UL: the carrier signal is sent from the AP to the device and the device backscatter the signal to the AP. Hence, the communication distance will be limited and may not be sufficient for some use cases requiring relative long communication distance. Low noise amplifier (LNA) can be used to boost the backscattering signal. The integration of an LNA in an ambient power (AMP) IoT device with a high sensitivity receiver can effectively make up the communication distance of backward link.
[0047] In order to achieve ultra-low power consumption and ultra-low complexity, simpler waveform and coding scheme are needed. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is the main waveform used in Wi-Fi and the merit of OFDM is that it can achieve high spectrum efficiency and high peak data rate using wide bandwidth. However, it is difficult to use OFDM to achieve ultra-low power consumption since the operations, such analogue to digital convertor (ADC) , data buffering, fast Fourier transform (FFT) , channel estimation, and the like, require high power consumption. Therefore, OFDM may not be suitable for AMP IoT as a simpler waveform is required.
[0048] OOK / FSK may be a promising modulation scheme for AMP IoT to enable ultra-low complexity data transmission / reception. In an OOK receiver, envelope detection can be used and complicated baseband digital processing is replaced with simple analogue envelope detection circuit. Thus, ultra-low power (e.g., several to tens of μW) can be achieved by very simple implementation. For the transmitter, it can also achieve ultra-low power transmission (e.g., around 200 μW) even with an active OOK / FSK transmitter. In addition, OOK / FSK can be applied together with backscattering to further reduce the device complexity and power consumption significantly. Therefore, with OOK / FSK, the potential target ultra-low power consumption, e.g., lower than 1 mW, can be achieved. Another merit of OOK is that OOK has already been supported for WUR thus less physical (PHY) specification impact is expected.
[0049] It seems that carrier signal spanning a wider bandwidth is more appropriate to serve as the carrier signal for backscattering. It allows higher RF power with wider transmission bandwidth due to the maximum PSD restriction. It can also improve the RF energy transfer (i.e., the diversity gain) and energy harvesting efficiency with a carrier signal spanning a wider bandwidth. A carrier signal spanning a wider bandwidth is illustrated FIG. 2. In addition, from backward compatibility perspective, it is also beneficial for carrier signal to span a wider bandwidth as the legacy transmitter can be reused.
[0050] For ambient IoT transmission and reception, due to different type of receiver and different capability of device, modulation symbol for ambient transmission and signal generation are unclear. Thus, a solution on ambient IoT modulation is needed.
[0051] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for ambient IoT modulation. In a solution, a device determines a parameter which is used to satisfy a minimum required power for signal detection at another device. The device also generates an on-off keying (OOK) modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a complex-valued symbol based on the parameter. The device then transmits the on-off keying modulated signal to the other device. In this way, an unified modulation and signal generation is proposed.
[0052] Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0053] FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E illustrate examples of a communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented, respectively. In an example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3A, the communication environment 100 may include an IoT device 110 and a network device 120. In another example embodiment, the communication environment 100 shown in FIG. 3B may include the IoT device 110, the network device 120 and an intermediate node 130 that is capable of IoT (for example, ambient IoT) . The intermediate node 130 may be one of: a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a UE, or a repeater. In IAB networks, IAB nodes, act either as relay nodes carrying the traffic through multiple hops from a macro cell to an end user and vice versa or as access points to serve UEs in their proximity.
[0054] In a further example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3C, the communication environment 100 may include the IoT device 110, the network device 120, and an assisting node 140 that is capable of IoT (for example, ambient IoT) . The assisting node 140 can provide a signal to the IoT device 110 and can be regarded as a signal source. The assisting node 140 may be one of: a relay device, an IAB node, a UE, or a repeater. In a yet example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3D, the communication environment 100 may include the IoT device 110 and a terminal device 150. In another example embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3E, the communication environment 100 may include the IoT device 110, the network device 120 and the terminal device 150.
[0055] In some embodiments, the IoT device 110 shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E may be provided with carrier wave from another node (s) either inside or outside the communication environment 100. The links in the communication environment 100 shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E may be bidirectional or unidirectional.
[0056] It is to be understood that the number of devices and their connections shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication environment 100 may include any suitable number of devices configured to implementing example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0057] The communications in the communication environment 100 may conform to any suitable standards including, but not limited to, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Evolution, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , New Radio (NR) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) , Machine Type Communication (MTC) and the like. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) networks.
