Composites comprising particulate glass

Abstract

In one aspect, composites are described herein. In some embodiments, a composite comprises a polymer component and a particulate glass component dispersed within the polymer component. In some cases, the composite has an average length, an average width, and an average height. In some implementations, the composite transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm, at a critical thickness of the composite. In some embodiments, the composite transmits less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm and at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm, at the critical thickness. In some cases, the critical thickness is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the composite.

Description

COMPOSITES COMPRISING PARTICULATE GLASS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No.63 / 612,203 filed on December 19, 2023, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD

[0002] The present application relates to composites and, more specifically, to polymer composites comprising a particulate glass component. SUMMARY

[0003] In one aspect, composites are presented herein. In some embodiments, composites described herein promote accelerated wound healing with less inflammation and / or scarring. Moreover, in some cases, composites described herein promote prolonged shelf life.

[0004] In some embodiments, a composite described herein comprises a polymer component and a particulate glass component dispersed within the polymer component. In some cases, the composite has an average length, an average width, and an average height. In some implementations, the composite transmits at least 20% of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. In some embodiments, the composite transmits less than 0.1% of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm at the critical thickness. In some cases, the composite transmits at least 20% of electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm at the critical thickness. Moreover, in some implementations, the critical thickness of the composite is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the composite.

[0005] In some cases, the particulate glass component is present in the composite in an amount of 0.1–80 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. In some embodiments, the particulate glass component has a sphericity between 0.7 and 1.0. In some implementations, the particulate glass component has an average particle size (D50) between 100 nm and 60 µm. For example, in some cases, the particulate glass component has a D50 between 1 µm and 5 µm.Moreover, in some embodiments, the particulate glass component has a D99 between 7 µm and 10 µm. Further, in some implementations, the composite further comprises a coating disposed on an exterior surface of the particulate glass component. In some cases, the coating comprises phospholipids, a UV-curable polymer, chitosan, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

[0006] Turning to the polymer component of the composite, in some embodiments, the polymer component is present in the composite in an amount of 20–99.9 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. In some cases, the polymer component comprises a thermoplastic polymer or a thermoset polymer. In some implementations, the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polyolefin, thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyacrylate (PA), or a mixture or combination of two or more of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the polyester comprises a copolyester elastomer, polyethylene terephthatlate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), or a mixture of the foregoing. Turning to the thermoset polymer, in some cases, the thermoset polymer comprises thermoset polyurethane (PU), silicone, or a mixture of the foregoing. In some instances, the polymer component may comprise a polysaccharide.

[0007] Additionally, in some instances, composites described herein may comprise additional components. For example, in some embodiments, a composite described herein may comprise a light-modulating additive component. In some implementations, the light-modulating additive component is a particulate component having an average length, an average width, and an average height. In some cases, the average length, the average width, and / or the average height of the particulate additive component is within 10% of a critical wavelength of the composite. In some implementations, the average length, average width, and / or average height of the additive ranges between 200 nm and 400 nm. In some embodiments, the additive component comprises silver microparticles and / or nanoparticles, gold microparticles and / or nanoparticles, copper ions, zinc ions, magnesium ions, titanium dioxide microparticles and / or nanoparticles, carbon microparticles and / or nanoparticles, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

[0008] Composites described herein are not limited to a particular form or product. In some implementations, a composite described herein forms or defines a fiber with a diameter x. In some cases, a ratio of a D50 of the particulate glass component to the diameter of the fiber x is between 0.5 and 0.8. In some embodiments, the composite forms or defines a film or sheet with athickness y. In some instances, the ratio of a D50 of the particulate glass component to the thickness of the film y is between 0.5 and 0.8.

[0009] In another aspect, methods of making a composition are presented herein. In some embodiments, methods described herein comprise dispersing a particulate glass component within a polymer component to form a composite described herein. In some cases, the method further comprises milling the particulate glass component before dispersing the particulate glass component within the polymer component.

[0010] In some implementations, the composite may be further modified to form pellets. In some such implementations, the method further comprises melting the composite. In some embodiments, the method further comprises extruding the composite. In some cases, the method further comprises cooling the composite and forming pellets of the composite.

[0011] In some embodiments, pellets of the composites may be further modified or processed to provide different forms of the composite. In some cases, for example, a method described herein may further comprise melting the pellets of the composite, extruding the melted pellets of the composite, cooling the melted pellets of the composite, and forming filaments of the composite or forming a film of the composite. Moreover, in some cases, a melted composite may be placed into or formed by a mold. For example, in some implementations, a method described herein may comprise casting the melted composite in a mold.

[0012] Methods of packaging blood or blood products are also presented herein. In some embodiments, a method described herein comprises forming a bag from a film of a composite described herein. In some cases, a method described herein further comprises sterilizing the bag. In some implementations, a method further comprises disposing blood or a blood product in the bag.

[0013] In yet another aspect, methods of treating a wound are presented herein. In some embodiments, a method described herein comprises applying to the wound a wound dressing comprising a composite described herein. In some cases, the wound dressing further comprises an antimicrobial agent. In some instances, the method further comprises an adhesive.

[0014] In still another aspect, methods of packaging a food product are described herein. In some such implementations, a method described herein comprises disposing the food product in a package formed from or comprising a composite. Any composite described herein may be used.

[0015] In another aspect, methods of forming an ophthalmic lens composition are described herein. In some cases, a method comprises dispersing a particulate glass component within a lens matrix to form an ophthalmic lens composition, wherein the ophthalmic lens composition comprises a lens matrix; and a particulate glass component dispersed within the lens matrix. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens composition has an average length, an average width, and an average height. Additionally, in some instances, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. In some implementations, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm at the critical thickness. Moreover, in some cases, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm at the critical thickness. Further, in some embodiments, the critical thickness is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the ophthalmic lens composition.

[0016] Moreover, in still another aspect, methods of coating an ophthalmic lens are described. In some instances, a method comprises disposing a coating on the surface of an ophthalmic lens, wherein the coating comprises a composite. A composite may comprise any composite described herein.

[0017] These and other embodiments are described in more detail in the detailed description which follows. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] FIG.1 illustrates a photograph of a glass particulate component according to one embodiment of a composition described herein.

[0019] FIG.2A illustrates a photograph of wounds created in a mouse.

[0020] FIG.2B illustrates a photograph of a wounded mouse treated with a patch according to an embodiment described herein.

[0021] FIG.3A illustrates a photograph of a timeline of wound healing in a wounded control mouse with an exposed wound.

[0022] FIG.3B illustrates a photograph of a timeline of wound healing in a wounded mouse treated with a control patch.

[0023] FIG.3C illustrates a photograph of a timeline of wound healing in a wounded mouse treated with a patch with 3% particulate glass component according to an embodiment described herein.

[0024] FIG.3D illustrates a photograph of a timeline of wound healing in a wounded mouse treated with a patch with 25% particulate glass component according to an embodiment described herein.

[0025] FIG.4 illustrates a plot of the relative wound area over time for the exposed control, control patch, 3% particulate glass component patch, and 25% particulate glass component patch, according to some embodiments described herein.

[0026] FIG.5A illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed exposed wound tissues after 21 days at 100x magnification.

[0027] FIG.5B illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed exposed wound tissues after 21 days at 400x magnification.

[0028] FIG.5C illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a control patch after 21 days at 100x magnification.

[0029] FIG.5D illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a control patch after 21 days at 400x magnification.

[0030] FIG.5E illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch after 21 days at 100x magnification according to one embodiment described herein.

[0031] FIG.5F illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch after 21 days at 400x magnification according to one embodiment described herein.

[0032] FIG.5G illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch after 21 days at 100x magnification according to one embodiment described herein.

[0033] FIG.5H illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch after 21 days at 400x magnification according to one embodiment described herein.

[0034] FIG.6 illustrates a bar graph relating the weight retention of chives samples to the particulate glass component content of a packaging composition according to one embodiment described herein.

[0035] FIG.7A illustrates a photograph of chives samples stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 1% particulate glass component as compared to a 0% particulate glass component control according to one embodiment described herein.

[0036] FIG.7B illustrates a photograph of chives samples stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 3% particulate glass component as compared to a 0% particulate glass component control according to one embodiment described herein.

[0037] FIG.7C illustrates a photograph of chives samples stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 6% particulate glass component as compared to a 0% particulate glass component control according to one embodiment described herein.

[0038] FIG.7D illustrates a photograph of chives samples stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 12% particulate glass component as compared to a 0% particulate glass component control according to one embodiment described herein.

[0039] FIG.7E illustrates a photograph of chives samples stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 25% particulate glass component as compared to a 0% particulate glass component control according to one embodiment described herein.

[0040] FIG.8A illustrates a photograph of chives samples stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 1% particulate glass component as compared to a 0% particulate glass component control according to one embodiment described herein.

[0041] FIG.8B illustrates a photograph of chives samples stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 3% particulate glass component as compared to a 0% particulate glass component control according to one embodiment described herein.

[0042] FIG.8C illustrates a photograph of chives samples stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 6% particulate glass component as compared to a 0% particulate glass component control according to one embodiment described herein.

[0043] FIG.8D illustrates a photograph of chives samples stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 12% particulate glass component as compared to a 0% particulate glass component control according to one embodiment described herein.

[0044] FIG.8E illustrates a photograph of chives samples stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 25% particulate glass component as compared to a 0% particulate glass component control according to one embodiment described herein.

[0045] FIG.9A illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 0% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0046] FIG.9B illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 1% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0047] FIG.9C illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 3% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0048] FIG.9D illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 6% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0049] FIG.9E illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 12% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0050] FIG.9F illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 10 mm thickness with 25% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0051] FIG.10A illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 0% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0052] FIG.10B illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 1% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0053] FIG.10C illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 3% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0054] FIG.10D illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 6% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0055] FIG.10E illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 12% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0056] FIG.10F illustrates a photograph of a celery sample stored in a film at 20 mm thickness with 25% particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0057] FIG.11 illustrates a plot of the spectral transmission (%) of a control film as compared to a film comprising a particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0058] FIG.12 illustrates a plot of the spectral transmission (%) of a film comprising a particulate glass component according to one embodiment described herein.

[0059] FIG.13 illustrates a bar graph of the relative hardness (%) of grape tomatoes packaged in films with various concentrations of particulate glass component at 10 mm and 20 mm stored at room temperature or 6.1°C according to some embodiments described herein.

[0060] FIG.14 illustrates a scatter plot of the weight retention (%) of grape tomatoes packaged in films with various concentrations of particulate glass component at 10 mm and 20 mm stored at room temperature after 30, 60, and 90 days according to some embodiments described herein.

[0061] FIG.15 illustrates a scatter plot of the weight retention (%) of grape tomatoes packaged in films with various concentrations of particulate glass component at 10 mm and 20 mm stored at 6.1°C after 30, 60, and 90 days according to some embodiments described herein.

[0062] FIG.16A illustrates a photograph of 15-mm biopsy punch wounds created in a Wistar rat.

[0063] FIG.16B illustrates a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a patch according to some embodiments described herein.

[0064] FIG.17A is a photograph of a wound in a Wistar rat treated with a control patch at day 0 post-operation.

[0065] FIG.17B is a photograph of a wound in a Wistar rat treated with a control patch at day 21 post-operation.

[0066] FIG.17C is a photograph of a wound in a Wistar rat treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch at day 0 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0067] FIG.17D is a photograph of a wound in a Wistar rat treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0068] FIG.17E is a photograph of a wound in a Wistar rat treated with a 12% particulate glass component patch at day 0 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0069] FIG.17F is a photograph of a wound in a Wistar rat treated with a 12% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0070] FIG.17G is a photograph of a wound in a Wistar rat treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch at day 0 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0071] FIG.17H is a photograph of a wound in a Wistar rat treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0072] FIG.18A is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a control patch at day 0 post-operation.

[0073] FIG.18B is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a control patch at day 3 post-operation.

[0074] FIG.18C is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a control patch at day 7 post-operation.

[0075] FIG.18D is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a control patch at day 10 post-operation.

[0076] FIG.18E is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a control patch at day 14 post-operation.

[0077] FIG.18F is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a control patch at day 21 post-operation.

[0078] FIG.19A is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch at day 0 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0079] FIG.19B is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch at day 3 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0080] FIG.19C is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch at day 7 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0081] FIG.19D is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch at day 10 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0082] FIG.19E is a photograph of a wounded istar rat treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch at day 14 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0083] FIG.19F is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0084] FIG.20A is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 12% particulate glass component patch at day 0 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0085] FIG.20B is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 12% particulate glass component patch at day 3 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0086] FIG.20C is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 12% particulate glass component patch at day 7 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0087] FIG.20D is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 12% particulate glass component patch at day 10 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0088] FIG.20E is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 12% particulate glass component patch at day 14 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0089] FIG.20F is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 12% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0090] FIG.21A is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch at day 0 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0091] FIG.21B is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch at day 3 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0092] FIG.21C is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch at day 7 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0093] FIG.21D is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch at day 10 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0094] FIG.21E is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch at day 14 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0095] FIG.21F is a photograph of a wounded Wistar rat treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation according to one embodiment described herein.

[0096] FIG.22 illustrates a plot of the relative wound area over time for the control patch, 3% particulate glass component patch, 12% particulate glass component patch, and 25% particulate glass component patch, according to some embodiments described herein.

[0097] FIG.23A illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a control patch at day 21 post-operation at 100x magnification.

[0098] FIG.23B illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a control patch at day 21 post-operation at 400x magnification.

[0099] FIG.23C illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation at 100x magnification, according to some embodiments described herein.

[0100] FIG.23D illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a 3% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation at 400x magnification, according to some embodiments described herein.

[0101] FIG.23E illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a 12% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation at 100x magnification, according to some embodiments described herein.

[0102] FIG.23F illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a 12% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation at 400x magnification, according to some embodiments described herein.

[0103] FIG.23G illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation at 100x magnification, according to some embodiments described herein.

[0104] FIG.23H illustrates an image of hematoxylin and eosin-stained healed wound tissues treated with a 25% particulate glass component patch at day 21 post-operation at 400x magnification, according to some embodiments described herein.

[0105] FIG.24 illustrates a schematic of a wound dressing, according to one embodiment described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0106] Embodiments described herein can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description, examples, and claims. Elements, apparatus and methods described herein, however, are not limited to the specific embodiments presented in the detailed description, examples, and claims. In particular, these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Accordingly, this disclosure is not intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the specification and in view of the claims.

[0107] All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference isavailable as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting.

[0108] In addition, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a stated range of “1.0 to 10.0” should be considered to include any and all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1.0 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10.0 or less, e.g., 1.0 to 5.3, or 4.7 to 10.0, or 3.6 to 7.9. All ranges disclosed herein are also to be considered to include the end points of the range, unless expressly stated otherwise. For example, a range of “between 5 and 10,” “from 5 to 10,” or “5-10” should generally be considered to include the end points 5 and 10.

[0109] Further, when the phrase “up to” is used in connection with an amount or quantity, it is to be understood that the amount is at least a detectable amount or quantity. For example, a material present in an amount “up to” a specified amount can be present from a detectable amount and up to and including the specified amount.

[0110] It is also to be understood that the article “a” or “an” refers to “at least one,” unless the context of a particular use requires otherwise. I. Composites

[0111] In one aspect, composites are described herein. In some embodiments, composites described herein promote accelerated wound healing with less inflammation and / or scarring. Moreover, in some cases, composites presented herein provide prolonged shelf life to products, such as produce.

[0112] In some embodiments, a composite described herein comprises a polymer component and a particulate glass component dispersed within the polymer component. In some cases, the composite has an average length, an average width, and an average height. In some implementations, the composite transmits at least 20% of electromagnetic radiation (or light) having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. In some embodiments, the composite transmits less than 0.1% of electromagnetic radiation (or light) having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm at the critical thickness. In some cases, the composite transmits at least 20% of electromagnetic radiation (or light) having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm at the critical thickness. In some implementations, the criticalthickness of the composite is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the composite.

[0113] It is to be understood that in some cases, the composite transmits various amounts of incident electromagnetic radiation or has a transmission or a transmittance that varies over the wavelengths of 320 nm to 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. In some embodiments, in the range of wavelengths between 450 nm and 680 nm, the composite transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance less than 0.1% of the incident electromagnetic radiation at a critical thickness of the composite. That is, in some cases, the composite blocks or shields at least 99.9% of the electromagnetic radiation at a critical thickness of the composite. Moreover, it will also be appreciated that in some implementations, the wavelengths 450 nm to 680 nm are the wavelengths for the colors of the visible spectrum, blue and aqua (450 nm to 500 nm), green (500 nm to 570 nm), yellow and orange (570 nm to 610 nm), and red (610 nm to 680 nm). Thus, in some cases, composites described herein block or shield incident electromagnetic radiation for most colors of the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.

[0114] Further, in some implementations, the composite transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of at least 20% of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. That is, in some instances, composites described herein are partially permeable and / or able to be permeated by the incident electromagnetic radiation between the wavelengths of 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. Moreover, in some implementations, the composite transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of at least 30%, 40%, or 45% of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. In some cases, the composite transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of 20-100%, 20-99%, 20-95%, 20-90%, 20-85%, 20-80%, 20-75%, 20-70%, 20-65%, 20-60%, 30- 100%, 30-99%, 30-95%, 30-90%, 30-85%, 30-80%, 30-75%, 30-70%, 30-65%, 30-60%, 40- 100%, 40-99%, 40-95%, 40-90%, 40-85%, 40-80%, 40-75%, 40-70%, 40-65%, 40-60%, 50- 100%, 50-99%, 50-95%, 50-90%, 50-85%, 50-80%, 50-75%, 50-70%, 50-65%, 50-60%, 60- 100%, 60-99%, 60-95%, 60-90%, 60-85%, 60-80%, 60-75%, 60-70%, 70-100%, 70-99%, 70- 95%, 70-90%, 70-85%, 70-80%, 80-100%, 80-99%, 80-95%, or 80-90% of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. It will also be appreciated that in some embodiments, thewavelengths of 320 nm and 440 nm are part of the UVA region (320 nm to 380 nm) and the violet and indigo region of the visible region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum (380 nm to 440 nm). Thus, in some embodiments, composites described herein are partially permeable and / or able to be permeated by electromagnetic radiation in the UVA region and in the violet and indigo region of the visible region of electromagnetic radiation spectrum.

