Medical device system and method for monitoring and delivering conduction system pacing
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/070584
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-04
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-10
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Figure CN2024070584_10072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MEDICAL DEVICE SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MONITORING AND DELIVERING CONDUCTION SYSTEM PACINGTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This disclosure relates to a medical device system for delivering and monitoring conduction system pacing (CSP) .BACKGROUND
[0002] During normal sinus rhythm (NSR) , the heartbeat is regulated by electrical signals produced by the sino-atrial (SA) node located in the right atrial wall. Each depolarization signal produced by the SA node spreads across the atria, causing the depolarization and contraction of the atria, and arrives at the atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node responds by propagating a depolarization signal through the bundle of His of the atrioventricular septum and thereafter to the left and right bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers of the right and left ventricles, sometimes referred to as the “His-Purkinje system” and referred to herein as the “conduction system. ”
[0003] Patients with poor SA node function, poor AV node conduction (sometimes referred to as AV block) , or conduction system abnormalities of the His bundle or left and / or right bundle branches (sometimes referred to as bundle branch block) or other conduction system abnormalities may receive a pacemaker to restore a more normal heart rhythm and heart chamber synchrony. Atrial pacing may be performed to provide a regular atrial rate in a patient having SA node dysfunction. Ventricular pacing may be performed to promote a regular ventricular rate in a patient having AV conduction abnormalities. A single chamber ventricular pacemaker may be coupled to a transvenous ventricular lead carrying electrodes placed in the right ventricle (RV) , e.g., in the right ventricular apex. The pacemaker itself is generally implanted in a subcutaneous pocket with the transvenous ventricular lead tunneled to the subcutaneous pocket. Intracardiac pacemakers have been introduced or proposed for implantation entirely within a patient’s heart, eliminating the need for transvenous leads. An intracardiac pacemaker may provide sensing and pacing from within a chamber of the patient’s heart, e.g., from within the right ventricle in a patient having AV conduction block.
[0004] Dual chamber pacemaker systems are available which may include a transvenous atrial lead carrying electrodes which are placed in the right atrium and a transvenous ventricular lead carrying electrodes that are placed in the right ventricle via the right atrium. Some leadless dual chamber pacemaker systems have been proposed for implantation within a patient’s heart, without requiring transvenous leads. A dual chamber pacemaker system senses atrial electrical signals and ventricular electrical signals and can provide both atrial pacing and ventricular pacing as needed to promote a normal atrial and ventricular rhythm and promote AV synchrony when SA and / or AV node or other conduction abnormalities are present.SUMMARY
[0005] The techniques of this disclosure generally relate to a medical device system and methods for delivering, monitoring and controlling CSP. The medical device system may include an implantable medical device (IMD) , e.g., a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillation (ICD) , configured to deliver CSP and sense cardiac electrical signals. Processing circuitry of the medical device system may be configured to establish a template representative of a post-pace cardiac electrical signal waveform morphology following a CSP pulse. The CSP pulse may capture at least a portion of the conduction system, e.g., at least a portion of the His Bundle, the right bundle branch (RBB) , the left bundle branch (LBB) and / or Purkinje fibers. In some examples, the CSP pulses are delivered in the area of the left bundle branch (LBB) , which can be referred to as LBB area pacing (LBBAP) , the area of the right bundle branch (RBB) , which can be referred to as RBBAP, and / or the area of the His bundle.
[0006] The processing circuitry of the medical device system may be configured to obtain unknown post-pace cardiac signal waveforms during a template window following a CSP pulse. The processing circuitry may perform a signal alignment process to align the unknown post-pace waveform with the template and perform a morphology matching analysis to determine a morphology match score representing how closely the unknown post-pace waveform shape matches the template. The medical device system may include an external device having a display unit configured to receive morphology match score data for generating a display of historical match score data including representative match scores for use in assessing the CSP effectiveness over time. In some examples, the processing circuitry may determine a cardiac contractility metric from the unknown waveform. In some examples, the IMD may increase the CSP pulse output to have the effect of increasing the cardiac contractility metric. The external device may generate a display of morphology match scores and cardiac contractility metrics for review by a clinician.
[0007] In one example, the disclosure provides a medical device system including a sensing circuit configured to sense at least one cardiac electrical signal and a therapy delivery circuit configured to generate conduction system pacing pulses for capturing at least a portion of the cardiac conduction system. The medical device system may include a memory configured to store a start time and an end time of a template window. The medical device system may include processing circuitry configured to acquire from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a first post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a first conduction system pacing pulse delivered by the therapy delivery circuit. The processing circuitry may be further configured to establish a template using at least the first post-pace waveform, determine a first representative amplitude of the template, acquire from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a second post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a second conduction system pacing pulse delivered by the therapy delivery circuit and determine a second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine a difference between the first representative amplitude and the second representative amplitude and determine if the difference meets a difference threshold. In response to the difference meeting the difference threshold the processing circuitry may be configured to perform a vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to obtain a vertically shifted second post-pace waveform and determine at least a first match score between the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform and the template. In response to the difference not meeting the difference threshold, the processing circuitry may be configured to determine at least a second match score between the template and the second post-pace waveform. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine a representative match score using at least one of the first match score or the second match score. The medical device system may include a display unit configured to receive at least the representative match score for displaying a match score history using the representative match score.
[0008] In another example, the disclosure provides a method including sensing at least one cardiac electrical signal, delivering conduction system pacing pulses for capturing at least a portion of the cardiac conduction system, storing a start time and an end time of a template window and acquiring from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a first post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a first conduction system pacing pulse of the delivered conduction system pacing pulses. The method may include establishing a template using at least the first post-pace waveform and determining a first representative amplitude of the template. The method may further include acquiring from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a second post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a second conduction system pacing pulse of the delivered conduction system pacing pulses and determining a second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform. The method may further include determining a difference between the first representative amplitude and the second representative amplitude and determining if the difference meets a difference threshold. In response to the difference meeting the difference threshold, the method may further include performing a vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to obtain a vertically shifted second post-pace waveform and determining at least a first match score between the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform and the template. In response to the difference not meeting the difference threshold, the method may further include determining at least a second match score between the template and the second post-pace waveform. The method may further include determining a representative match score using at least one of the first match score or the second match score and displaying a match score history using the representative match score.
[0009] In another example, the disclosure provides a non-transitory computer readable medium storing a start time and an end time of a template window and storing instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry of a medical device system, cause the medical device system to sense at least one cardiac electrical signal and deliver conduction system pacing pulses for capturing at least a portion of the cardiac conduction system. The instructions may further cause the medical device system to acquire, from the at least one cardiac electrical signal, a first post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a first conduction system pacing pulse of the delivered conduction system pacing pulses, establish a template using at least the first post-pace waveform and determine a first representative amplitude of the template. The instructions may further cause the medical device system to acquire from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a second post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a second conduction system pacing pulse of the delivered conduction system pacing pulses, determine a second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform and determine a difference between the first representative amplitude and the second representative amplitude. The instructions may further cause the medical device system to determine if the difference meets a difference threshold and, in response to the difference meeting the difference threshold, perform a vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to obtain a vertically shifted second post-pace waveform and determine at least a first match score between the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform and the template. The instructions may further cause the medical device system to, in response to the difference not meeting the difference threshold, determine at least a second match score between the template and the second post-pace waveform. The instructions may further cause the medical device system to determine a representative match score using at least one of the first match score or the second match score and display by a display unit of the medical device system a match score history using the representative match score.
[0010] The details of one or more aspects of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the techniques described in this disclosure will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a medical device system for sensing cardiac electrical signals, delivering CSP and monitoring CSP performance of an implantable medical device according to some examples.
[0012] FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of a leadless intracardiac pacemaker positioned within the right atrium for providing CSP in the area of the His bundle according to some examples.
[0013] FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram of a leadless intracardiac pacemaker system for providing CSP according to another example.
[0014] FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of circuitry that may be enclosed within an implantable medical device, e.g., the pacemakers shown in FIGs. 1, 2 or 3, configured to deliver CSP and sense cardiac signals according to the techniques disclosed herein.
[0015] FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method that may be performed by processing circuitry of a medical device system for establishing a template for performing morphology matching analysis for CSP monitoring according to some examples.
[0016] FIG. 6 is a diagram of post-pace cardiac electrogram (EGM) waveforms that may be obtained by a medical device system for generating a template according to the methods described in conjunction with FIG. 5.
[0017] FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method for determining a morphology match score during CSP monitoring according to some examples.
[0018] FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method for determining a morphology match score between a template and an unknown post-pace waveform according to another example.
[0019] FIG. 9 is a diagram depicting a method of aligning an unknown post-pace waveform and a template according to some examples.
[0020] FIG. 10 is a diagram of a GUI that may be displayed by the external device shown in FIG. 1 for reporting historical morphology match scores according to some examples.
[0021] FIG. 11 is a flow chart of a method for generating morphology match score data for monitoring CSP delivered to the heart of a patient according to another example.
[0022] FIG. 12 is a diagram of a graphical representation of time-based plots of match scores that may be determined according to the method of FIG. 11.
[0023] FIG. 13 is a flow chart of a method that may be performed by a medical device system for determining a template window start time according to some examples.