[0058] In an example embodiment, the IoT device may be a first type of IoT device where there is no energy storage, no harvesting ambient sources, or no independent signal generation at the first type of IoT device. In another example embodiment, the IoT device may be a second type of IoT device that has energy storage from harvesting ambient sources but no independent signal generation. In this case, the use of stored energy can include amplification for reflected signals. The first and second types of IoT devices may perform backscattering transmissions, since there is no independent signal generation. In a further example embodiment, the IoT device may be a third type of IoT device that has energy storage from harvesting ambient sources and has independent signal generation. The third type of IoT device may have active RF component for transmission.
[0059] Reference is made to FIG. 4, which illustrates a signaling flow 400 of ambient IoT modulation in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 400 involves a device 410 and a device 420. For example, the device 410 may be one of: the network device 120, the intermediate node 130, the assisting node 140, the terminal device 150 as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E. The device 420 may be the IoT device 110 (for example, an IoT tag) as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E.
[0060] The device 410 determines (4010) a parameter which is used to satisfy a minimum required power for signal detection at the device 420. For example, the device 410 may determine a value of the parameter p, where 0 < p < 1. Alternatively, the device 410 may determine a value of the parameter q, where q=1-p. By way of example, the value of the parameter p may be one of: 0.25, 0.5 or 0.75. In this way, it can make the transmission power is above the detection threshold for each modulation symbol.
[0061] The device 410 generates (4020) an OOK modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a complex-valued symbol based on the parameter. For example, the complex-valued symbol may be normalized to 1 based on the parameter (for example, p or q) . Only as an example, as shown in FIG. 5A, the complex-valued symbol may be normalized to 1 based on q.
[0062] In some embodiments, the bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + (1-p) ^2 ) * [ (1-p* (1-b (i) ) ) + j (1-p* (1-b (i) ) ) ] . In this case, d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value. For example, if the bit indicates “0” , this bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol (1-p) + j (1-p) . Alternatively, if the bit indicates “1” , this bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol 1+j. The parameter “j” used herein may be sqrt (-1) .
[0063] Alternatively, the bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol by d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + (1-p) ^2 ) * [ (1-p*b (i) ) + j (1-p*b (i) ) ] . In this case, d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b(i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value. For example, if the bit indicates “1” , this bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol (1-p) +j (1-p) . Alternatively, if the bit indicates “0” , this bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol 1+j.
[0064] In some other embodiments, the bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol by:d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + q^2 ) * [ (1- (1-q) * (1-b (i) ) ) + j (1- (1-q) * (1-b (i) ) ) ] . In this case, d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value. For example, if the bit indicates “0” , this bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol q + j q. Alternatively, if the bit indicates “1” , this bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol 1+j.
[0065] In some further embodiments, the bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + q^2 ) * [ (1- (1-q) *b (i) ) + j (1- (1-q) *b (i) ) ] . In this case, d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value. For example, if the bit indicates “1” , this bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol q + j q. Alternatively, if the bit indicates “0” , this bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol 1+j.
[0066] Alternatively, the bit may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) =1 / sqrt (1 + q^2 ) * [ (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) +j (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) ] . In this case, d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value. For example, as shown in FIG. 5B, the bit indicating 1 may be mapped to the complex-valued symbol is (-q -j q) and the bit indicating 0 may be mapped the complex-valued symbol is 1+j. In this way, such modulation symbol can be coherent detection and can be used for coherent enabled receiver and non-coherent detection can be used for coherent disabled receiver under one unified modulation symbol.
[0067] The device 410 transmits (4030) the OOK modulated signal to the device 420. In other words, the device 420 receives the OOK modulated signal from the device 410. In some embodiments, the device 410 may multiply a transmission block including the complex-valued symbol with an amplitude scaling factor to satisfy a transmission power. In this case, the device 410 may transmit the OOK modulated signal based on the transmission power. For example, for each of the antenna ports used for transmission of the signal from the device 410 to the device 420, the transmission block of complex-valued symbols may be multiplied with the amplitude scaling factor beta in order to conform to the transmit power.
[0068] In some embodiments, the device 410 may map the OOK modulated signal to resource elements with allocated for an OOK modulation in an increasing order of index of the resource elements. For example, the mapping to resource elements (k, l) allocated for OOK modulation may be in an increasing order of first the index k over the assigned resource elements and then the index l.
[0069] According to example embodiments described with reference FIG. 4, a mapping from bit to modulation symbol is proposed at the node side. Further, transmission signal generation from node to tag can reused the current OFDM signal generation procedure based on the modulation described with reference to FIG. 4 which have benefits on a unified design at node side.
