Optically clear adhesive
An optically clear adhesive with low resistivity and absence of non-polymeric ionic compounds addresses static charge buildup issues, improving display device performance by reducing edge or hole bright spots.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/143321
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-29
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-03
AI Technical Summary
Static charge buildup on the cover layer of display devices, typically made from glass, leads to edge or hole bright spots due to insufficient dissipation or grounding, which can affect display performance.
An optically clear adhesive layer with a surface resistivity of less than 5×10^13 ohm/square and a volume resistivity of less than 4×10^10 ohm-meters, free of non-polymeric ionic compounds, is used to dissipate static charge effectively, reducing edge or hole bright spots.
The adhesive layer significantly reduces static charge buildup, minimizing edge or hole bright spots and enhancing display performance by ensuring efficient charge dissipation.
Smart Images

Figure CN2023143321_03072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
OPTICALLY CLEAR ADHESIVEField of the Invention
[0001] Provided are adhesive compositions, along with related assemblies and methods. The adhesive compositions and articles can be useful for bonding optical films in electronic display applications.Background
[0002] Optically clear adhesives (OCAs) have diverse applications in consumer, industrial and automotive display technologies. These adhesives have become preferred optical bonding solutions for many reasons, including high adhesion and cohesion, protection, and enhanced performance of touchscreens as devices transitioned from resistive to capacitive touch technology. Desirable properties of OCAs generally include optical clarity and high interfacial adhesion over a wide range of temperatures.Summary
[0003] A technical problem that arises with certain display stack configurations relates to static charge building up on a cover layer of the device, which is typically made from glass-an electrical insulator. If this charge cannot be adequately dissipated or grounded, a bias to the display current-voltage response can manifest an edge bright spot (EBS) along the edge or hole bright spot (HBS) near the hole features of the display. It was discovered that a display device that includes an optically clear adhesive (OCA) with a significantly low surface resistivity or volume resistivity, and or a rapid static decay potential, this device stack can exhibit a lesser degree of EBS than the same display configuration with an OCA of higher electrical resistivity. EBS was thus found to be highly correlated with the resistivity and / or decay time of the OCA and the display shielding design. This issue and problem to be solved by this invention can be particularly relevant to the types of display configurations described in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2023 / 0147378 (Son et al. ) , 2017 / 0279057 (Park et al. ) , and 2016 / 0268352 (Hong et al. ) .
[0004] In a first aspect, a display device is provided. The display device comprises: a cover layer and an adhesive layer disposed thereon; wherein the adhesive layer reduces static charge build up on the cover layer while reducing edge bright spots along the edge or near hole features of the display device; wherein the adhesive layer has a surface resistivity of less than 5×1013 ohm / square and a volume resistivity of less than 4×1010 ohm-meters; and wherein the adhesive layer is essentially free of any non-polymeric ionic compounds.
[0005] In a second aspect, a method of making an adhesive layer is provided, comprising: polymerizing a mixture of one or more alkyl (meth) acrylates, copolymerizable polar monomers, hydrophilic polymeric compounds, hydrophilic hydroxyl-functional monomers, and primary initiator (s) by activating the primary initiator (s) to provide a first precursor; grafting to the first precursor a reactive copolymer containing pendent vinyl groups to provide a second precursor; mixing the second precursor with one or more multifunctional crosslinkers, secondary initiators, and adhesion promoters to provide a third precursor; and activating the secondary initiators to crosslink the third precursor and obtain the adhesive layer.
[0006] Brief Description of the Drawing
[0007] FIG. 1 is an elevational side view of a display device according to an exemplary embodiment.
[0008] Repeated use of reference characters in the specification and drawing is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the disclosure. It should be understood that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art, which fall within the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The figure is not drawn to scale.
[0009] DEFINITIONS
[0010] As used herein:
[0011] “alkyl” refers to a monovalent group that is a radical of an alkane and includes straight-chain, branched, cyclic, and bicyclic alkyl groups, and combinations thereof, including both unsubstituted and substituted alkyl groups. Unless otherwise indicated, the alkyl groups typically contain from 1 to 30 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl groups contain 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Cyclic groups can be monocyclic or polycyclic and typically have from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms. Examples of “alkyl” groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, isopropyl, n-octyl, n-heptyl, ethylhexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, and norbornyl.
[0012] “allyl” refers to a functional group having the formula CH2=CH-CH2-.
[0013] “cure” refers to the joining of polymer chains together by covalent chemical bonds, usually via crosslinking molecules or groups, to form a network polymer. Therefore, in this disclosure the terms “cured” and “crosslinked” can be used interchangeably. A cured or crosslinked polymer is generally characterized by insolubility but can be swellable in the presence of an appropriate solvent.