[0115] Additionally, in some embodiments, the composite transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of at least 20% of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. That is, in some cases, composites described herein are partially permeable and / or able to be permeated by incident electromagnetic radiation between the wavelengths of 700 nm and 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. Moreover, in some embodiments, the composite transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of at least 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. In some cases, the composite transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of 20-100%, 20-99%, 20-95%, 20-90%, 20-85%, 20-80%, 20-75%, 20-70%, 20- 65%, 20-60%, 30-100%, 30-99%, 30-95%, 30-90%, 30-85%, 30-80%, 30-75%, 30-70%, 30- 65%, 30-60%, 40-100%, 40-99%, 40-95%, 40-90%, 40-85%, 40-80%, 40-75%, 40-70%, 40- 65%, 40-60%, 50-100%, 50-99%, 50-95%, 50-90%, 50-85%, 50-80%, 50-75%, 50-70%, 50- 65%, 50-60%, 60-100%, 60-99%, 60-95%, 60-90%, 60-85%, 60-80%, 60-75%, 60-70%, 70- 100%, 70-99%, 70-95%, 70-90%, 70-85%, 70-80%, 80-100%, 80-99%, 80-95%, or 80-90% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. It will also be appreciated that in some implementations, the wavelengths of 700 nm to 1200 nm are part of the IR region of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. Thus, in some embodiments, composites described herein are partially permeable and / or able to be permeated by electromagnetic radiation in the IR spectrum.

[0116] Moreover, it will be appreciated from the foregoing that composites described herein, in some cases, can largely block or shield or absorb light within a specific wavelength band or bands, while also being transmissive or permeable to light within a different wavelength band or bands. For example, in some embodiments, a composite described herein has a high transmittance window in the UVA region of the spectrum, a low transmittance window in the visible region of the spectrum, and a high transmittance window in the IR region of the spectrum.It is to be understood that such “high” or “low” transmittances are relative to one another, and that a “high” transmittance can correspond to a relatively high percent transmittance as described above, and a “low” transmittance can correspond to a relatively low percent transmittance as described above.

[0117] Further, it is to be understood that, in some instances, the critical thickness of a composite described herein is the minimum thickness of the composite in order for the composite to transmit, have a transmission, or have a transmittance of (1) at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm, (2) less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm, and (3) at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm. That is, in some implementations, the critical thickness of a composite described herein is the minimum thickness of the composite needed in order for the composite to be at least partially permeable (e.g., at least 20% transmittance) to incident light with a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm and between 700 nm and 1200 nm, while also blocking or shielding (e.g., at least 99.9% blocking, or no more than 0.1% transmittance) with regard to incident light with a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm. Moreover, in some instances, the critical thickness is between 0.1 mm and 10 cm, between 0.1 mm and 5 cm, between 0.1 mm and 1 cm, between 0.5 mm and 10 cm, between 0.5 mm and 5 cm, between 0.5 mm and 1 cm, between 0.5 mm and 10 mm, between 1 mm and 10 cm, between 1 mm and 5 cm, or between 1 mm and 1 cm. Other critical thicknesses are also possible.

[0118] The glass of the particulate glass component may be or be formed from any glass not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. Moreover, the glass can have any chemical composition not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the particulate glass component comprises or is formed from silicate glass. In some cases, the silicate glass comprises soda-lime-silica glass. In some implementations, the soda-lime-silica glass comprises 60-80 wt. %, 60-70 wt. %, or 70-80 wt. % silica, based upon the total weight of the glass. In some instances, the soda-lime silica glass comprises 10-20 wt. %, 10- 15 wt. %, or 15-20 wt. % soda ash, based upon the total weight of the glass. In some embodiments, the soda-lime-silica glass comprises 5-20 wt. %, 5-15 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 10-15 wt. %, or 15-20 wt. % limestone, based upon the total weight of the glass.

[0119] In some implementations, the glass of the particulate glass component comprises additional components. In some instances, for example, the glass comprises a carbonate. In some cases, the carbonate comprises dolomite, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing. In some implementations, a carbonate may be present in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, or up to 0.05 wt. %, based upon the total weight of the glass.

[0120] Moreover, in some embodiments, the glass of the particulate glass component may comprise an additional oxide. In some cases, the additional oxide comprises aluminum oxide, iron oxides, titanium oxides, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, cobalt oxides, manganese oxides, silicon oxides, chromium oxides, lanthanum oxides, neodymium oxides, erbium oxides, tin oxides, zinc oxide, cerium oxides, barium oxide, lead oxides, ytterbium oxides, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing. In some implementations, the additional oxide may be present in an amount of 0.05-20 wt. %, 0.05-15 wt. %, 0.05-10 wt. %, 0.05-8 wt. %, 0.05-6 wt. %, 0.05-4 wt. %, 0.05-2 wt. %, 0.05-1 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-15 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-8 wt. %, 1-6 wt. %, 1-4 wt. %, 1-2 wt. %, 2-20 wt. %, 2-15 wt. %, 2-10 wt. %, 2-8 wt. %, 2-6 wt. %, 2-4 wt. %, 4-20 wt. %, 4-15 wt. %, 4-10 wt. %, 4-8 wt. %, 4-6 wt. %, 6-20 wt. %, 6-15 wt. %, 6-10 wt. %, 6-8 wt. %, 8-20 wt. %, 8-15 wt. %, 8-10 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 10-15 wt. %, or 15-20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the glass.

[0121] The particulate glass component of a composite described herein may be present in the composite in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some implementations, the particulate glass component is present in an amount of 0.1-80 wt. %, 0.1-70 wt. %, 0.1-60 wt. %, 0.1-50 wt. %, 0.1-40 wt. %, 0.1-30 wt. %, 0.1-20 wt. %, 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.1-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-80 wt. %, 0.5-70 wt. %, 0.5-60 wt. %, 0.5-50 wt. %, 0.5-40 wt. %, 0.5-30 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-80 wt. %, 1-70 wt. %, 1-60 wt. %, 1-50 wt. %, 1-40 wt. %, 1-30 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-80 wt. %, 5-70 wt. %, 5-60 wt. %, 5-50 wt. %, 5-40 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 10-80 wt. %, 10-70 wt. %, 10-60 wt. %, 10-50 wt. %, 10-40 wt. %, 10-30 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 20-80 wt. %, 20-70 wt. %, 20-60 wt. %, 20-50 wt. %, 20-40 wt. %, 20-30 wt. %, 30-80 wt. %, 30-70 wt. %, 30-60 wt. %, 30-50 wt. %, 30-40 wt. %, 40-80 wt. %, 40-70 wt. %, 40-60 wt. %, 40-50 wt. %, 50-80 wt. %, 50-70 wt. %, 50-60 wt. %, 60-80 wt. %, 60-70 wt. %, or 70-80 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0122] In some cases, a particulate glass component described herein may have a measured sphericity. Sphericity may be measured or determined in any manner known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, sphericity may be measured using dynamic image analysis in accordance with ISO 13322-2:2021. It is also to be understood that in some cases, a particulate glass component described herein may be formed from a population of polydisperse or substantially polydisperse particles. In some embodiments, a particulate glass component herein may be formed from a population of monodisperse or substantially monodisperse particles. For reference purposes herein, dispersity (i.e., polydispersity or polydispersity index) refers to the variation in particle shape and size (i.e., sphericity and diameter) within the population of the particles of the particulate glass component. It is to be understood that in some cases, a monodisperse population of particles of the particulate glass component comprises a population of particles in which at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90% of the particles have a sphericity within 10% of the average sphericity. Thus, in some embodiments, the monodisperse population of the particulate glass component may be described using a narrow distribution of shapes and sizes for the particles of the particulate glass component.

[0123] It is also to be understood that in some instances, a polydisperse population of particles of the particulate glass component may have a varied range of sphericities that do not meet the criteria for monodispersity. For example, in some embodiments, a polydisperse population of particles of the particulate glass component comprises a population of particles in which less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, or less than 90% of the particles have a sphericity within 10% of the average sphericity. That is, in some cases, the polydisperse population of the particulate glass component may be described using a wide distribution of shapes and sizes for the particles of the particulate glass component.

[0124] Further, in some cases, the sphericity of the particulate glass component may also be represented as a distribution. In some implementations, the distribution of the sphericity of a glass particulate component may be a normal distribution. In some cases, the distribution of the sphericity of a glass particulate component may be a non-normal distribution. Non-limiting examples of non-normal distributions include but are not limited to beta distribution, exponential distribution, gamma distribution, inverse gamma distribution, log normal distribution, logistic distribution, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, Poisson distribution, uniform, and unimodal distribution. In some implementations, the distribution of the sphericity of a glass particulatecomponent may be described using the average sphericity of a population of particles of the particulate glass component. In some embodiments, the average sphericity of the glass particulate component is the arithmetic average, that is, the sample mean of the population of the glass particulate component. In some implementations, the average sphericity of the glass particulate component is the group mean or population expected value of the population of the glass particulate component.

[0125] Moreover, in some cases, a particulate glass component described herein has high roundness or sphericity. In some embodiments, the particulate glass component is formed from particulates that are spherical, substantially spherical, rounded, and / or well-rounded in shape (see, e.g., FIG.1). In some cases, the particulate glass component has an average sphericity of 0.49-1.0, 0.7-1.0, 0.8-1.0, 0.9-1.0, 0.49-0.9, 0.7-0.9, or 0.49-0.7.

[0126] In contrast, in some embodiments, a particulate glass component described herein does not have high roundness or sphericity. In some embodiments, a particulate glass component described herein may be formed from particulates that are sub-rounded and / or sub-angular. In some cases, the particulate glass component has an average sphericity of 0.25-0.35 or 0.35-0.49. Moreover, in some implementations, the particulate glass component may be formed from particulates that are angular and / or very angular. Thus, in some instances, the particulate glass component has an average sphericity of 0.12-0.17, 0.17-.25, or 0.1-0.25.

[0127] Further, a particulate glass component described herein may have any average particle size that is not inconsistent with the technical objects of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the average particle size (D50) of the particulate glass component is between 100 nm and 60 µm, between 100 nm and 50 µm, between 100 nm and 40 µm, between 100 nm and 30 µm, between 100 nm and 20 µm, between 100 nm and 10 µm, between 100 nm and 5 µm, between 100 nm and 1 µm, between 100 nm and 500 nm, between 100 nm and 250 nm, between 250 nm and 60 µm, between 250 nm and 50 µm, between 250 nm and 40 µm, between 250 nm and 30 µm, between 250 nm and 20 µm, between 250 nm and 10 µm, between 250 nm and 5 µm, between 250 nm and 1 µm, between 250 nm and 500 nm, between 500 nm and 60 µm, between 500 nm and 50 µm, between 500 nm and 40 µm, between 500 nm and 30 µm, between 500 nm and 20 µm, between 500 nm and 10 µm, between 500 nm and 5 µm, between 500 nm and 1 µm, between 1 µm and 60 µm, between 1 µm and 50 µm, between 1 µm and 40 µm, between 1 µm and 30 µm, between 1 µm and 20 µm, between 1 µm and 10 µm, between 1 µmand 5 µm, between 5 µm and 60 µm, between 5 µm and 50 µm, between 5 µm and 40 µm, between 5 µm and 30 µm, between 5 µm and 20 µm, between 5 µm and 10 µm, between 10 µm and 60 µm, between 10 µm and 50 µm, between 10 µm and 40 µm, between 10 µm and 30 µm, between 10 µm and 20 µm, between 20 µm and 60 µm, between 20 µm and 50 µm, between 20 µm and 40 µm, between 20 µm and 30 µm, between 30 µm and 60 µm, between 30 µm and 50 µm, between 30 µm and 40 µm, between 40 µm and 60 µm, between 40 µm and 50 µm, or between 50 µm and 60 µm. Average particle size may be measured using techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example, in some cases, average particle size may be measured using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Moreover, in some embodiments, average particle size may be measured using sieve analysis. For example, in some instances, ASTM D1214-10 may be used to assess the average particle size of the particulate glass component. Further, particle size distribution may be assessed during the preparation of the particulate glass component. For example, in some cases, the particle size distribution may be assessed during the milling of the particulate glass component during the preparation of a composite described herein.

[0128] Additionally, a particulate glass component described herein may have any D99 that is not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the D99 of the particulate glass component is between 200 nm and 120 µm, between 200 nm and 100 µm, between 200 nm and 80 µm, between 200 nm and 60 µm, between 200 nm and 40 µm, between 200 nm and 20 µm, between 200 nm and 10 µm, between 200 nm and 9 µm, between 200 nm and 7 µm, between 200 nm and 5 µm, between 200 nm and 1 µm, between 200 nm and 500 nm, between 500 nm and 120 µm, between 500 nm and 100 µm, between 500 nm and 80 µm, between 500 nm and 60 µm, between 500 nm and 40 µm, between 500 nm and 20 µm, between 500 nm and 10 µm, between 500 nm and 9 µm, between 500 nm and 7 µm, between 500 nm and 5 µm, between 500 nm and 1 µm, between 1 µm and 120 µm, between 1 µm and 100 µm, between 1 µm and 80 µm, between 1 µm and 60 µm, between 1 µm and 40 µm, between 1 µm and 20 µm, between 1 µm and 10 µm, between 1 µm and 9 µm, between 1 µm and 7 µm, between 1 µm and 5 µm, between 5 µm and 120 µm, between 5 µm and 100 µm, between 5 µm and 80 µm, between 5 µm and 60 µm, between 5 µm and 40 µm, between 5 µm and 20 µm, between 5 µm and 10 µm, between 5 µm and 9 µm, between 5 µm and 7 µm, between 7 µm and 120 µm, between 7 µm and 100 µm, between 7 µm and 80 µm, between 7 µm and 60 µm, between 7 µm and 40 µm, between 7 µm and 20 µm, between 7 µm and 10 µm,between 7 µm and 9 µm, between 9 µm and 120 µm, between 9 µm and 100 µm, between 9 µm and 80 µm, between 9 µm and 60 µm, between 9 µm and 40 µm, between 9 µm and 20 µm, between 9 µm and 10 µm, between 10 µm and 120 µm, between 10 µm and 100 µm, between 10 µm and 80 µm, between 10 µm and 60 µm, between 10 µm and 40 µm, between 10 µm and 20 µm, between 20 µm and 120 µm, between 20 µm and 100 µm, between 20 µm and 80 µm, between 20 µm and 60 µm, between 20 µm and 40 µm, between 40 µm and 120 µm, between 40 µm and 100 µm, between 40 µm and 80 µm, between 40 µm and 60 µm, between 60 µm and 120 µm, between 60 µm and 100 µm, between 60 µm and 80 µm, between 80 µm and 120 µm, between 80 µm and 100 µm, or between 100 µm and 120 µm. Once again, it is to be understood that the D99 of the particulate glass component may be assessed using techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example, in some cases, the D99 may be assessed using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer or measured using sieve analysis, as described above for D50.

[0129] Moreover, in some cases, a particulate glass component may have particular combinations of D50 and D99. That is, in some instances, the particulate glass component may have a particle size distribution that is not inconsistent with the technical objects of the present disclosure. In some cases, the particulate glass component has a D50 of the particulate glass between 1 µm and 5 µm and a D99 between 7 µm and 10 µm. In some instances, the particulate glass component has a D50 between 1 µm and 5 µm and a D99 between 7 µm and 9 µm. In some embodiments, the particulate glass component has a D50 between 2 µm and 4 µm and a D99 between 7 µm and 10 µm. In some implementations, the particulate glass component has a D50 between 2 µm and 4 µm and a D99 between 7 µm and 9 µm. As noted above, D50 and D99 can be measured using techniques known to one skilled in the art, such as using a particle size analyzer and / or sieve analysis, may be assessed during the milling of the particulate glass component and / or during the preparation of the relevant composite.

[0130] Additionally, in some implementations, a composite described herein further comprises a coating disposed on an exterior surface of the particulate glass component. In some embodiments, the coating comprises or is formed from phospholipids, a UV-curable polymer, chitosan, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing. Non-limiting examples of phospholipids include but are not limited to phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidyl-serine, or mixtures thereof.

[0131] Moreover, for reference purposes herein, it is to be understood that in some instances, a UV-curable polymer comprises a material that polymerizes upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. In some implementations, UV-curable polymers comprise a methacrylate. It is to be understood that the term “methacrylate” includes an “acrylate” or a “methacrylate” or a mixture or combination thereof. Any methacrylate not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure may be used. It is also to be understood that in some cases, one or more methacrylates may be used. In some instances, a methacrylate comprises a monofunctional acrylate, a diacrylate, a triacrylate, or a polyfunctional acrylate. Non-limiting examples of methacrylates include but are not limited to trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETA), hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). In some instances, a methacrylate comprises a methacrylate monomer. In some implementations, a methacrylate comprises an oligomeric methacrylate. In some cases, a methacrylate comprises a urethane acrylate or polyurethane acrylate. For example, in some embodiments, a urethane acrylate comprises an aliphatic urethane acrylate, an aromatic urethane acrylate, or a combination thereof. In some instances, a urethane acrylate may comprise an acrylate urethane oligomer. In some instances, a methacrylate comprises a polyester acrylate. In some embodiments, a polyester acrylate comprises a polyester acrylate oligomer. In some cases, a polyester acrylate comprises an unsaturated polyester acrylate. In some embodiments, a polyester acrylate comprises a hydroxyl-modified polyester acrylate. In some instances, a methacrylate comprises a silicone acrylate. In some embodiments, a silicone acrylate comprises polydimethylsiloxane diacrylate. In some implementations, a methyacrylate comprises an epoxy acrylate. In some cases, an epoxy acrylate comprises Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether diacrylate (BADGE-DA). In some instances, an epoxy acrylate comprises an epoxy acrylate oligomer. In some embodiments, a methacrylate comprises an acrylated polyether. In some instances, an acrylated polyether comprises an oligomeric acrylated polyether. In some cases, an epoxy acrylate comprises an epoxy resin acrylate. In some embodiments, a methacrylate comprises an acrylated polybutadiene. In some cases, an acrylated polybutadiene comprises polybutadiene acrylate. In some implementations, a methacrylate comprises an acrylated polyisoprene. In some instances, an acrylated polyisoprene comprises polyisoprene acrylate. In some implementations, a methacrylate comprises a phenolic acrylate.