[0024] FIG. 14 is a flow chart of a method that may be performed by a medical device system for determining a template window start time according to another example.
[0025] FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a method for controlling CSP according to some examples.
[0026] FIG. 16 is a diagram of CSP monitoring metrics that may be determined by processing circuitry of a medical device system for monitoring CSP and for use in generating a display of CSP monitoring data according to some examples.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] A medical device system capable of delivering and monitoring conduction system pacing (CSP) is disclosed herein. Ventricular pacing via electrodes at or near the right ventricular apex has been found to be associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Alternative pacing sites along the His-Purkinje conduction system may provide a more physiological electrical activation pattern of the heart along the heart’s native conduction system. Pacing the ventricles via the His bundle, the RBB and / or the LBB for example, allows recruitment along the heart’s natural conduction system, including the Purkinje fibers. A medical device system as disclosed herein is configured to deliver CSP, monitor the effectiveness of the CSP by establishing a template representative of a post-pace cardiac electrical signal waveform, and determine morphology match scores between unknown post-pace cardiac signal waveforms and the template. The medical device system may be configured to accumulate morphology match scores and display a history of representative morphology match scores to provide a clinician or other user with a succinct view of the effectiveness of CSP in maintaining a desired ventricular activation pattern by delivering the CSP.
[0028] In some examples, the medical device system may be configured to adjust a CSP control parameter when a change in the morphology match scores is detected. In some examples, the medical device system may be configured to increase the CSP pulse output to increase cardiac contractility in response to determining a need for increased contractility. The medical device system may verify increased cardiac contractility based on detecting an increase in a contractility metric without a change in the morphology match score after increasing the CSP pulse output. Cardiac contractility metrics may be displayed by the medical device system in the history of representative morphology match scores.
[0029] FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a medical device system 10 for sensing and analyzing cardiac electrical signals and delivering CSP according to some examples. Medical device system 10 includes a pacemaker 14 connected to a right atrial (RA) pacing lead 16 and a CSP lead 18 in this example. Pacemaker 14 includes a housing 15, which may be hermetically sealed, to enclose internal circuitry corresponding to the various circuits and components for sensing cardiac signals from heart 8 and controlling cardiac pacing delivered to heart 8 by pacemaker 14. The housing 15 may be formed of a conductive material, such as titanium or titanium alloy. The housing 15 may function as an electrode (sometimes referred to as a “can” electrode) . In some examples, housing 15 may be available as a return anode electrode for delivering unipolar pacing pulses and / or for use in a sensing electrode vector for sensing cardiac electrical signals in combination with electrodes carried by lead 16 and / or lead 18.
[0030] Pacemaker 14 includes a connector assembly 13 (sometimes referred to as a “connector block” or “header” ) , coupled to housing 15, having connector bores configured to receive the proximal lead connectors (not shown) of RA lead 16 and CSP lead 18. Connector block 13 may have one or more additional connector bores for receiving one or more additional leads, e.g., for receiving a coronary sinus lead for providing pacing and sensing in the left ventricle (LV) of heart 8 in some examples.
[0031] RA lead 16 is shown advanced transvenously into the right atrial chamber of a patient’s heart 8 for sensing atrial signals, e.g., P-waves attendant to atrial depolarizations, and for delivering atrial pacing pulses. RA lead 16 includes pacing and sensing electrodes 20 and 22. Electrode 20 is shown as a screw-in, helical tip electrode at the distal end of RA lead 16. Electrode 22 is shown as a ring electrode (e.g., circumscribing the RA lead body 17) spaced proximally from tip electrode 20. Electrodes 20 and 22 can form a bipolar pair for sensing atrial signals and delivering atrial pacing pulses via tip electrode 20 as a cathode electrode and ring electrode 22 as the return anode electrode, for example. RA lead 16 includes an elongated lead body 17 through which insulated electrical conductors extend from the respective electrodes 20 and 22 to the proximal lead connector (not shown) connected to the pacemaker 14 via connector assembly 13. The electrodes 20 and 22 are thereby connected to internal electronics of pacemaker 14 via respective electrical feedthroughs in connector assembly 13 that cross pacemaker housing 15.
[0032] CSP lead 18 is shown advanced transvenously into the right atrial chamber of a patient’s heart 8 and further into the right ventricle (RV) for positioning tip electrode 32 within the interventricular septum 12 in the vicinity of the heart’s conduction system, e.g., at His bundle pacing site, an LBBAP site or at an RBBAP site. CSP lead 18 is positioned for sensing ventricular event signals, e.g., R-waves attendant to intrinsic depolarizations of the ventricular myocardium and / or pacing evoked ventricular depolarizations, and for delivering CSP pulses. CSP lead 18 includes pacing and sensing electrodes 32 and 34. Electrode 32 is shown as a screw-in, helical tip electrode at the distal end of CSP lead 18. Electrode 34 is shown as a ring electrode spaced proximally from tip electrode 32 and circumscribing CSP lead body 19. Electrodes 32 and 34 can form a bipolar pair for sensing ventricular signals and delivering CSP pulses via tip electrode 32 as a cathode electrode and ring electrode 34 as the return anode electrode. While the electrodes 20, 22, 32 and 34 are represented as helical screw-in electrodes or ring electrodes in FIG. 1A, it is to be understood that other electrode types may be used such as button electrodes, hook electrodes, segmented electrodes, short coil electrodes, or the like. Tip electrode 32 may be a tissue-piercing electrode, which may or may not have a helical shape, to facilitate advancement of tip electrode 32 into the interventricular septum to a CSP site.
[0033] In some examples, pacemaker 14 may be capable of delivering cardioversion / defibrillation (CV / DF) shocks for treating ventricular tachyarrhythmias. In this case, CSP lead 18 (and / or another lead coupled to pacemaker 14) may carry one or more coil electrodes 36 and 38 for use in delivering high voltage CV / DF shocks. As such, while pacemaker 14 is referred to as a “pacemaker” herein, it could be referred to as “implantable cardioverter defibrillator” or “ICD” when capable of delivering high voltage CV / DF shocks in addition to the pacing functionality as disclosed herein.
[0034] CSP lead 18 includes an elongated lead body 19 through which insulated electrical conductors extend from the respective electrodes 32 and 34 (and coil electrodes 36 and 38 if present) to a proximal lead connector (not shown) connected to the pacemaker 14 via connector assembly 13. The electrodes 32 and 34 (and coil electrodes 36 and 38 if present) are thereby connected to internal electronics of pacemaker 14 via respective electrical feedthroughs in connector assembly 13 that cross pacemaker housing 15.
[0035] Electrodes 20, 22, 32, 34 (and 36 and 38 if present) may be formed from titanium, platinum, iridium or alloys thereof, as examples with no limitation intended, and may include a low polarizing coating, such as titanium nitride, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, platinum black, among others. Lead bodies 17 and 19 may each be formed from a non-conductive material, including silicone, polyurethane, fluoropolymers, mixtures thereof, and / or other appropriate materials. Each lead body may be shaped to form one or more lumens within which one or more insulated electrical conductors extend between the proximal lead connectors and the distal electrodes 20, 22, 32, 34, 36 and 38 carried by the respective lead 16 or 18.
[0036] While CSP lead 18 is shown advanced into the RV for positioning tip electrode 32 in the interventricular septum 12, e.g., in the area of the LBB or the RBB for delivering CSP, it is to be understood that the distal end of CSP lead 18 may be positioned at other locations for delivering CSP to heart 8 for causing depolarization of the ventricles and corresponding ventricular systole. For instance, CSP lead tip electrode 32 may be positioned along or in the area of the His bundle and / or the RBB or LBB in a basal portion of the interventricular septum 12. In other examples, CSP lead 18 may be advanced into the right atrium with tip electrode 32 advanced into the interatrial septum toward the His bundle, e.g., at the inferior end of the interatrial septum. CSP lead 18 may be advanced toward the His bundle from a location beneath the AV node and near the tricuspid valve annulus, generally in the Triangle of Koch, to position CSP lead tip electrode 32 near the His bundle from a right atrial approach.
[0037] The techniques disclosed herein are not limited to a particular CSP location and may be practiced in a variety of medical device systems including at least one electrode that can be positioned at a CSP site, including leadless pacemakers and / or pacemakers or ICDs coupled to one or more leads. Other examples of IMDs configured to deliver CSP at various example CSP sites that may be adapted to perform the techniques disclosed herein are generally disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022 / 0362558 (Zhou, et al., filed May 3, 2022) and in U.S. Patent No. 11,607,550 (Cao, et al., filed on June 15, 2020) , the content both of which incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0038] As described below, cardiac electrical signal sensing circuitry included in pacemaker 14 may receive a cardiac electrical signal sensed from electrodes carried by RA lead 16 and a cardiac electrical signal sensed from electrodes carried by CSP lead 18 for use in controlling the timing and delivery of atrial pacing pulses and CSP. Pacemaker 14 includes therapy delivery circuitry for generating pacing pulses delivered via the RA lead 16 and CSP lead 18.