[0014] “curable” refers to a composition capable of being cured.
[0015] “essentially free of” means having zero or insubstantial amount of a component of a composition, such as less than 1 percent, less than 0.5 percent, or less than 0.1 percent by weight based on the overall weight of the composition.
[0016] “glass transition temperature” (or “Tg” ) refers to a temperature at which an amorphous polymer changes from a hard / glassy state to a more pliable rubbery state, or vice versa, and can be determined by performing a Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (or “DMA” ) temperature sweep at a given frequency. From this technique, the Tg can be defined as the temperature at which the tan δpeaks.
[0017] “(meth) acrylate group” refers to a functional group that is either an acrylate group of the formula CH2=CH-C (O) O-or a methacrylate group of the formula CH2=C (CH3) -C (O) O-.
[0018] “polymeric” refers to a chemical compound comprised of many repeat units covalently bonded to each other in end-to-end fashion, for example having more than 5, 10, 20, and / or 50 repeat units.Detailed Description
[0019] As used herein, the terms “preferred” and “preferably” refer to embodiments described herein that can afford certain benefits, under certain circumstances. However, other embodiments can also be preferred, under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, recitation of one or more preferred embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful and is not intended to exclude other embodiments from the scope of the invention.
[0020] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a” or “the” component can include one or more of the components and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art. Further, the term “and / or” means one or all of the listed elements or a combination of any two or more of the listed elements.
[0021] It is noted that the term “comprises, ” and variations thereof do not have a limiting meaning where these terms appear in the accompanying description. Moreover, “a, ” “an, ” “the, ” “at least one, ” and “one or more” are used interchangeably herein. Relative terms such as left, right, forward, rearward, top, bottom, side, upper, lower, horizontal, vertical, and the like can be used herein and, if so, are from the perspective observed in the particular drawing. These terms are used only to simplify the description, however, and not to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
[0022] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment, ” “certain embodiments, ” “one or more embodiments” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described relating to the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases such as “in one or more embodiments, ” “in certain embodiments, ” “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment of the invention.
[0023] FIG. 1 shows a display device according to one exemplary embodiment, hereinafter referred to by the numeral 100. As shown, the device 100 includes a cover layer 102. The cover layer 102 is commonly made from glass, or other non-conductive material. Extending along, and contacting, the cover layer 102 is an adhesive layer 104. In preferred embodiments, the adhesive layer 104 is an optically clear adhesive. The adhesive layer 104 directly bonds the cover layer 102 to underlying polarizer film 106, which is coextensive with the adhesive layer 104.
[0024] On the opposing side of the polarizer film 106 is a second adhesive layer 108, which directly bonds the polarizer film 106 to an organic light emitted diode (OLED) display panel 110. Embedded within the display panel 110 are red-green-blue (RGB) pixel layers 112 that collectively provide a display image that is viewable through the polarizer film 106, adhesive layers 104, 106, and cover layer 102 above it. Optionally, the adhesive layers 104, 106 can have the same composition. Extending alongside the sides of the layers above are electrically conductive sidings 114, which provide a charge flow path from the cover layer 102 for grounding.
[0025] In various embodiments, each adhesive layer has an electrical resistivity that is sufficiently low that any static charge that builds up on the cover layer can be adequately dissipated or grounded. Such dissipation or grounding can alleviate the technical problem of electronic bright spots, which tend to occur along edges and hole features along the display. The surface resistivity can be, for example, less than 5×1013 ohm / square, less than 2×1013 ohm / square, or less than 1×1013 ohm / square. In various embodiments, the adhesive layer has a volume resistivity of less than 14×1010 ohm-meters, less than 8×1010 ohm-meters, or less than 5×1010 ohm-meters.
[0026] The charge dissipation performance of the adhesive layer can be characterized by a metric known as the Charge Decay Time, the measurement of which is described in the Examples section below. In some embodiments, the adhesive layer displays a Charge Decay Time of less than 300 seconds, less than 250 seconds, or less than 200 seconds.
[0027] The foregoing properties can be attributable to the polar groups in the adhesive composition, which can be further characterized by the dielectric properties of the fully cured adhesive. The provided adhesives can have dielectric constants of from 3.5 to 5.5, from 3.75 to 5.25, from 4.0 to 5.0, or in some embodiments, less than, equal to, or greater than 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, or 5.5, as measured using a frequency of 100 kHz at ambient conditions. The dielectric constant of the adhesive can play a role in the capacitive touch function of the display in relation to the electrical signals that facilitate touch sensitivity in the device. If the adhesive dielectric constant is too low, the material may be too electrically insulating for efficient touch functionality. If the dielectric constant of the adhesive is too high, the material may have too great of sensitivity and can often be more susceptible environmental conditions such as high humidity. While the dielectric constant and the volume resistivity, surface resistivity, and static decay time can often be related to the polarity of the adhesive, it is also useful to be able to manipulate the electrical resistivity of the material independent of the dielectric constant in order to successfully lower the resistivity the adhesive without causing the dielectric constant to be outside of the limits described above.
