Solar cell and preparation method therefor, photovoltaic module, system, and apparatus

Abstract

A solar cell and a preparation method therefor, a photovoltaic module, a system, and an apparatus. The preparation method for the solar cell comprises the following steps: forming a perovskite light-absorbing layer on a first electrode to obtain an intermediate product; placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, wherein the fumigation atmosphere comprises a gaseous passivation material and a gaseous solvent, the solvent can dissolve a surface material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the passivation material can undergo a passivation reaction with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer; and forming a second electrode on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer. According to the preparation method, a thin and uniform passivation layer can be quickly formed on the surface of a perovskite absorption layer by means of fumigation of a perovskite light-absorbing layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cell devices.

Description

Solar cell and preparation method thereof, photovoltaic module, system and device

[0001] Related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to the Chinese patent application filed with the China Patent Office on October 31, 2023, with application number 202311435147.9, entitled “Solar cells and methods for their preparation, photovoltaic modules, systems and electrical devices”, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference into this application. Technical Field

[0003] The present application relates to the field of new energy material technology, and in particular to a solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, a system and a device. Background Art

[0004] The statements herein merely provide background information related to the present application and do not necessarily constitute prior art.

[0005] Perovskite materials are organic-inorganic metal halides with an octahedral structure. They are characterized by abundant raw material reserves, simple preparation processes, and low artificial synthesis costs. Perovskite materials possess numerous advantages, including high photoelectric absorption coefficients, long carrier diffusion lengths, and shallow defect energy levels, resulting in minimal photoelectric losses. Solar cells using perovskite materials as light-absorbing layers offer advantages such as cost reduction and efficiency improvement, high low-light performance, and a wide range of applications, making them an excellent choice for the next generation of mass-produced photovoltaic cells.

[0006] However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells still needs to be improved.

[0007] Summary of the Invention

[0008] Based on this, the present application aims to provide a solar cell and its preparation method, photovoltaic module, system and device that can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0009] A first aspect of the present application provides a method for preparing a solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0010] forming a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the first electrode to obtain an intermediate product;

[0011] placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, wherein the fumigation atmosphere comprises a gaseous passivation material and a gaseous solvent, wherein the solvent can dissolve the surface material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the passivation material can undergo a passivation reaction with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer; and

[0012] A second electrode is formed on a surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0013] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the above-mentioned preparation method of the present application controls the composition of the fumigation atmosphere. When the perovskite absorber layer is placed in the fumigation atmosphere, the solvent in the fumigation atmosphere contacts the perovskite absorber layer and dissolves the surface material of the perovskite absorber layer. The passivation material reacts with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer. This passivation optimizes surface defects such as methylammonium, methylamine halide, or lead halide on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer, thereby improving the crystallization quality of the surface of the perovskite absorber layer. The above-mentioned preparation method can quickly form a thin and uniform passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer by fumigating the perovskite absorber layer. The passivation layer does not affect the transport of carriers and can also passivate the surface defects of the perovskite absorber layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0014] In any embodiment of the present application, the total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent in the fumigation atmosphere is 10 mg / m 3 ~140 mg / m 3 , 20mg / m 3 ~60 mg / m 3 By controlling the concentration in the atmosphere, the fumigation effect can be further improved, and the surface defect passivation effect of the perovskite absorption layer can be enhanced, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0015] In any embodiment of the present application, before placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, the following step of forming the fumigation atmosphere is further included:

[0016] A mixed solution for fumigation is added dropwise in a closed space, and the temperature is controlled to volatilize the mixed solution for fumigation to form the fumigation atmosphere, wherein the mixed solution for fumigation includes the passivation material and the solvent.

[0017] In any embodiment of the present application, in the mixed solution for fumigation, the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent is (100-300):1, and can be optionally (150-200):1.

[0018] In any embodiment of the present application, the passivation material is in liquid state at room temperature and pressure.

[0019] By controlling the volume ratio of the passivation material and the solvent in the atmosphere, the fumigation effect can be further improved, and the surface defect passivation effect of the perovskite absorption layer can be enhanced, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0020] In any embodiment of the present application, the passivation material includes an organic amine.

[0021] In any embodiment of the present application, the organic amine includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted aniline, substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine and chain organic amine.

[0022] In any embodiment of the present application, the aniline includes at least one of halogen-substituted aniline and unsubstituted aniline.

[0023] In any embodiment of the present application, the phenylalkylamine includes at least one of a halogen-substituted phenylalkylamine and an unsubstituted phenylalkylamine.

[0024] In any embodiment of the present application, the chain organic amine includes a chain organic amine having 3 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0025] In any embodiment of the present application, the organic amine includes at least one of aniline, fluoroaniline, chloroaniline, bromoaniline, iodoaniline, benzylamine, fluorobenzylamine, bromobenzylamine, chlorobenzylamine, phenethylamine, fluorophenethylamine, chlorophenethylamine, butylamine, bromobutylamine, chlorobutylamine, octylamine, fluorooctylamine, chlorooctylamine and bromooctylamine.

[0026] In any embodiment of the present application, the preparation method satisfies at least one of the following conditions:

[0027] (1) The fumigation treatment time is 3s to 35s, and can be optionally 5s to 15s;

[0028] (2) The temperature of the fumigation treatment is 25°C to 50°C;

[0029] (3) The solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, γ-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N,N-dimethylpropyleneurea and isopropyl alcohol.

[0030] In any embodiment of the present application, the perovskite light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite material, and the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6; the A ion is a monovalent cation, the B ion is a divalent metal cation, the C ion is a monovalent metal cation, the D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and the X ion is a monovalent anion.

[0031] In any embodiment of the present application, the A ion includes at least one of an organic cation and a metal cation.