[0070] Reference is made to FIG. 6, which illustrates a signaling flow 600 of ambient IoT modulation in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 600 involves a device 610 and a device 620. For example, the device 610 may be the IoT device 110 (for example, an IoT tag) as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E. The device 620 may be one of: the network device 120, the intermediate node 130, the assisting node 140, the terminal device 150 as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E.
[0071] The device 610 receives (6010) a first signal from the device 620. In other words, the device 620 transmits the first signal to the device 610.
[0072] The device 610 may determine a parameter based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting signals and non-reflecting signals, for example, by adjusting resistance. By way of example, the device 610 may determine a value of the parameter p. Alternatively, the device 610 may determine a value of the parameter q, where q=1-p.
[0073] In other embodiments, the value of parameter may be configured by the device 620. In this case, if the device 610 has a capability to support the value of the parameter, the device 610 may transmit a response to the device 620. Alternatively, the device 610 may access to the device 620. In some embodiments, a device supporting energy storage may have different values of the parameter (such as, p or q) than a device not supporting energy storage, e.g., larger p is supported for energy storage device.
[0074] In some embodiments, the device 610 may transmit information indicating the parameter (such as, the value of p or q) to the device 620. For example, the parameter may be transmitted to the device 620 in a preamble transmission, before data transmission. In this way, it facilitates detecting or demodulating the transmission from the device 610.
[0075] The device 610 generates (6020) an OOK modulates signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols. For example, the device 610 may map the bit to the plurality of symbols based on the parameter.
[0076] In some embodiments, the bit may be mapped to the plurality of symbols by d (2*i) = (1- (1-q) * (1-b (i) ) ) , and d (2*i+1) = (1- (1-q) *b (i) ) . In this case, d (2*i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d (2*i+1) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (i) represents the bit, and q represents the parameter. For example, as shown in FIG. 7A, the bit indicating 0 may be mapped to the plurality of symbols q and 1 (i.e., {q, 1} ) . The bit indicating 1 may be mapped to the plurality of symbols 1 and q (i.e., {1, q} ) .
[0077] Alternatively, in case of OOK modulation for capability enabled tag where the capability may not be known by the device 420 but unified coherent detection is applied, the bit may be mapped to two complex-valued modulation symbols. For example, the bit may be mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d (2*i) = (1- (1+q) * (1-b (i) ) ) , d (2*i+1) = (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) . In this case, d (2*i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d (2*i+1) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (i) represents the bit, and q represents the parameter. For example, as shown in FIG. 7B, if the bit indicates 0, the bit may be mapped to the plurality of symbols -q and 1 (i.e., {-q, 1} ) . Further, as shown in FIG. 7B, if the bit indicates 1, the bit may be mapped the plurality of symbols 1 and -q (i.e, {1, -q} ) .
[0078] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates a first bit, the first bit may be mapped to the plurality of symbols q and q. If the bit indicates a second bit, the second bit may be mapped to the plurality of symbols 1 and 1. For example, as shown in FIG. 7C, special bits (for example, x and y) may be mapped to two complex-valued symbols. In this way, special symbol or bit can be used to indicate control information, such as preamble for sync, starting indication or ending indication of the transmission, to help receiver to distinguish from the ordinary data modulation symbol.
[0079] Alternatively, the device 610 may determine a plurality of parameters based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting and non-reflecting signals. For example, for higher order OOK modulation at the device 610, two or more values p or q may be determined by the device 610. Combinations of values on one or more complex-valued modulation symbols can be used to map the bits to have higher modulation order.
[0080] The device 610 may generate the OOK modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to the plurality of symbols based on the plurality of parameters. In some embodiments, if the pair of bits indicates {0 , 0} , the pair of bits may be mapped to the plurality of symbols {1, q1, q2} . Alternatively, if the pair of bits indicates {0 , 1} , the pair of bits may be mapped to the plurality of symbols is {1, q1, q2} . In some other embodiments, when the pair of bits indicates {1 , 0} , the plurality of symbols may be {q2, 1, q1} . In some further embodiments, if the pair of bits indicates {1 , 1} , the pair of bits may be mapped to the plurality of symbols is {q2, q1, 1} . In these cases, q2 represents one of the plurality of parameters, q1 represents another one of the plurality of parameters. In this way, each modulation symbols combination may have modulated symbol 1 that can help the device 620 to determine the reference level of the received signal. Two bits on three modulation symbols may achieve 1.5 bits / (two symbols) .