[0028] In various embodiments, the provided adhesive layers are derived from a precursor composition that includes an alkyl (meth) acrylate having 1 to 14 carbons in the alkyl group. The alkyl (meth) acrylate can include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic alkyl groups. Useful alkyl (meth) acrylates (i.e., (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester monomers) include linear or branched monofunctional acrylates or methacrylates of non-tertiary alkyl alcohols, the alkyl groups of which have from 1 up to 14, or from 1 up to 12 carbon atoms. In some instances, the alkyl (meth) acrylate can be present in an amount of from 50 percent to 95 percent, from 55 percent to 90 percent, from 60 percent to 80 percent, or in some embodiments, less than, equal to, or greater than 50 percent, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or 95 percent by weight relative to the overall weight of the adhesive layer.
[0029] Useful alkyl (meth) acrylates can include, for example, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, methyl (meth) acrylate, n-propyl (meth) acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, pentyl (meth) acrylate, n-octyl (meth) acrylate, isooctyl (meth) acrylate, isononyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, isobutyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl (meth) acrylate, n-nonyl (meth) acrylate, isoamyl (meth) acrylate, n-decyl (meth) acrylate, isodecyl (meth) acrylate, dodecyl (meth) acrylate, isobornyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, phenyl meth (acrylate) , benzyl meth (acrylate) , and 2-methylbutyl (meth) acrylate, and combinations thereof.
[0030] The adhesive precursor composition can further include a copolymerizable polar monomer distinct from the alkyl (meth) acrylate above, such as acrylic monomer containing carboxylic acid, alcohol, amide, urethane, or urea functional groups. Polar monomers can include N-vinyl lactams such as N-vinylcaprolactam. Useful acrylic monomers with terminal hydroxy groups include hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxylbutyl acrylate, tetrahydrofuryl acrylate. Useful carboxylic acids include acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. Useful amides include N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, (meth) acrylamide, N-methyl (meth) acrylamide, N, N-dimethyl acrylamide, N, N-dimethyl meth (acrylamide) , and N-octyl (meth) acrylamide.
[0031] The copolymerizable polar monomer can be present in an amount of from 0 to 30 percent, from 5 percent to 25 percent, from 10 percent to 20 percent, or in some embodiments, less than, equal to, or greater than 0 percent, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 percent by weight relative to the overall weight of the adhesive layer.
[0032] The adhesive precursor composition can further include a hydrophilic polymeric compound. This polymeric compound can have an average molecular weight (Mn) of at least 500, or at least 1000, or even higher. Suitable hydrophilic polymeric compounds include poly (ethylene oxide) segments, hydroxyl functionality, or a combination thereof. The combination of poly (ethylene oxide) and hydroxyl functionality in the polymer needs to be high enough to make the resulting polymer hydrophilic. By “hydrophilic, ” it is meant that the polymeric compound can incorporate at least 25 weight percent of water without phase separation. The hydrophilic polymeric compound can be present in an amount of from 1 percent to 20 percent, relative to the combined weight of the alkyl (meth) acrylate and the copolymerizable polar monomer.
[0033] Suitable hydrophilic polymeric compounds can contain poly (ethylene oxide) segments that include at least 10, at least 20, or even at least 30 ethylene oxide units. Alternatively, suitable hydrophilic polymeric compounds include at least 25 weight percent of oxygen in the form of ethylene glycol groups from poly (ethylene oxide) or hydroxyl functionality based upon the hydrocarbon content of the polymer. Useful hydrophilic polymer compounds can be copolymerizable or non-copolymerizable with the adhesive composition, as long as they remain miscible with the adhesive and yield an optically clear adhesive composition.
[0034] Copolymerizable, hydrophilic polymer compounds include, for example, CD552, available from Sartomer Company, Exton, PA, which is a monofunctional methoxylated polyethylene glycol (550) methacrylate, or SR9036, also available from Sartomer, that is an ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate that has 30 polymerized ethylene oxide groups between the bisphenol A moiety and each methacrylate group. Other examples include phenoxypolyethylene glycol acrylate available from Jarchem Industries Inc., Newark, N. J. Other examples of polymeric hydrophilic compounds include poly acrylamide, poly-N, N-dimethylacrylamide, and poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone.