[0039] While pacemaker 14 is shown as a dual chamber pacemaker receiving both RA lead 16 and CSP lead 18, it is to be understood that in other examples, pacemaker 14 may be a single chamber device, e.g., configured to receive one lead for sensing cardiac electrical signals and delivering CSP without necessarily having atrial pacing capabilities. In still other examples, pacemaker 14 may be a multi-chamber pacemaker configured to sense cardiac signals and deliver atrial pacing via RA lead 16, CSP via CSP lead 18, and left ventricular pacing via a third lead that may be advanced via the coronary sinus ostium of the right atrium into the coronary sinus and further into a cardiac vein to a left ventricular pacing site.
[0040] Medical device system 10 is shown including an external medical device 50 for receiving data from pacemaker 14 and for transmitting programming commands to pacemaker 14, which may include various sensing and pacing control parameters used by pacemaker 14. As described below, external device 50 may receive data from pacemaker 14 including morphology match score data that represents the correlation between an established post-pace waveform template and unknown waveforms of cardiac electrical signals sensed during a post-pace template window following a CSP pulse. The template may represent a QRS waveform representative of capture of at least a portion of the conduction system. During a process for establishing the template, the processing circuitry of the medical device system may verify capture of the conduction system, which may be selective capture (capture of the conduction system without capture of myocardium) or non-selective capture (simultaneous capture of at least a portion of the conduction system and capture of the myocardium) . Some example techniques for detecting capture of the conduction system are disclosed in the above-incorporated references. In some examples, the processing circuitry may receive user input confirming a post-pace waveform as having a morphology representative of the conduction system capture. For instance, during pacemaker implantation, during clinical follow-up procedures, and / or during remote monitoring of the patient, a user interacting with external device 50 may confirm a template generated by pacemaker 14 (or external device 50) as being a template representative of a desired capture type or ventricular activation pattern caused by the CSP. Evidence of a desired or improved ventricular activation pattern may include a relatively narrow QRS width (e.g., compared to a QRS width during the intrinsic heart rhythm) and / or relatively early left ventricular activation time (LVAT) , which may be measured or observed on an ECG signal as the time from a CSP pulse to a maximum peak of the R-wave in a V5 or VG ECG lead signal. Pacemaker 14 may transmit data during a communication session with external device 50 that includes morphology match scores determined according to a CSP monitoring protocol as further described below.
[0041] External device 50 may be embodied as a programmer used in a hospital, clinic or physician’s office to program pacemaker 14 and to acquire data from pacemaker 14. External device 50 may alternatively be embodied as a handheld device, such as a tablet or cell phone. In some examples, external device 50 is a home monitor configured to interrogate pacemaker 14 to receive signals or data from pacemaker 14 and transmit data to pacemaker 14 via a wireless communication link 48. An example programmer that may be configured to program pacemaker 14 and included in medical device system 10 configured to perform the techniques disclosed herein is the Programmer, commercially available from Medtronic, Inc., Dublin, Ireland.
[0042] External device 50 may include a processor 52, memory 53, display unit 54, electrocardiogram lead interface 55, user interface unit 56, and telemetry unit 58. Processor 52 is coupled to the other components and units of external device 50, e.g., via a data bus, for controlling the functions attributed to external device 50 herein. Processor 52 may execute instructions stored in memory 53. Processor 52 may include any one or more of a microprocessor, a controller, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , or equivalent discrete or analog logic circuitry. In some examples, processor 52 may include multiple components, such as any combination of one or more microprocessors, one or more controllers, one or more DSPs, one or more ASICs, or one or more FPGAs, as well as other discrete or integrated logic circuitry. The functions attributed to processor 52 herein may be embodied as software, firmware, hardware or any combination thereof. Memory 53 may include any volatile, non-volatile, magnetic, optical, or electrical media, such as a random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) , electrically-erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, or any other digital or analog media. Memory 53 may include non-transitory computer-readable media that may store instructions that, when executed by processor 52, cause medical device system 10 to perform various methods and functions attributed to medical device system 10 as disclosed herein.
[0043] User interface unit 56 may include a mouse, touch screen, keypad or the like to enable a user to interact with external device 50, e.g., to initiate and terminate an interrogation session for retrieving data from pacemaker 14, adjust settings of display unit 54, enter programming commands or selections or make other user requests. Display unit 54, which may include a liquid crystal display, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and / or other visual display components, may generate a display of cardiac electrical signals received from pacemaker 14 and / or data derived therefrom. Display unit 54 may be configured to generate a graphical user interface (GUI) including various windows, icons, user selectable menus, etc. to facilitate interaction by a user with the external device 50. As described below, display unit 54 may display various windows to a user, e.g., in a GUI, for enabling a clinician or other user to review CSP related data retrieved from pacemaker 14 for monitoring the effectiveness of CSP delivered by pacemaker 14.
[0044] Display unit 54 may function as an input and / or output device using technologies including liquid crystal displays (LCD) , quantum dot display, dot matrix displays, light emitting diode (LED) displays, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, cathode ray tube displays, e-ink, or monochrome, color, or any other type of display capable of generating tactile, audio, and / or visual output. In some examples, display unit 54 is a presence-sensitive display. Display unit 54 may serve as a user interface device that operates both as one or more input devices and one or more output devices.
[0045] External device 50 may include an ECG interface 55 for receiving ECG leads coupled to surface ECG electrodes, e.g., electrodes 60 and 62, for displaying ECG signals on display unit 54. While only two ECG electrodes 60 and 62 are shown connected to ECG interface 55 in FIG. 1A for the sake of clarity, it is to be understood that ECG interface 55 may be configured to be connected to a 3-lead, 7-lead or 12-lead ECG electrode configuration in various examples. A clinician viewing ECG signals may visually confirm a template established by processing circuitry of the medical device system 10 as being a CSP capture waveform (e.g., corresponding to capture of at least a portion of the conduction system resulting in a desired or improved ventricular electrical activation pattern) . In some examples, cardiac contractility metrics may be determined from ECG signals displayed by display unit 54.
[0046] In response to data received from processor 52, display unit 54 may display a visual representation of cardiac electrical signals, data received from pacemaker 14 and settings of user programmable parameters used by pacemaker 14 to control pacing and sensing functions. External device 50 may receive data, via telemetry unit 58, from pacemaker 14 via the wireless communication link 48. Data received from pacemaker 14 may include cardiac signals, e.g., intracardiac electrogram (EGM) signals sensed by pacemaker 14, marker channel data indicating the timing of pacing pulses delivered by pacemaker 14 and sensed cardiac event signals (e.g., sensed P-waves and sensed R- waves) , data relating to the pacing history, morphology match score data and / or cardiac contractility data as further described below.
[0047] Telemetry unit 58 includes a transceiver and antenna configured for bidirectional communication with a telemetry circuit, also referred to herein as a “communication circuit, ” included in an implantable pacemaker 14, e.g., in response to user requests. Telemetry unit 58 includes communication circuitry configured to operate in conjunction with processor 52 for sending and receiving data relating to pacemaker functions via a wireless communication link 48 with the implantable pacemaker 14. Communication link 48 may be established using a radio frequency (RF) link such as Wi-Fi, Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) or other communication bandwidth. In some examples, external device 50 may include a programming head that is placed proximate pacemaker 14 to establish and maintain a communication link 48, and in other examples external device 50 and pacemaker 14 may be configured to communicate using a distance telemetry algorithm and circuitry that does not require the use of a programming head and does not require user intervention to maintain a communication link 48.
[0048] It is contemplated that external device 50 may be in wired or wireless connection to a communications network via telemetry unit 58 that includes a transceiver and antenna or via a hardwired communication line for transferring data to a centralized database or computer to allow remote management of the patient. External device telemetry unit 58 may be coupled to a communication network / cloud 75 for receiving and transmitting data to a computing device 70, which may be a personal computer, personal mobile device or other computing device at a remote location from the patient to enable remote monitoring of CSP data obtained from IMD 14 by a clinician or other user. Remote patient management systems including a centralized patient database, e.g., stored on network / cloud 75, may be configured to utilize the presently disclosed techniques to enable a clinician to view data retrieved from pacemaker 14 from a remote location. Review of ECG signals received via interface 55, EGM signals, marker channel data, CSP pulse output data, or other data collected from pacemaker 14, e.g., displayed morphology match score data and / or cardiac contractility data, may be performed remotely by a clinician who may authorize programming of sensing control parameter and pacing control parameters in pacemaker 14. The CARELINKTM network available from Medtronic, Inc., Dublin, Ireland, is an example of a remote patient monitoring system and database that may collect and display morphology match score data and / or cardiac contractility data, which may include CSP pulse output historical data, from a patient’s pacemaker for review by a clinician or other user. Processing circuitry of the medical device system 10, e.g., any combination of one or more of external device processor 52, network / cloud 75, computing device 74 and / or processing circuitry included in pacemaker 14 (see FIG. 4) , may perform methods disclosed herein for establishing a template and determining match scores between the template and post-pace waveforms acquired from a cardiac electrical signal for monitoring CSP.