[0132] Additionally, UV-curable polymers described herein may comprise methacrylates comprising additional polymerizable moieties to create hybrid systems. For example, in some cases, a methacrylate may further comprise an epoxy moiety. In some embodiments, a methacrylate may further comprise a urethane moiety. In some implementations, a methacrylate may further comprise a vinyl ether moiety.

[0133] Further, in some cases, a UV-curable polymer described herein may comprise a vinyl group. In some cases, the vinyl group comprises a vinyl ether. Non-limiting examples of vinyl ethers include but are not limited to ethyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, and ethylene glycol divinyl ether. In some embodiments, the UV-curable polymer comprising a vinyl group comprises a N-vinyl pyrrolidone.

[0134] Moreover, in some embodiments, UV-curable polymers may be cationically UV- cured polymers. For example, in such cases, the cationically UV-cured polymers may comprise cycloaliphatic epoxy or oxetane. In some embodiments, the cationically UV-cured polymers may comprise a siloxane.

[0135] Additionally, other UV-curable polymers may be contemplated. For example, in some cases, a UV-curable polymer described herein may be polymerized via thiol-ene chemistry. In some embodiments, a UV-curable polymer may comprise a photosensitive polyimide. In some instances, a UV-curable polymer may comprise a dendritic polymer. In some implementations, a dendritic polymer comprises a dendritic acrylate or a dendritic epoxy. In some embodiments, a UV-curable polymer may comprise a maleimide. In some cases, a UV-curable polymer described herein may be polymerized via organotin. In some instances, a UV-curable polymer may comprise a pyrrole or a thiophene. In some embodiments, a UV-curable polymer may comprise an azide. In some cases, a UV-curable polymer may comprise a fluoropolymer. In some implementations, a UV-curable polymer may comprise a cyclic carbonate. In some embodiments, a UV-curable polymer may comprise a phenolic resin.

[0136] Turning to the polymer component of composites described herein, the polymer component may be present in the composite in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some implementations, the polymer component is present in the composite in an amount of 20-99 wt. %, 20-90 wt. %, 20-80 wt. %, 20-70 wt. %, 20-60 wt. %, 20-50 wt. %, 20-40 wt. %, 20-30 wt. %, 30-99 wt. %, 30-90 wt. %, 30-80 wt. %, 30-70 wt. %, 30-60 wt. %, 30-50 wt. %, 30-40 wt. %, 40-99 wt. %, 40-90 wt. %, 40-80 wt. %, 40-70 wt. %,40-60 wt. %, 40-50 wt. %, 50-99 wt. %, 50-90 wt. %, 50-80 wt. %, 50-70 wt. %, 50-60 wt. %, 60-99 wt. %, 60-90 wt. %, 60-80 wt. %, 60-70 wt. %, 70-99 wt. %, 70-90 wt. %, 70-80 wt. %, 80-99 wt. %, 80-90 wt. %, or 90-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0137] Further, the polymer component may comprise, consist of, consist essentially of, or be formed of any polymer component not inconsistent with technical objectives of this disclosure. In some instances, the polymer component comprises a homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, or a combination thereof. In some cases, the polymer component comprises an organic polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer component comprises a biodegradable polymer. For reference purposes herein, in some implementations, a biodegradable polymer comprises a polymer that is able to be broken down, at least partially, by bacteria through anaerobic or aerobic decomposition.

[0138] In some embodiments, the polymer component comprises a thermoplastic polymer. In some implementations, the thermoplastic polymer may comprise a polyolefin. In some instances, the thermoplastic polymer comprises a homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, or a combination thereof. In some cases, the polyolefin comprises polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE). In some implementations, polyethylene comprises low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low- density polyethylene (LLDPE), or high-density polyethylene (HDPE). In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer may comprise a thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), or polyacrylate (PA). In some cases, the polyester may comprise a copolyester elastomer, polyethylene terephthatlate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), or polylactic acid (PLA). In some instances, the polycarbonate comprises poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) (PADC), which is also called CR-39. Additionally, in some instances, the polymer component may be a thermoset polymer. In some instances, the thermoset polymer may be a homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the thermoset polymer may comprise thermoset polyurethane (PU), silicone, or a mixture of the foregoing. Additionally, in some instances, the polymer component may comprise a polysaccharide. Any polysaccharide not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, the polysaccharide comprises cellulose, starch, chitin, or chitosan. Further, in some implementations, the polymer component may be a mixture of two or more of the foregoing polymers.

[0139] Moreover, the polymer component described herein may be classifiable based on other properties. For example, in some cases, a polymer component may be distinguishable based upon the order of its molecular structure. That is, in some instances, a polymer component may be distinguished based upon its crystallinity. Thus, in some implementations, a polymer component may be crystalline. However, in other implementations, a polymer component may be amorphous. In some embodiments, a polymer component may be semi-crystalline.

[0140] The polymer component may be formed or synthesized using methods known in the art. Particularly, methods for synthesizing polyurethanes are well known. It is to be understood that polyurethanes are formed from the reaction of polyols and isocyanates. It is also to be understood that in some cases, chain extenders are used to modify the properties of polyurethanes. Any polyurethane chain extender not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used to modify a polymer component and / or composite described herein. In some embodiments, a polyurethane chain extender comprises one or more glycols. In some cases, a glycol comprises butanediol, hexanediol, or neopentyl glycol. In other implementations, a polyurethane chain extender comprises one or more amines. In some instances, an amine comprises ethylene diamine or hexamethylene diamine. In some cases, a polyurethane chain extender comprises one or more isocyanates. Non-limiting examples of isocyanates include but are not limited to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and toluene diisocyanate. Further, a polyurethane chain extender may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a polyurethane chain extender may be present in the composite in an amount of 0.1-30 wt. %, 0.5-30 wt. %, 1-30 wt. %, 2-30 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 10-30 wt. %, 15- 30 wt. %, 20-30 wt. %, 0.1-20 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 2-20 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 15-20 wt. %, 0.1-15 wt. %, 0.5-15 wt. %, 1-15 wt. %, 2-15 wt. %, 5-15 wt. %, 10-15 wt. %, 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 2-10 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 1- 5 wt. %, 2-5 wt. %, 0.1-2 wt. %, 0.5-2 wt. %, 1-2 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, or 0.1-0.5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0141] Additionally, methods for synthesizing polyesters are also well known. It is to be understood that in some embodiments, chain extenders are used to modify the properties of polyesters. Any polyester chain extender not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used to modify a polymer component and / or composite describedherein. In some embodiments, a polyester chain extender comprises one or more glycols. In some cases, a glycol comprises ethylene glycol or butanediol. In some instances, a polyester chain extender comprises a diacid. Non-limiting diacids include but are not limited to terephthalic acid and adipic acid. In some implementations, a polyester chain extender comprises a dicarboxylic acid. Non-limiting examples of a dicarboxylic acid include isophthalic acid. In some embodiments, a polyester chain extender comprises sorbitol derivatives. Further, a polyester chain extender may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a polyester chain extender may be present in the composite in an amount of 0.1-30 wt. %, 0.5-30 wt. %, 1-30 wt. %, 2-30 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 10-30 wt. %, 15-30 wt. %, 20-30 wt. %, 0.1-20 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 2-20 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 15-20 wt. %, 0.1- 15 wt. %, 0.5-15 wt. %, 1-15 wt. %, 2-15 wt. %, 5-15 wt. %, 10-15 wt. %, 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 2-10 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 2-5 wt. %, 0.1-2 wt. %, 0.5-2 wt. %, 1-2 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, or 0.1-0.5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0142] Moreover, methods of synthesizing thermoplastics, particularly with the use of cross- linking agents, are known in the art. In some cases, one or more cross-linking agents are used in the synthesis of thermoplastic polymers to modify the properties of the thermoplastic polymer. A cross-linking agent may be present in a polymer component and / or composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a cross-linking agent may be present in the composite in an amount of 0.1-50 wt. %, 0.5-50 wt. %, 1-50 wt. %, 2-50 wt. %, 5-50 wt. %, 10-50 wt. %, 15-50 wt. %, 20- 50 wt. %, 30-50 wt. %, 40-50 wt. %, 0.1-40 wt. %, 0.5-40 wt. %, 1-40 wt. %, 2-40 wt. %, 5-40 wt. %, 10-40 wt. %, 15-40 wt. %, 20-40 wt. %, 30-40 wt. %, 0.1-30 wt. %, 0.5-30 wt. %, 1-30 wt. %, 2-30 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 10-30 wt. %, 15-30 wt. %, 20-30 wt. %, 0.1-20 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 2-20 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 15-20 wt. %, 0.1-15 wt. %, 0.5-15 wt. %, 1-15 wt. %, 2-15 wt. %, 5-15 wt. %, 10-15 wt. %, 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 2-10 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 2-5 wt. %, 0.1-2 wt. %, 0.5-2 wt. %, 1-2 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, or 0.1-0.5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Additionally, any cross-linking agent for the synthesis of thermoplastics not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, the cross-linkingagent comprises a peroxide. Non-limiting examples of peroxides include but are not limited to benzoyl peroxide and dicumyl peroxide. In some implementation, the cross-linking agent comprises a silane coupling agent. In some instances, a silane coupling agent comprises vinyltriethoxysilane. In some cases, the cross-linking agent comprises a melamine resin. Further, in some cases, cross-linking may be induced through other means. For example, in some embodiments, electron beam irradiation may be used to induce cross-linking.

[0143] Additionally, cross-linking agents are also used in the synthesis of thermosets. Any cross-linking agent for the synthesis of thermosets not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. Non-limiting examples of cross-linking agents used in the synthesis of thermosets include but are not limited to epoxy resins, such as epichlorohydrin and polyamide amines; phenolic resins, such as formaldehyde; isocyanates, such as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate; and unsaturated polyester resins, such as styrene. Moreover, a cross- linking agent may be present in a polymer component and / or composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a cross-linking agent may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0144] Additionally, it is to be understood that in some embodiments, the glass particulate component affects the transmission or transmittance of the composite over the wavelengths of 320 nm to 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. Similarly, it is also to be understood that in some implementations, the polymer component affects the transmission or transmittance of the composite over the wavelengths of 320 nm to 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the composite. For example, in some embodiments, the polymer component (e.g., PET) has high transmission (i.e., 85-90%) for wavelengths in the visible light range (450 nm to 680 nm). In some implementations, the polymer component (e.g., PET) strongly absorbs electromagnetic radiation at the wavelengths 280 nm to 320 nm (UV-B range) and 100 nm to 280 nm (UV-C range). Moreover, in some cases, the polymer component (e.g., PET) allows partial transmission at the wavelengths 320 nm to 400 nm (UV-A range). Further, in some embodiments, the polymer component (e.g., PET) absorbs incident electromagnetic radiation above 1500 nm and transmits incident electromagnetic radiation from 700 nm to 1300 nm (near-IR range). In someimplementations, the polymer component (e.g., PET) blocks wavelengths above 5600 nm to 1000 µm (far-IR range).

[0145] Turning to other polymer components, in some instances, the polymer component (e.g., polypropylene) has high transmission (i.e., 80-90%) for wavelengths in the visible light range. In some embodiments, polypropylene degrades with UV exposure. In some cases, antioxidants and / or stabilizers are used to prevent this degradation. In some instances, the polymer component (e.g., polypropylene) transmits electromagnetic radiation at least 60% transmittance between the wavelengths 700 nm to 1500 nm (near-IR range).

[0146] Moreover, it will also be appreciated that in some embodiments, the polymer component (e.g., low-density polyethylene) transmits 60-70% of incident electromagnetic radiation for wavelengths in the visible light range. In some implementations, the polymer component (e.g., high-density polyethylene) transmits less than 50% of incident electromagnetic radiation in the visible light range. In some embodiments, the polymer component (e.g., polyethylene) degrades with UV exposure. In some cases, antioxidants and / or stabilizers are used to prevent this degradation. In some instances, the polymer component (e.g., polyethylene) transmits electromagnetic in the IR range up to 15,000 nm.

[0147] Additionally, in some cases, the polymer component (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) transmits 80-90% of incident electromagnetic radiation for wavelengths in the visible light range. Moreover, in some embodiments, the polymer component (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) blocks a portion of the IR spectrum. In some instances, the polymer component (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) particularly blocks the mid-IR range. In some embodiments, the polymer component (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) is resistant to UV light degradation. In some implementations, the polymer component (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) is particularly resistant in the UV-B and / or UV-C ranges. In some cases, the polymer component (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) transmits near-IR electromagnetic radiation up to 1000 nm. In some instances, the polymer component (e.g., polyvinyl chloride) absorbs IR electromagnetic radiation greater than 1000 nm.

[0148] Further, in some instances, the polymer component (e.g., polyurethane) transmits 85- 90% of incident electromagnetic radiation for wavelengths in the visible light range. Additionally, in some implementations, the polymer component (e.g., polyurethane) has moderate UV resistance. In some cases, the polymer component (e.g., polyurethane) degrades with UV exposure. In some implementations, the polymer component (e.g., polyurethane)degrades with exposure to UV-B and / or UV-C electromagnetic radiation. In some instances, antioxidants and / or stabilizers are used to prevent this degradation. Further, in some embodiments, the polymer component (e.g., polyurethane) transmits partially in the near-IR range, up to 1500 nm. In some cases, the polymer component (e.g., polyurethane) absorbs strongly in the mid-IR and far-IR ranges.

[0149] Turning to additional components of composites described herein, in some embodiments, a composite described herein further comprises a light-modulating additive component. It is to be understood that in some cases, a light-modulating additive component is a component that alters the electromagnetic radiation absorption capabilities of the composite as compared to the composite without the addition of the light-modulating additive. In some embodiments, the light-modulating additive component is a particulate component. For example, in some cases, the light-modulating additive component has a powder-like consistency or other particulate nature. However, in some implementations, the light-modulating additive component may not be a particulate component. For example, in some instances, the light-modulating additive may be an ion or molecular species that is not present in particulate form. Additionally, in some implementations, the light-modulating additive component may be present as a component incorporated in the composite directly. That is, in some cases, the light-modulating additive component may be an additional component dispersed within the polymer of the composite. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the light-modulating additive may be incorporated in the particulate glass component, such as may occur during the manufacture of the glass that the particulate glass component is formed from. In general, the location of the light- modulating additive component is not particularly limited.

[0150] Additionally, in some cases, the light-modulating additive component (especially a particulate light-modulating component) has an average length, an average width, and an average height. In some embodiments, the average length, average width, and / or average height of the light-modulating additive may range between 200 nm and 400 nm, between 200 nm and 300 nm, or between 300 nm and 400 nm. Moreover, in some implementations, the average length, the average width, and / or the average height of the light-modulating additive is within 10% or within 5% of a critical wavelength of the composition. It is to be understood that, in some embodiments, a critical wavelength of the composition is a wavelength at which the composite comprising a light-modulating additive transmits a smaller amount of incident electromagnetic radiationand / or has a lower transmission or transmittance of incident electromagnetic radiation at a critical thickness of the composite as compared to the composite without the light-modulating additive. That is, in some cases, a critical wavelength is a wavelength at which the composite comprising a light-modulating additive absorbs a greater amount of incident electromagnetic radiation at a critical thickness of the composite as compared to the composite without the light- modulating additive.

[0151] Moreover, the light-modulating additive component may be any species not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some cases, the light-modulating additive component comprises silver microparticles and / or nanoparticles, gold microparticles and / or nanoparticles, copper ions, zinc ions, magnesium ions, titanium dioxide microparticles and / or nanoparticles, carbon microparticles and / or nanoparticles, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing. In some implementations, carbon nanoparticles may comprise fullerene. Any fullerene species not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, fullerene may comprise buckyballs or C60 nanoparticles. In some implementations, C60 nanoparticles may comprise other nanoparticles. For example, in some instances, C60nanoparticles may comprise or be doped with gold and / or silver nanoparticles or a combination thereof. Moreover, in some embodiments, metal microparticles and / or nanoparticles described herein, for example, gold or silver microparticles and / or nanoparticles, may also be doped with buckyballs or C60nanoparticles.