[0035] In a preferred embodiment, the adhesive is derived from a precursor composition including from 60 percent to 95 percent by weight of an alkyl (meth) acrylate having 1 to 14 carbons in the alkyl group and from 0 percent to 25 percent by weight of a copolymerizable polar monomer, relative to the overall weight of the precursor composition.
[0036] The adhesive precursor composition can also include a hydrophilic, hydroxyl-functional monomer distinct from the alkyl (meth) acrylate and copolymerizable polar monomer. The hydroxyl-functional monomer optionally has a hydroxyl equivalent weight of less than 400, the hydroxyl equivalent molecular weight being defined as the molecular weight of the monomer divided by the number of hydroxyl groups in the monomer. The hydrophilic, hydroxyl-functional monomer can be present in an amount of from 2 percent to 30 percent by weight relative to the combined weight of the alkyl (meth) acrylate and the copolymerizable polar monomer (s) above.
[0037] Useful monomers of this type include 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate and methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate and methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethylacrylamide, and N-hydroxypropyl acrylamide. Additionally, hydroxy functional monomers based on glycols derived from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide can also be used. An example of this type of monomer includes a hydroxyl-terminated polypropylene glycol acrylate, sold under the trade designation BISOMER PPA 6 from Cognis, Germany. Diols and triols having hydroxyl equivalent weights of less than 400 are also contemplated for the hydrophilic monomer.
[0038] The hydroxyl-functional monomer can be present in an amount of from 0 to 25 percent, from 1 percent to 20 percent, from 2 percent to 15 percent, or in some embodiments, less than, equal to, or greater than 1 percent, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 percent by weight relative to the overall weight of the adhesive layer. It is preferred to have the sum of all hydroxyl monomer concentration to be less than 25%to ensure that the dielectric constant remains in a useful range and does not have too great of environmental sensitivity. Similarly, it is preferred to have the sum of all polar monomer concentration including hydroxyl monomer to be less than 30%to ensure that the dielectric constant remains in a useful range and does not have too great of environmental sensitivity.
[0039] In various embodiments, the adhesive layer is essentially free of any non-polymeric ionic compounds. Non-polymeric ionic compounds can include, for example, alkali metal salts and organic cation-anion salts. As used herein, the term “organic cation-anion salt” refers to an organic salt including an organic cation moiety, in which the anion moiety may be organic or inorganic. The “organic cation-anion salt” is also referred to as the ionic liquid or the ionic solid. While non-polymeric ionic compounds are capable of imparting antistatic properties, they tend to exhibit greater mobility compared with polymeric hydrophilic compounds such as those derived from the polar monomers above. This can lead to variable performance with time as the concentration of non-polymeric ionic compounds can become non-homogeneously dispersed in the adhesive. Concentrated ionic compounds at the surface of the adhesive may also lead to undesirable corrosive effects to sensitive surfaces and conductive traces of the display.
[0040] Optionally, the adhesive further includes a reactive copolymer containing pendent vinyl groups (e.g., pendent acrylate groups) that can undergo further free radical addition. In one embodiment, the functionalized copolymer may be formed by first polymerizing a mixture of monomers comprising at least one (C1-C18) alkyl (meth) acrylate monomer and a hydroxy containing (meth) acrylate monomer. After polymerization, a portion of pendent hydroxyl groups may be further converted to pendent unsaturated (meth) acrylate groups.
[0041] In some embodiments, unsaturated pendent groups can be grafted to a (meth) acrylic copolymer having active hydroxyl groups that has been previously polymerized from the monomers described above. This grafting reaction can be achieved by reacting isocyanatoethyl (meth) acrylate (IEM) with the hydroxy groups of the copolymer. The IEM creates the pendent unsaturated groups on the copolymer after thermal processing. An example of a commercially suitable isocyanatoethyl (meth) acrylate includes 2-isocyanatoethyl acrylate and 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylates sold under the trade designations KARENZAOI and KARENZMOI from Showa Denko, Toyko, Japan.
[0042] In the reactive mixture used for the grafting reaction, the isocyanatoethyl (meth) acrylate can be present in an amount of from 0 percent to 1 percent, from 0.08 percent to 0.5 percent, from 0.12 percent to 0.3 percent, or in some embodiments, less than, equal to, or greater than 0.05 percent, 0.08, 0.12, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 percent by weight, relative to the overall weight of a reactive mixture that includes the isocyanatoethyl (meth) acrylate and (meth) acrylic copolymer.
[0043] Within the reaction product, the (meth) acrylic copolymer functionalized to include reactive copolymers containing pendent vinyl groups can be present in an amount of from 0 percent to 1 percent, from 0.08 percent to 0.5 percent, from 0.12 percent to 0.3 percent, or in some embodiments, less than, equal to, or greater than 0 percent, 0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.12, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 1 percent by weight, relative to the overall weight of adhesive layer.