[0049] FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of an intracardiac leadless pacemaker 114 that may be included in a medical device system operating according to the methods disclosed herein according to some examples. The pacemaker 114 may be positioned within the right atrium for providing CSP in the area of the His bundle. Pacemaker 114 may be included in a medical device system configured to provide CSP and sense cardiac electrical signals for monitoring CSP over time by determining and storing morphology match scores as further described below. Pacemaker 114 may include a distal tip electrode 132 extending away from a distal end 112 of the pacemaker housing 115. Leadless pacemaker 114 is shown implanted in the right atrial chamber of the patient’s heart for advancing distal tip electrode 132 to a His bundle pacing site from a right atrial approach. For example, the distal tip electrode 132 may be inserted into the inferior end of the interatrial septum, beneath the AV node and near the tricuspid valve annulus to position tip electrode 132 at a His bundle pacing site. In other examples, intracardiac leadless pacemaker 114 may be implanted within the right ventricle, e.g., high along the interventricular septum, for positioning distal tip electrode 132 in the basal portion of the interventricular septum in the vicinity of the His bundle or another location along the His-Purkinje system.
[0050] Distal tip electrode 132 may be a helical electrode providing fixation to anchor the pacemaker 114 at the implant position. In other examples, pacemaker 114 may include a fixation member that includes one or more tines, hooks, barbs, helices or other fixation member (s) that anchor the distal end of the pacemaker 114 at the implant site. A proximal portion of the distal tip electrode 132 may be electrically insulated such that only the most distal end of tip electrode 132, furthest from housing distal end 112, is exposed to provide targeted pacing at a tissue site that includes a portion of the conduction system.
[0051] One or more housing-based electrodes 120 and 134 may be carried on the surface of the housing 115 of pacemaker 114, on or proximal to distal end 112. Electrodes 120 and 134 are shown as ring electrodes circumscribing the longitudinal sidewall of pacemaker housing 115 that extends from the housing distal end 112 to housing proximal end 110. In other examples, a return anode electrode used in sensing and pacing may be positioned on housing proximal end 110. Pacing of the His-Purkinje system may be achieved using the distal tip electrode 132 as the cathode electrode and either of the housing-based electrodes 120 or 134 as the return anode. In some examples, pacing of atrial tissue may be achieved by delivering atrial pacing pulses via the distal ring electrode 120 using proximal ring electrode 134 as the return anode electrode. CSP pulses may be delivered in the area of the His bundle via tip electrode 132 with proximal ring electrode 134 as the return anode. In this way, dual chamber pacing of the atria and the ventricles may be delivered by leadless pacemaker 114. In other examples more than two ring electrodes may be provided on housing 115, e.g., to provide two distinct atrial pacing and CSP electrode vectors.
[0052] Cardiac electrical signals produced by heart 8 may be sensed by pacemaker 114 using one or more sensing electrode pairs selected from electrodes 120, 132 and 134. For example, a ventricular electrical signal may be sensed using distal tip electrode 132 and distal ring electrode 120 or proximal ring electrode 134. Intrinsic R-waves may be sensed by sensing circuitry of pacemaker 114 via the ventricular electrical signal sensing electrode pair for use in inhibiting a scheduled CSP pulse and scheduling the next CSP pulse. Post-pace waveforms of the ventricular electrical signal may be acquired by pacemaker 114 for establishing a desired template and for acquiring unknown post-pace waveforms for accumulating morphology match scores determined between unknown post-pace waveforms and the template. As disclosed herein, the accumulated morphology match scores may be used in generating a display of representative match scores that provides a clinician with a succinct historical view of the CSP effectiveness in maintaining a desirable ventricular activation pattern as evidenced by the post-pace waveform morphology matching a template representative of post-pace QRS morphology corresponding to a desirable ventricular activation pattern.
[0053] An atrial electrical signal may be sensed using electrodes 120 and 134, for example. Intrinsic P-waves may be sensed by the atrial electrical signal sensing electrode pair for use in inhibiting and scheduling atrial pacing pulses and / or for scheduling atrial synchronous CSP pulses. The cardiac electrical signals sensed by pacemaker 114 may be used for determining the atrial rate, ventricular rate, and / or for detecting atrial and / or ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
[0054] While external device 50, network / cloud 75 and remote computing device 74 are not shown in FIG. 2 it is to be understood that pacemaker 114 can be included in a medical device system including external device 50 configured to communicate with network / cloud 75 and a remote computing device 74. Pacemaker 114 may be configured to communicate via a communication circuit with external device 50 for receiving programming commands and transmitting data to external device 50 as generally described above in conjunction with FIG. 1. Leadless pacemaker 114 may be configured to transmit data to external device 50 for use in generating a graphical user interface including representative morphology match scores for review by a clinician.
[0055] FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram of a medical device system 200 including leadless pacemaker 114 implanted at a different CSP site than the position shown in FIG. 2. In this example, tip electrode 132 may be advanced into the interventricular septum 12 from a right ventricular approach for delivering CSP pulses in the area of the LBB or the area of the RBB. In some cases, the medical device system 200 may include a second leadless pacemaker 214 implanted in the right atrium for delivering atrial pacing pulses and sensing atrial electrical signals. In this example, pacemaker 214 includes a tip electrode232 that may be paired with a proximal ring electrode 234 circumscribing the lateral sidewall of cylindrical housing 215 of pacemaker 214. Tip electrode 232 is shown as a non-tissue piercing button electrode in this example but may be provided as a tissue piercing or non-tissue piercing electrode and may be any of the types of example electrodes listed herein. Pacemaker 214 may include a fixation member 213, e.g., as one or more tines, extending from distal end 212 of pacemaker housing 215 to provide fixation of pacemaker 214 at an atrial pacing site.
[0056] In some examples, pacemaker 214 can provide atrial pacing and sensing and pacemaker 114 can provide ventricular pacing (via the conduction system) and sensing in a dual chamber leadless pacemaker system 200. Atrial pacemaker 214 and ventricular pacemaker 114 may communicate wirelessly, as shown by arrow 218, to coordinate dual chamber pacing delivery. For example, atrial pacemaker 214 may transmit a signal to ventricular pacemaker 114 when an atrial pacing pulse is delivered or an atrial P-wave is sensed so that ventricular pacemaker 114 can deliver an atrial synchronous CSP pulse at a desired atrioventricular pacing interval. In other examples, ventricular pacemaker 114 may sense atrial systolic event signals, e.g., from an acceleration signal included in pacemaker 114, for use in synchronizing CSP pulses to the atrial event signals. While not shown in FIG. 3, it is to be understood that external device 50, in communication with a network / cloud 75 and / or remote computing device 74 (as shown in FIG. 1) , may be included in the medical device system 200 and may be configured to send data to and receive data from pacemaker 114 and pacemaker 214, if present.
[0057] While several examples of medical device systems are shown and described in conjunction with FIGs. 1-3, it is to be understood that the methods disclosed herein for determining morphology match scores for monitoring CSP effectiveness over time and / or determining cardiac contractility metrics and adjusting CSP pulse output to increase cardiac contractility as described below are not limited to a particular medical device system. The methods disclosed herein may be practiced in any medical device system that includes or is in communication with an implantable medical device that is capable of delivering CSP and sensing cardiac electrical signals, including post-pace QRS waveforms.
[0058] FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of circuitry that may be enclosed within implantable pacemaker 14 of FIG. 1 configured to deliver CSP and sense cardiac electrical signals according to the techniques disclosed herein. The diagram of FIG. 4 is described with reference to pacemaker 14 connected to RA lead 16 carrying electrodes 20 and 22 and CSP lead 18 carrying electrodes 32 and 34. It is to be understood, however, that the functionality attributed to the various circuits and components shown in FIG. 4 may correspond to circuitry enclosed in a pacemaker configured to perform techniques disclosed herein when connected to other pacing lead and electrode configurations or in a leadless pacemaker. For instance, when pacemaker 14 is configured as an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) , coil electrodes 36 and 38 may be coupled to therapy delivery circuit 84 for delivering CV / DF shocks and may be coupled to sensing circuit 86 for use in sensing cardiac electrical signals. Pacemaker 14 may be configured to receive one or more leads for electrical connection to circuitry enclosed by housing 15 to enable selection of a variety of pacing and / or sensing electrode configurations for sensing cardiac electrical signals and delivering CSP therapies. Housing 15 is depicted in FIG. 4 as an electrode coupled to pacemaker circuitry in FIG. 4, e.g., for use in a unipolar pacing and / or sensing electrode vector.
[0059] In other examples, a pacemaker configured to perform the techniques disclosed herein may be a leadless pacemaker, e.g., pacemaker 114 shown in FIG. 2, including housing-based electrodes for sensing atrial signals, delivering atrial pacing pulses, sensing ventricular signals and delivering CSP pulses. In this case, the multiple housing based electrodes, e.g., electrodes 120, 132 and 134 shown in FIG. 2, can be coupled to sensing circuit 86 and therapy delivery circuit 84. In still other examples, circuitry generally described in conjunction with FIG. 4 may be included in pacemaker 114 implanted in the right ventricle as shown in FIG. 3 for sensing cardiac signals and delivering CSP pulses to a pacing site in the interventricular septum. The circuitry and functionality of pacemaker 14 described in conjunction with FIG. 4 may be adapted for implementation in the leadless pacemaker 114 or in other pacemakers configured to receive one or more pacing leads for performing CSP and monitoring cardiac electrical signals as described herein.