[0081] The device 610 generates (6030) a second signal based on the first signal and the OOK modulated signal. For example, the second signal may be generated by s (t) =d_i (t) *s_r (t) . In this case, s (t) represents the second signal, s_r (t) represents the first signal, d (i) represents a modulation symbol, d_i (t) = d (i) for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration , where t_i^start represents a starting time for the modulation symbol d (i) and t_i^duration represents a time duration for modulation symbol d (i) , or d_i(t) = 0.
[0082] The device 610 transmits (6040) the second signal to the device 620. In other words, the device 620 receives the second signal from the device 610.
[0083] According to example embodiments described with reference FIG. 6, a mapping from bit to modulation symbol is proposed at the tag side. Further, transmission signal at tag is generated based on the modulation symbol and received signal at tag. In this way, backscatter transmission at the tag can be supported regardless of transmitted signal.
[0084] Reference is made to FIG. 8, which illustrates a signaling flow 800 of ambient IoT modulation in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling flow 800 involves a device 810 and a device 820. For example, the device 810 may be the IoT device 110 (for example, an IoT tag) as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E. The device 820 may be one of: the network device 120, the intermediate node 130, the assisting node 140, the terminal device 150 as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E.
[0085] The device 810 receives (8010) a first signal from the device 820. In other words, the device 820 transmits the first signal to the device 810.
[0086] In some embodiments, for example, for the OOK modulation, the device 810 may determine a parameter based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting signals and non-reflecting signals, for example, by adjusting resistance. By way of example, the device 810 may determine a value of the parameter p. Alternatively, the device 810 may determine a value of the parameter q, where q=1-p. In some embodiments, the device 810 may transmit information indicating the parameter to the device 820.
[0087] Alternatively, the device 810 may determine a frequency offset. For example, a value of the frequency offset may be determined based on its load modulation capability on adjusting the frequency of reflecting signal, e.g., by adjusting capacitance. In some embodiments, the device 810 may transmit information indicating the frequency offset to the device 820.
[0088] The device 810 generates (8020) an OOK modulates signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols. For example, the device 810 may map the pair of bits to the plurality of symbols based on the parameter. By way of example, the pair of bits is mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d1 (i) = (1- (1-q) * (1-b (2*i) ) ) , d2 (i) = b (2*i+1) . In this case, d1 (i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d2 (i) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (2*i) represents one of the pair of bits, b (2*i+1) represents another one of the pair of bits, and q represents the parameter.
[0089] The device 810 generates (8030) a second signal based on the first signal and OOK modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal. For example, as shown in FIG. 9, the second signal may be generated by s (t) = dx_i (t) *cos (2*pi*df*d2_i (t) ) *s_r (t) , where s (t) represents the second signal, s_r (t) represents the first signal, d (i) represents a modulation symbol, dx_i (t) = dx (i) for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration , where t_i^start represents a starting time for the modulation symbol d (i) and t_i^duration represents a time duration for modulation symbol d (i) , or dx_i (t) = 0, and x is 1 or 2.
[0090] The device 810 transmits (8040) the second signal to the device 820. In other words, the device 820 receives the second signal from the device 810.
[0091] According to example embodiments described with reference FIG. 8, a mapping from bit to modulation symbol is proposed at the tag side. Further, transmission signal at tag is generated based on the modulation symbol and received signal at tag. In this way, backscatter transmission at the tag can be supported regardless of transmitted signal.
[0092] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1000 implemented at a first device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the method 1000 may be implemented at one of: the network device 120, the intermediate node 130, the assisting node 140, the terminal device 150 as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E.
[0093] At block 1010, the first device determines a parameter which is used to satisfy a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device.
[0094] At block 1020, the first device generates an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a complex-valued symbol based on the parameter.
[0095] At block 1030, the first device transmits the on-off keying modulated signal to the second device.
[0096] In some example embodiments, the complex-valued symbol is normalized to 1 based on the parameter.
[0097] In some example embodiments, the first device is further caused to multiply a transmission block including the complex-valued symbol with an amplitude scaling factor to satisfy a transmission power, and wherein the first device is caused to: transmit the on-off keying modulated signal based on the transmission power.
[0098] In some example embodiments, the first device is further caused to map the on-off keying modulated signal to resource elements allocated for an on-off keying modulation in an increasing order of index of the resource elements.
[0099] In some example embodiments, the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + (1-p) ^2 ) * [ (1-p* (1-b (i) ) ) + j (1-p* (1-b (i) ) ) ] , wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value.
[0100] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is (1-p) + j (1-p) , and if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.