[0032] In any embodiment of the present application, the organic cation includes at least one of an organic amine ion, a formamidine group, and an imidazolyl group.

[0033] In any embodiment of the present application, the metal cation includes at least one of Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+.

[0034] In any embodiment of the present application, the A ions include organic amine ions, and the passivation material includes organic amine.

[0035] In any embodiment of the present application, the organic amine in the passivation material includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine and a chain organic amine.

[0036] In any embodiment of the present application, the organic amine in the passivation material includes a substituted or unsubstituted chain organic amine, and the carbon chain length of the chain organic amine is greater than the carbon chain length of the organic amine ion in the A ion.

[0037] In any embodiment of the present application, the preparation method satisfies at least one of the following conditions:

[0038] (1) Before forming the perovskite light absorbing layer on the first electrode, the method further includes the following steps: forming an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer on the first electrode;

[0039] (2) Before forming the second electrode on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer, the method further includes forming a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0040] A second aspect of the present application provides a solar cell, which is manufactured using the method for manufacturing a solar cell according to the first aspect of the present application.

[0041] A second aspect of the present application further provides a solar cell, comprising a stacked first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode, wherein the RMS roughness of the passivation layer is 40 nm to 65 nm.

[0042] In any embodiment of the present application, the perovskite light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite material, and the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6; the A ion is a monovalent cation, the B ion is a divalent metal cation, the C ion is a monovalent metal cation, the D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and the X ion is a monovalent anion.

[0043] In any embodiment of the present application, the passivation layer includes ZBX3 or Z2CDX6, and Z includes an organic amine ion.

[0044] In any embodiment of the present application, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.8 nm to 20 nm, and can be optionally 1 nm to 5 nm.

[0045] In any embodiment of the present application, the A ion includes an organic amine ion, and Z includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine ion and a chain organic amine ion.

[0046] The third aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic assembly, comprising the solar cell provided in the second aspect of the present application.

[0047] A fourth aspect of the present application provides a photovoltaic system, comprising the photovoltaic assembly provided by the third aspect of the present application.

[0048] The fifth aspect of the present application provides an electrical device comprising at least one selected from the solar cell provided in the first aspect of the present application and the photovoltaic module provided in the third aspect of the present application.

[0049] The sixth aspect of the present application provides a power generation device, comprising at least one selected from the solar cell provided in the first aspect of the present application and the photovoltaic module provided in the third aspect of the present application.

[0050] The details of one or more embodiments of the present application are set forth in the following drawings and description. Other features, objects, and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the description, drawings, and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0051] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the conventional technology, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the conventional technology descriptions. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on the disclosed drawings without any creative work.

[0052] FIG1 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0053] FIG2 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell according to another embodiment of the present application;

[0054] FIG3 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device using a solar cell as a power source according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0055] FIG4 is an atomic force microscope image (AFM) of the perovskite light absorbing layer obtained in step 3) of Example 1;

[0056] FIG5 is an atomic force microscope image (AFM) of the passivation layer obtained in step 4) of Example 1;

[0057] FIG6 is a scanning electron microscope image (SEM) of the perovskite light absorbing layer prepared in step 3) of Example 1;

[0058] FIG7 is a scanning electron microscope image (SEM) of the passivation layer prepared in step 4) of Example 1.

[0059] Description of reference numerals:

[0060] 1. Solar cell; 11. Transparent electrode; 12. Electron transport layer; 13. Passivation layer; 14. Perovskite light absorption layer; 15. Hole transport layer; 16. Second electrode 16; 2. Electrical device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0061] The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present application is appropriately referred to the accompanying drawings. However, unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repeated descriptions of substantially identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. In addition, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand the present application and are not intended to limit the subject matter described in the claims.

[0062] " range " disclosed in the present application is limited in the form of lower limit and upper limit, and given range is limited by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, and the selected lower limit and upper limit define the boundary of special range. The scope limited in this way can be to include end value or not include end value, and can be arbitrarily combined, that is, any lower limit can form a range with any upper limit combination. For example, if the scope of 60-120 and 80-110 is listed for specific parameters, it is understood that the scope of 60-110 and 80-120 is also expected. In addition, if the minimum range value 1 and 2 are listed, and if the maximum range value 3,4 and 5 are listed, then the following range can all be expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4 and 2-5. In this application, unless otherwise specified, the numerical range " ab " represents the abbreviation of any real number combination between a and b, wherein a and b are all real numbers. For example, a numerical range of "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" are listed herein, and "0-5" is simply an abbreviation for these numerical combinations. Furthermore, when a parameter is expressed as an integer ≥ 2, this is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0063] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0064] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application can be combined with each other to form a new technical solution.

[0065] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of the present application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the method includes steps (a) and (b), indicating that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, the method may further include step (c), indicating that step (c) may be added to the method in any order, for example, the method may include steps (a), (b) and (c), or may include steps (a), (c) and (b), or may include steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0066] Unless otherwise specified, the terms "include" and "comprising" used in this application are open-ended. For example, "include" and "comprising" may mean that other components not listed may also be included or that only the listed components are included.

[0067] Unless otherwise specified, the term "or" is used in this application to be inclusive. For example, the phrase "A or B" means "A, B, or both A and B." More specifically, the condition "A or B" is satisfied if any of the following conditions are met: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); or both A and B are true (or exist).

[0068] Solar cells using perovskite materials as light-absorbing layers are also called perovskite solar cells. The perovskite absorption layer will inevitably introduce a large number of surface defects during the preparation process. For example, if the perovskite absorption layer is MAPbX3, the methylammonium or methylamine halide on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer will remain on the surface of the film, and lead halide will easily precipitate on the grains and grain boundaries, causing charge recombination and ion migration at the interface between the perovskite absorption layer and other layers of the solar cell device, resulting in a significant decrease in the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0069] An embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same, wherein the method comprises the following steps S10 to S30.