[0060] The electronic circuitry enclosed within housing 15 (shown conceptually as an electrode in FIG. 2) includes software, firmware and hardware that cooperatively monitor cardiac electrical signals, determine when a pacing pulse is necessary, and deliver electrical pacing pulses to the patient’s heart as needed according to a programmed pacing mode and other pacing control parameters. The electronic circuitry may include a control circuit 80, memory 82, therapy delivery circuit 84, sensing circuit 86, telemetry circuit 88 (also referred to herein as a “communication circuit” ) and power source 98. In some examples, pacemaker 14 may include one or more other sensors 90 for sensing a physiological signal, e.g., a motion sensor such as an accelerometer for sensing patient physical activity, monitoring patient posture, and / or sensing cardiac motion (e.g., when the pacemaker is implanted within the heart such as in the examples of FIGs. 2 or 3) . Other examples of physiological sensors that may be included in pacemaker 14 include heart sound sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, oxygen sensors, impedance measurement circuitry or the like.
[0061] Power source 98 provides power to the circuitry of pacemaker 14 including each of the components 80, 82, 84, 86, 88 and 90 as needed. Power source 98 may include one or more energy storage devices, such as one or more rechargeable or non-rechargeable batteries. The connections between power source 98 and each of the other components 80, 82, 84, 86, 88 and 90 are to be understood from the general block diagram of FIG. 4 but are not shown for the sake of clarity. For example, power source 98 may be coupled to one or more charging circuits included in therapy delivery circuit 84 for providing the power needed to charge holding capacitors included in therapy delivery circuit 84 that are discharged at appropriate times under the control of control circuit 80 for delivering pacing pulses. Power source 98 is also coupled to components of sensing circuit 86 (such as sense amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, switching circuitry, etc. ) , telemetry circuit 88, sensors 90 and memory 82 to provide power to the various components and circuits as needed.
[0062] The components shown in FIG. 4 represent functionality included in pacemaker 14 (or pacemaker 114) and may include any discrete and / or integrated electronic circuit components that implement analog and / or digital circuits capable of producing the functions attributed to pacemaker 14 (and pacemaker 114) herein. The various components may include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, state machine, or other suitable components or combinations of components that provide the described functionality. Providing software, hardware, and / or firmware to accomplish the described functionality in the context of any modern medical device, given the disclosure herein, is within the abilities of one of skill in the art.
[0063] Control circuit 80 communicates, e.g., via a data bus, with therapy delivery circuit 84 and sensing circuit 86 for cooperatively sensing cardiac electrical signals and controlling delivery of cardiac electrical stimulation pulses in response to sensed cardiac event signals (or absence thereof) , e.g., R-waves attendant to ventricular depolarization and / or P-waves attendant to atrial depolarization, in accordance with a pacing mode. Electrodes 20, 22, 32 and 34 and housing 15 may be electrically coupled to therapy delivery circuit 84 for delivering electrical stimulation pulses generated by therapy delivery circuit 84. Electrodes 20, 22, 32 and 34 and housing 15 may be electrically coupled to sensing circuit 86 for sensing cardiac electrical signals produced by the heart. Sensing circuit 86 may sense intrinsic signals (such as intrinsic P-waves and intrinsic R-waves) produced by the heart in the absence of a pacing pulse that captures the heart. Sensing circuit 86 may sense evoked response signals, e.g., pacing-evoked P-waves and pacing evoked R-waves, following a delivered pacing pulse of sufficient energy to cause cardiac capture.
[0064] Sensing circuit 86 may include an input pre-filter and amplifier 140 for receiving a cardiac electrical signal from a pair of sensing electrodes, e.g., RA lead electrodes 20 and 22 or CSP lead electrodes 32 and 34. The filtered and amplified signal may be passed to an analog-to-digital converter and wide bandpass filter (ADC) 141 and for producing a multi-bit digital cardiac electrical signal that may be passed to control circuit 80 and is referred to herein as a cardiac electrogram or “EGM” signal when the raw signal is sensed from electrodes on or within a heart chamber. The EGM signal sensed during a template window during CSP may be received by processor 148 and used in establishing a template, which may be representative of a QRS waveform during a desired ventricular activation pattern evoked by a CSP pulse. An unknown post-pace waveform may be acquired by processor 148 from the EGM signal sensed during the template window for comparison to the established template stored in memory 82 for determining a morphology match score as further described below. Features of the EGM signal may be determined by processor 148 of control circuit 80 for use in determining a cardiac contractility metric.
[0065] Sensing circuit 86 may further include a rectifier and narrowband filter / amplifier 142 for receiving the ADC signal and passing a rectified, filtered signal to cardiac event detector circuit 143. Cardiac event detector circuit 143 may produce a cardiac sensed event signal, e.g., a sensed ventricular event (Vsense) signal or a sensed atrial event (Asense) signal, in response to the rectified signal crossing a sensing threshold amplitude, e.g., an R-wave sensing threshold amplitude or a P-wave sensing threshold amplitude, respectively. The sensed event signal is passed to control circuit 80 for use in controlling pacing pulses. For example, in response to receiving an Asense signal, pace timing and control circuit 147 included in control circuit 80 may set a pacing escape interval timer for scheduling a CSP pulse at an AV pacing interval. Control circuit 80 may inhibit an atrial pacing pulse in response to the Asense signal and schedule a subsequent atrial pacing pulse by starting an atrial lower rate interval (LRI) to provide bradycardia pacing of the atria when the LRI expires without an Asense signal being received from sensing circuit 86. The LRI may correspond to a programmed base pacing rate and is used by control circuit 80 to control the minimum heart rate of the patient to be at least the base pacing rate.
[0066] In response to receiving a Vsense signal, a scheduled CSP pulse may be inhibited and a CSP interval, e.g., a ventricular LRI, may be started for scheduling a CSP pulse. If the ventricular LRI expires before a Vsense signal is received and before an Asense signal is received or an atrial pacing pulse is delivered for triggering an atrial synchronous CSP pulse at the AV pacing interval, therapy delivery circuit 84 may deliver the scheduled CSP pulse to pace the ventricles.
[0067] Pace timing and control circuit 147 may include various timers or counters for performing various timing related functions of control circuit 80 including, but not limited to, counting down various pacing escape intervals set according to a permanent or temporary pacing mode. The pacing modes of pacemaker 14 may include single chamber atrial pacing, dual chamber atrial synchronous CSP, dual chamber atrial asynchronous CSP, and single chamber CSP as examples. A sensed event signal may cause pace timing and control circuit 147 to trigger or inhibit a pacing pulse depending on the particular pacing mode.
[0068] Sensing circuit 86 may include multiple sensing channels, e.g., a ventricular sensing channel and an atrial event sensing channel, and in some examples a far field morphology sensing channel. For example, sensing circuit 86 may include an atrial sensing channel configured to receive an atrial signal from atrial electrodes 20 and 22, which may be filtered, amplified, rectified and passed to an atrial event detector circuit included in event detector circuit 143. Cardiac event detector circuit 143 may generate an Asense signal in response to the atrial signal crossing a P-wave sensing threshold. A ventricular sensing channel of sensing circuit 86 may include a different narrowband filter than the atrial sensing channel. A ventricular event detector circuit of event detector circuit 143 can be configured to generate a Vsense signal in response to the narrowband filtered ventricular signal crossing an R-wave sensing threshold. Each atrial sensing channel and ventricular sensing channel may include separate pre-filter / amplifiers 140, ADC 141, rectifier and narrowband filter / amplifier 142 and event detector circuit 143 or some components may be shared between the different sensing channels. Cardiac event detector circuit 143 may include one or more sense amplifiers, comparators and / or other components configured to receive the filtered and amplified atrial and ventricular signals, compare the signals to respective P-wave and R-wave sensing thresholds, and generate respective Asense and Vsense signals passed to control circuit 80.
[0069] In some examples, a wideband filtered EGM signal may be passed to control circuit 80, e.g., from the ADC 141 of a ventricular sensing channel prior to narrowband filtering of the EGM signal that is passed to cardiac event detector circuit 143. The wideband filtered EGM signal may be used for acquiring post-pace waveforms, establishing a template and determining morphology match scores between unknown post-pace waveforms and the template as described below. The EGM signal passed to control circuit 80 may be sensed by sensing circuit 86 by switchably selecting a sensing electrode vector that is a relatively far field signal, e.g., a unipolar signal which may be sensed using the CSP tip electrode 32 and housing 15 or the CSP ring electrode 34 and housing 15, for example. When a defibrillation electrode is available, the defibrillation electrode may be used in a sensing electrode vector for sensing a relatively far field signal that includes relatively more global information of the ventricular activation than a near-field EGM signal, e.g., a bipolar signal, sensed to detect a local depolarization of the cardiac tissue by cardiac event detector circuit 143. In some examples, a sensing circuit 86 may include a dedicated morphology sensing channel configured to receive a far-field signal from a selected sensing electrode pair. The morphology sensing channel may include an input pre-filter / amplifier, ADC and wideband filter for passing an EGM signal to control circuit 80 for performing morphology matching analysis and determining other post-pace waveform features according to the techniques disclosed herein.
[0070] Control circuit 80 may be configured to control therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver atrial and CSP pulses according to a programmed or automatically selected pacing mode and programmed or automatically adjusted pacing control parameters. Therapy delivery circuit 84 is configured to generate pacing pulses and includes a charging circuit 144 including one or more charge storage devices such as one or more holding capacitors, an output circuit 146, and switching circuitry 145. Switching circuitry 145 can be controlled by control signals from control circuit 80 to control when the holding capacitor (s) of charging circuit 144 are charged and when the charged holding capacitor (s) are discharged through the output circuit 146 to deliver pacing pulses via a selected pacing electrode vector for pacing the atria and / or the ventricles (via the His-Purkinje conduction system) according to the programmed pacing mode.