[0101] In some example embodiments, the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by:d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + (1-p) ^2 ) * [ (1-p*b (i) ) + j (1-p*b (i) ) ] , wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value.
[0102] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is (1-p) + j (1-p) , and if the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.
[0103] In some example embodiments, the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + q^2 ) * [ (1- (1-q) * (1-b (i) ) ) + j (1- (1-q) * (1-b (i) ) ) ] , wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value.
[0104] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is q + j q, and if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.
[0105] In some example embodiments, the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + q^2 ) * [ (1- (1-q) *b (i) ) + j (1- (1-q) *b (i) ) ] , wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value.
[0106] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is q + j q, and if the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.
[0107] In some example embodiments, the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + q^2 ) * [ (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) + j (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) ] , wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value.
[0108] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is (-q -j q) , and if the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.
[0109] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1100 implemented at a second device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the method 1100 may be implemented at the IoT device 110 (for example, an IoT tag) as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E.
[0110] At block 1110, the second device receives a first signal from a first device.
[0111] At block 1120, the second device generates an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols.
[0112] At block 1130, the second device generates a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated signal.
[0113] At block 1140, the second device transmits the second signal to the first device.
[0114] In some example embodiments, the second device is further caused to: determine a parameter based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting signals and non-reflecting signals; and map the bit to the plurality of symbols based on the parameter.
[0115] In some example embodiments, the second device is caused to transmit, to the first device, information indicating the parameter.
[0116] In some example embodiments, the bit is mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d (2*i) = (1- (1-q) * (1-b (i) ) ) , and d (2*i+1) = (1- (1-q) *b (i) ) , wherein d (2*i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d (2*i+1) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (i) represents the bit, q represents the parameter and i is an integer number.
[0117] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the plurality of symbols is q and 1, and if the bit indicates 1, the plurality of symbols is 1 and q.
[0118] In some example embodiments, the bit is mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d (2*i) = (1- (1+q) * (1-b (i) ) ) , d (2*i+1) = (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) , and wherein d (2*i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d (2*i+1) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (i) represents the bit, and q represents the parameter.
[0119] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the plurality of symbols is -q and 1, and if the bit indicates 1, the plurality of symbols is 1 and -q.
[0120] In some example embodiments, if the bit indicates a first bit, the plurality of symbols is q and q, and if the bit indicates a second bit, the plurality of symbols is 1 and 1.
[0121] In some example embodiments, the second device is caused to generate the second signal by: s (t) =d_i (t) *s_r (t) , wherein s (t) represents the second signal, s_r (t) represents the first signal, d (i) represents a modulation symbol, d_i (t) = d (i) for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration , where t_i^start represents a starting time for the modulation symbol d (i) and t_i^duration represents a time duration for modulation symbol d(i) , or d_i (t) = 0, and i is an integer number.
[0122] In some example embodiments, the second device is further caused to: determine a plurality of parameters based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting and non-reflecting signals and generate the on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to the plurality of symbols based on the plurality of parameters.
[0123] In some example embodiments, if the pair of bits indicates {0 , 0} , the plurality of symbols is {1, q1, q2} , wherein if the pair of bits indicates {0 , 1} , the plurality of symbols is {1, q1, q2} , wherein if the pair of bits indicates {1 , 0} , the plurality of symbols is {q2, 1, q1} , and wherein if the pair of bits indicates {1 , 1} , the plurality of symbols is {q2, q1, 1} , and where q2 represents one of the plurality of parameters, q1 represents another one of the plurality of parameters.
[0124] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of a communication method 1200 implemented at a second device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the method 1200 may be implemented at the IoT device 110 (for example, an IoT tag) as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E.
[0125] At block 1210, the second device receives a first signal from a first device.
[0126] At block 1220, the second device generates an on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols.
[0127] At block 1230, the second device generates a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal.
[0128] At block 1240, the second device transmits the second signal to the first device.
[0129] In some example embodiments, the second device is caused to: determine a parameter based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting and non-reflecting signals; and map the pair of bits to the plurality of symbols based on the parameter.
[0130] In some example embodiments, the second device is caused to transmit, to the other device, information indicating the plurality of parameters.
[0131] In some example embodiments, the pair of bits is mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d1 (i) = (1- (1-q) * (1-b (2*i) ) ) , d2 (i) = b (2*i+1) , wherein d1 (i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d2 (i) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (2*i) represents one of the pair of bits, b (2*i+1) represents another one of the pair of bits, and q represents the parameter.