[0044] The provided adhesive compositions can have additional components added to the precursor mixture. For example, the mixture can include a multifunctional crosslinker. Such crosslinkers include thermal crosslinkers which react during the drying step when preparing solvent-coated adhesives and crosslinkers that copolymerize during the polymerization step. Such thermal crosslinkers can include multifunctional isocyanates, aziridines, multifunctional (meth) acrylates, and epoxy compounds. Exemplary crosslinkers include difunctional acrylates such as 1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate or multifunctional acrylates such as are known to those of skill in the art. Useful isocyanate crosslinkers include, for example, an aromatic diisocyanate available as DESMODUR L-75 from Bayer, Cologne, Germany. Ultraviolet (UV) , activated crosslinkers can also be used to crosslink the pressure sensitive adhesive. Such UV crosslinkers can include benzophenones and 4-acryloxybenzophenones.
[0045] The multifunctional crosslinker can be present in an amount of from 0 to 20 percent, from 1 percent to 15 percent, from 2 percent to 12 percent, or in some embodiments, less than, equal to, or greater than 0 percent, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 percent by weight relative to the overall weight of the adhesive layer.
[0046] In addition, the precursor mixtures for the provided adhesive compositions can include a thermal initiator or photoinitiator. Examples of thermal initiators include peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide and its derivatives or azo compounds such as VAZO 67, available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. Wilmington, Del., which is 2, 2′-azobis- (2-methylbutyronitrile) , or V-601, available from Wako Specialty Chemicals, Richmond, VA, which is dimethyl-2, 2′- azobisisobutyrate. A variety of peroxide or azo compounds are available that can be used to initiate thermal polymerization at a wide variety of temperatures.
[0047] Useful photoinitiators include, for example, IRGACURE 651, sold by Ciba Chemicals, Tarrytown, NY, which is 2, 2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone. Typically, the crosslinker, if present, is added to the precursor mixtures in an amount of from 0.05 parts by weight to 5 parts by weight based upon the other constituents in the mixture. The initiator (s) can be added to precursor compositions in the amount of from 0.05 parts by weight to 2 parts by weight. The precursor mixtures can be polymerized and / or cross-linked using actinic radiation or heat to form the adhesive composition.
[0048] Useful photoinitiators also include diphenyl (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) . By adding TPO to the pressure sensitive adhesive composition, the ultraviolet irradiation dose necessary for ultraviolet cross-linking can be decreased. As a result, for example, shortening of tact time or energy saving becomes possible and the process of laminating the adherend can be more efficient. Addition of TPO is advantageous particularly when the adherend contains an ultraviolet absorber and an ultraviolet ray is irradiated on the pressure sensitive adhesive through the adherend.
[0049] In some embodiments, one or more of the foregoing initiators can be used to initiate a primary polymerization step used in directly or indirectly preparing a curable adhesive. Alternatively, one or more of the foregoing initiators can be used to initiate a secondary polymerization step following a primary polymerization step, where a curable adhesive is fully cured in its final application, such as in a display device.
[0050] Each of the primary or secondary initiator (s) can be present in an amount of from 0.01 percent to 5 percent, from 0.1 percent to 2 percent, or in some embodiments less than, equal to, or greater than 0.01 percent, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or 5 percent by weight, relative to the overall weight of the adhesive layer.
[0051] As a curable adhesive, the adhesive layer is generally a pressure sensitive adhesive and inherently tacky. If desired, tackifiers can be added to the precursor mixture before formation of the pressure sensitive adhesive. Useful tackifiers include, for example, rosin ester resins, aromatic hydrocarbon resins, aliphatic hydrocarbon resins, and terpene resins. In general, light-colored tackifiers selected from hydrogenated rosin esters, terpenes, or aromatic hydrocarbon resins can be used.
[0052] Other materials can be added for special purposes, including, for example, oils, plasticizers, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, pigments, curing agents, polymer additives, adhesion promoters, and other additives, provided that they do not significantly reduce the optical clarity of the pressure sensitive adhesive.
[0053] As an example, adhesion promoting additives such as silanes and titanates can be incorporated therein. Such additives can promote adhesion between the adhesive and the substrates, such as the glass and cellulose triacetate of a liquid crystal display (LCD) by coupling to silanol, hydroxyl, or other reactive groups in the substrate. The silanes and titanates may have only alkoxy substitution on the silicon or titanium atom connected to an adhesive copolymerizable or interactive group. Alternatively, the silanes and titanates may have both alkyl and alkoxy substitution on the silicon or titanium atom connected to an adhesive copolymerizable or interactive group.