[0071] Output circuit 146 may include switching circuitry for selecting the pacing electrode vector (s) and associated pacing electrode polarities coupled to a holding capacitor of charging circuit 144 via switching circuitry 145. For instance, output circuit 146 may include switching circuitry for selecting the CSP lead tip electrode 32 as a pacing cathode electrode with return anode ring electrode 34 for bipolar pacing in the area of the His bundle, LBB or RBB. Alternatively, ring electrode 34 may be selected as a cathode electrode with tip electrode 32 selected as the return anode in a bipolar pacing electrode vector for delivering CSP. The RA lead electrodes 20 and 22 may be selected by switching circuitry included in output circuit 146 in an atrial pacing electrode vector for delivering atrial pacing pulses.
[0072] Charging of a holding capacitor to a programmed pacing voltage amplitude and discharging of the capacitor for a programmed pacing pulse width may be performed by therapy delivery circuit 84 according to control signals received from control circuit 80. For example, pace timing and control circuit 147 included in control circuit 80 may include programmable digital counters set by a microprocessor of processor 148 for controlling the basic pacing time intervals, which can also be referred to as “escape intervals, ” associated with various single chamber and dual chamber pacing modes. Control circuit 80 may also set the amplitude, pulse width, polarity, or other characteristics of the cardiac pacing pulses, which may be based on programmed values stored in memory 82.
[0073] Therapy delivery circuit 84 may include multiple pacing channels for delivering pacing pulses to the RA and to the area of the LBB, RBB, His bundle or other locations along the native conduction system. Each pacing channel may be coupled to selected electrodes via switching circuitry included in output circuit 146 for selecting various unipolar or bipolar pacing electrode combinations for delivering pacing pulses. In some examples, multiple pacing channels may include an additional left ventricular pacing channel, e.g., when pacemaker 14 is coupled to a coronary sinus lead to facilitate delivery of cardiac resynchronization pacing therapy. When pacemaker 14 is configured to deliver high voltage CV / DF shocks, therapy delivery circuit 84 may include a high voltage therapy circuit for generating high voltage CV / DF shock pulses in addition to a low voltage therapy circuit that generates cardiac pacing pulses.
[0074] Sensor (s) 90 may include a patient activity sensor provided for sensing a signal correlated to patient physical activity for use by control circuit 80 in controlling rate response pacing. In one example, the activity sensor is an accelerometer, e.g., a single or multi-axis piezoelectric sensor or MEMS device, for sensing an acceleration signal. The accelerometer may produce an electrical signal correlated to motion or vibration of the accelerometer, e.g., when subjected to patient body motion. The activity sensor may include one or more filter, amplifier, rectifier, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and / or other components for producing an acceleration signal that may be passed to control circuit 80 for use in determining a patient physical activity metric for controlling rate response pacing.
[0075] In various examples, an acceleration signal received from sensor (s) 90 by control circuit 80 may be filtered by a band pass or low pass filter, e.g., a 1-10 Hz bandpass filter or a 10 Hz low pass filter, digitized by an ADC and rectified for use by processor 148 of control circuit 80 for determining a patient physical activity metric. Various activity metrics may be derived from the acceleration signal by control circuit 80 that are correlated to patient physical activity. For instance, the activity metric derived from the acceleration signal may be obtained by integrating the absolute value of an acceleration signal received from activity sensor 90 over a predetermined time duration (such as 2 seconds) . The amplitude of the sampled data points over a two-second interval may be summed to obtain the activity metric. This activity metric may be referred to as an “activity count” and is correlated to the acceleration due to patient body motion imparted on the pacemaker 14 during the predetermined time interval. The 2-second (or other time interval) activity counts may be used by control circuit 80 for determining a sensor indicated pacing rate (SIR) for use in controlling rate response pacing. A patient activity metric or SIR may be used to control the rate of atrial or CSP pacing pulses according to a temporary rate response pacing interval, based on the SIR, that is shortened by control circuit 80 from the LRI.
[0076] As described below in conjunction with FIG. 15, when the patient activity metric is increased from a resting level or greater than another specified activity threshold and / or the SIR is greater than the programmed lower rate or another specified rate threshold, control circuit 80 may increase the CSP pulse output. Therapy delivery circuit may increase the CSP pulse output by increased the pacing pulse amplitude and / or the pacing pulse width. The higher CSP pulse output, e.g., higher pulse amplitude and / or pulse width of CSP pulses, may capture a larger portion of the conduction system, e.g., more Purkinje fibers, to thereby recruit a higher volume of myocytes on each pacing-evoked depolarization of the ventricles. In this way, pacemaker 14 may deliver CSP in a manner that increases cardiac contractility when a need for higher cardiac output exists, e.g., based on a patient activity metric. In some cases, the CSP pulse output may be increased or decreased based on the SIR, in addition to or alternatively to increasing or decreasing the pacing rate. A variety of methods may be used for sensing a patient activity signal and determining a need for increased cardiac output that can be implemented in conjunction with the CSP techniques disclosed herein. Another example of a patient activity signal is a thoracic impedance signal that may be used to determine minute ventilation.
[0077] In some examples, when an accelerometer is included in sensors 90, control circuit 80 may determine a contractility metric from the accelerometer signal. Other sensors that may be included in sensors 90 for sensing a cardiac mechanical signal may include a pressure sensor, impedance measurement circuitry, or a heart sound sensor, as examples. A cardiac mechanical signal may be response to changes in cardiac contractility. Control circuit 80 may determine a contractility metric from a sensor signal that is a cardiac mechanical signal, as further described below in conjunction with FIG. 15, for use in detecting a need for contractility enhancement, e.g., for detecting cardiac contractility enhancement condition, and / or for verifying that a contractility metric is increased during high output CSP.
[0078] Telemetry circuit 88, also referred to herein as a “communication circuit” of IMD 14 (or 114) , includes a transceiver and antenna for communicating with external device 50 (shown in FIG. 1A) using radio frequency communication or other communication protocols as described above. Control parameters utilized by control circuit 80 for sensing cardiac events, analyzing EGM signals, and controlling CSP may be programmed into memory 82 via telemetry circuit 88 for retrieval and execution by processor 148 of control circuit 80. Under the control of control circuit 80, telemetry circuit 88 may receive downlink telemetry from and send uplink telemetry to the external device 50. As described above in conjunction with pacemaker 114 in FIG. 3, in some examples, telemetry circuit 88 may be configured to communicate with another implanted device, e.g., the atrial pacemaker 214 shown in FIG. 3, for coordinating dual chamber pacing in a two device system. In some examples, inter-device communication performed by telemetry circuit 88 may include tissue conductance communication.
[0079] FIG. 5 is a flow chart 300 of a method performed by processing circuitry of a medical device system for establishing a template for performing morphology matching analysis for CSP monitoring according to some examples. In some instances, the method of flow chart 300 may be performed by control circuit 80 of the implanted medical device, e.g., pacemaker 14 or pacemaker 114 shown in FIGs. 1-3. In other examples, the method of flow chart 300 may be performed by processing circuitry of an external device, e.g., external device processor 52, remote computing device 74 or in a cloud-based processing method. For instance, EGM signal episodes sensed by pacemaker 14 / 114 may be transmitted to external device 50 for processing and analysis for establishing a morphology matching template, referred to hereafter as a “template. ” In still other examples, the method of flow chart 300 may be performed cooperatively by processing circuitry of the implanted pacemaker, e.g., control circuit 80, and external device processing circuitry, e.g., external device processor 52. For instance, acquiring post-pace waveforms for selecting template beats at blocks 302 and 304, as described below, may be performed by pacemaker control circuit 80 receiving an EGM signal from sensing circuit 86. Pacemaker telemetry circuit 88 may transmit the template beats to external device 50. External device processor 52 may average the template beats at block 308, determine template features at block 310, and transmit, via external device telemetry unit 58, the template features back to pacemaker telemetry circuit 88 for storage in pacemaker memory 82 at block 310. As further described below, the process of flow chart 300 may be performed in conjunction with receiving user input, e.g., via external device 50 or remote computing device 74, based on EGM waveforms that may be displayed in a GUI, e.g., by external device display unit 54.
[0080] In the description that follows, the process of flow chart 300 is described as being performed primarily by external device processor 52 (after receiving one or more EGM signal episodes from the implanted pacemaker 14 / 114) in conjunction with receiving user input via a GUI displayed by display unit 54. It is to be understood, however, that the process of flow chart 300 may be a fully automated process performed by pacemaker control circuit 80, without necessarily requiring user input or communication with external device 50.