[0152] The light-modulating additive may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some implementations, for instance, the light-modulating additive is present in the composite in an amount of 0.05-40 wt.%, 0.05-35 wt.%, 0.05-30 wt.%, 0.05-20 wt. %, 0.05-10 wt. %, 0.05-9 wt. %, 0.05-8 wt. %, 0.05-7 wt. %, 0.05-6 wt. %, 0.05-5 wt. %, 0.05-4 wt. %, 0.05-3 wt. %, 0.05-2 wt. %, 0.05-1.5 wt. %, 0.05-1 wt. %, 0.05-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-9 wt. %, 0.5-8 wt. %, 0.5-7 wt. %, 0.5-6 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-4 wt. %, 0.5-3 wt. %, 0.5-2 wt. %, 0.5-1.5 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-40 wt.%, 1-35 wt.%, 1-30 wt.%, 1-20 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-9 wt. %, 1-8 wt. %, 1-7 wt. %, 1-6 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 1-4 wt. %, 1-3 wt. %, 1-2 wt. %, 1-1.5 wt. %, 1.5-40 wt.%, 1.5-35 wt.%, 1.5-30 wt.%, 1.5-20 wt. %, 1.5-10 wt. %, 1.5-9 wt. %, 1.5-8 wt. %, 1.5-7 wt. %, 1.5-6 wt. %, 1.5-5 wt. %, 1.5-4 wt. %, 1.5-3 wt. %, 1.5-2 wt. %, 2-40 wt.%, 2-35 wt.%, 2-30 wt.%, 2-20 wt. %, 2-10 wt. %, 2-9 wt. %, 2-8 wt. %, 2-7 wt. %, 2-6 wt. %, 2-5 wt. %, 2-4 wt. %,2-3 wt. %, 3-40 wt.%, 3-35 wt.%, 3-30 wt.%, 3-20 wt. %, 3-10 wt. %, 3-9 wt. %, 3-8 wt. %, 3-7 wt. %, 3-6 wt. %, 3-5 wt. %, 3-4 wt. %, 4-40 wt.%, 4-35 wt.%, 5-30 wt.%, 4-20 wt. %, 4-10 wt. %, 4-9 wt. %, 4-8 wt. %, 4-7 wt. %, 4-6 wt. %, 4-5 wt. %, 5-40 wt.%, 5-35 wt.%, 5-30 wt.%, 5- 20 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 5-9 wt. %, 5-8 wt. %, 5-7 wt. %, 5-6 wt. %, 6-40 wt.%, 6-35 wt.%, 6-30 wt.%, 6-20 wt. %, 6-10 wt. %, 6-9 wt. %, 6-8 wt. %, 6-7 wt. %, 7-40 wt.%, 7-35 wt.%, 7-30 wt.%, 7-20 wt. %, 7-10 wt. %, 7-9 wt. %, 7-8 wt. %, 8-40 wt.%, 8-35 wt.%, 8-30 wt.%, 8-20 wt. %, 8-10 wt. %, 8-9 wt. %, 9-40 wt.%, 9-35 wt.%, 9-30 wt.%, 9-20 wt. %, 9-10 wt. %, 10-40 wt.%, 10-35 wt.%, 10-30 wt.%, 10-20 wt. %, 20-40 wt.%, 20-35 wt.%, 20-30 wt.%, 30-40 wt.%, 30-35 wt.%, or 35-40 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0153] In some embodiments, a composite described herein may be in the form of a foam. That is, in some cases, a composite described herein may form a foam as the result of the action of a foaming agent or foaming techniques. Thus, in some instances, a composition described herein further comprises a foaming agent. In some cases, a foaming agent may comprise a chemical foaming agent (CFA). It is to be understood for reference purposes herein that in some implementations, a chemical foaming agent may produce gas and / or gas bubbles upon heating or interacting with the components of a composite to produce gas and / or gas bubbles. Any chemical foaming agent not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. Non- limiting examples of chemical foaming agents include but are not limited to azodicarbonamide, endothermic foaming agents, such as sodium bicarbonate and citric acid, and organic peroxides. A chemical foaming agent may be present in a composite in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some embodiments, a chemical foaming agent may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0154] In some instances, a foaming agent may comprise a physical foaming agent. For reference purposes herein, in some embodiments, a physical foaming agent refers to an agent that creates a foam through physical means (i.e., high pressure). In some implementations, a physical foaming agent comprises a gas. For example, in some instances, the gas comprises carbon dioxide (CO2) or nitrogen (N2). In some implementations, the gas comprises a hydrocarbon. Non-limiting examples of a hydrocarbon include but are not limited to pentane, butane, or isobutane. In some cases, the gas comprises a fluorinated hydrocarbon. Non-limiting examples offluorinated hydrocarbons include but are not limited to hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons.

[0155] Moreover, in some embodiments, in combination with a foaming agent, a surfactant may be used to stabilize the foam. Any surfactant not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some instances, the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant. In some cases, a non-ionic surfactant comprises an ethoxylated alcohol. In some implementations, the surfactant comprises anionic surfactant. Non-limiting examples of anionic surfactants include but are not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate, fatty alcohol sulfates, and alkylbenzene sulfonates. In some embodiments, the surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant. Non-limiting examples of cationic surfactants include but are not limited to benzalkonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, hydroxyethyl laurdimonium chloride, and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride. A surfactant may be present in a composite in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some embodiments, a surfactant may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0156] Further, in some cases, composites described herein may further comprise an additional additive or component, other than those described above. In some embodiments, for instance, an additional additive described herein comprises one or more plasticizers. A plasticizer may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some implementations, for example, the plasticizer is present in the composite in an amount of 1-40 wt. %, 1-30 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-40 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 10-40 wt. %, 10-30 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 20-40 wt. %, 20-30%, or 30-40 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Moreover, any plasticizer not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some implementations, for instance, a plasticizer may comprise tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM), 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), or butyryl trihexylcitrate (BTHC). In some embodiments, a plasticizer may comprise a phthalate. In some cases, a phthalate may comprise di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) or di(ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT).

[0157] In some implementations, an additional additive of a composite described herein comprises one or more flow promoters. A flow promoter may be present in a compositedescribed herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a flow promoter may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Further, any flow promoter not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, a flow promoter comprises low-molecular weight polyethylene. In some instances, the low-molecular weight polyethylene may have a molecular weight in the range of 1,000 to 20,000 g / mol. In some embodiments, a flow promoter comprises polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In some instances, a flow promoter comprises a polyolefin wax. In some embodiments, a flow promoter comprises a fluorinated polymer, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In some implementations, a flow promoter comprises an acrylic flow promoter. In some cases, an acrylic flow promoter comprises an acrylic acid copolymer. Non-limiting examples of acrylic acid copolymers include but are not limited to poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid), poly(acrylic acid-co- ethylene), and poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide). Additionally, in some cases, a flow promoter comprises a fluoropolymer. Non-limiting examples of a fluoropolymer include but are not limited to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). In some embodiments, a flow promoter comprises a silicone-based processing aid. Non-limiting examples of silicone- based processing aids include but are not limited to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and silicone polyether copolymers.

[0158] In some cases, an additional additive of a composite described herein comprises one or more lubricants. A lubricant may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a lubricant may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Further, any lubricant not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some implementations, a lubricant comprises a metal stearate. Non-limiting examples of metal stearates include but are not limited to calcium stearate, zinc stearate, and magnesium stearate. In some instances, a lubricant comprises a wax. In some embodiments, a wax comprises a paraffin wax, a microcrystalline wax, or a polyethylene wax. In some implementations, a wax comprises a fatty acid. Non-limitingexamples of a fatty acid include but are not limited to stearic acid and oleic acid. In some cases, a wax comprises a silicone oil. In some instances, a wax comprises a glycol. In some embodiments, a glycol comprises polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol.

[0159] In some embodiments, an additional additive of a composite described herein comprises one or more nucleating agents. A nucleating agent may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a nucleating agent may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Further, any nucleating agent not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, a nucleating agent comprises an inorganic nucleating agent. Non-limiting examples of an inorganic nucleating agent include but are not limited to talc, calcium acetate, and sodium acetate. In some embodiments, a nucleating agent comprises an organic nucleating agent. In some cases, an organic nucleating agent comprise sorbitol-based nucleating agents or pentaerythritol tetrastearate (PETS). In some instances, a nucleating agent comprises a polymer- based nucleating agent. Non-limiting examples of polymer-based nucleating agents include but are not limited to polystyrene-based nucleating agents, maleic anhydride-modified polyethylene, and polyethylene glycol (PEG). In some instances, a nucleating agent comprises hexa-dimethyl- aminocyclohexane (DMA).

[0160] In some implementations, an additional additive of a composite described herein comprises one or more impact modifiers. An impact modifier may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, an impact modifier may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Further, any impact modifier not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, an impact modifier comprises an elastomeric impact modifier. In some instances, an elastomeric impact modifier comprises acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ACS), polybutadiene, or styrene-ethylene-nutylene-styrene (SEBS). In some implementations, an impact modifier comprises a thermoplastic impact modifier. In some instances, a thermoplastic impact modifier comprises ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), or highlybranched low density polyethylene (LDPE). In some embodiments, an impact modifier comprises a core-shell impact modifier. Non-limiting examples of a core-shell impact modifier include but are not limited to acrylic-based impact modifiers and methyl methacrylate butadiene core-shell polymers. In some instances, an impact modifier comprises an inorganic impact modifier. In some embodiments, an inorganic impact modifier comprises calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) or talc.

[0161] In some instances, an additive of a composite described herein comprises one or more antioxidants. An antioxidant may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, an antioxidant may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Moreover, any antioxidant not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, an antioxidant comprises a primary antioxidant. In some cases, a primary antioxidant comprises a phenolic antioxidant. Non-limiting examples of phenolic antioxidants include but are not limited to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Irganox 1010. In some implementations, a primary antioxidant comprises an aminic antioxidant. Non-limiting examples of aminic antioxidants include but are not limited to diphenylamine and polymeric amines. In some embodiments, an antioxidant comprises a secondary antioxidant. Non-limiting examples of secondary antioxidants include but are not limited to phosphites, such as triphenyl phosphite, trixylyl phosphate, and thioesters, such as dithioester antioxidants. In some cases, an antioxidant comprises a radical scavenger. Non- limiting examples of radical scavengers include but are not limited to ascorbic acid or tocopherols, such as Vitamin E. In some implementations, an antioxidant comprises a metal deactivator. Non-limiting examples of metal deactivators include but are not limited to sorbitol- based compounds and benzotriazoles, such as 2-(2’-hydroxy-5’-methylphenyl) benzotriazole.

[0162] In some implementations, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more UV stabilizers. A UV stabilizer may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some cases, a UV stabilizer may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Moreover, any UV stabilizer not inconsistent with the technicalobjectives of this disclosure may be used. In some cases, a UV stabilizer comprises a UV absorber. Non-limiting examples of a UV absorber include but are not limited to benzophenones, such as oxybenzone or benzophenone-4; benzotriazoles; and triazines, such as cyanoacrylate triazines. In some implementations, a UV stabilizer comprises a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS). Non-limiting examples of HALSs include but are not limited to substituted amines, such as 6-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-2,4,6-trimethylphenol, and piperidine derivatives, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol. In some instances, a UV stabilizer comprises a photostabilizer. For reference purposes herein, in some embodiments, a photostabilizer specifically promotes the photostability of a polymer component described herein. In some cases, a photostabilizer comprises organic metal compounds. Non-limiting examples of organic metal compounds include but are not limited to zinc stearate and calcium stearate. In some embodiments, a photostabilizer comprises silicone-based stabilizers. In some implementations, one or more UV stabilizers may be combined to achieve synergistic stabilizing effects.

[0163] In other embodiments, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more slip additives. A slip additive may be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some implementations, a slip additive may be present in the composite in an amount of 0.01- 0.2%, 0.01-0.1%, or 0.1-0.2%, based on the total weight of the composite. Moreover, any slip additive not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, a slip additive comprises a fatty acid amide. In some implementations, a fatty acid amide comprises erucamide, oleamide, or stearamide. In some cases, a slip additive comprises a silicone-based slip agent. In some instances, a slip additive comprises a wax-based slip agent. In some embodiments, a wax-based slip agent comprises a polyethylene wax. In some cases, a wax- based slip agent comprises a Fischer-Tropsch wax. In some implementations, a slip additive comprises a fatty alcohol ester. In some embodiments, a slip additive comprises glycerol monostearate (GMS). In some cases, a slip additive comprises ethylene bis(stearamide) (EBS). In some implementations, a slip additive comprises a polymeric slip agent. For reference purposes herein, a polymeric slip agent refers to polymers designed to migrate to the surface of a composition. In some cases, they may act as a lubricant.

[0164] In some instances, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more anti-fogging agents. An anti-fogging agent can be present in a compositiondescribed herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some implementations, an anti-fogging agent may be present in the composite in an amount of 0.01-0.2%, 0.01-0.1%, or 0.1-0.2%, based on the total weight of the composite. Further, any anti-fogging agent not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some cases, an anti-fogging agent comprises a non-ionic surfactant. In some embodiments, a non-ionic surfactant comprises an ethoxylated fatty alcohol. In some cases, a non-ionic surfactant comprises a glycerol ester. In some cases, a glycerol ester comprises a glycerol monoester. In some embodiments, a glycerol monoester comprises glycerol monooleate (GMO) or glycerol monostearate (GMS). In some implementations, a non-ionic surfactant comprises a sorbitan ester. In some embodiments, a sorbitan ester comprises sorbitan monolaurate or sorbitan monooleate. In some cases, a non-ionic surfactant comprises a polyoxyethylene-based compound. In some implementations, a polyoxyethylene-based compound comprises a polyoxyethylene ester or polyoxyethylene sorbitol ester. In some embodiments, a non-ionic surfactant comprises a fatty acid ester. In some instances, a fatty acid ester comprises oleic acid or stearic acid. In some cases, a non-ionic surfactant comprises an amine. In some embodiments, the amine comprises an amine oxide. In some instances, the amine oxide comprises a long-chain aliphatic amine oxide. In some cases, a non-ionic surfactant comprises a polyether siloxane. In some implementations, a non-ionic surfactant comprises an inorganic agent. Non-limiting examples of inorganic agents include but are not limited to nanoparticle coatings and silica-based coatings.

[0165] Additionally, in some cases, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more antiblocking agents. An antiblocking agent can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some implementations, an antiblocking agent may be present in the composite in an amount of 0.01-0.2%, 0.01-0.1%, or 0.1-0.2%, based on the total weight of the composite. Additionally, any antiblocking agent not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, an antiblocking agent comprises silicon dioxide or silica. In some embodiments, silica is synthetic or naturally occurring. In some cases, silica is amorphous. In some implementations, an antiblocking agent comprises diatomaceous earth. In some embodiments, an antiblocking agent comprises clay, such as kaolin. In some instances, an antiblocking agent comprises organic antiblock additives. Non-limiting examples oforganic antiblock additives include but are not limited to fatty acid amides, including erucamide and stearamide. In some implementations, an antiblocking agent comprises silicates. In some embodiments, the silicates may be synthetic. In some cases, an antiblocking agent comprises a zeolite.

[0166] In some embodiments, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more antistatic agents. An antistatic agent can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some implementations, an antistatic agent may be present in the composite in an amount of 0.01-0.2%, 0.01-0.1%, or 0.1-0.2%, based on the total weight of the composite. Additionally, any antistatic agent not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, an antistatic agent comprises non-ionic surfactants. Non- limiting examples of non-ionic surfactants include but are not limited to fatty acid esters, such as sorbitan esters (e.g., sorbitan monooleate), and alkyoxylated alcohols. In some embodiments, an antistatic agent comprises an ionic surfactant. Non-limiting embodiments of ionic surfactants include but are not limited to quaternary ammonium compounds, such as benzalkonium chloride. Moreover, in some cases, an ionic surfactant comprises sodium lauryl sulfate. In some instances, an antistatic agent comprises a conductive filler. For reference purposes herein, in some embodiments, a conductive filler increases the conductivity of a composition described herein, which allows for the dissipation of static charge. In some cases, a conductive filler comprises carbon black. In some implementations, a conductive filler comprises a metallic filler. In some instances, a metallic filler comprises aluminum powder or copper powder. In some embodiments, an antistatic agent comprises a polymeric antistatic agent. In some cases, a polymeric antistatic agent comprises polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol.

[0167] In some cases, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more barrier additives. A barrier additive may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a barrier additive may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Any barrier additive not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. Non-limiting examples of barrier additives include but are not limited to clay nanoparticles, such as nanoclay montmorillonite;EVOH (ethylene vinyl alcohol) copolymer, polyether block amide (PEBA), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), silica nanoparticles, or metallic oxides, such as aluminum oxides.

[0168] In some implementations, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). In some cases, the amount of vinyl acetate in EVA may vary from 10 to 50 wt. %, with the balance being ethylene. EVA can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some implementations, EVA may be present in the composite in an amount of 0.01-0.2%, 0.01-0.1%, or 0.1-0.2%, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0169] In some instances, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more biocides. A biocide can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. Further, in some embodiments, a biocide may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Moreover, any biocide not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, a biocide comprises a pesticide. Non-limiting examples of pesticides include glyphosate, pyrethroids, organochlorines, organophosphates, and atrazine. In some implementations, a biocide comprises an antimicrobial. In some embodiments, an antimicrobial comprises an antibiotic. For example, in some cases, an antibiotic comprises amoxicillin, doxycycline, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, or clindamycin.

[0170] In other embodiments, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more flame retardants. A flame retardant can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a flame retardant may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Further, any flame retardant not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used.In some embodiments, a flame retardant comprises a halogenated flame retardant. Non-limiting examples of halogenated flame retardants include but are not limited to tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In some implementations, a flame retardant comprises a phosphorous-based flame retardant. For reference purposes herein, it is to be understood that a phosphorous-based flame retardantcomprises phosphorous. Non-limiting examples of phosphorous-based flame retardants include but are not limited to tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and phenyl phosphonates. In some instances, a flame retardant comprises an inorganic flame retardant. Non-limiting examples of inorganic flame retardants include but are not limited to Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, and zinc borates. In some embodiments, a flame retardant comprises an intumescent flame retardant. For reference purposes herein, in some instances, intumescent flame retardants form a protective char layer when exposed to heat. Non-limiting examples of intumescent flame retardants include but are not limited to expandable graphite and phosphorous-nitrogen-based compounds.

[0171] In some implementations, an additional additive of a composite described herein may comprise one or more colorants. Any colorant not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises a dye and / or pigment. In some cases, a pigment may be organic or inorganic. Moreover, the colorant may be present in a composite described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some instances, for example, a colorant may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0172] In some implementations, an additional additive of a composite described herein may comprise one or more optical brighteners. An optical brightener can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a colorant may be present in the composite in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite. Additionally, any optical brightener not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, an optical brightener comprises a stilbene. For example, in some cases, a stilbene comprises 4,4’-diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DAS). In some implementations, an optical brightener comprises a biphenyl derivative. In some embodiments, a biphenyl derivative comprises 4,4’-distyryl biphenyl. In some instances, an optical brightener comprises a coumarin derivative. Non-limiting examples of a coumarin derivative include but are not limited to coumarin and 7-aminocoumarin. In some embodiments, an optical brightener comprises a naphthalene derivative. Non-limiting examples of naphthalene derivatives include but are notlimited to 1,4-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)naphthalene. In some cases, an optical brightener comprises a pyrazoline derivative.

[0173] Moreover, in some instances, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more fillers. A filler can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some implementations, a filler may be present in the composite in an amount of 0.01-10%, 0.01-8%, 0.01-5%, 0.01-2%, 0.01-1%, 0.01-0.5%, 0.5-10%, 0.5-8%, 0.5-5%, 0.5-2%, 0.5-1%, 1-10%, 1- 8%, 1-5%, 1-2%, 2-10%, 2-8%, 2-5%, 5-10%, 5-8%, or 8-10%, based on the total weight of the composite. Any filler not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some cases, a filler may comprise calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), talc, silica (SiO₂), kaolin (aluminum silicate), glass fibers, barium sulfate (BaSO₄), mica, clay, magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) or wollastonite (calcium metasilicate).