[0070] S10, forming a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the first electrode to obtain an intermediate product.

[0071] S20. placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, wherein the fumigation atmosphere includes a gaseous passivation material and a gaseous solvent, wherein the solvent can dissolve the surface material of the perovskite light absorbing layer, and the passivation material can undergo a passivation reaction with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0072] S30, forming a second electrode on a surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0073] Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the above-mentioned preparation method of the present application controls the composition of the fumigation atmosphere. When the perovskite absorber layer is placed in the fumigation atmosphere, the solvent in the fumigation atmosphere contacts the perovskite absorber layer and dissolves the surface material of the perovskite absorber layer. The passivation material reacts with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer. This passivation optimizes surface defects such as methylammonium, methylamine halide, or lead halide on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer, thereby improving the crystallization quality of the surface of the perovskite absorber layer. The above-mentioned preparation method can quickly form a thin and uniform passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite absorber layer by fumigating the perovskite absorber layer. The passivation layer does not affect the transport of carriers and can also passivate the surface defects of the perovskite absorber layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device. The solar cell prepared by the above preparation method includes a stacked first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer and a second electrode. Due to the fumigation treatment, a passivation layer is formed on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, thereby reducing the RMS roughness of the perovskite surface from ~100nm to 40~65nm.

[0074] Here, RMS roughness refers to root mean square (RMS) roughness, which can be measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM).

[0075] The perovskite light-absorbing layer can be prepared using methods commonly used in the art, including but not limited to sol-gel methods, coating, and multi-source co-evaporation. Coating methods include, but are not limited to, spin coating, slit coating, brush coating, wipe coating, doctor blade coating, screen coating, and spray coating. Furthermore, the perovskite light-absorbing layer is a three-dimensional perovskite thin film.

[0076] In some embodiments, the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material. The general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6, where the A ion is a monovalent cation, the B ion is a divalent metal cation, the C ion is a monovalent metal cation, the D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and the X ion is a monovalent anion.

[0077] Optionally, the A ion includes at least one of an organic cation and a metal cation.

[0078] More optionally, the organic cation in the A ion includes at least one of an organic amine ion, a formamidinium group (FA) and an imidazole group.

[0079] Furthermore, the organic amine ions in the A ions include at least one of methylamine (MA), ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine and hexylamine.

[0080] More preferably, the metal cation in the A ion includes Li+ 、Na + , K + , Rb + and Cs + At least one of .

[0081] Optionally, the B ions include Pb 2+ 、Sn 2+ 、Be 2+ Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ 、Ba 2+ 、Zn 2+ 、Ge 2+ 、Fe 2+ 、Co 2+ 、Cu 2+ and Ni 2+ More preferably, the B ions include Pb 2+ and Sn 2+ One or both of them.

[0082] Optionally, the C ions include Cs + 、Ag + , K + and Ru + At least one of .

[0083] Optionally, the D ions include Bi 3+ 、Ni 3+ 、Fe 3+ and Cu 3+ At least one of;

[0084] Optionally, the X ions include F - 、Cl - Br - and I - At least one of; Optionally, the X ions include Cl - Br - and I - At least one of .

[0085] It is understood that the perovskite material in the above-mentioned perovskite light absorbing layer can be selected from at least one of CsFAPbX3, CsMAPbX3, CsFAMAPbX3, CsPbX3, MAPbX3, FAPbX3, CsFAPbSnX3, CsMAPbSnX3, CsFAMAPbSnX3, CsPbSnX3, MAPbSnX3, and FAPbSnX3. Further, as an example, the perovskite material in the above-mentioned perovskite light absorbing layer can be selected from at least one of CsFAPbI3, CsPbI3, and FAPbI3.

[0086] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer is 200 nm to 1000 nm. As an example, the thickness of the perovskite light absorbing layer is 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, or 1000 nm; optionally, 400 nm to 500 nm.

[0087] In some embodiments, the total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent in the fumigation atmosphere is 10 mg / m 3 ~140 mg / m 3 As an example, the total concentration may be 10 mg / m 3 , 15mg / m 3 , 20mg / m 3 , 30mg / m 3 , 40mg / m 3 , 50mg / m 3 , 60mg / m 3 , 70mg / m 3 , 80mg / m 3 , 90mg / m 3 , 100mg / m 3 , 110mg / m 3 , 120mg / m 3 , 130mg / m 3 , 140mg / m 3 , can be selected as the range of any two points above, such as 20mg / m 3 ~60 mg / m 3 By controlling the concentration in the atmosphere, the fumigation effect can be further enhanced, improving the surface defect passivation of the perovskite absorber layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cell devices. The total concentration can be obtained by gas phase analysis of the atmosphere sampling.

[0088] In some embodiments, before placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, the following step S40 of forming a fumigation atmosphere is further included.

[0089] S40, adding a mixed solution for fumigation dropwise into the confined space, and controlling the temperature to volatilize the mixed solution for fumigation to form a fumigation atmosphere, wherein the mixed solution for fumigation includes a passivation material and a solvent.

[0090] It is understood that the temperature controlled in S40 is sufficient to allow the mixed solution for fumigation to evaporate.

[0091] In some embodiments, the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent in the fumigation mixed solution is (100-300):1, optionally (100-200):1 or (150-200):1. As examples, the volume ratio may be 100:1, 120:1, 150:1, 180:1, 200:1, 230:1, 250:1, or 300:1. By controlling the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent in the atmosphere, the fumigation effect can be further improved, thereby enhancing the surface defect passivation effect of the perovskite absorber layer.