[0081] At block 302, a post-pace waveform is acquired from an EGM signal received by pacemaker control circuit 80 from sensing circuit 86. The post-pace waveform is acquired over a template window having a start time and an end time relative to the delivered CSP pulse immediately preceding the template window. The start time and end time may be stored in memory 82. The template window may have a specified start time following the delivered CSP pulse which may be between 4 ms and 100 ms after the CSP pulse, between 20 ms and 90 ms after the CSP pulse, or between 30 ms and 75 ms after the CSP pulse as examples. In one example, the default template window start time is about 45 to 50 ms after the CSP pulse or 12 sample points of the EGM signal (when sampled at a 256 Hz sampling rate) after the CSP pulse. As described below in conjunction with FIGs. 6, 13 and 14, the start time of the template window may be adjusted by a user or selected by processing circuitry of the medical device system to blank post-pace signal artifact and discard early signal variation that can occur in the EGM waveform early after the CSP pulse.
[0082] The template window may have an end time that is 200 to 350 ms after the CSP pulse or between 225 and 275 ms after the CSP pulse as examples. In an illustrative example, the template window extends from a start time of 48 ms to an end time of 240 ms after the CSP pulse. The end time may be a default value of 230 to 250 ms after the CSP pulse and may be selected so that the template window ends prior to EGM signal variation due to the T-wave following the QRS waveform. The end time may be user programmable or adjustable by the user or by processing circuitry of the medical device system to avoid including the onset of the T-wave wave following the post-pace QRS waveform.
[0083] The post-pace waveform may be acquired in real time by pacemaker control circuit 80 and transmitted to external device 50 in some examples. In other examples, an EGM episode that is one or more pacing cycles long may be transmitted to external device 50 by pacemaker 14 / 114. External device processor 52 may extract the post-pace waveform (s) from the received EGM episode.
[0084] At block 304, the processing circuitry may verify that template beat requirements are met before using a post-pace waveform in generating the template. The processing circuitry may verify that the post-pace waveform meets template beat requirements when both the immediately preceding ventricular cycle is a paced beat and the immediately subsequent ventricular cycle is a paced beat. The post-pace waveform acquired at block 302 may be required to follow the second CSP pulse of at least two consecutively delivered CSP pulses (with no intervening Vsense signals) in some examples. In other examples, the post-pace waveform may meet template beat requirements when the CSP pulse immediately preceding the template window consecutively follows at least one CSP pulse with no intervening Vsense signals and is followed by at least one CSP pulse with no intervening Vsense signals.
[0085] In some examples, the processing circuitry may determine that the acquired post-pace waveform meets template beat requirements at block 304 when the ventricular cycle length (VCL) ending with the CSP pulse followed by the post-pace waveform and the VCL beginning with the CSP pulse followed by the post-pace waveform are within a threshold difference of each other. The VCL may be the time between two consecutively delivered CSP pulses. In some examples, however, a Vsense signal may follow the CSP pulse that is followed by the post-pace waveform acquired during the template window. The template beat requirements may not require consecutive conduction system paced beats as described above but may require that the post-pace waveform be acquired during a stable ventricular rate. In this case, a preceding VCL, the VCL that encompasses the post-pace waveform, and / or a subsequent VCL could extend between the time of a Vsense signal and a delivered CSP pulse. In some examples, the VCL ending with the CSP pulse associated with the subsequently acquired post-pace waveform may be required to be within a threshold difference of one or more preceding and / or subsequent VCLs.
[0086] In an illustrative example, the post-pace waveform may be determined to meet template beat requirements when the post-pace waveform follows a CSP pulse (e.g., ith CSP pulse) that consecutively follows an immediately preceding CSP pulse (e.g., i-1 CSP pulse) and is consecutively followed by a CSP pulse (e.g., i+1 CSP pulse) and the VCL ending with the ith CSP pulse and the VCL starting with the ith CSP pulse are within a threshold VCL difference of 150 ms of each other. The threshold VCL difference may be between 100 and 300 ms or between 125 and 200 ms in other examples. The threshold VCL difference could be defined as a percentage of the sum of the two VCLs, VCL1 and VCL2 ending and beginning with the ith CSP pulse, respectively, that is associated with (followed by) the post-pace waveform. For example, the difference between VCL1 and VCL2 may be required to be less than Y%of the sum of VCL1 and VCL2, where VCL1 may end on the second CSP pulse of three consecutive CSP pulses (and no intervening Vsense signals) and VCL2 begins on the second CSP pulse. The threshold Y%may be between 5%and 20%or between 7%and 12%or about 10%as examples.
[0087] Additionally or alternatively, the processing circuitry may determine that the template beat requirements are met at block 304 when a morphology match score of the post-pace acquired waveform matches at least one preceding post-pace waveform and / or at least one subsequent post-pace waveform with a match score of at least 60, 70, 80 or other specified match threshold (with possible match scores ranging from 0 to 100) . Methods for determining a match score between two waveforms is further described below.
[0088] In some examples, the processing circuitry may acquire multiple post-pace waveforms from consecutively paced ventricular cycles during CSP. Each post-pace waveform may be confirmed by the processing circuitry to meet template beat requirements by determining morphology match scores between the post-pace waveform and the immediately preceding post-pace waveform and / or the post-pace waveform and the immediately subsequent post-pace waveform. When the morphology match score (s) is at least a match threshold, e.g., at least 70, the post-pace waveform may be determined to meet the template beat requirements at block 304. In an illustrative example, the post-pace waveform is confirmed as an acceptable template beat when it is sensed following a CSP pulse that is preceded and followed by CSP pulses without intervening Vsense signals, the corresponding VCLs ending with and beginning with the CSP pulse associated with the post-pace waveform are within a threshold interval (e.g., 150 ms) of each other, and the morphology match scores between the post-pace waveform and the immediately preceding post-pace waveform and the immediately subsequent post-pace waveform meet a match threshold, e.g., at least a match score of 70.
[0089] Additionally or alternatively, the processing circuitry may determine that template beat requirements are met at block 304 based on user input, which may be received via the user interface 56 of external device 50. In some examples, a user may select one or more post-pace waveforms that are displayed on display unit 54 to be used as template beats by the processing circuitry for establishing the template. The user may identify paced ventricular cycles having a QRS morphology that is verified to represent a pacing evoked response consistent with capture of at least a portion of the conduction system. The verified capture of at least a portion of the conduction system may be based on user observation of surface ECG signals recorded simultaneously with the CSP EGM signal episode (s) . The verified capture may be based on processing and analysis of surface ECG signals performed by external device processor 52. The verified capture may be based on CSP capture verification methods applied to sensed EGM signals by pacemaker control circuit 80 and / or external device processor 52. A variety of methods may be used for confirming CSP capture of at least a portion of the conduction system. These methods may include determining a left ventricular activation time (LVAT) , QRS signal width, QRS signal area, and / or peak timing differences between ECG signals (e.g., QRS peak timing differences between the V1 or V2 ECG lead signals and the V5 or V6 ECG lead signals) . These methods may include determining disappearance of a bundle branch block morphology of the surface ECG signals. Example methods for detecting CSP capture that may be used in selecting template beats at block 304 are generally disclosed in the above-incorporated references. The techniques disclosed herein are not limited to being practiced with any specific method for verifying capture by a CSP pulse of at least a portion of the conduction system.
[0090] The capture that is verified may not necessarily be discriminated between different capture types, such as selective conduction system capture without myocardial capture (e.g., selective His bundle capture or selective LBBAP capture) or non-selective capture that includes capture of both a portion of the conduction system and myocardial capture. In some examples, improvement in the activation pattern of the ventricles may be evidenced by shortened LVAT, narrower QRS width, and / or disappearance of a bundle branch block morphology compared to the intrinsic QRS signals. A post-pace waveform acquired at block 302 may meet template beat requirements at block 304 when a user selects the waveform as representative of improved ventricular activation pattern based on observed ECG waveforms. A post-pace waveform acquired at block 302 may meet template beat requirements at block 304 when the medical device system processing circuitry identifies features of the waveform representative of improved ventricular activation pattern, e.g., narrowed QRS width and / or decreased LVAT compared to non-paced beats and / or compared to paced beats at lower CSP pulse outputs.
[0091] At block 306, the processing circuitry may determine if a specified number of post-pace waveforms that meet the template beat requirements (referred to in FIG. 5 as “template beats” ) have been obtained. In some examples, the template may be generated from a single post-pace waveform that is confirmed to meet the template beat requirements. In other examples, a specified number (N) of template beats, e.g., 3 to 12 template beats, may be required for establishing the template. If fewer than N template beats have been obtained (and buffered in memory of the medical device system) , control circuit 80 may return to block 302 to acquire another post-pace waveform.
[0092] When a specified number of required template beats are obtained, the processing circuitry may determine an ensemble average of the N template beats at block 308 to obtain a representative waveform of the post-pace waveforms. At block 310 the processing circuitry determines template features for storing in memory of the medical device system. When external device processor 52 is determining the template features, the determined features may be stored in external device memory 53. The template features may be transmitted via telemetry unit 58 to pacemaker 14 / 114 for storage in pacemaker memory 82.
[0093] The features determined at block 310 include wavelet transform coefficients that represent the post-pace waveform of the template. In some examples, a Haar wavelet transform is employed to represent the template waveform by the transform wavelet coefficients, which may include weighting contributions of certain time-scales of the wavelet transform coefficients, e.g., to emphasize wider scale wavelet transform coefficients relative to narrower scale wavelet transform coefficients. In this way, the contribution of noise or insignificant EGM waveform information in the template can be reduced in the resulting wavelet transform. The template waveform acquired over a template window of M sample points may be represented as M-1 wavelet transform coefficients that can be stored in external device memory 53 and / or memory 82 of pacemaker 14 / 114 for comparison to an unknown post-pace waveform during CSP monitoring as further described below.