[0174] Turning to the composite, in some cases, it is to be understood that composites described herein are not limited to a particular form or product. An assortment of forms or products are contemplated, including fibers (e.g., multifilament and monofilament yarns), nonwovens, films, coatings, sheets, slit tapes, paints, foams, and molds. In some cases, a composite described herein forms or defines a fiber with a diameter x. In some embodiments, a ratio of a D50 of the particulate glass component to the diameter of the fiber x is between 0.001 and 1.5, between 0.005 and 1.5, between 0.01 and 1.5, between 0.05 and 1.5, between 0.1 and 1.5, between 0.5 and 1.5, between 0.8 and 1.5, between 1.0 and 1.5, between 0.001 and 1.0, between 0.005 and 1.0, between 0.01 and 1.0, between 0.05 and 1.0, between 0.1 and 1.0, between 0.5 and 1.0, between 0.8 and 1.0, between 0.001 and 0.8, between 0.005 and 0.8, between 0.01 and 0.8, between 0.05 and 0.8, between 0.1 and 0.8, between 0.5 and 0.8, between 0.001 and 0.5, between 0.005 and 0.5, between 0.01 and 0.5, between 0.05 and 0.5, between 0.1 and 0.5, between 0.001 and 0.1, between 0.005 and 0.1, between 0.01 and 0.1, between 0.05 and 0.1, between 0.001 and 0.05, between 0.005 and 0.05, between 0.01 and 0.05, between 0.001 and 0.01, between 0.005 and 0.01, or between 0.001 and 0.005.

[0175] Additionally, in some implementations, the composite forms or defines a film or a sheet with a thickness y. It is to be understood that, for reference purposes herein, a “film” can comprises or be a relatively thin composite (meaning, the film can be thin in one dimension, but not necessarily thin in the other two dimensions). In some cases, for example, the film is lessthan 0.5 mm, less than 0.3 mm, or less than 0.1 mm in thickness. Moreover, in some embodiments, a film may be flexible. That is, in some cases, a film may be easily bent, rolled, or folded. It is also to be understood that, for reference purposes herein, a “sheet” can comprise or be a relatively thin composite that is nevertheless thicker than a “film.” In some implementations, for instance, the thickness of a sheet is between 0.5 and 10 mm, 0.5-8 mm, 0.5- 5 mm, 0.5-3 mm, 0.5-1 mm, 1-10 mm, 1-8 mm, 1-5 mm, 1-3 mm, 3-10 mm, 3-8 mm, 3-5 mm, 5- 10 mm, 5-8 mm, or 8-10 mm. Moreover, it is also to be understood that in some cases, a sheet is less rigid than a film.

[0176] Further, in some embodiments, the D50 of the particulate glass component and the thickness of a film or sheet formed from the composite may have particular ratios. In some cases, a ratio of a D50 of the particulate glass component to the thickness of the film or sheet y is between 0.001 and 1.5, between 0.005 and 1.5, between 0.01 and 1.5, between 0.05 and 1.5, between 0.1 and 1.5, between 0.5 and 1.5, between 0.8 and 1.5, between 1.0 and 1.5, between 0.001 and 1.0, between 0.005 and 1.0, between 0.01 and 1.0, between 0.05 and 1.0, between 0.1 and 1.0, between 0.5 and 1.0, between 0.8 and 1.0, between 0.001 and 0.8, between 0.005 and 0.8, between 0.01 and 0.8, between 0.05 and 0.8, between 0.1 and 0.8, between 0.5 and 0.8, between 0.001 and 0.5, between 0.005 and 0.5, between 0.01 and 0.5, between 0.05 and 0.5, between 0.1 and 0.5, between 0.001 and 0.1, between 0.005 and 0.1, between 0.01 and 0.1, between 0.05 and 0.1, between 0.001 and 0.05, between 0.005 and 0.05, between 0.01 and 0.05, between 0.001 and 0.01, between 0.005 and 0.01, or between 0.001 and 0.005. II. Methods of Making a Composition

[0177] In another aspect, methods of making a composition are described herein. In some embodiments, a method of making a composition comprises dispersing a particulate glass component within a polymer component to form a composite. The composite may be any composite described herein in Section I.

[0178] In some cases, a method described herein comprises milling the particulate glass component before dispersing the particulate glass component within the polymer component. In some embodiments, milling the particulate glass component comprises milling the particulate glass component with a ball mill. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that milling the particulate glass component before dispersing the particulate glass component within thepolymer component may produce more rounded particulate glass component particles that are less abrasive to extrusion equipment and create a more uniform dispersion of the glass particulate component and the polymer component.

[0179] In some implementations, the composite may be further modified to form pellets. For example, in some embodiments, a method described herein may further comprise melting the composite. In some cases, the method may comprise extruding the composite. It is to be understood that in some instances, melting, mixing, and extrusion may be performed in a manner known to one of ordinary skill in the art. General methods of melting, mixing, and extrusion are described by Giles Jr, H. F., Wagner Jr., J. R., Mount, E. M., Mount III, E. M. (2013). Extrusion: The Definitive Processing Guide and Handbook (Netherlands: Elsevier Science).

[0180] In some embodiments, extruding the composite comprises extruding with a single screw extruder using static or dynamic mixing. In some cases, extruding the composite may comprise extruding the composite with a single-screw, twin-screw, or multi-screw extruder. In some implementations, the method may further comprise setting the composite. In some embodiments, setting the composite comprises curing the composite. In some implementations, curing the composite comprises moisture curing the composite or UV curing the composite. In some cases, setting the composite comprises cooling the composite. In some cases, cooling the composite comprises cooling the composite with a water bath. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise forming pellets of the composite.

[0181] In some instances, pellets of the composites may be further modified to form different forms of the composite. For example, in some cases, the method further comprises melting the pellets of the composite, extruding the melted pellets of the composite, setting the melted pellets of the composite, and forming filaments of the composite. In some instances, the method may further comprise melting the pellets of the composite, extruding the melted pellets of the composite, setting the melted pellets of the composite, and forming a film or sheet of the composite. In some embodiments, setting the melted pellets of the composite comprises curing the melted pellets of the composite. In some implementations, curing the melted pellets of the composite comprises moisture curing the melted pellets of the composite or UV curing the melted pellets of the composite. In some cases, setting the melted pellets of the composite comprises cooling the melted pellets of the composite.

[0182] Further, in some cases, the melted composite may be placed into or formed by a mold. For example, in some implementations, a method described herein may comprise casting the melted composite in a mold. However, the molding process described herein is not limited. In some cases, the composite may be used in extrusion molding, profile extrusion, thermoforming, vacuum forming, thermoset processing techniques (e.g., hand lay-up, spray-up, resin transfer molding, compression molding, vacuum molding / bagging, pultrusion, autoclave molding, resin infusion, and thermal pressing), blow molding, heat press molding, calendar molding, coating molding, casting molding, dipping molding, transfer molding, and similar molding applications.

[0183] Moreover, an article formed from a composite described herein (such as a melted composite disposed in a mold) can find application in a variety of fields, such as bottles (e.g., water or other drink bottles or pharmaceutical bottles), food containers, food trays, window glass, window coatings, glass coatings, or ophthalmic lenses. III. Methods of Packaging Blood or Blood Products

[0184] In yet another aspect, methods of packaging blood or blood products are described herein. In some embodiments, a method described herein comprises forming a bag from a film. In some cases, the film is formed from a composite described herein. The composite may be any composite described herein in Section I. In some instances, the bag may be formed from a film using a method described herein in Section II. Moreover, in some cases, the bag may comprise a plurality of layers. In some embodiments, one layer of the plurality of layers may be formed from a composite described herein. In some such embodiments, other layers may be formed from different materials. For example, in some cases, other layers may comprise other polymer materials. Moreover, in some implementations, the bag may comprise multiple layers of the composite.

[0185] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more outlet or inlet ports to the bag. In some implementations, the method further comprises adding one or more sections of tubing to the bag. In some implementations, the method further comprises adding an anticoagulant solution to the bag. In some cases, the anticoagulant solution comprises acid citrate dextrose or citrate phosphate dextrose. In some embodiments, the anticoagulant solution further comprises adenine.

[0186] In some embodiments, the method further comprises sterilizing the bag. In some cases, sterilizing the bag may comprise sterilizing the bag with high-pressure steam using an autoclave. In some cases, sterilizing the bag with high-pressure steam occurs between 115°C and 120°C for 30 to 60 minutes.

[0187] In some implementations, the method further comprising disposing blood or a blood product in the bag. It is to be understood that in some embodiments, blood is generally whole blood. That is, in some cases, whole blood comprises all the components of blood, including but not limited to plasma, white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells. In some embodiments, a blood product may comprise only the individual components of blood. For example, in some cases, a blood product may comprise only red blood cells, platelets, plasma, cryoprecipitated antihemophilic factor, immunoglobulins, or white blood cells. In some implementations, white blood cells may comprise granulocytes. Moreover, in some cases, blood or blood products described herein may also be irradiated. IV. Methods of Treating a Wound

[0188] In still another aspect, methods of treating a wound are described herein. In some embodiments, a method described herein comprises applying a wound dressing comprising a composite. Any composite described hereinabove in Section I may be used. In some instances, the composite may be formed using a method described herein in Section II.

[0189] In some implementations, the composite may form a wound dressing that forms a single layer that is directly adjacent to the skin and / or in direct contact with the skin when applied. However, in some embodiments, the wound dressing may comprise a plurality of layers. In some instances, the composite may form one or more layers of the wound dressing. In some embodiments, a layer formed from the composite may be directly adjacent to the skin and / or in direct contact with the skin when applied. However, in some cases, a layer formed from the composite may also not be directly adjacent to the skin and / or in direct contact with the skin when applied. In some implementations, other layers that are not formed from the composite may be directly adjacent to the skin and / or in direct contact with the skin when applied. Moreover, in some embodiments, other layers of the wound dressing may be formed from different materials than the composite. For example, in some cases, the other layers maycomprise polymer materials. In other embodiments, other layers may comprise an absorbent material. In some instances, the absorbent material may comprise cotton or a cotton blend.

[0190] In some implementations, a wound dressing may further comprise a closing component. In some embodiments, a closing component may comprise a hook and eye closure. In some implementations, a closing component may comprise a hook and loop fastener and / or hook and loop closure. In some embodiments, a hook and loop fastener may comprise a hook fastener, a loop fastener, or a combination thereof. Moreover, in some cases, a closing component for the wound dressing may comprise an adhesive. In some embodiments, the adhesive may comprise a polymer. In some cases, the polymer comprises an acrylate. Non- limiting examples of an acrylate described herein include but are not limited to a methacrylate, a cyanoacrylate, or an epoxy diacrylate. In some implementations, the polymer comprises a silicone. In some embodiments, the adhesive may be applied to the surface of the composite and / or wound dressing as a coating.

[0191] In some cases, a wound dressing described herein may further comprise additional components. In some instances, a wound dressing may further comprise an antimicrobial agent. Any antimicrobial agent inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. Non-limiting examples of antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to, a chlorhexidine, a chlorhexadine salt, a triclosan, a polymyxin, a tetracycline, an aminoglycoside (e.g., gentamicin or tobramycin), a rifampicin, a bacitracin, an erythromycin, a neomycin, a chloramphenicol, a miconazole, a quinolone, a penicillin, a nonoxynol-9, a fusidic acid, a cephalosporin, a mupirocin, a metronidazole, a secropin, a protegrin, a bacteriolcine, a defensin, a nitrofurazone, a mafenide, an arachlovir, a vanoxycin, a clindamycin, a lincomycin, a sulfonamide, a norfloxacin, a pefloxacin, a nalidizic acid, an oxalic acid, an enoxacin acid, a ciprofloxacin, a biguanide (e.g., PHMB), or combinations thereof. Moreover, in some cases, an antimicrobial agent may comprise methylene blue. In some embodiments, an antimicrobial agent may comprise henna extract. In some instances, an antimicrobial agent may also comprise a probiotic. In some implementations, the probiotic may be in the dormant state, may be present as dormant material, or may be a combination thereof. In some cases, the probiotic may be provided as a live culture. In other embodiments, an antimicrobial agent comprises an antimicrobial enzyme and / or protein and / or peptide. Non-limiting examples of antimicrobial enzymes and / or protein and / or peptides include but are not limited to lysozymes, lactoperoxidases, chitosanases, collagenases, proteases (e.g.,Proteinase K), nattokinases, bacteriocins, alkaline phosphatases, antimicrobial peptides, and glucosidases.

[0192] It is to be understood that in some cases, before applying a wound dressing described herein, a wound may be treated with a growth factor. For example, in some instances, a wound may be treated topically with one or more growth factors before the wound dressing is applied. Non-limiting examples of growth factors include but are not limited to platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), insulin-binding growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-binding growth factor-2 (IGF- 2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), platelet factor 4 (PF-4), and heparin binding growth factors one and two (HBGF-1 and HBGF-2, respectively).

[0193] An exemplary embodiment of a wound dressing (100) is shown in FIG.24. In this exemplary embodiment, a wound dressing (100) comprises a composite film (101) comprising a glass particulate component attached to a bandage comprising an adsorbent material (102) and a hook fastener (103). It is to be understood that in some implementations, the adsorbent material (102) may act as a loop fastener to fasten, close, or attach the wound dressing. In some cases, a hook fastener (103) may close and / or fasten the wound dressing by gripping the adsorbent material (102).

[0194] It is to be understood that methods of treating a wound described herein may find application in a variety of fields. For example, methods of treating a wound may be used in the fields of military wound packing, field dressing, plastic surgery wound care, or reconstructive wound care. V. Methods of Packaging a Food Product

[0195] In still another aspect, methods of packaging a food product are described herein. In some implementations, a method described herein comprises disposing the food product in a package formed from or comprising a composite. Any composite described hereinabove in Section I may be used. Further, any method described hereinabove in Section II for making a composition may be used to form a package for a food product described herein. In some embodiments, the package may comprise a plurality of layers. In some cases, one of the plurality of layers may be formed from a composite described herein. In some instances, the packaging may comprise multiple layers of the composite. In some embodiments, other layers may beformed from different materials. In some implementations, the different materials may comprise other polymer materials.

[0196] Methods of packaging a food product described herein can be used to package a variety of food types, including produce, dairy, and beverages. It is to be understood that methods of packaging food products are well known in the art. General techniques for packaging food products are described in Morris, S. A. (2011), Food and Package Engineering (Wiley) and in Paine, F. A. et al. (2012), A Handbook of Food Packaging (Springer). VI. Methods of Forming an Ophthalmic Lens

[0197] In another aspect, methods of forming an ophthalmic lens composition are described. In some implementations, methods described herein comprise dispersing a particulate glass component within a lens matrix to form an ophthalmic lens composition. Any particulate glass component described in Section I may be used. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens composition has an average length, an average width, and an average height. In some cases, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm, at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. In some instances, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm, at the critical thickness. In some implementations, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm, at the critical thickness. In some embodiments, the critical thickness is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the ophthalmic lens composition.

[0198] It is to be understood that similar to the composite described in Section I, in some cases, the ophthalmic lens composition also transmits various amounts of incident electromagnetic radiation or has a transmission or a transmittance that varies over the wavelengths of 320 nm to 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. In some embodiments, in the range of wavelengths between 450 nm and 680 nm, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance less than 0.1% of the incident electromagnetic radiation at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. That is, in some cases, the ophthalmic lens composition blocks or shields at least 99.9% of the electromagnetic radiation at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. It is alsounderstood that in some cases, an ophthalmic lens composition described herein blocks or shields incident electromagnetic radiation for most colors of the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.

[0199] Further, in some implementations, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of at least 20% of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. That is, in some instances, ophthalmic lens compositions described herein are partially permeable and / or able to be permeated by the incident electromagnetic radiation between the wavelengths of 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. Moreover, in some implementations, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of at least 30%, 40%, or 45% of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. In some cases, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of 20-100%, 20-99%, 20-95%, 20-90%, 20- 85%, 20-80%, 20-75%, 20-70%, 20-65%, 20-60%, 30-100%, 30-99%, 30-95%, 30-90%, 30- 85%, 30-80%, 30-75%, 30-70%, 30-65%, 30-60%, 40-100%, 40-99%, 40-95%, 40-90%, 40- 85%, 40-80%, 40-75%, 40-70%, 40-65%, 40-60%, 50-100%, 50-99%, 50-95%, 50-90%, 50- 85%, 50-80%, 50-75%, 50-70%, 50-65%, 50-60%, 60-100%, 60-99%, 60-95%, 60-90%, 60- 85%, 60-80%, 60-75%, 60-70%, 70-100%, 70-99%, 70-95%, 70-90%, 70-85%, 70-80%, 80- 100%, 80-99%, 80-95%, or 80-90% of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. It is also understood that, in some embodiments, ophthalmic lens compositions described herein are partially permeable and / or able to be permeated by electromagnetic radiation in the UVA region and in the violet and indigo region of the visible region of electromagnetic radiation spectrum.

[0200] Additionally, in some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of at least 20% of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. That is, in some cases, an ophthalmic lens composition described herein are partially permeable and / or able to be permeated by incident electromagnetic radiation between the wavelengths of 700 nm and 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lenscomposition. Moreover, in some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of at least 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% of the incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. In some cases, the ophthalmic lens composition transmits and / or has a transmission or transmittance of 20-100%, 20-99%, 20-95%, 20-90%, 20- 85%, 20-80%, 20-75%, 20-70%, 20-65%, 20-60%, 30-100%, 30-99%, 30-95%, 30-90%, 30- 85%, 30-80%, 30-75%, 30-70%, 30-65%, 30-60%, 40-100%, 40-99%, 40-95%, 40-90%, 40- 85%, 40-80%, 40-75%, 40-70%, 40-65%, 40-60%, 50-100%, 50-99%, 50-95%, 50-90%, 50- 85%, 50-80%, 50-75%, 50-70%, 50-65%, 50-60%, 60-100%, 60-99%, 60-95%, 60-90%, 60- 85%, 60-80%, 60-75%, 60-70%, 70-100%, 70-99%, 70-95%, 70-90%, 70-85%, 70-80%, 80- 100%, 80-99%, 80-95%, or 80-90% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm at a critical thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition. It is also to be understood that, in some embodiments, ophthalmic lens compositions described herein are partially permeable and / or able to be permeated by electromagnetic radiation in the IR spectrum.