[0092] In some embodiments, the solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylacetamide (DMA), γ-butyrolactone (GBL), tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), N,N-dimethylpropylene urea (DMPU) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA).

[0093] Optionally, the solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylacetamide (DMA), γ-butyrolactone (GBL), 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), N,N-dimethylpropylene urea (DMPU) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA).

[0094] Optionally, the passivation material is in liquid form at room temperature and pressure, so that it can be easily mixed with the solvent. Room temperature and pressure refer to a temperature of 20 to 30° C. and a standard atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa.

[0095] In some embodiments, the passivation material includes an organic amine. When the organic amine undergoes a passivation reaction with defects on the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, it can react as A ions with defects such as lead halide precipitated on the grains and grain boundaries to form a perovskite material. This passivation layer does not affect carrier transport, but also helps improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device. For example, when the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6, the passivation layer includes ZBX3 or Z2CDX6, where Z includes ions formed by the organic amine in the passivation material.

[0096] Optionally, the organic amine in the passivation material includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted aniline, substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine, and chain organic amine, wherein the chain organic amine does not contain a cyclic structure.

[0097] The organic amine in the passivation material includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted aniline and substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine. Compared with chain organic amines, it has a better passivation effect and is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cell devices.

[0098] Optionally, the aniline comprises at least one of halogen-substituted aniline and unsubstituted aniline. Further, the halogen replaces the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring in the aniline.

[0099] Optionally, the phenylalkylamine comprises at least one of a halogen-substituted phenylalkylamine and an unsubstituted phenylalkylamine. Furthermore, the halogen-substituted hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring of the phenylalkylamine are substituted. Furthermore, the alkyl chain of the phenylalkylamine has 1 to 20 carbon atoms, further 1 to 10, or 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

[0100] Optionally, the chain organic amine includes a chain organic amine with a carbon number of 3 to 20. The chain organic amine includes but is not limited to a linear organic amine and a branched organic amine, and the carbon number of the chain organic amine can be 3 to 10, or 3 to 8.

[0101] More optionally, the organic amine includes at least one of aniline, fluoroaniline, chloroaniline, bromoaniline, iodoaniline, benzylamine, fluorobenzylamine, bromobenzylamine, chlorobenzylamine, phenethylamine, fluorophenethylamine, chlorophenethylamine, butylamine, octylamine, bromobutylamine, chlorobutylamine, octylamine, fluorooctylamine, chlorooctylamine and bromooctylamine.

[0102] In some embodiments, the fumigation treatment time is 3s to 35s, optionally 5s to 15s, and as an example, can be 3s, 5s, 10s, 15s, 20s, 25, 30s, or 35s.

[0103] In some embodiments, the temperature controlled in S40 is 25° C. to 50° C.

[0104] In some embodiments, the temperature of the fumigation treatment is 25° C. to 50° C. The fumigation treatment is performed at the temperature controlled in S40 , which is conducive to maintaining a good fumigation atmosphere and improving the fumigation effect.

[0105] In some embodiments, the A ions include organic amine ions, and the passivation material includes an organic amine. Further, the organic amine in the passivation material includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine and a substituted or unsubstituted chain organic amine.

[0106] When the A ions include organic amine ions and the passivation material includes a substituted or unsubstituted chain organic amine, the carbon chain length of the chain organic amine is greater than the carbon chain length of the organic amine ions in the A ions. This can provide a better passivation effect on the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0107] In some embodiments, before forming the perovskite light-absorbing layer on the first electrode, the method further includes forming an electron transport layer on the first electrode. And / or, before forming the second electrode on a surface of the passivation layer remote from the perovskite light-absorbing layer, the method further includes forming a hole transport layer on a surface of the passivation layer remote from the perovskite light-absorbing layer. Specifically, the passivation layer is formed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the hole transport layer.

[0108] In some other embodiments, before forming the perovskite light-absorbing layer on the first electrode, the method further includes forming a hole transport layer on the first electrode. And / or, before forming the second electrode on a surface of the passivation layer remote from the perovskite light-absorbing layer, the method further includes forming an electron transport layer on a surface of the passivation layer remote from the perovskite light-absorbing layer. Specifically, the passivation layer is formed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the electron transport layer.

[0109] In some embodiments, the material of the electron transport layer may be, but is not limited to, at least one of the following materials and their derivatives: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerene (C60) and its derivatives, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidine (OMeTPA-FA), [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), calcium titanate (CaTiO3), lithium fluoride (LiF), calcium fluoride (CaF2), poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), poly 3- Hexylthiophene (P3HT), triphenylamine with triptycene as the core (H101), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine (EDOT-OMeTPA), N-(4-phenylamino)carbazole-spirobifluorene (CzPAF-SBF), polythiophene, metal oxides (metal elements are selected from Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, or Cr), silicon oxide (SiO2), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), and cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN).

[0110] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), polytriarylamine (PTAA), nickel oxide (NiOx), poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), WO3 and other materials that can transport holes and block electrons.

[0111] Optionally, the solar cell may further include a hole blocking layer between the electrode layer and the electron transport layer. The material of the hole blocking layer may include, but is not limited to, BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline). Optionally, the solar cell may further include an electron blocking layer between the electrode layer and the hole transport layer.

[0112] In a specific example, the electron transport layer adopts a C60 layer, and the hole blocking layer adopts a BCP layer. The BCP layer serves as a passivation layer of the electron transport layer. The BCP molecular structure contains N atoms with lone pairs of electrons, which can effectively passivate the surface defects of the C60 layer, promote the transfer and separation of charges at the interface, and help eliminate the current hysteresis of the battery device.

[0113] Understandably, in order to enable light to be effectively transmitted to the perovskite light-absorbing layer, at least one electrode in the solar cell is set as a transparent electrode, and the other is a counter electrode layer.