[0054] The adhesive copolymerizable group is generally an acrylate or methacrylate group, but vinyl and allyl groups may also be used. Alternatively, the silanes or titanates may also react with functional groups in the adhesive, such as a hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylate. In addition, the silane or titanate may have one or more groups providing strong interaction with the adhesive matrix. Examples of this strong interaction include hydrogen bonding, ionic interaction, and acid-base interaction. An example of a preferred silane is (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane.
[0055] In some embodiments, a silane adhesion promoter is present in an amount of from 0.02 percent to 1 percent, from 0.04 percent to 0.5 percent, or in some embodiments less than, equal to, or greater than 0.02 percent, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, or 5 percent by weight, relative to the overall weight of the curable adhesive.
[0056] Further options and advantages associated with the adhesive compositions herein can be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 8,663,811 (Everaerts et al. ) and 8,911,873 (Suwa et al. ) and co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 535,011 (Xia, et al. ) .
[0057] The curable adhesives herein can be prepared according to a multi-staged process. In a preferred method, a (meth) acrylic copolymer having hydroxyl functionality is initially synthesized by polymerizing a mixture of monomers as provided above with each other in a common solvent to provide a first precursor composition. The monomer mixture can include one or more alkyl (meth) acrylates, copolymerizable polar monomers, hydrophilic polymeric compounds, hydrophilic hydroxyl-functional monomers, and primary initiators as previously described. The primary initiators can be activated by heat or actinic radiation to polymerize the composition, which preferably remains liquid. Suitable common solvents for the reactive components are not particularly restricted but can include, for example, ethyl acetate and methyl ethyl ketone. This reaction, and the subsequent reactions below, are typically conducted at elevated temperatures.
[0058] In the next stage, the (meth) acrylic copolymer having hydroxyl functionality can then be grafted with a reactive copolymer that contains pendent vinyl groups as described previously. The above steps afford a second precursor composition characterized by polymers having a (meth) acrylic backbone with side chains having reactive vinyl groups.
[0059] In the final stage, additional components such as multifunctional crosslinkers, one or more secondary initiators, adhesion promoters, and any other additives can then be mixed into the second precursor composition to provide a third precursor composition. Where a solvent is used, this third precursor composition can be cast in solution onto a release surface and then the solvent removed through a separate drying step at elevated temperatures to obtain a uniform curable adhesive film. The curable adhesive film is now ready for use and can be later peeled from the release surface, laminated to adherend surfaces, and cured in situ through delivery of either actinic radiation or heat to the adhesive, as appropriate, to afford a fully cured adhesive that is permanently bonded to its adherend surfaces.
[0060] EXAMPLES
[0061] Objects and advantages of this disclosure are further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples, but the particular materials and amounts thereof recited in these examples, as well as other conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this disclosure. Unless otherwise noted, all parts, percentages, and ratios in the Examples and the rest of the specification are by weight.
[0062] Materials
[0063] Table 1 lists components used in preparing the Examples and Comparative Example described herein.
[0064] Table 1.
[0065] Test methods
[0066] Surface and Volume Resistivity
[0067] The adhesive layer to be tested (hereinafter “OCA” ) was equilibrated in a controlled temperature environment (23℃ and 50%relative humidity) for a minimum of 24 hours prior to measurement. The conditioned OCA was then laminated to an aluminum plate (76 mm × 76 mm ×3 mm) by first removing the easy-release liner, adhering OCA to plate with a rubber coated roller using one pass, then removing the tight-release liner was removed to provide an aluminum plate with OCA coated on one side and no liners.
[0068] Resistivity measurements were taken using a Keithley Electrometer model 6517B and a Keithley Resistivity Test Fixture model 8009. Testing was performed at 23℃ (+ / -3℃) and 50%relative humidity (+ / -5%) . The OCA side of the plate was placed on the bottom electrode of the 8009 fixture. In each measurement, a charge of 100 volts was applied to the OCA for 60 seconds, then the resistivity value on the electrometer was recorded. Three replicates were tested for each OCA and the average value reported.
[0069] Charge Decay Time
[0070] In preparation for testing, each OCA was equilibrated in a controlled temperature environment (23℃ and 50%relative humidity) for a minimum of 24 hours prior to measurement. The conditioned OCA was cut into a 76 mm × 127 mm rectangle and the easy-release liner removed. The OCA side of the sample was adhered to the sample holder electrodes of the static decay meter. The tight-release liner was then removed.
[0071] Testing was conducted using an ETS Static Decay Meter model 406C. The OCA surface was electrified to 4 kV and the cutoff threshold was set to 10% (400 V) , the measurement was performed in manual mode. After the sample reached a charge of 4 kV, electrification was stopped, the test started, and decay time countdown initiated. The time required to reach a decay to 10%of initial charge (i.e., 400 V) , referred to as the Charge Decay Time, is then recorded (in seconds) .