[0201] Moreover, it will be appreciated from the foregoing that in some embodiments, ophthalmic lens composition described herein can largely block or shield or absorb light within a specific wavelength band or bands, while also being transmissive or permeable to light within a different wavelength band or bands. For example, in some embodiments, an ophthalmic lens composition described herein has a high transmittance window in the UVA region of the spectrum, a low transmittance window in the visible region of the spectrum, and a high transmittance window in the IR region of the spectrum.

[0202] Further, it is to be understood that, in some instances, the critical thickness of an ophthalmic lens composition described herein is the minimum thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition in order for the ophthalmic lens composition to transmit, have a transmission, or have a transmittance of (1) at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm, (2) less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm, and (3) at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm. That is, in some implementations, the critical thickness of an ophthalmic lens composition described herein is the minimum thickness of the ophthalmic lens composition needed in order for the ophthalmic lens composition to be at least partially permeable (e.g., at least 20% transmittance) to incident lightwith a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm and between 700 nm and 1200 nm, while also blocking or shielding (e.g., at least 99.9% blocking, or no more than 0.1% transmittance) with regard to incident light with a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm. Moreover, in some instances, the critical thickness is between 0.1 mm and 10 cm, between 0.1 mm and 5 cm, between 0.1 mm and 1 cm, between 0.5 mm and 10 cm, between 0.5 mm and 5 cm, between 0.5 mm and 1 cm, between 0.5 mm and 10 mm, between 1 mm and 10 cm, between 1 mm and 5 cm, or between 1 mm and 1 cm. Other critical thicknesses are also possible.

[0203] Turning to components of the ophthalmic lens composition, the lens matrix may be formed from or comprise any material not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. Any material not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used to form the lens matrix. In some cases, the lens matrix comprises a polycarbonate. In some embodiments, a polycarbonate comprises poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) (PADC) or CR- 39. In some implementations, the lens matrix comprises a polyurethane. For example, in some instances, a polyurethane comprises a high-index plastic. In some embodiments, a polyurethane comprises Trivex plastic. Moreover, in some cases, the lens matrix comprises glass.

[0204] Moreover, in some embodiments, methods of molding ophthalmic lenses from ophthalmic lens compositions may comprise additional steps. In some cases, a method described herein further comprises injecting the ophthalmic lens composition into a mold to form an ophthalmic lens. In some implementations, a method described herein further comprises casting the ophthalmic lens composition into a mold to form an ophthalmic lens. In some implementations, the ophthalmic lens produced is the final ophthalmic lens. However, in some embodiments, the ophthalmic lens may be subjected to further processing and refinement. For example, in some cases, the ophthalmic lens may be coated. VII. Methods of Coating an Ophthalmic Lens

[0205] In yet another aspect, methods of coating an ophthalmic lens are described. In some implementations, a method described herein comprises disposing a coating on the surface of an ophthalmic lens. Any composite described hereinabove in Section I may be used.

[0206] The ophthalmic lens may comprise or may be formed from any material not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. Non-limiting examplesinclude but are not limited to polycarbonates, such as poly(allyl diglycol carbonate) (PADC); polyurethanes, such as high-index plastics and Trivex; and glass.

[0207] Any method of coating ophthalmic lenses not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. For example, in some instances, an ophthalmic lens may be coated with a composite described herein using dip coating techniques. In some embodiments, an ophthalmic lens may be coated with a composite described herein using spin coating techniques. In some implementations, an ophthalmic lens may be coated with a composite described herein using sputter deposition.

[0208] Moreover, in some instances, the ophthalmic lens may be coated in a plurality of layers. In some cases, one layer of the plurality of layers may be formed from the coating comprising a composite described herein. In some implementations, other layers may be formed from different materials, such as other polymer materials or other ophthalmic lens coatings. In some implementations, the layers may comprise multiple layers of coating comprising the composite. Further, it is to be understood that, in some cases, multiple layers of coating may be applied using different coating techniques.

[0209] These foregoing embodiments are further illustrated in the following non-limiting examples. EXAMPLE 1 Preparing a Particulate Glass Component Glass Formulation

[0210] In this non-limiting Example, a particulate glass component before milling was prepared using the following formulation: Quartz sand: 442.6 kg, Dolomite: 90.8 kg, Soda: 133.0 kg, Calcium carbonate: 46.0 kg, and Frit (Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, CaO, MgO, Na₂O, K₂O, Na₂CO₃): 19.0 kg. The following additives were added to the formulation: CoO: 2.2 kg, NiO: 1.2 kg, MANGALOX (MnO₂: 79%, MnO: 3%, Fe₂O₃: 5.5%, Al₂O₃: 3%, SiO₂: 5%, Na₂O: 0.1%, K₂O: 0.7%, MgO: 0.2%, CaO: 0.1%): 6.5 kg, and PORTACHROM (Cr₂O₃: 44%, FeO: 24%, SiO₂: 3.5%, Al₂O₃ / TiO₂: 15%, MgO: 10%): 1.2 kg. Table 1 shows the final composition of the glass in kg and wt. % for each component.Table 1. Components and formulation for the glass of the particulate glass component in Example 1. Component Amount (kg) Wt. % Quartz sand 442.6 59.61a ng o o µm

[0211] Pieces of the particulate glass component, typically around 1 / 4 inch in size, were loaded into a ball mill. The ball mill had a rotating drum filled with steel or ceramic balls that grind the material through impact and attrition. The milling process proceeded until the glass reached a D90 of 30 µm. During milling, the particle size distribution was monitored regularly using laser diffraction or similar particle size analysis techniques. Once the target particle size was achieved, the milled glass was unloaded from the ball mill. Sieves were used to ensure that the particle size distribution met the D90 specification of 30 µm. Fine Milling to D99 of 8 µm with a D50 of 3 µm Using 400 AFG Jet Mill

[0212] The glass particulate component was then reduced to a D99 of 8 µm with a D50 of 3 µm by jet milling. The 30 µm glass was fed into a 400 AFG jet mill. The AFG mill uses high- speed air jets to accelerate particles and grind them through particle-particle collisions. The high- velocity air jets in the fluidized bed create turbulence, causing the particles to collide and break down further. During milling, the particles were monitored using real-time analysis tools. Once the desired particle size was achieved, the fine powder was collected from the mill. Classifiers or sieves were used to confirm that the final glass particulate component met the specified D99 and D50 particle size criteria.

[0213] Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed the fine glass component particles have improved dispersion and that finer particles disperse more uniformly within polymers and composites, enhancing material properties. Further, not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the glass component particle size allows for selectivity in the transmission properties of the composite. Moreover, not intending to be bound by theory, it is also believed that the smaller particles have a larger surface area per mass than larger particle, and that the higher surface to volume ratio may improve interactions with the polymer matrix and may enhance mechanical and barrier properties. EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of a Glass Formulation using Oxides

[0214] In this non-limiting Example, a glass formulation is prepared for the particulate glass component using the following formulation: Quartz sand: 442.6 kg, Dolomite: 90.8 kg, Soda: 133.0 kg, Calcium carbonate: 46.0 kg, and Frit (Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, CaO, MgO, Na₂O, K₂O, Na₂CO₃): 19.0 kg. The following additives were added to the formulation: CoO: 2.2 kg, NiO: 1.2 kg, MANGALOX (MnO₂: 79%, MnO: 3%, Fe₂O₃: 5.5%, Al₂O₃: 3%, SiO₂: 5%, Na₂O: 0.1%, K₂O: 0.7%, MgO: 0.2%, CaO: 0.1%): 6.5 kg, PORTACHROM (Cr₂O₃: 44%, FeO: 24%, SiO₂: 3.5%, Al₂O₃ / TiO₂: 15%, MgO: 10%): 1.2 kg, La2O3: 2.0 kg, Nd2O3: 1.5 kg, Er2O3: 0.5 kg, and SnO2: 1.0 kg. Table 2 shows the final composition of the glass in kg and wt. % for each component. Table 2. Components and formulation for the glass of the particulate glass component in Example 2. Component Amount (kg) Wt. %NiO 1.2 0.16 MANGALOX 6.5 0.87, modulate incident electromagnetic radiation in the IR-range. EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of a Glass Formulation using Oxides

[0216] In this non-limiting Example, a glass formulation is prepared for the particulate glass component using the following formulation: Quartz sand: 442.6 kg, Dolomite: 90.8 kg, Soda: 133.0 kg, Calcium carbonate: 46.0 kg, and Frit (Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, CaO, MgO, Na₂O, K₂O, Na₂CO₃): 19.0 kg. The following additives were added to the formulation: CoO: 2.2 kg, NiO: 1.2 kg, MANGALOX (MnO₂: 79%, MnO: 3%, Fe₂O₃: 5.5%, Al₂O₃: 3%, SiO₂: 5%, Na₂O: 0.1%, K₂O: 0.7%, MgO: 0.2%, CaO: 0.1%): 6.5 kg, PORTACHROM (Cr₂O₃: 44%, FeO: 24%, SiO₂: 3.5%, Al₂O₃ / TiO₂: 15%, MgO: 10%): 1.2 kg, CeO2: 3.0 kg, TiO₂: 2.5 kg, Fe2O3: 1.0 kg, and ZnO: 1.0 kg. Table 3 shows the final composition of the glass in kg and wt. % for each component. Table 3. Components and formulation for the glass of the particulate glass component in Example 3. Component Amount (kg) Wt. %Frit 19.0 2.53 CoO 2.2 0.29, modulate incident electromagnetic radiation in the UV-range. EXAMPLE 4

[0218] In this non-limiting Example, glass formulations are prepared for the particulate glass component using the formulations shown in Table 4. Table 4 shows the final wt. % for each component. “Comp.” means “Composition.” It is to be understood that all components of a given composition add up to 100 wt. %. Table 4. Components and formulations for the glass formulations of the particulate glass component in Example 4. Component Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.MANGALOX 0.8-2 0.8-2 0.8-2 - - - PORTACHROM 0.1-1 0.1-1 0.1-1 - - - 5EXAMPLE 5 Production of Filaments and Spun Yarns Master Batch Process

[0219] In this non-limiting Example, a master batch process involves creating a concentrated mixture of glass particulate component and polymer component, which can later be diluted to the desired concentration in the final filament yarn. Material Preparation

[0220] A base polymer that is suitable for filament and staple yarn production was selected. Non-limiting examples include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA),polyester (PET and PBT), polylactic acid (PLA), polyacrylates, and polyurethanes (PU). The glass particulate component was prepared as in Example 1. Additives, such as stabilizers, colorants, or processing aids, may also be included. Mixing and Extrusion Technique 1

[0221] Proportioning: The base polymer and glass particulate component are mixed at a concentration of 0.5% to 75% by weight. For example, if a 20% master batch is desired, 20 parts of glass particulate component is mixed with 80 parts of polymer.

[0222] Blending: A high-shear mixer is used to blend the polymer and glass particulate component uniformly to ensure that the glass particulate component is evenly distributed throughout the polymer matrix.

[0223] Feeding: The blended mixture is fed into an extruder.

[0224] Melting: The polymer and glass particulate component are melted and mixed thoroughly in the extruder barrel.

[0225] Pelletizing: The molten mixture is extruded through a die to form strands, which are then cooled and cut into uniform pellets, forming the master batch. Technique 2

[0226] Proportioning: The base polymer and glass particulate component are at a concentration of 0.5% to 75% by weight.

[0227] Feeding: The polymer is fed into an extruder (via the main throat), and the glass particulate component is fed separately through the main throat or a side feeder. In some embodiments, both the polymer and the glass particulate component are fed through the main throat together.

[0228] Melting: The polymer and glass particulate component are melted and mixed thoroughly in the extruder barrel.

[0229] Pelletizing: The molten mixture is extruded through a die to form strands, which are then cooled and cut into uniform pellets, forming the master batch. Technique 3

[0230] Proportioning: The base polymer and glass particulate component are at a concentration of 0.5% to 75% by weight.

[0231] Feeding: The polymer and the glass particulate component are fed through a high shear mixer, such as internal mixer of two roll mill.

[0232] Melting: The polymer and glass particulate component are melted and mixed thoroughly.

[0233] Pelletizing: The molten mixture is fed through an extruder to form strands, which are then cooled and cut into uniform pellets, forming the master batch. Let-Down Ratio and Extrusion Process

[0234] The let-down ratio is the dilution factor used to achieve the final desired concentration of glass particulate component in the filament yarn. A master batch may be used in the extrusion process to produce filament yarns. Material Preparation

[0235] Masterbatch Pellets: Masterbatch pellets may be prepared using Techniques 1-3. The previously prepared master batch may contain 0.5% to 75% glass particulate component.

[0236] Base Polymer Pellets: A polymer compatible with the master batch polymer is used for dilution. Calculating the Let-Down Ratio

[0237] Final Concentration: The final concentration of glass particulate component in the filament yarn, in some cases, is 0.1% to 5%.

[0238] Let-Down Calculation: The let-down ratio (LDR) is calculated. For instance, if using a 25% concentrated master batch and the final concentration of 1% glass particulate component, the LDR would be 4% masterbatch with 96% polymer. Extrusion Process

[0239] Feeding: The calculated proportions of master batch pellets and base polymer pellets are fed into the extruder.

[0240] Melting and Mixing: In the extruder, the materials are melted and mixed to achieve a uniform distribution of glass particulate component in the polymer melt.

[0241] Extrusion: The molten mixture is extruded through a spinneret to form continuous filaments. The spinneret determines the filament’s cross-sectional shape and diameter.

[0242] Cooling: The extruded filaments are rapidly cooled and solidified using a quenching bath or air cooling.

[0243] Drawing: The solidified filaments are drawn to align the polymer molecules, increasing strength and elasticity. The drawing process may involve multiple stages, depending on the desired filament properties.

[0244] Winding: The drawn filaments are wound onto spools, forming the final filament yarns. EXAMPLE 6 Film Blowing

[0245] In this non-limiting Example, a film blowing process is described. This film blowing is a process used to produce thin, continuous films. It involves extruding a molten polymer through a circular die, inflating it to form a tube, and cooling it to form a film. In this non- limiting Example, the making of films comprising composites are described. Materials

[0246] Polymers: Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon, or other thermoplastics may be used.

[0247] Glass Particulate Component: The glass particulate component may be prepared as in Example 1 with average particle sizes matching the wavelength of light the composite is intended to block (approximately 200-400 nm). Master Batch Preparation

[0248] Composite Preparation: The glass particulate component is mixed with the base polymer at concentrations of 0.5% to 75%. A high-shear mixer is used to ensure even distribution. The mixture is extruded to form master batch pellets.Film Blowing

[0249] Feeding: Master batch pellets and pure base polymer pellets are fed into the extruder at the desired let-down ratio to achieve a final glass particulate component concentration of 0.1% to 75%.

[0250] Extrusion: The mixture is melted and homogenized in the extruder. The melt is then forced through a circular die to form a continuous tube.

[0251] Blowing: The tube is inflated with air to form a bubble. The size of the bubble and the speed of the film take-up control the film thickness.

[0252] Cooling: The inflated bubble is cooled using air rings.

[0253] Flattening: The bubble is collapsed into a flat film using nip rollers.

[0254] Winding: The flat film is collected onto rolls. EXAMPLE 7 Calendering Process

[0255] Calendering is used to produce films by passing a polymer melt through a slit die on an extruder and then passing it between a series of heated rollers to achieve the desired thickness. In this non-limiting Example, the calendering of composites is described. Materials

[0256] Polymers: Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nylon, or other thermoplastics may be used.

[0257] Glass Particulate Component: The glass particulate component may be prepared as in Example 1 with average particle sizes matching the wavelength of light the composites are intended to block (approximately 200-400 nm).

[0258] Master Batch Preparation: The glass particulate component is mixed with the base polymer at concentrations of 0.5% to 75%. A high-shear mixer is used to ensure even distribution. The mixture is extruded to form master batch pellets. Calendering

[0259] Feeding: Master batch pellets and pure base polymer pellets are fed into the extruder at the desired let-down ratio to achieve a final glass particulate component concentration of 0.1% to 75%.

[0260] Extrusion: The mixture is melted and homogenized in the extruder.

[0261] Rolling: The molten polymer is passed through a series of heated calender rolls. The gap between the rolls determines the film thickness.

[0262] Cooling: The film is cooled using cooling rolls or air.

[0263] Finishing: Surface treatments are then applied if required (e.g., embossing).

[0264] Winding: The film is collected onto rolls. EXAMPLE 8 Casting Composites

[0265] Casting described herein involves pouring a molten polymer or a liquid polymeric resin onto a flat surface or drum to form a thin film. In this non-limiting Example, the casting of composites is described. Materials

[0266] Polymers: PET, PP, PE, PVC, PU, silicon resins, other thermoplastics, or thermosets may be used.

[0267] Glass Particulate Component: The glass particulate component may be prepared as in Example 1. Casting Thermoplastics

[0268] Master Batch Preparation: The master batch may be prepared as in Example 5.

[0269] Feeding: The master batch and base polymer pellets are fed into the extruder at the desired let-down ratio.

[0270] Extrusion: The mixture is melted and homogenized in the extruder.

[0271] Casting: The molten polymer is extruded onto a casting roll or belt. The thickness of the film is controlled by the gap between the die and the roll.

[0272] Quenching: The film is cooled using a water bath or air.

[0273] Trimming: The edges of the film is trimmed to the desired width.

[0274] Winding: The film is collected onto rolls. Casting Thermosets

[0275] Feeding: The glass particulate component and liquid resin are fed at the desired ratio,

[0276] Mixing: The glass particulate component and liquid resin are mixed via a high shear mixer to homogenize the mixture in the mixer.

[0277] Casting: The blend is poured and casted into a mold

[0278] Heating: The mold is heated to the desired temperature to cure the resin.

[0279] Trimming: The edges of the film are trimmed to the desired width. EXAMPLE 9 Wound Healing Patches Comprising Particulate Glass Component

[0280] In this non-limiting Example, the efficacy of wound healing patches comprising the particulate glass component at concentrations of 3% and 25% as weight percents of the composite in promoting incision wound healing in rat models is displayed. Herein, four groups are assessed: two control groups, one with a 0% control patch, one without any patches (wounds exposed); and two treatment groups, one receiving 3% patches and the other receiving 25% patches. Methods Wound Creation

[0281] Creating incision wounds on rats involves a precise surgical procedure where a standardized incision is made on the skin under controlled conditions. This method ensures uniformity across all subjects, allowing for consistent evaluation of wound healing responses. The procedure is performed under anesthesia to minimize stress and pain, and the incision’s size and depth are carefully measured to facilitate accurate comparison of healing outcomes.