[0114] It can be understood that the solar cell includes a regular structure and a transverse structure in terms of structure. Optionally, one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a transparent electrode; and the other can be a counter electrode layer.

[0115] The transparent electrode may be a transparent conductive metal oxide electrode. As an example, the material of the transparent electrode may be, for example, transparent conductive glass such as FTO, ITO, AZO, BZO, and IZO. It is understood that in addition to using glass as a substrate, the transparent electrode may also use a transparent flexible substrate. Specifically, the material of the transparent flexible substrate may be, for example, an organic polymer material, which may be a mixture of one or more of the following materials in different proportions: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

[0116] The material of the counter electrode layer includes, but is not limited to, an organic material, an inorganic material, or a conductive material comprising a mixture of organic and inorganic materials in varying proportions. Furthermore, the counter electrode layer is a metal electrode. The metal conductive material of the counter electrode layer includes, but is not limited to, gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), bismuth (Bi), platinum (Pt), magnesium (Mg), or a mixture thereof.

[0117] In a typical solar cell structure, the solar cell includes a transparent electrode and, stacked sequentially on the transparent electrode, an electron transport layer, a perovskite light absorbing layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode. The passivation layer may be disposed between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the electron transport layer, and / or between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the hole transport layer.

[0118] As shown in FIG1 , in one specific example, a solar cell 1 includes a transparent electrode 11 and an electron transport layer 12, a passivation layer 13, a perovskite light absorbing layer 14, a hole transport layer 15, and a second electrode 16 sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode 11. It is understood that in another specific example, a solar cell includes a transparent electrode and an electron transport layer, a perovskite light absorbing layer, a hole transport layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode.

[0119] For an inverted structure, the solar cell includes a transparent electrode and a hole transport layer, a perovskite light absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode, which are sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode. The passivation layer of the solar cell of the present application can be disposed between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the electron transport layer, and / or between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the hole transport layer.

[0120] As shown in FIG2 , in one specific example, a solar cell 1 includes a transparent electrode 11 and a hole transport layer 15, a perovskite light absorbing layer 14, an electron transport layer 12, a passivation layer 13, and a second electrode 16 sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode 11. It is understood that in another specific example, a solar cell includes a transparent electrode and a hole transport layer, a passivation layer, a perovskite light absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, a passivation layer, and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the transparent electrode.

[0121] In some examples, the method for preparing the above-mentioned perovskite light-absorbing layer includes the following steps: mixing material A, BX2 and a solvent to prepare a perovskite precursor solution; then coating the perovskite precursor solution on a corresponding substrate, annealing, and obtaining the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0122] The above-mentioned first electrode, hole transport layer, electron transport layer and second electrode can be prepared by commonly used preparation methods in the field, including but not limited to solution method and solid deposition method. The solution method includes any one of spin coating, spray coating, blade coating and slit coating, and the solid deposition method includes any one of vacuum evaporation, sputtering deposition, plasma deposition and ion deposition.

[0123] The solar cell prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method of the present application has a thin and uniform passivation layer formed on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer, which optimizes the defects on the surface of the perovskite absorption layer and improves the crystallization quality of the surface of the perovskite absorption layer. It does not affect the transmission of carriers and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0124] In some embodiments, the perovskite light absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material, and the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6. Furthermore, the A ion comprises an organic amine ion.

[0125] Optionally, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.8 nm to 20 nm, optionally 0.8 nm to 10 nm, 0.8 nm to 8 nm, 1 nm to 8 nm or 1 nm to 5 nm. The thickness of the passivation layer can be measured by an ellipsometer.

[0126] One embodiment of the present application further provides a photovoltaic module, which includes the above-mentioned solar cell.

[0127] The solar cell has high light conversion efficiency and good stability, and can improve the efficiency of photovoltaic modules.

[0128] The photovoltaic module includes one or more of the aforementioned solar cells, which can be selected based on the specific application scenario. Furthermore, the photovoltaic module includes multiple solar cells, which are connected in series or parallel to form a cell. Furthermore, the photovoltaic module may also include tandem cells. These tandem cells include, but are not limited to, crystalline silicon / perovskite tandem cells, all-perovskite tandem cells, and copper indium gallium selenide and other thin-film / perovskite tandem cells.

[0129] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module further includes a photovoltaic glass layer, an adhesive layer, and a back sheet.

[0130] Adhesive layers are provided on both surfaces of the cell, a back plate is provided on the surface of one of the adhesive layers away from the cell, and a photovoltaic glass layer is provided on the surface of the other adhesive layer away from the cell.

[0131] The photovoltaic glass layer and back panel are used to protect the solar cells, and have the functions of sealing, insulation and waterproofing; the bonding layer plays the role of bonding the photovoltaic glass layer and the battery cell, and bonding the back panel and the battery cell.

[0132] Optionally, the photovoltaic glass layer is made of tempered glass, the back panel is made of TPT (polyvinyl fluoride) or TPE (thermoplastic elastomer), and the adhesive layer is made of EVA (polyethylene-polyvinyl acetate copolymer).

[0133] Furthermore, the photovoltaic module further includes a junction box and an outer frame.

[0134] The junction box is used to protect the power generation system of the entire photovoltaic module. It is equivalent to a current transfer station. When a battery cell short-circuits, the junction box will automatically disconnect the short-circuited battery string.

[0135] The outer frame can support and protect the entire photovoltaic module. The frame can be made of aluminum alloy, which has excellent strength and corrosion resistance.

[0136] Furthermore, silicone is used to bond and seal the connection between the frame and other parts of the photovoltaic module. Photovoltaic modules can convert solar energy into electrical energy, which can be stored in batteries or used to drive loads.

[0137] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic component is a solar panel.