[0072] Each sample was measured at both positive and negative polarities. Two replicates per OCA were measured and an average value of all four measurements was reported.
[0073] Dielectric Constant Measurement
[0074] Each OCA was equilibrated in a controlled temperature environment (23℃ and 50%relative humidity) for a minimum of 24 hours prior to measurement. The conditioned OCA was cut into a 40-mm diameter disk and the easy release liner removed. The OCA side of the sample was adhered to a 40-mm diameter × 2-mm thick brass disk electrode. The tight release liner was then removed, and another 40-mm diameter × 2-mm thick brass disk electrode was adhered to the other side of the OCA. As such, the final construction represented a parallel plate capacitor with the OCA as the dielectric.
[0075] The frequency dependent dielectric measurement was performed on a Novocontrol Alpha-A Dielectric Spectrometer with a Novocontrol ZGS sample holder. The complex permittivity is calculated from the complex impedance using the sample’s dimensions.
[0076] 180° Peel Adhesion Measurement
[0077] Peel adhesion was determined according to ASTM D903-98, modified for 180° peel at 6 cm / minute. Float glass was cleaned three times with isopropanol and fully dried. A 5-in. × 5-in. (12.7 cm × 12.7 cm) film section of OCA was obtained and the easy liner removed. The OCA was then laminated to a 5 in. × 13 in. (12.7 cm × 33 cm) film section of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) , assisted by a rubber roller near the top edge of the PET (providing approximately an 8-in. (20.3-cm) long PET tail on one side of the OCA) . Lamination was performed carefully to avoid any bubbles being trapped between the PET and OCA. An OCA test specimen having a width of 1 centimeter was then cut, the second liner was removed, and the OCA was secured with three passes of a 5-pound rubber-covered hand roller to a float glass panel, again ensuring that no air bubbles were entrapped. After 24 hours of dwell time at 23℃ and 50%RH, 180° peel adhesion was measured at a testing speed of 6 cm / minute on an IMASS SP-2000 Slip / Peel Tester (IMASS, Inc, Accord, MA) .
[0078] Sample preparation
[0079] Acrylic Copolymer Synthesis
[0080] Mixtures of acrylic monomers were prepared according to the amounts in Table 2. As also noted in Table 2, the mixtures were then diluted with MEK or ethyl acetate to obtain an overall monomer concentration of 50 wt%. Furthermore, Karenz MT PE1 and V52 were added in a ratio of 0.1%and 0.2 wt%based on monomer components respectively, and the reaction bottle was nitrogen-purged for 10 minutes and sealed. Subsequently, the reaction was allowed to proceed in a constant temperature bath at 60℃ for 20 hours, then we increased the reaction temperature to 65℃ for an additional 4 hrs. As a result, a transparent viscous solution was obtained.
[0081] Copolymer Functionalization
[0082] For each acrylic copolymer solution prepared above, BHT and BisCat 8108 were added and mixed until a homogeneous solution was obtained. The IEM was then mixed into each solution and the functionalization reaction allowed to proceed at 70℃ for 6 hrs. A transparent viscous solution was obtained.
[0083] Comparative Example CE1
[0084] Each of the additives, CN983, TPO, TINUVIN 928, TINUVIN 123 and GPTMS was added to the acrylic adhesive coating solution in the amounts provided in Table 2. Then, the prepared adhesive solution was coated on a 50-μm thick release film RF17ASW and dried in an oven at 70℃for 30 minutes. The thickness of the OCA after drying was 100 mm. Subsequently, this OCA surface was laminated with a 50 mm-thick release film RF02N (obtained from SKC HAAS, Korea) .
[0085] Examples EX1, EX2
[0086] EX1: To acrylic adhesive coating solution, additives, CN983, TPO-L, TINUVIN 928, TINUVIN 123 and GPTMS were added in the amounts provided in Table 2 above. The prepared adhesive solution was then coated on a 50-μm thick release film RF17ASW and dried in an oven at 70℃ for 30 minutes. The thickness of the OCA after drying was approximately 100 mm. The OCA surface was then laminated with a release film RF02N having a thickness of 50 μm.
[0087] Table 2.
[0088] EX2: To acrylic adhesive coating solution, additives, CN983, TPO-L, TINUVIN 928, TINUVIN 123 and GPTMS were added in the ratios per the table indicated.. Then, the prepared adhesive solution was coated on a 50-μm thick release film RF17ASW and dried in an oven at 70℃for 30 minutes. The thickness of the OCA after drying was 100 μm. Subsequently, this OCA surface was laminated with the release film RF02N.