[0282] The rats were anesthetized using a combination of ketamine and xylazine. After anesthesia, their backs were depilated by shaving. A sterile skin punch (1.2 mm) was then used toapply lateral pressure alongside the spine on the right, resulting in the excision of the overlying skin. This pressure created a full-thickness wound. Treatment

[0283] The application of the wound healing patches involved a carefully controlled process. First, a silicone ring was placed around the created wound to prevent direct contact between the patch and the wound. The wound healing patches were then placed on top of the silicone ring. To ensure stability and prevent movement during the study, the patches were secured with a bandage and medical tape. This method maintained the integrity of the treatment area and facilitated accurate assessment of the patches’ efficacy in promoting wound healing (FIG.2). Results Wound Healing Analysis

[0284] In this wound healing analysis, digital images were captured at regular intervals over 21 days to document the progress of each treatment regimen. Each wound of the controls and the animals treated with either the 3% or 25% concentration patches underwent systematic observation and photographic documentation at days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 (FIG.3A-D). The administration of both patch concentrations was straightforward, facilitating consistent application and management throughout the study period. Notably, both treatment groups exhibited accelerated rates of wound closure. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that this is primarily attributed to enhanced epithelialization observed across all time points. These findings underscore the efficacy of the wound treating patches in promoting rapid and effective wound healing outcomes in this rat model study. Wound Area Measurement

[0285] To determine the wound healing rate, digital images of the wound area were taken on specific days. The images were then analyzed using ImageJ software to calculate the percentage reduction in the wound surface area. Wound closure was assessed by measuring the percentage of wound area relative to the original wound size at each time point, graphically represented in FIG.4. By day 3 post-treatment, both the exposed control (108.2% of original) and patch control(101.25% of original) groups initially exhibited increased wound area, likely due to additional stretching and drooping of the wound site, indicating initial instability. In contrast, the 25% patch (70.83% of original) and the 3% patch (70.8% of original) groups demonstrated more stable wound areas. Throughout the study period, the 3% patch-treated group consistently showed the smallest wound area, significantly improving compared to untreated wounds at day 10 (15% vs. 33%), day 14 (5.75% vs.19.22%), and day 21 (3% vs.17.11%). Similarly, the 25% patch-treated group maintained significantly lower wound areas compared to untreated wounds at day 10 (6.37% vs.33%), day 14 (3.12% vs.19.22%), and day 21 (4.5% vs.34.5%). Based on individual characteristics of each group, the 3% patch and 25% patch were the best performing treatments, with an average of 3% and 0.12% wound areas, respectively, at day 21. Histological Analysis

[0286] The skin samples around the wound were collected by dissection using sharp scissors and immersed in 10% formalin for fixation. All tissue specimens were dehydrated using various alcohols, cleared with xylene, infiltrated with wax, and embedded in paraffin. A 5-μm section from each paraffin block was then separately stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (FIG. 5A-H).

[0287] Histological examination revealed mild inflammation in the exposed control and patch control groups after 21 days, whereas no inflammation was observed in the 3% and 25% patch groups at the same time point post-operation. In the 25% patch group, histological analysis indicated complete wound healing, with visible structural components of the epidermis and dermis, including sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles, and vascular sections.

[0288] Further, the healed tissue showed no evidence of scar formation 21 days after treatment, and there was no visible gap between the epidermis and the collagen layer, likely filled with fibrous tissue. In contrast, the exposed control and patch control groups exhibited scar tissue characterized by dense collagen and spindle-shaped fibroblasts with vascular canals, along with epidermal hyperkeratosis above the scar at the 21-day post-surgery mark (FIG.5). Moreover, when comparing the two control groups, better wound healing was found for the exposed control group in which the wounds were exposed to air without any control blank patch. This demonstrates that the improved healing performance is a result of the healing environment created by the wound healing patches.Conclusion

[0289] This non-limiting Example demonstrates the efficacy of wound healing dressings incorporating composites described herein. This Example highlights their ability to treat incision wounds. Among the different groups, the wound dressing patch at 3% and 25% concentrations were the most effective treatments, achieving average healing rates of 97% and 99.88% of the wound area by day 21. By creating a healing environment, the wound dressings reduced the wound area over time, effectively healing the epidermis and dermis layers, as well as sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles, and vascular sections, leaving no scar at a 25% concentration, which shows the ability of the wound dressings to reduce and / or eliminate scarring after treatment. EXAMPLE 10 Storing Chives and Celery in Packaging Film Comprising Particulate Glass Component

[0290] In this non-limiting Example, a packaging film constructed from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) comprising varying concentrations of particulate glass component (0%, 1%, 3%, 6%, 12%, and 25%) and at two thicknesses (10 mm and 20 mm) was tested. The shelf life of perishable foods, chives and celery, was assessed. The primary objective was to measure how these films influence the preservation and physical quality of chives and celery under natural lighting conditions. This non-limiting Example assessed the film’s efficacy in reducing weight loss and maintaining the physical integrity and freshness of chives and celery. Methods

[0291] Each chive sample weighed 1 gram initially. The chives and celery samples were enclosed in film pouches at two thicknesses (10 mm and 20 mm). The samples were stored next to a window exposed to natural daylight. Temperatures fluctuated from 66°F to 71°F at night. The initial weight was noted, and subsequent measurements were taken after 4 days of treatment and at 1 week of treatment. Changes in color and texture were monitored and photographed at the same intervals the weight measurements (4 days and 1 week).Results Weight Change

[0292] The percentage of weight retention relative to the weight loss of the control sample was measured for each specimen group after one week. Weight retention was calculated relative to the control sample. The chives weight retention data are shown in Table 5. A bar graph of the weight retention of the chives data is also shown in FIG.6. It was found that at higher percentages of the particulate glass component, weight retention of the sample was higher, and thus weight loss of the sample was lower. Moreover, it was also found that at greater thicknesses of film, weight retention was greater, and weight loss was reduced. Table 5. Weight retention data relative to the weight loss of chives samples after one week. Particulate Initial Weight Weight Initial Weight Weight Gl W i ht Aft O R t ti W i ht Aft O R t tion

[0293] Images were also taken to compare chives samples stored with 1%, 3%, 6%, 12%, and 25% particulate glass component films at 10 mm thickness (FIG.7A-E) and 20 mm (FIG. 8A-E) to the control film (0% particulate glass component). Also, celery samples were removed from their film pouches and imaged to compare samples stored in films with 0%, 1%, 3%, 6%, 12%, and 25% particulate glass component at 10 mm thickness (FIG.9A-F) and 20 mmthickness (FIG.10A-F). Both chives and celery maintained a greener appearance over the course of study. Mechanism of Action

[0294] Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the film reduces exposure to wavelengths of IR and UV light that accelerate respiration and transpiration, which helps to retain moisture and organic content, while preserving mass. As seen in FIG.11, the film comprising the particulate glass composition and PET as compared to the control composition reduced exposure to wavelengths between 330 nm and 1180 nm. FIG.12 shows the spectrum of the film comprising the comprising the particulate glass composition and PET between 200 nm and 2700 nm. Moreover, not intending to be bound by theory, it is also believed that by reducing exposure to wavelengths of IR and UV light, the film leads to the slowing of metabolic processes, such as respiration, which leads to less organic degradation and a slower loss of structural integrity. Further, not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the greener appearance of the samples shows the effective preservation of the chlorophyll in the samples because of reduced exposure to IR and UV light and exposure to wavelengths of light that support chlorophyll stability and function. Conclusion

[0295] Films described herein, particularly those with higher concentrations of particulate glass component and larger thicknesses, reduced the weight loss of chives and enhanced the preservation of chives and celery. This non-limiting Example shows the films’ ability to extend the shelf life and improve the quality of perishable foods. Films described herein can be used to extend the shelf life of other products, including food, dairy items, juices, organic material, and pharmaceutical products. EXAMPLE 11 Storing Grape Tomatoes in Packaging Film Comprising Particulate Glass Component

[0296] In this non-limiting Example, the efficacy of filmS in maintaining the freshness and hardness of grape tomatoes was assessed under ambient and refrigerated storage conditions.Testing Procedure Preparation and Storage

[0297] Grape tomatoes were selected and divided into groups. The tomatoes were stored in glass jars wrapped in films comprising composites comprising 0%, 1%, 3%, 6%, 12%, or 25% particulate glass component. The tomatoes were maintained for four months, ensuring consistent environmental conditions across all samples. Group A samples were stored at room temperature (67°F, 19.4°C), and Group B samples were stored in a refrigerator (43°F, 6.1°C). Fruit Hardness Testing Initial Calibration

[0298] The hardness of the tomato samples was measured using a M15 Digital Fruit Hardness Tester Meter, which was calibrated according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. Probe Selection

[0299] The appropriate probe for grape tomatoes was selected based on the specific requirements of the fruit. Measurement

[0300] Hardness was assessed at the end of the four-month period by gently inserting the probe into the tomato flesh. For this experiment, 15 kgf / cm² was used for grape tomatoes. Data Collection

[0301] Multiple readings were taken from different tomatoes within each group. The results were systematically recorded and analyzed to assess the impact of varying concentrations of particulate glass component on fruit hardness. Relative Fruit Hardness is calculated via the formula below, which is the ratio of grape tomato hardness stored with composite film comprising the particulate glass component over the control grape tomato hardness after 4 months. For instance, a Relative Hardness Index of 2 indicates that the specimen grape tomato stored using a composite was twice as firm as the sample stored in a regular packaging material after 4 months.Results Fruit Hardness

[0302] The relative hardness (%) for each specimen was determined using Formula I: Relative Hardness (%) =ுೄିு^ு^ ൈ 100 (I)wherein ^^ூis the initial hardness of each grape tomato specimen in kgf / cm2and ^^^is the hardness of each grape tomato specimen after 4 months in kgf / cm2. Data for the relative hardness of each group covered with LDPE film with varying concentrations of particulate glass component stored at room temperature are shown in Table 6. Data for the relative hardness of each group covered with LDPE film with varying concentrations of particulate glass component stored at 6.1°C are shown in Table 7. The data are also shown as a bar graph in FIG.13. Table 6. Relative hardness data for grape tomatoes stored at room temperature. Particulate 10 mm LDPE Film 20 mm LDPE Film sTable 7. Relative hardness data for grape tomatoes stored at 6.1°C. 10 mm LDPE Film 20 mm LDPE FilmParticulate Hardness Relative Hardness Relative Glass (kgf / cm2) Hardness (kgf / cm2) Hardnessese a a s ow e app ca on o e m comprising the glass particulate component improved the firmness of the grape tomatoes, particularly at higher concentrations of the glass particulate component and with thicker films. These films enhance the shelf-life and quality of fresh produce. Weight Retention

[0304] The weight retention (%) for each specimen was determined by comparing the retained weight of each specimen to that of the control sample packaged in a standard LDPE plastic bag using Formula II: Weight Retention (%) = 1 െ ^ೄି^^^^ ൈ 100 (I)wherein ^^^is the weight hardness of^^^is the weight of each specimen after the indicated time periods. The data are shown in Table 8 (room temperature) and Table 10 (6.1°C) for the 10 mm film and Table 9 (room temperature) and Table 11 (6.1°C) for the 20 mm film. A plot of the data for specimens stored at room temperature is also shown in FIG.14. A plot of the data for specimens stored at 6.1°C is also shown in FIG.15.Table 8. Weight retention measurements after 30, 60, and 90 days for 10 mm LDPE film comprising various concentrations of particulate glass at room temperature conditions. Particulate Initial Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Glass Weight after 30 Retention after 60 Retention after 90 Retention )Table 9. Weight retention measurements after 30, 60, and 90 days for 20 mm LDPE film comprising various concentrations of particulate glass at room temperature conditions. Particulate Initial Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight n )25 15.41 13.82 89.68 12.98 84.23 12.08 78.39 n )Table 11. Weight retention measurements after 30, 60, and 90 days for 20 mm LDPE film comprising various concentrations of particulate glass at 6.1°C. Particulate Initial Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight n )12 14.31 13.78 96.30 13.58 94.90 12.95 90.50comprising different concentrations of particulate glass component at room temperature revealed a dependency on both the particulate glass component concentration and the thickness of the film. In the 10 mm LDPE films, the tomatoes retained the most weight at particulate glass concentrations higher than 6%, with the trend continuing consistently across 30, 60, and 90 days. This indicates that higher concentrations of particulate glass component in thinner films contribute significantly to weight retention. Conversely, for the 20 mm LDPE films, the highest weight retention was observed at 1% and 12% particulate glass concentrations.

[0306] These findings underscore the importance of the particulate glass concentration and film thickness to maximize weight retention in packaged produce. The analysis of weight retention in grape tomatoes stored under refrigerated conditions shows that the effectiveness of the film comprising the particulate glass in preserving the fruit's weight varies with the thickness of the LDPE film used. Specifically, tomatoes packaged in 10 mm LDPE films exhibited the highest weight retention at particulate glass concentrations greater than 3% across 30, 60, and 90 day intervals. This indicates that a higher concentration of particulate glass component is more beneficial in thinner films for maintaining tomato weight under refrigerated conditions.

[0307] In contrast, when using 20 mm LDPE films, the highest weight retention was observed at 3% as well as 12% and higher particulate glass concentrations. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that a lower concentration of glass particulate component may be sufficient in thicker films to achieve weight preservation. These findings highlight the interaction between the particulate glass concentration and film thickness in influencing the preservation quality of grape tomatoes during refrigerated storage. Mechanism of Action

[0308] Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the films reduce exposure to wavelengths of IR and UV light that accelerate respiration and transpiration, which helps to retain moisture and organic content, while preserving mass. Moreover, not intending to be boundby theory, it is also believed that by reducing exposure to wavelengths of IR and UV light, the film leads to the slowing of metabolic processes, such as respiration, which leads to less organic degradation and a slower loss of structural integrity. Further, not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the film effectively maintains the red appearance of the tomatoes through the effective preservation of lycopene. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed through reduced IR and UV exposure and the enhanced exposure of specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that support lycopene stability and function. Conclusion

[0309] This study clearly demonstrates the significant benefits of films comprising particulate glass component for grape tomatoes. The enhanced hardness and improved weight retention provided by the films helped to reduce weight loss. This non-limiting Example underscores the ability of these films to be used in the agricultural industry for the preservation and quality maintenance of fresh produce. EXAMPLE 12 Wound Healing Patches Comprising Particulate Glass Component in Wistar Rats

[0310] In this non-limiting Example, wound healing patches comprising a particulate glass component at concentrations of 3%, 12%, and 25% as weight percents of the composite were used to promote incision wound healing in Wistar rats with Type 1 diabetes. Methods Induction of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Wistar Rats Using a Single High Dose of Streptozotocin

[0311] A single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg / kg) was prepared in ice-cold acidic citrate buffer (0.1 M, pH 4.5) stored in dark conditions. It was used immediately after preparation. It was intraperitoneally injected into four Wistar rats to induce Type 1 diabetes. Blood glucose levels were then measured from the tail vein using a glucometer one week after the injection. A blood glucose level above 300 mg / dL was classified as diabetic. Full Thickness Wound Creation by Punch Biopsy Method

[0312] Fourteen days after diabetes induction, all rats were anesthetized with a combination of ketamine and xylazine. The anesthetized rats had their backs depilated by shaving. Then, using a sterile skin punch, lateral pressure was applied to the spine on the right, and the overlying skin was excised. The pressure applied to the skin created a full thickness wound (FIG.16A). A 15-mm incision was made by excising the skin on the back of each rat, with the day of wound creation designated as day 0. The wound area and percentage of wound closure were assessed on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 for all groups using the ImageJ software. The wounds were treated by applying wound healing patches comprising a particulate glass component at the concentrations of 3%, 12%, and 25% as weight percents of the composite to promote wound healing (FIG. 16B). Results Wound Treatment Analysis

[0313] Digital photos of each wound treatment over 21 days were taken for each of the time points (days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21) and compiled for each of the wounds (FIG.17A-H, FIG.18A-F, FIG.19A-F, FIG.20A-F, and FIG.21A-F). The 3% and 25% particulate glass component patch treatments resulted in the most rapid wound closure rates. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that this is likely driven primarily by new epithelialization. The wound treated with the 25% particulate glass component patch had the highest wound closure on the third day (FIG. 21B).

[0314] Also, the wound treated with the 12% particulate glass component patch exhibited an infection at the wound surface on day 3, with no therapeutic intervention applied (FIG.20B). Surface cleansing was performed, and a bandage was applied incorporating infrared films. By day 7, the infection showed significant reduction, and the infection was entirely resolved by day 10 (FIG.20C-D). Wound Area Analysis

[0315] To determine the diabetic wound healing rate, digital imaging was performed on the wound area on specific days. The ImageJ software was used to examine and analyze the percentage of reduction in the wound surface area. For each time point, the percentage of woundarea present relative to the original wound area was measured to describe wound closure. These measurements are shown in FIG.22.

[0316] On day 3 following wound treatment, there was an initial average increase in the wound area for the control wound (101% of original wound). Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that this increase is caused by additional wound stretching and dropping and the wound area does not immediately stabilize. In contrast, the wound area treated with the 25% particulate glass component patch reduced to 22.87% of the original size. Moreover, for the 12% and 3% particulate glass component patches, the wound areas were reduced to 67.37% and 80.75% of their original size, respectively. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that this reduction indicates better stabilization of the wound areas treated with higher particulate glass component concentrations.

[0317] The 25% particulate glass component patch-treated group showed the lowest percentage relative wound area during the study time course, with significantly lower wound area compared with the control wound at day 7 (12.5% vs 46.9%), day 10 (8.12% vs 23.75%), day 14 (4.25% vs 14%), and day 21 (5.37% vs 13.5%). Additionally, the 12% particulate glass component patch-treated group showed the next lowest percentage relative wound area on day 3. However, an increase in the relative wound area was seen at day 7 because of the infection on day 3. The infection showed significant reduction on day 7, and it was entirely resolved by day 10 with no therapeutic intervention.