[0132] In some example embodiments, the second device is caused to generate the second signal by: s (t) = dx_i (t) *cos (2*pi*df*d2_i (t) ) *s_r (t) , wherein s (t) represents the second signal, s_r (t) represents the first signal, d (i) represents a modulation symbol, dx_i (t) = dx (i) for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration , where t_i^start represents a starting time for the modulation symbol d (i) and t_i^duration represents a time duration for modulation symbol d (i) , or dx_i (t) = 0, and x is 1 or 2.
[0133] FIG. 13 is a simplified block diagram of a device 1300 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1300 can be considered as a further example implementation of any of the devices as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3E. Accordingly, the device 1100 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the IoT device 110, the network device 120, the intermediate node 130, the assisting node 140 or the terminal device 150.
[0134] As shown, the device 1300 includes a processor 1310, a memory 1320 coupled to the processor 1310, a suitable transceiver 1340 coupled to the processor 1310, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 1340. The memory 1320 stores at least a part of a program 1330. The transceiver 1340 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 1340 may include at least one of a transmitter 1342 and a receiver 1344. The transmitter 1342 and the receiver 1344 may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 1340 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0135] The program 1330 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 1310, enable the device 1300 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGs. 1 to 12. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 1310 of the device 1300, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 1310 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 1310 and memory 1320 may form processing means 1350 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0136] The memory 1320 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 1320 is shown in the device 1300, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 1300. The processor 1310 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1300 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0137] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first device, comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: determine a parameter which is used to satisfy a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device; generate an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a complex-valued symbol based on the parameter; and transmit the on-off keying modulated signal to the second device. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the first device, as discussed above.
[0138] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second device, comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the second device, as discussed above.
[0139] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second device, comprising a circuitry is provided. The circuitry is configured to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the circuitry may be configured to perform any method implemented by the second device, as discussed above.
[0140] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0141] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a first apparatus, is provided. The first apparatus comprises means for determining a parameter which is used to satisfy a minimum required power for signal detection at a second apparatus; means for generating an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a complex-valued symbol based on the parameter; and means for transmitting the on-off keying modulated signal to the second apparatus. In some embodiments, the first apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1000. In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 1000. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0142] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second apparatus is provided. The second apparatus comprises means for receiving a first signal from a first apparatus; means for generating an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; means for generating a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated signal; and means for transmitting the second signal to the first apparatus. In some embodiments, the second apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1100. In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 1100. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0143] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a second apparatus is provided. The second apparatus comprises means for receiving a first signal from a first apparatus; means for generating an on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; means for generating a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal; and means for transmitting the second signal to the first device. In some embodiments, the second apparatus may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1200. In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may further comprise means for performing other operations in some example embodiments of the method 1200. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0144] In summary, embodiments of the present disclosure provide the following aspects.
[0145] In an aspect, it is proposed a first device, comprising: a processor, configured to cause the first device to: determine a parameter which is used to satisfy a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device; generate an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a complex-valued symbol based on the parameter; and transmit the on-off keying modulated signal to the second device.
[0146] In some embodiments, the complex-valued symbol is normalized to 1 based on the parameter.
[0147] In some embodiments, the first device is caused to multiply a transmission block including the complex-valued symbol with an amplitude scaling factor to satisfy a transmission power, and wherein the first device is caused to: transmit the on-off keying modulated signal based on the transmission power.
[0148] In some embodiments, the first device is caused to map the on-off keying modulated signal to resource elements allocated for an on-off keying modulation in an increasing order of index of the resource elements.
[0149] In some embodiments, the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + (1-p) ^2 ) * [ (1-p* (1-b (i) ) ) + j (1-p* (1-b (i) ) ) ] , wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value.
[0150] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is (1-p) + j(1-p) , and if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.
[0151] In some embodiments, the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + (1-p) ^2 ) * [ (1-p*b (i) ) + j (1-p*b (i) ) ] , wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value.
[0152] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is (1-p) + j(1-p) , and if the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.
[0153] In some embodiments, the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + q^2 ) * [ (1- (1-q) * (1-b (i) ) ) + j (1- (1-q) * (1-b (i) ) ) ] , wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value.
[0154] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is q + j q, and if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.
[0155] In some embodiments, the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + q^2 ) * [ (1- (1-q) *b (i) ) + j (1- (1-q) *b (i) ) ] , wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value.
[0156] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is q + j q, and if the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.
[0157] In some embodiments, the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + q^2 ) * [ (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) + j (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) ] , wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, and j represents a complex value, and i is an integer number.