[0138] One embodiment of the present application further provides a photovoltaic system, comprising the above-mentioned photovoltaic module.

[0139] The photovoltaic system utilizes the photovoltaic effect of the solar cells in the above photovoltaic modules to directly convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy with high efficiency; further, the above photovoltaic system is a photovoltaic power generation system.

[0140] Photovoltaic modules are the core part of photovoltaic power generation systems. The above photovoltaic system includes one or more photovoltaic modules, which can be selected according to the specific application scenario; further, when the above photovoltaic system includes multiple photovoltaic modules, the multiple photovoltaic modules form a photovoltaic array.

[0141] The above photovoltaic system can be an independent photovoltaic power generation system or a grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system.

[0142] An independent photovoltaic power generation system consists of a photovoltaic array, a battery pack, a charge controller, a power electronic converter (inverter), and a load. Its operating principle is that solar radiation energy is first converted into electrical energy by the photovoltaic array, then converted by the power electronic converter to power the load. Meanwhile, excess electrical energy is stored as chemical energy in an energy storage device after passing through the charge controller. In this way, when sunlight is insufficient, the energy stored in the battery can be converted into 220V, 50Hz AC electricity after passing through the power electronic inverter, filtering, and power frequency transformer to supply the AC load.

[0143] A grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system consists of a photovoltaic array, a high-frequency DC / DC boost circuit, a power electronic converter (inverter), and system monitoring. Its operating principle is that solar radiation energy is converted by the photovoltaic array, then converted to high-voltage DC through high-frequency DC conversion. This is then inverted by a power electronic inverter and output to the grid as a sinusoidal AC current with a frequency consistent with the grid voltage.

[0144] The above two photovoltaic power generation systems have their own characteristics and can be selected according to specific application scenarios.

[0145] One embodiment of the present application provides an electrical device, comprising at least one of the aforementioned solar cell and the aforementioned photovoltaic module.

[0146] In some embodiments, the solar cell or photovoltaic module can be used as a power source for an electrical device or as an energy storage unit for an electrical device.

[0147] Furthermore, the above-mentioned electrical devices may include mobile devices, such as mobile phones, laptop computers, etc., electric vehicles, electric trains, ships and satellites, but are not limited thereto.

[0148] Figure 3 shows an example of an electric device 2. The electric device 2 is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

[0149] One embodiment of the present application provides a power generation device, comprising at least one of the above-mentioned solar cell and the above-mentioned photovoltaic module.

[0150] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects solved by this application clearer, the application will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments and drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, rather than all the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative and is in no way intended to limit the present application and its applications. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0151] If no specific techniques or conditions are specified in the examples, the experiments were carried out according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the field or according to the product instructions. All reagents or instruments used without specifying the manufacturer are commercially available conventional products.

[0152] 1. Device Preparation

[0153] Example 1

[0154] A method for preparing a solar cell device with an inverted structure is as follows:

[0155] 1) Preparation of FTO conductive glass electrode: Specifications: 2.0×2.0 cm 2 The FTO conductive glass was prepared, and 0.35 cm of FTO was removed from both ends by laser etching to expose the glass substrate; the etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned several times with water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol in sequence, the solvent of the FTO conductive glass was blown dry with a compressed air gun, and the glass was placed in a UV ozone machine for further cleaning.

[0156] 2) Preparation of the hole transport layer: A 2 mg / mL PTAA organic hole transport layer was spin-coated on the UV-ozone-treated FTO substrate at a rate of 5000 rpm / s, and then annealed on a 100°C hot plate for 10 minutes to obtain a hole transport layer with a thickness of 20 nm.

[0157] 3) Preparation of perovskite light-absorbing layer: A perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the hole transport layer at 1000-5000 rpm, annealed at 100°C for 30 min, to obtain a 650 nm thick perovskite light-absorbing layer, wherein the active material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer was FAPbI3, and cooled to room temperature.

[0158] 4) Preparation of passivation layer: In a closed oven, heated to 30°C, 50 μL of a mixed solution of 2-fluorophenylethylamine and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with a volume ratio of 150:1 was added dropwise and fumigated for 2 minutes to form a fumigation atmosphere. The total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent is shown in Table 1. The intermediate product coated with the perovskite light absorbing layer obtained in step 3) was transferred into this closed environment for 10 seconds of fumigation treatment (at this time, the temperature was still controlled at 30°C), and then taken out to prepare a passivation layer with a thickness as shown in Table 1.

[0159] 5) Preparation of electron transport layer: Place the intermediate product obtained in step 4) into the evaporation apparatus and wait until the evaporation vacuum reaches 5*10 -4 Pa, a C60 layer with a thickness of 20 nm was evaporated at a rate of 0.1 A / s, and then a BCP layer with a thickness of 10 nm was evaporated at a rate of 0.05 A / s.

[0160] 6) Preparation of metal counter electrode: Place the film with electron transport layer prepared in step 5) into the evaporation apparatus and wait for the evaporation vacuum to reach 5*10 -4 Pa, a metal Cu back electrode with a thickness of 80 nm was evaporated at a rate of 0.2 A / s.

[0161] Example 2

[0162] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 1, except that the fumigation treatment time in step 4) is 15 s.

[0163] Example 3

[0164] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 1, except that the fumigation treatment time in step 4) is 30 s.

[0165] Example 4

[0166] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 1, except that the FTO conductive glass electrode in step 1) is prepared using a different specification, specifically a 20×20 cm 2 FTO glass. Example 1 is of small size, and Example 4 is of large size; the same applies below. The preparation of the corresponding perovskite light absorbing layer is slightly different, as follows:

[0167] 3) Preparation of perovskite light-absorbing layer: A perovskite precursor solution was scraped onto the hole transport layer and annealed at 100°C for 30 minutes to obtain a perovskite light-absorbing layer of the same thickness, wherein the active material of the perovskite light-absorbing layer was FAPbI3, and then cooled to room temperature.