[0089] Resistivity, Decay Time, Dielectric Constant, and 108° Peel data for EX1, EX2, and CE1 are shown below in Table 3.
[0090] Table 3.
[0091] All cited references, patents, and patent applications in the above application for letters patent are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety in a consistent manner. In the event of inconsistencies or contradictions between portions of the incorporated references and this application, the information in the preceding description shall control. The preceding description, given in order to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the claimed disclosure, is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims and all equivalents thereto.
Claims
1.A display device comprising:a cover layer and an adhesive layer disposed thereon;wherein the adhesive layer reduces static charge build up on the cover layer while reducing electronic bright spots along the edge or near hole features of the display device;wherein the adhesive layer has a surface resistivity of less than 5×1013 ohm / square and a volume resistivity of less than 4×1010 ohm-meters; andwherein the adhesive layer is essentially free of any non-polymeric ionic compounds.2.The display device of claim 1, wherein the adhesive layer is a reaction product of a reactive mixture comprising one or more alkyl (meth) acrylates, optionally one or more copolymerizable polar monomers, one or more hydrophilic polymeric compounds, one or more hydrophilic hydroxyl-functional monomers, and one or more primary initiators.3.The display device of claim 2, wherein the reactive mixture comprises:50 percent to 95 percent by weight of one or more alkyl (meth) acrylates;0 percent to 30 percent by weight of one or more copolymerizable polar monomers;2 percent to 25 percent by weight of one or more hydrophilic hydroxyl-functional monomers;1 percent to 20 percent by weight of one or more hydrophilic polymeric compounds; and0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight of one or more primary initiators, in each case relative to the overall weight of the adhesive layer.4.The display device of claim 2 or 3, wherein the reaction product can be further functionalized to include reactive copolymers containing pendent vinyl groups.5.The display device of claim 3 or 4, wherein the adhesive layer comprises a homogeneous mixture of the reaction product functionalized to include reactive copolymers containing pendent vinyl groups, optionally one or more multifunctional crosslinkers, one or more secondary initiators, and optionally one or more adhesion promoters.6.The display device of claim 5, wherein the homogeneous mixture comprises:50 percent to 99 percent by weight of the reaction product functionalized to include reactive copolymers containing pendent vinyl groups;0 percent to 20 percent by weight of the one or more multifunctional crosslinkers;0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight of the one or more secondary initiators; and0.02 percent to 1 percent by weight of the one or more adhesion promoters, in each case relative to the overall weight of the adhesive layer.7.The display device of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the cover layer comprises a cover glass and the adhesive layer comprises an optically clear adhesive.8.The display device of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the adhesive layer has a surface resistivity of less than 2×1013 ohm / square and a volume resistivity of less than 8 ohm-meters.9.The display device of claim 8, wherein the adhesive layer has a surface resistivity of less than 1×1013 ohm / square and a volume resistivity of less than 5×1013 ohm-meters.10.The display device of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the adhesive layer has a Charge Decay Time of less than 300 seconds.11.The display device of claim 10, wherein the adhesive layer has a Charge Decay Time of less than 250 seconds.12.The display device of claim 11, wherein the adhesive layer has a Charge Decay Time of less than 200 seconds.13.The display device of claim 9, wherein the adhesive layer has a Dielectric constant at 100 kHz of less than 5.514.The display device of any one of claims 1-12, further comprising a polarizer film directly contacting the adhesive layer opposite the cover layer.15.The display device of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the adhesive layer is a first adhesive layer and further comprising a second adhesive layer disposed on the polarizer film opposite the first adhesive layer.16.The display device of claim 14, further comprising a display panel directly contacting the second adhesive layer opposite the polarizer film, optionally wherein the display panel is an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display panel.17.A method of making an adhesive layer comprising:polymerizing a mixture of one or more alkyl (meth) acrylates, copolymerizable polar monomers, hydrophilic polymeric compounds, hydrophilic hydroxyl-functional monomers, and primary initiator (s) by activating the primary initiator (s) to provide a first precursor;grafting to the first precursor a reactive copolymer containing pendent vinyl groups to provide a second precursor;mixing the second precursor with one or more multifunctional crosslinkers, secondary initiators, and adhesion promoters to provide a third precursor; andactivating the secondary initiators to crosslink the third precursor and obtain the adhesive layer.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Pressure-sensitive adhesive tape for protecting semiconductor wafer surface
CN104185896A
Adhesive sheet, display body and method for producing the same
CN108300385A
OCA resin composition, OCA adhesive tape and preparation method thereof
CN109096441A
High-filling modified polyacrylate optical adhesive composition, OCA pressure-sensitive adhesive tape and preparation method of OCA pressure-sensitive adhesive tape
CN113201286A
Curable composition
JP2001081331A