[0158] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is (-q -j q) , and if the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.
[0159] In an aspect, it is proposed a second device, comprising: a processor, configured to cause the second device to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device.
[0160] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to: determine a parameter based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting signals and non-reflecting signals; and map the bit to the plurality of symbols based on the parameter.
[0161] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to transmit, to the first device, information indicating the parameter.
[0162] In some embodiments, the bit is mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d (2*i) = (1- (1-q) * (1-b (i) ) ) , and d (2*i+1) = (1- (1-q) *b (i) ) , wherein d (2*i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d (2*i+1) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (i) represents the bit, and q represents the parameter.
[0163] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the plurality of symbols is q and 1, and if the bit indicates 1, the plurality of symbols is 1 and q.
[0164] In some embodiments, the bit is mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d (2*i) = (1- (1+q) * (1-b (i) ) ) , d (2*i+1) = (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) , and wherein d (2*i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d (2*i+1) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (i) represents the bit, and q represents the parameter and i is an integer number.
[0165] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates 0, the plurality of symbols is -q and 1, and if the bit indicates 1, the plurality of symbols is 1 and -q.
[0166] In some embodiments, if the bit indicates a first bit, the plurality of symbols is q and q, and if the bit indicates a second bit, the plurality of symbols is 1 and 1.
[0167] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to generate the second signal by:s (t) =d_i (t) *s_r (t) , wherein s (t) represents the second signal, s_r (t) represents the first signal, d (i) represents a modulation symbol, d_i (t) = d (i) for t from t_i^start to t_i^start +t_i^duration , where t_i^start represents a starting time for the modulation symbol d (i) and t_i^duration represents a time duration for modulation symbol d (i) , or d_i (t) = 0 and i is an integer number.
[0168] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to: determine a plurality of parameters based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting signals and non-reflecting signals and generate the on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to the plurality of symbols based on the plurality of parameters.
[0169] In some embodiments, if the pair of bits indicates {0 , 0} , the plurality of symbols is {1, q1, q2} , wherein if the pair of bits indicates {0 , 1} , the plurality of symbols is {1, q1, q2} , wherein if the pair of bits indicates {1 , 0} , the plurality of symbols is {q2, 1, q1} , and wherein if the pair of bits indicates {1 , 1} , the plurality of symbols is {q2, q1, 1} , and where q2 represents one of the plurality of parameters, q1 represents another one of the plurality of parameters.
[0170] In an aspect, it is proposed a second device, comprising: a processor, configured to cause the second device to: receive a first signal from a first device; generate an on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols; generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal; and transmit the second signal to the first device.
[0171] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to: determine a parameter based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting signals and non-reflecting signals; and map the pair of bits to the plurality of symbols based on the parameter.
[0172] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to transmit, to the first device, information indicating the plurality of parameters.
[0173] In some embodiments, the pair of bits is mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d1 (i) = (1- (1-q) * (1-b (2*i) ) ) , d2 (i) = b (2*i+1) , wherein d1 (i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d2 (i) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (2*i) represents one of the pair of bits, b (2*i+1) represents another one of the pair of bits, and q represents the parameter and i is an integer number.
[0174] In some embodiments, the second device is caused to generate the second signal by: s (t) = dx_i (t) *cos (2*pi*df*d2_i (t) ) *s_r (t) , wherein s (t) represents the second signal, s_r (t) represents the first signal, d (i) represents a modulation symbol, dx_i (t) = dx (i) for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration , where t_i^start represents a starting time for the modulation symbol d (i) and t_i^duration represents a time duration for modulation symbol d (i) , or dx_i (t) = 0, and x is 1 or 2 and i is an integer number.
[0175] In an aspect, a device, comprises: at least one processor; and at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, causing the device to perform the method implemented by the device, discussed above.
[0176] In an aspect, a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the device, discussed above.
[0177] In an aspect, a computer program comprising instructions, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method implemented by the device, discussed above.