[0318] The 3% particulate glass component patch-treated group showed the next lowest percentage relative wound area after the 25% particulate glass component patch-treated group during the study time course, with significant improvement compared to the control wounds on day 7 (27.62% vs 46.9%), day 10 (10.65% vs 23.75%), day 14 (5.75% vs 7.25%), and day 21 (6.37% vs 13.5%). Based on the individual characteristics, the control group and the groups for the patches comprising 3%, 12% and 25% particulate glass component showed an average relative wound area of 13.5%, 6.3%, 3.5% and 5.3%, respectively, at day 21. Histological Analysis

[0319] The skin around the wounds was harvested by dissection with sharp scissors and was immersed in 10 % formalin for 48 hours for fixing. All tissue specimens were dehydrated by different alcohols, cleared with xylene, infiltrated with wax, and embedded in paraffin. A 5 µmsection of each paraffin block was separately stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Staining images are shown in FIG.23A-H.

[0320] The H&E histological analysis at day 21 indicated that the wounds healed. Based on the histological images, wounds treated with the patches tended to have reduce neutrophil accumulation on day 21 post treatment compared to the control. Moreover, the control wound showed mild inflammatory reactions after 21 days (FIG.23A-B). However, no inflammation was observed in groups treated with 3%, 12% and 25% patches on 21 at day 21 post-operation (FIG. 23C-H).

[0321] Cutaneous wound healing includes epidermal epithelialization and dermal healing. In this study, there was a difference in wound epithelialization between wounds treated with the 3%, 12%, and 25% particulate glass component patches and the control patch at day 21 post- operation.

[0322] Histological analysis of the 25% particulate glass component patch-treated wound showed that the wound was completely healed and the structural components of the epidermis and dermis, including the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair follicles, and vascular sections, completely formed.

[0323] Moreover, the 25% particulate glass component patch-treated wound group exhibited the most advanced re-epithelialization, with a nearly complete epithelial coverage of the wound area. This group displayed the most abundant and mature collagen fibers and a more organized arrangement of collagen fibers in the dermis compared to the control group at day 21 post- operation.

[0324] Further, in the control wound, a scar comprised of dense collagen and spindle-shaped fibroblasts with a vascular network formed, and epidermal hyperkeratosis above the scar was observed at day 21 post-operation. Additionally, the formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, helps to drive wound healing and tissue repair. At day 21 post-operation, H&E analysis showed that the micro vessel density was greater in wounds treated with particulate glass component patches compared to the control. Conclusion

[0325] This non-limiting Example provides an analysis of diabetic wound healing using varying concentrations of particulate glass component in composite patches, demonstrating theability of this composition for managing diabetic wounds. The patches substantially decreased the wound area over time. The treatment promoted the healing of the epidermis and dermis, along with the sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles, and vascular structures, offering a method for minimizing post-treatment scarring.

[0326] The group treated with the 25% particulate glass component patch exhibited effective wound closure, with wound areas smaller than those of the control group at various time points: day 7 (12.5% vs 46.9%), day 10 (8.12% vs 23.75%), day 14 (4.25% vs 14%), and day 21 (5.37% vs 13.5%). By day 21, the particulate glass component patch-treated groups showed markedly reduced wound areas compared to the control, with the 3%, 12%, and 25% particulate glass component patches demonstrating 6.3%, 3.5%, and 5.3% relative wound areas, respectively, in contrast to the control group, which was 13.5%.

[0327] Histological analysis revealed enhanced re-epithelialization and a more organized collagen fiber structure in the patch-treated wounds, suggesting better tissue regeneration and reduced scarring. Among the tested concentrations, the 3% particulate glass component patch- treated group exhibited the most improvements in wound healing based on histological results. Moreover, micro vessel density, which contributes to angiogenesis and tissue repair, was higher in the particulate glass component patch-treated wounds compared to the control group. References 1. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 2. Wild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A., Sicree, R., and King, H.2004. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care.27:1047–1053. 3. Reiber, G.E., et al.1999. Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care.22:157–162. 4. Tsai, S.-R.; Hamblin, M.R. Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol.2017,170, 197–207. 5. Vatansever, F.; Hamblin, M.R. Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications. Photonics Lasers Med.2012, 1, 255–266. 6. Hsu, Y.-H.; Lin, Y.-F.; Chen, C.-H.; Chiu, Y.-J.; Chiu, H.-W. Far infrared promotes wound healing through activation of Notch1 signaling. J. Mol. Med.2017, 95, 1203–1213.7. Anders, J.J.; Lanzafame, R.J.; Arany, P.R. Low-Level Light / Laser Therapy Versus Photobiomodulation Therapy. Photomed. Laser Surg.2015, 33, 183–184. 8. Toyokawa, H.; Matsui, Y.; Uhara, J.; Tsuchiya, H.; Teshima, S.; Nakanishi, H.; Kwon, A.- H.; Azuma, Y.; Nagaoka, T.; Ogawa, T. et al. Promotive Effects of Far-Infrared Ray on Full- Thickness Skin Wound Healing in Rats. Exp. Biol. Med.2003, 228, 724–729. 9. Rau, C.-S.; Yang, J.C.-S.; Jeng, S.-F.; Chen, Y.-C.; Lin, C.-J.; Wu, C.-J.; Lu, T.-H.; Hsieh, C.-H. Far-Infrared Radiation Promotes Angiogenesis in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells via Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activation. Photochem. Photobiol.2010, 87, 441–446.

[0328] Additional exemplary embodiments contemplated herein are as follows:

[0329] Embodiment 1. A composite comprising: a polymer component; and a particulate glass component dispersed within the polymer component, wherein the composite has an average length, an average width, and an average height.

[0330] Embodiment 2. The composite of Embodiment 1, wherein the composite transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm, at a critical thickness of the composite; wherein the composite transmits less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm, at the critical thickness; wherein the composite transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm, at the critical thickness; and wherein the critical thickness is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the composite.

[0331] Embodiment 3. The composite of Embodiment 1, wherein the composite further comprises a light-modulating additive component.

[0332] Embodiment 4. The composite of Embodiment 3, wherein: the light-modulating additive component is a particulate component having an average length, an average width, and an average height; and the average length, the average width, and / or the average height of the particulate additive component is within 10% of a critical wavelength of the composite.

[0333] Embodiment 5. The composite of Embodiment 3, wherein the additive component comprises silver microparticles, gold microparticles, copper ions, zinc ions, magnesium ions, titanium dioxide microparticles, carbon microparticles, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

[0334] Embodiment 6. The composite of Embodiment 3, wherein the average length, average width, and / or average height of the additive ranges between 200 nm and 400 nm.

[0335] Embodiment 7. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the particulate glass component is present in the composite in an amount of 0.1–80 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0336] Embodiment 8. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the particulate glass component has a sphericity between 0.7 and 1.0.

[0337] Embodiment 9. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the particulate glass component has an average particle size (D50) between 100 nm and 60 µm.

[0338] Embodiment 10. The composite of Embodiment 9, wherein the particulate glass component has a D50 between 1 µm and 5 µm.

[0339] Embodiment 11. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the particulate glass component has a D99 between 7 µm and 10 µm.

[0340] Embodiment 12. The composite of Embodiment 1, wherein the particulate glass component has a D50 between 1 µm and 5 µm and a D99 between 7 µm and 10 µm.

[0341] Embodiment 13. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the composite further comprises a coating disposed on an exterior surface of the particulate glass component.

[0342] Embodiment 14. The composite of Embodiment 13, wherein the coating comprises phospholipids, a UV-curable polymer, chitosan, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

[0343] Embodiment 15. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the polymer component is present in the composite in an amount of 20–99.9 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

[0344] Embodiment 16. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the polymer component comprises a thermoplastic polymer or a thermoset polymer.

[0345] Embodiment 17. The composite of Embodiment 16, wherein the polymer component comprises a polyolefin, thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), polyacrylates, polyamide, polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyacrylate (PA), or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

[0346] Embodiment 18. The composite of Embodiment 17, wherein the polyester comprises a copolyester elastomer, polyethylene terephthatlate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), or a mixture of the foregoing.

[0347] Embodiment 19. The composite of Embodiment 16, wherein the thermoset polymer comprises thermoset polyurethane (PU), silicone, or a mixture of the foregoing.

[0348] Embodiment 20. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the composite forms or defines a fiber with a diameter x.

[0349] Embodiment 21. The composite of Embodiment 20, wherein a ratio of a D50 of the particulate glass component to the diameter of the fiber x is between 0.5 and 0.8.

[0350] Embodiment 22. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the composite forms or defines a film or sheet with a thickness y.

[0351] Embodiment 23. The composite of Embodiment 22, wherein the ratio of a D50 of the particulate glass component to the thickness of the film y is between 0.5 and 0.8.

[0352] Embodiment 24. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the composite further comprises a stabilizer.

[0353] Embodiment 25. The composite of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the composite further comprises a colorant.

[0354] Embodiment 26. A method of making a composition, the method comprising: dispersing a particulate glass component within a polymer component to form a composite, wherein the composite comprises: a polymer component; and a particulate glass component dispersed within the polymer component, wherein the composite has an average length, an average width, and an average height; wherein the composite transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm, at a critical thickness of the composite; wherein the composite transmits less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm, at the critical thickness;wherein the composite transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm, at the critical thickness; and wherein the critical thickness is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the composite.

[0355] Embodiment 27. The method of Embodiment 26, wherein the method further comprises milling the particulate glass component before dispersing the particulate glass component within the polymer component.

[0356] Embodiment 28. The method of Embodiment 27, wherein the method further comprises melting the composite.

[0357] Embodiment 29. The method of Embodiment 28, wherein the method further comprises extruding the composite.

[0358] Embodiment 30. The method of Embodiment 29, wherein the method further comprises: cooling the composite; and forming pellets of the composite.

[0359] Embodiment 31. The method of Embodiment 30, wherein the method further comprises: melting the pellets of the composite; extruding the melted pellets of the composite; cooling the melted pellets of the composite; and forming filaments of the composite.

[0360] Embodiment 32. The method of Embodiment 30, wherein the method further comprises: melting the pellets of the composite; extruding the melted pellets of the composite; cooling the melted pellets of the composite; and forming a film of the composite.

[0361] Embodiment 33. The method of Embodiment 28, wherein the method further comprises casting the melted composite in a mold.

[0362] Embodiment 34. A method of packaging blood or blood products comprising: forming a bag from the film of the composite of Embodiment 32.

[0363] Embodiment 35. The method of Embodiment 34, further comprising sterilizing the bag.

[0364] Embodiment 36. The method of Embodiment 35, further comprising disposing blood or a blood product in the bag.

[0365] Embodiment 37. A method of treating a wound comprising: applying to the wound a wound dressing comprising the composite of any of Embodiments 1-25.

[0366] Embodiment 38. The method of Embodiment 37, wherein the wound dressing further comprises an antimicrobial agent.

[0367] Embodiment 39. The method of Embodiment 37, wherein the wound is treated with one or more growth factors.

[0368] Embodiment 40. The method of Embodiment 37, wherein the wound dressing further comprises an adhesive.

[0369] Embodiment 41. A method of packaging a food product comprising: disposing the food product in a package formed from or comprising the composite of any of Embodiments 1-25.

[0370] Embodiment 42. The method of Embodiment 41, wherein: the food product comprises water; and the package is a bottle.

[0371] Embodiment 43. A method of forming an ophthalmic lens composition comprising: dispersing a particulate glass component within a lens matrix to form an ophthalmic lens composition, wherein the ophthalmic lens composition comprises: a lens matrix; and a particulate glass component dispersed within the lens matrix, wherein the ophthalmic lens composition has an average length, an average width, and an average height; wherein the ophthalmic lens composition transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm, at a critical thickness of the composite;wherein the ophthalmic lens composition transmits less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm, at the critical thickness; wherein the ophthalmic lens composition transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm, at the critical thickness; and wherein the critical thickness is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the ophthalmic lens composition.

[0372] Embodiment 44. The method of Embodiment 43, wherein injecting the ophthalmic lens composition into a mold to form an ophthalmic lens.

[0373] Embodiment 45. The method of Embodiment 43, wherein casting the ophthalmic lens composition into a mold to form an ophthalmic lens.

[0374] Embodiment 46. A method of coating an ophthalmic lens comprising: disposing a coating on the surface of an ophthalmic lens wherein the coating comprises the composite of any of Embodiments 1-25.

[0375] All patent documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Various embodiments of the invention have been described in fulfillment of the various objectives of the invention. It should be recognized that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations thereof will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A composite comprising: a polymer component; and a particulate glass component dispersed within the polymer component, wherein the composite has an average length, an average width, and an average height; wherein the composite transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm, at a critical thickness of the composite; wherein the composite transmits less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm, at the critical thickness; wherein the composite transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm, at the critical thickness; and wherein the critical thickness is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the composite.

2. The composite of claim 1, wherein the composite further comprises a light-modulating additive component.

3. The composite of claim 2, wherein: the light-modulating additive component is a particulate component having an average length, an average width, and an average height; and the average length, the average width, and / or the average height of the particulate additive component is within 10% of a critical wavelength of the composite.

4. The composite of claim 2, wherein the additive component comprises silver microparticles, gold microparticles, copper ions, zinc ions, magnesium ions, titanium dioxide microparticles, carbon microparticles, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

5. The composite of claim 2, wherein the average length, average width, and / or average height of the additive ranges between 200 nm and 400 nm.

6. The composite of claim 1, wherein the particulate glass component is present in the composite in an amount of 0.1–80 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

7. The composite of claim 1, wherein the particulate glass component has a sphericity between 0.7 and 1.

0.

8. The composite of claim 1, wherein the particulate glass component has an average particle size (D50) between 100 nm and 60 µm.

9. The composite of claim 8, wherein the particulate glass component has a D50 between 1 µm and 5 µm.

10. The composite of claim 1, wherein the particulate glass component has a D99 between 7 µm and 10 µm.

11. The composite of claim 1, wherein the particulate glass component has a D50 between 1 µm and 5 µm and a D99 between 7 µm and 10 µm.

12. The composite of claim 1, wherein the composite further comprises a coating disposed on an exterior surface of the particulate glass component.

13. The composite of claim 12, wherein the coating comprises phospholipids, a UV-curable polymer, chitosan, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

14. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymer component is present in the composite in an amount of 20–99.9 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composite.

15. The composite of claim 1, wherein the polymer component comprises a thermoplastic polymer or a thermoset polymer.

16. The composite of claim 15, wherein the polymer component comprises a polyolefin, thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyacrylate (PA), or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

17. The composite of claim 16, wherein the polyester comprises a copolyester elastomer, polyethylene terephthatlate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

18. The composite of claim 15, wherein the thermoset polymer comprises thermoset polyurethane (PU), silicone, or a mixture of the foregoing.

19. The composite of claim 1, wherein the composite forms or defines a fiber with a diameter x.

20. The composite of claim 19, wherein a ratio of a D50 of the particulate glass component to the diameter of the fiber x is between 0.5 and 0.

8.

21. The composite of claim 1, wherein the composite forms or defines a film or sheet with a thickness y.

22. The composite of claim 21, wherein the ratio of a D50 of the particulate glass component to the thickness of the film or sheet y is between 0.5 and 0.

8.

23. The composite of claim 1, wherein the composite further comprises a stabilizer.

24. The composite of claim 1, wherein the composite further comprises a colorant.

25. A method of making a composition, the method comprising: dispersing a particulate glass component within a polymer component to form a composite,wherein the composite comprises: a polymer component; and a particulate glass component dispersed within the polymer component, wherein the composite has an average length, an average width, and an average height; wherein the composite transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm, at a critical thickness of the composite; wherein the composite transmits less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm, at the critical thickness; wherein the composite transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm, at the critical thickness; and wherein the critical thickness is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the composite.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the method further comprises milling the particulate glass component before dispersing the particulate glass component within the polymer component.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the method further comprises melting the composite.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the method further comprises extruding the composite.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the method further comprises: cooling the composite; and forming pellets of the composite.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the method further comprises: melting the pellets of the composite; extruding the melted pellets of the composite; cooling the melted pellets of the composite; and forming filaments of the composite.

31. The method of claim 29, wherein the method further comprises: melting the pellets of the composite; extruding the melted pellets of the composite; cooling the melted pellets of the composite; and forming a film of the composite.

32. The method of claim 27, wherein the method further comprises casting the melted composite in a mold.

33. A method of packaging blood or blood products comprising: forming a bag from the film of the composite of claim 31.

34. The method of claim 33, further comprising sterilizing the bag.

35. The method of claim 34, further comprising disposing blood or a blood product in the bag.

36. A method of treating a wound comprising: applying to the wound a wound dressing comprising the composite of any of claims 1-24.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the wound dressing further comprises an antimicrobial agent.

38. The method of claim 36, wherein the wound is treated with one or more growth factors.

39. The method of claim 36, wherein the wound dressing further comprises an adhesive.

40. A method of packaging a food product comprising: disposing the food product in a package formed from or comprising the composite of any of claims 1-24.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein: the food product comprises water; and the package is a bottle.

42. A method of forming an ophthalmic lens composition comprising: dispersing a particulate glass component within a lens matrix to form an ophthalmic lens composition, wherein the ophthalmic lens composition comprises: a lens matrix; and a particulate glass component dispersed within the lens matrix, wherein the ophthalmic lens composition has an average length, an average width, and an average height; wherein the ophthalmic lens composition transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 320 nm and 440 nm, at a critical thickness of the composite; wherein the ophthalmic lens composition transmits less than 0.1% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 450 nm and 680 nm, at the critical thickness; wherein the ophthalmic lens composition transmits at least 20% of incident electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between 700 nm and 1200 nm, at the critical thickness; and wherein the critical thickness is greater than or equal to the average length, average width, or average height of the ophthalmic lens composition.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein injecting the ophthalmic lens composition into a mold to form an ophthalmic lens.

44. The method of claim 42, wherein casting the ophthalmic lens composition into a mold to form an ophthalmic lens.

45. A method of coating an ophthalmic lens comprising:disposing a coating on the surface of an ophthalmic lens wherein the coating comprises the composite of any of claims 1-24.

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