[0168] Example 5

[0169] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 2, except that the FTO conductive glass electrode in step 1) is prepared using a different specification, specifically a 20×20 cm 2 FTO glass.

[0170] Example 6

[0171] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 3, except that the FTO conductive glass electrode in step 1) is prepared using a different specification, specifically a 20×20 cm 2 FTO glass.

[0172] Examples 7-8

[0173] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 4, except that the time of the fumigation treatment in step 4) is different, as shown in Table 1.

[0174] Examples 9-11

[0175] The steps identical with Example 4 are substantially the same, except that, in the mixed solution of the fumigation treatment in step 4), the volume ratio of 2-fluorophenylethylamine:DMF is different, as specifically shown in Table 1.

[0176] Examples 12 to 14

[0177] The same steps as in Example 4 are substantially the same, except that 2-fluorophenethylamine in the mixed solution of the fumigation treatment in step 4) is replaced by an equal volume of other types of organic amines, as specifically shown in Table 1.

[0178] Examples 15 to 20

[0179] The steps are basically the same as those in Example 4, except that DMF in the mixed solution of the fumigation treatment in step 4) is replaced by an equal volume of other types of solvents, as shown in Table 1.

[0180] Comparative Example 1

[0181] The method is basically the same as Example 1, except that step 4) is omitted and step 5) is performed directly on the perovskite light absorbing layer after the perovskite light absorbing layer is prepared in step 3).

[0182] Comparative Example 2

[0183] The method is basically the same as Example 4, except that step 4) is omitted and step 5) is performed directly on the perovskite light absorbing layer after the perovskite light absorbing layer is prepared in step 3).

[0184] Comparative Example 3

[0185] The method is substantially the same as Example 1, except that the mixed solution in step 4) is replaced by an equal volume of pure fluorophenylethylamine.

[0186] Comparative Example 4

[0187] The method is substantially the same as Example 4, except that the mixed solution in step 4) is replaced by an equal volume of pure fluorophenylethylamine.

[0188] 2. Performance Testing

[0189] 1) The perovskite light absorbing layer prepared in step 3) of Example 1 and the passivation layer prepared in step 4) were subjected to atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy tests, respectively obtaining atomic force microscopy images (AFM) of Figures 4 to 5 and scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) of Figures 6 to 7.

[0190] Combining Figures 4 and 6, it can be seen that the perovskite light-absorbing layer prepared in step 3) of Example 1 has large particle size and poor uniformity. Figure 4 also shows that the RMS roughness of the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer prepared in step 3) ranges from 184.5 nm to 353.3 nm. Combining Figures 5 and 7, it can be seen that the passivation layer prepared in step 4) of Example 1 has smaller particle size and better uniformity. Figure 5 shows that the RMS roughness of the surface of the perovskite light-absorbing layer prepared in step 3) is significantly reduced, specifically ranging from 43.8 nm to 63.2 nm. This shows that the fumigation treatment of the perovskite light-absorbing layer forms a passivation layer, significantly reducing the RMS roughness of the surface.

[0191] 2) Photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells

[0192] In the standard simulated sunlight, a standard sunlight (spectrum is AM 1.5G, irradiance is 100mW / cm 2 ) were tested for the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cells obtained in each embodiment and comparative example, and the calculation formula was as follows:

[0193] PCE=Voc×Jsc×FF / Pin;

[0194] Among them, PCE is the photoelectric conversion efficiency, Voc is the open circuit voltage, Jsc is the short circuit current density, FF is the fill factor, and Pin is the input power.

[0195] 3) Thermal stability of solar cells

[0196] Test conditions: The solar cell was heated to 65°C ± 5°C on a heating plate and treated for 1000 hours in an environment with a relative humidity of 5% ± 2% RH. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cells obtained in each embodiment and comparative example after 1000 hours of treatment was tested.

[0197] By comparing the photoelectric conversion efficiency before treatment (initial PCE) and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after treatment (thermal stable 1000h PCE), its stability can be known.

[0198] Table 1

[0199] As shown in Table 1, compared with the cells without passivation layer in Comparative Examples 1-2 and the cells without solvent added in the fumigation atmosphere in Comparative Examples 3-4, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell devices with passivation layer in each embodiment are significantly improved.

[0200] By comparing Examples 1 to 3 with Examples 4 to 6, it can be seen that the preparation method of the present application is not only applicable to smaller-sized batteries but also to larger-sized batteries, and has good performance stability.

[0201] It can be seen from Examples 4 to 8 that the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of Examples 4 to 5 are better than those of Examples 6 to 8; therefore, the total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent is 10 mg / m 3 ~140 mg / m 3 20mg / m 3 ~60 mg / m 3 , which can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cell devices.

[0202] It can be seen from Examples 4 and 9 to 11 that the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of Examples 4 and 9 to 10 are better than those of Example 11; therefore, in the mixed solution for fumigation, the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent is within (100 to 300):1, and can be selected as (100 to 200):1, which can further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0203] It can be seen from Examples 4 and 12 to 14 that the solar cell devices manufactured by using these types of passivation materials all have good photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

[0204] It can be seen from Examples 4 and 15 to 20 that the solar cell devices prepared by using these types of solvents all have good photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

[0205] The technical features of the above-mentioned embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. In order to make the description concise, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-mentioned embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0206] The above-described embodiments merely represent several implementation methods of the present application. While the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent application. It should be noted that a person of ordinary skill in the art may make various modifications and improvements without departing from the spirit of the present application, and these modifications and improvements fall within the scope of protection of the present application. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present patent application shall be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a solar cell, comprising the following steps: forming a perovskite light-absorbing layer on the first electrode to obtain an intermediate product; placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, wherein the fumigation atmosphere comprises a gaseous passivation material and a gaseous solvent, wherein the solvent can dissolve the surface material of the perovskite light absorbing layer, and the passivation material can undergo a passivation reaction with the dissolved surface material to form a passivation layer on the surface of the perovskite light absorbing layer; and A second electrode is formed on a surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer.

2. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein In the fumigation atmosphere, the total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent is 10 mg / m 3 ~140 mg / m 3 .

3. The preparation method according to claim 2, wherein In the fumigation atmosphere, the total concentration of the gaseous passivation material and the gaseous solvent is 20 mg / m 3 ~60 mg / m 3 .

4. The preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: Before placing the intermediate product in a fumigation atmosphere for fumigation treatment, the fumigation atmosphere is formed as follows: A mixed solution for fumigation is dripped into a closed space, and the temperature is controlled to volatilize the mixed solution for fumigation to form the fumigation atmosphere, wherein the mixed solution for fumigation includes the passivation material and the solvent.

5. The preparation method according to claim 4, wherein In the mixed solution for fumigation, the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent is (100-300):

1.

6. The preparation method according to claim 5, wherein: In the mixed solution for fumigation, the volume ratio of the passivation material to the solvent is (150-200):

1.

7. The preparation method according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein: The passivation material is in liquid state at normal temperature and pressure.

8. The preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: The passivating material includes an organic amine.

9. The preparation method according to claim 8, wherein: The organic amine includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted aniline, substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine and chain organic amine.

10. The preparation method according to claim 9, wherein: The aniline includes at least one of halogen-substituted aniline and unsubstituted aniline.

11. The preparation method according to claim 9, wherein: The phenalkylamine includes at least one of a halogen-substituted phenalkylamine and an unsubstituted phenalkylamine.

12. The preparation method according to claim 9, wherein: The chain organic amine includes chain organic amines having 3 to 20 carbon atoms.

13. The preparation method according to claim 8, wherein: The organic amine includes at least one of aniline, fluoroaniline, chloroaniline, bromoaniline, iodoaniline, benzylamine, fluorobenzylamine, bromobenzylamine, chlorobenzylamine, phenethylamine, fluorophenethylamine, chlorophenethylamine, butylamine, bromobutylamine, chlorobutylamine, octylamine, fluorooctylamine, chlorooctylamine and bromooctylamine.

14. The preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein: The preparation method satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) The fumigation treatment time is 3s to 35s; (2) The temperature of the fumigation treatment is 25°C to 50°C; (3) The solvent includes at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, γ-butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N,N-dimethylpropylene urea and isopropyl alcohol.

15. The preparation method according to claim 14, wherein: The fumigation treatment time is 5s to 15s.

16. The preparation method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein: The perovskite light absorbing layer contains a perovskite material, and the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6; the A ion is a monovalent cation, the B ion is a divalent metal cation, the C ion is a monovalent metal cation, the D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and the X ion is a monovalent anion.

17. The preparation method according to claim 16, wherein: The A ions include at least one of organic cations and metal cations.

18. The preparation method according to claim 17, wherein: The organic cation includes at least one of an organic amine ion, a carboxamidine group, and an imidazole group.

19. The preparation method according to claim 17, wherein: The metal cations include Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + and Cs + At least one of .

20. The preparation method according to claim 16, wherein: The A ions include organic amine ions, and the passivation material includes organic amine.

21. The preparation method according to claim 20, wherein: The organic amine in the passivation material includes at least one of substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine and chain organic amine.

22. The preparation method according to claim 20, wherein: The organic amine in the passivation material includes a substituted or unsubstituted chain organic amine, and the carbon chain length of the chain organic amine is greater than the carbon chain length of the organic amine ion in the A ion.

23. The preparation method according to claims 1 to 22, wherein: The preparation method satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) Before forming the perovskite light absorbing layer on the first electrode, the method further includes the following steps: forming an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer on the first electrode; (2) before forming the second electrode on the surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer, the method further comprises the following steps: Step: forming a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer on a surface of the passivation layer away from the perovskite light absorbing layer.

24. A solar cell manufactured by the manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 23.

25. A solar cell comprising a first electrode, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a passivation layer and a second electrode which are stacked, wherein the RMS roughness of the passivation layer is 40 nm to 65 nm.

26. The solar cell according to claim 24 or 25, wherein: The perovskite light absorbing layer contains a perovskite material, and the general formula of the perovskite material is ABX3 or A2CDX6; the A ion is a monovalent cation, the B ion is a divalent metal cation, the C ion is a monovalent metal cation, the D ion is a trivalent metal cation, and the X ion is a monovalent anion.

27. The solar cell according to claim 26, wherein: The passivation layer includes ZBX3 or Z2CDX6, and Z includes organic amine ions.

28. The solar cell according to any one of claims 24 to 27, wherein: The thickness of the passivation layer is 0.8 nm to 20 nm.

29. The solar cell according to claim 28, wherein: The thickness of the passivation layer is 1 nm to 5 nm.

30. The solar cell according to claim 28, wherein: The A ion includes an organic amine ion, and Z includes at least one of a substituted or unsubstituted phenylalkylamine ion and a chain organic amine ion.

31. A photovoltaic module comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 24 to 30.

32. A photovoltaic system comprising the photovoltaic module according to claim 31.

33. An electrical device comprising at least one selected from the solar cell according to any one of claims 24 to 30 and the photovoltaic module according to claim 31.

34. A power generation device comprising at least one selected from the solar cell according to any one of claims 24 to 30 and the photovoltaic module according to claim 31.

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