[0178] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0179] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 to 13. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0180] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0181] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0182] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0183] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first device, comprising:a processor, configured to cause the first device to:determine a parameter which is used to satisfy a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device;generate an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a complex-valued symbol based on the parameter; andtransmit the on-off keying modulated signal to the second device.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the complex-valued symbol is normalized to 1 based on the parameter.3.The first device of any of claims 1-2, wherein the bit is mapped to the complex-valued symbol by: d (i) = 1 / sqrt (1 + q^2 ) * [ (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) + j (1- (1+q) *b (i) ) ] ,wherein d (i) represents the complex-valued symbol, b (i) represents the bit, p represents the parameter, j represents a complex value, and i is an integer number.4.The first device of claim 3, wherein if the bit indicates 1, the complex-valued symbol is (-q -j q) , andif the bit indicates 0, the complex-valued symbol is 1+j.5.A second device, comprising:a processor, configured to cause the second device to:receive a first signal from a first device;generate an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols;generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated signal; andtransmit the second signal to the first device.6.The second device of claim 5, wherein the second device is further caused to:determine a parameter based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting signals and non-reflecting signals; andmap the bit to the plurality of symbols based on the parameter.7.The second device of claim 6, wherein the second device is caused totransmit, to the first device, information indicating the parameter.8.The second device of any of claims 5-7, wherein the bit is mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d (2*i) = (1- (1-q) * (1-b (i) ) ) , and d (2*i+1) = (1- (1-q) *b (i) ) ,wherein d (2*i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d (2*i+1) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (i) represents the bit, q represents the parameter and i is an integer number.9.The second device of claim 8, wherein if the bit indicates 0, the plurality of symbols is q and 1, andif the bit indicates 1, the plurality of symbols is 1 and q.10.The second device of claim 5, wherein if the bit indicates a first bit, the plurality of symbols is q and q, andif the bit indicates a second bit, the plurality of symbols is 1 and 1.11.The second device of any of claims 5-10, wherein the second device is caused to generate the second signal by: s (t) =d_i (t) *s_r (t) ,wherein s (t) represents the second signal, s_r (t) represents the first signal, d (i) represents a modulation symbol, d_i (t) = d (i) for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration , where t_i^start represents a starting time for the modulation symbol d (i) and t_i^duration represents a time duration for modulation symbol d (i) , or d_i (t) = 0, and i is an integer number.12.The second device of claim 5, wherein the second device is further caused to:determine a plurality of parameters based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting signals and non-reflecting signals andgenerate the on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to the plurality of symbols based on the plurality of parameters.13.A second device, comprising:a processor, configured to cause the second device to:receive a first signal from a first device;generate an on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols;generate a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal; andtransmit the second signal to the first device.14.The second device of claim 13, wherein the second device is caused to:determine a parameter based on a modulation capability of the device on a ratio of reflecting signals and non-reflecting signals; andmap the pair of bits to the plurality of symbols based on the parameter.15.The second device of any of claims 13-14, wherein the pair of bits is mapped to the plurality of symbols by: d1 (i) = (1- (1-q) * (1-b (2*i) ) ) , d2 (i) = b (2*i+1) ,wherein d1 (i) represents one of the plurality of symbols, d2 (i) represents another of the plurality of symbols, b (2*i) represents one of the pair of bits, b (2*i+1) represents another one of the pair of bits, q represents the parameter and i is an integer number.16.The second device of any of claims 13-15, wherein the second device is caused to generate the second signal by: s (t) = dx_i (t) *cos (2*pi*df*d2_i (t) ) *s_r (t) ,wherein s (t) represents the second signal, s_r (t) represents the first signal, d (i) represents a modulation symbol, dx_i (t) = dx (i) for t from t_i^start to t_i^start + t_i^duration , where t_i^start represents a starting time for the modulation symbol d (i) and t_i^duration represents a time duration for modulation symbol d (i) , or dx_i (t) = 0, and x is 1 or 2, and i is an integer number.17.A communication method implemented at a first device, comprising:determining a parameter which is used to satisfy a minimum required power for signal detection at a second device;generating an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a complex-valued symbol based on the parameter; andtransmitting the on-off keying modulated signal to the second device.18.A communication method implemented at a second device, comprising:receiving a first signal from a first device;generating an on-off keying modulated signal by mapping a bit to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols;generating a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated signal; andtransmitting the second signal to the first device.19.A communication method implemented at a second device, comprising:receiving a first signal from a first device;generating an on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal by mapping a pair of bits to be transmitted to a plurality of symbols;generating a second signal based on the first signal and the on-off keying modulated and frequency shift keying modulated signal; andtransmitting the second signal to the first device.20.A computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to perform the method according to any of claims 17-19.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Phy for ultra-low power wireless receiver
CN107534457A
Wake up signal for machine type communication and narrowband-internet-of-things devices
CN110463285A
Technique for Non-Sinusoidal Radio Communication
US20210006445A1
Method, Transmitter, Structure, Transceiver and Access Point for Provision of Multi-Carrier On-Off Keying Signal
US20210351964A1