[0094] Example methods of performing a Haar wavelet transform to obtain signal wavelet coefficients that can be compared between a template representing an intrinsic sensed R-wave and an unknown waveform sensed during an intrinsic cardiac rhythm are generally disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,393,316 (Gillberg, et al., filed May 8, 2000) and in U.S. Patent No. 8,521,268 (Zhang, et al., filed May 10, 2011) , the entire content of both patents incorporated herein by reference. These methods for determining wavelet transform coefficients for comparing sensed intrinsic QRS waveforms may be adapted for use in the methods disclosed herein for obtaining wavelet transform coefficients of a post-pace template during CSP for comparison to an unknown post-pace waveform obtained following a CSP pulse. For example, different weighting may be applied to the wavelet transform coefficients determined from post-pace waveforms than the weighting applied to an intrinsic sensed waveform. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 6 below, the template window over which the post-pace waveforms are obtained can be defined by a start time relative to the CSP pulse that excludes post-pace signal artifact that occurs relatively early after the CSP pulse.
[0095] In an illustrative example, when the template includes 48 sample points each having an amplitude “a, ” e.g., represented by a (0) to a (47) , the 46 wavelet transform coefficients c (0) through c (46) can be determined by determining the following: c (0) = a (0) –a (1) c (1) = a (2) –a (3) c (2) = a (4) -a (5) ... c (23) = a (46) –a (47) c (24) = a (0) +a (1) -a (2) -a (3) c (25) = a (4) + a (5) -a (6) –a (7) … c (35) = a (44) + a (45) –a (46) –a (47) c (36) = a (0) + a (1) + a (2) + a (3) –a (4) –a (5) –a (6) –a (7) c (37) = a (8) + a (9) + a (10) + a (11) –a (12) –a (13) –a (14) –a (15) … c (41) = a (40) + a (41) + a (42) + a (43) –a (44) -a (45) -a (46) -a (47) c (42) = a (0) + a (1) + a (2) + a (3) + a (4) + a (5) + a (6) + a (7) -a (8) -a (9) -a (10) -a (11) - a (12) -a (13) -a (14) -a (15) … c (44) = a (32) + a (33) + a (34) + a (35) + a (36) + a (37) + a (38) + a (39) -a (40) -a (41) -a (42) -a(43) -a (44) -a (45) -a (46) -a (47) c (45) = a (0) + a (1) + …+ a (15) -a (16) -a (17) …-a (31) c (46) = a (0) + a (1) + …+ a (31) –a (32) -a (33) -a (42) -a (43) -…-a (47)
[0096] Additionally, the coefficients c (0) through c (46) may be weighted. Coefficients may be weighted by dividing by 2, 8, 16 or other weighting factors to emphasize coefficients that may be more sensitive to morphological changes in the post-pace waveform that occur with changes in CSP capture. The coefficients c (0) through c (46) may be filtered and / or normalized in some examples. For instance, the maximum absolute wavelet coefficient may be determined and may be scaled by dividing by a specified value, e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64 as examples. The absolute value of all other wavelet coefficients may be compared to this scaled maximum coefficient. Any wavelet coefficients having an absolute value less than this scaled maximum coefficient may be set equal to zero. In this way, wavelet coefficients may be filtered based on the maximum absolute wavelet coefficient. All other wavelet coefficients that are at least equal to or greater than the scaled maximum coefficient may be normalized by the absolute maximum wavelet coefficient (and may be multiplied by a scaling factor, e.g., 96 or other selected scaling factor) to obtain filtered and normalized wavelet transform coefficients representing the shape of the template. These filtered and normalized wavelet transform coefficients may be stored in external device memory 53 and / or pacemaker memory 82 (e.g., after transmission to pacemaker 14 / 114 via external device telemetry unit 58) .
[0097] At least one wavelet transform representation of the template is determined for storage in memory of the medical device system at block 310. In some examples, the template may be shifted one or more sample points left or right (in time) with respective wavelet transform representations determined for each time-shifted template. For example, as further described below in conjunction with FIG. 8, multiple morphology match scores (also referred to herein as “match scores” ) may be determined between an unknown post-pace waveform and the template by determining a match score for the unshifted template, a match score for the template shifted by one sample point to the left (i-1) and for the template shifted by one sample point to the right (i+1) . In other examples, the template may be shifted by more than one sample point to the left and / or right. The wavelet transform coefficients may be calculated for each time-shifted template so that three sets of wavelet transform coefficients (which may each be filtered and normalized as described above) may be stored in memory of the medical device system, e.g., external device memory 53 and / or pacemaker memory 82, to represent the shape of the template. It is recognized that more than three sets of wavelet transform coefficients may be determined and stored for each of a desired number of time-shifted templates (i ± x) where x may be 1, 2, 3 etc. ) . As the number of representations of the template increases, however, the processing power required for determining match scores between each wavelet transform representation of the template and a given unknown, post-pace waveform will increase.
[0098] In some examples, other template features may be determined and stored at block 310 in addition to the wavelet transform coefficients. For example, the maximum absolute peak amplitude of the template and its polarity (positive or negative) may be determined and stored in pacemaker memory 82. The peak time of the maximum absolute peak amplitude may be determined as the time interval from the immediately preceding CSP pulse to the sample point having the maximum absolute peak amplitude. In other examples, the maximum peak amplitude of a specified polarity, positive or negative, may be determined and stored along with its corresponding peak time.
[0099] In some examples, another template feature that may be stored with the wavelet transform coefficients may be a representative amplitude of the template sample points spanning the template window. The representative amplitude may be a mean or median amplitude in some examples. For instance, the processing circuitry may determine the mean of all sample point amplitudes of the template waveform spanning the template window as the mean template amplitude for storing in memory of the medical device system. The mean template amplitude may be determined by the processing circuitry as the mean of the non-rectified template waveform. As further described below, the mean template amplitude may be used for detecting suspected baseline shifts of the unknown waveform that could lead to low morphology match scores without performing a vertical adjustment of the unknown post-pace waveform to correct for pacing artifact baseline shifts of the EGM signal. In other examples, the representative amplitude of the template sample points may be determined as the sum of all sample point amplitudes. In some examples, the mean or sum of only negative sample points, the mean or sum of only positive sample points, or the mean or sum of rectified sample points of the template may be determined by the processing circuitry as a representative amplitude of the template sample points and stored in medical device system memory as a template feature at block 412.
[0100] In still other examples, the processing circuitry may determine a representative amplitude of the template by determining the number, mean, or sum of sample points that are greater than and / or less than the isoelectric baseline amplitude. The isoelectric baseline amplitude of a given template beat can be estimated as the amplitude of the last sample before the CSP pulse immediately preceding the template window. The isoelectric baseline amplitudes may be determined from one or more template beats. In still other examples, one or more representative amplitudes of the template may be determined by determining the amplitude of one or more landmark or fiducial points of the template, e.g., the absolute peak amplitude, the maximum positive peak and / or the minimum negative peak.
[0101] In some examples, a feature of the template that is correlated to LVAT determined as the time from a CSP pulse to a maximum peak amplitude of the ECG lead V5 or V6 signal may be determined from the template. In one example, a time interval from the CSP pulse to the maximum peak amplitude of the far field EGM signal is determined as the LVAT of the template. In another example, a time interval the CSP pulse to a maximum slope of a difference signal determined from the template is determined as the LVAT of the template. In still other examples, a center of area of the template or a specified portion of the template may be determined and the corresponding center of area time from the CSP pulse to the time of the center of area may be determined by the processing circuitry as the LVAT of the template and stored in external device memory 53 and / or pacemaker memory 82 as a template feature. A specified portion of the template from which the center of area may be determined may extend from a specified percentage or fraction, e.g., 1 / 8, of the maximum absolute amplitude to the maximum absolute amplitude, for example. Optionally, in some examples, the sample point amplitudes of the template waveform, e.g., a (0) through a (47) or a different number of sample point amplitudes depending on the sampling rate and template window duration, may be stored in external device memory 53 and / or pacemaker memory 82 so that other template features may be determined from the template waveform at a later time.
[0102] The process of flow chart 300 may be repeated to update the stored template features as desired. For example, the process of flow chart 300 may be performed upon command from external device 50 when a clinician or other user manually enters the command. The process of flow chart 300 may be performed following lead or pacemaker replacement or repositioning or following a change in pacing control parameters (e.g., a change in the programmed CSP pulse amplitude or pulse width) or other programming change.
[0103] FIG. 6 is a diagram 350 of post-pace EGM waveforms 352 that may be obtained for generating a template according to the methods described in conjunction with FIG. 5. A CSP pulse 355 is shown being delivered at time 0 milliseconds (ms) along the x-axis of diagram 350. The amplitude of the EGM signal waveforms 352 is plotted along the y-axis in millivolts (mV) . Multiple post-pace EGM signal waveforms 352 sensed by sensing circuit 86 and passed to control circuit 80 of pacemaker 14 / 114 following delivery of a CSP pulse 355 are superimposed in diagram 350. Early variation of the EGM signal during the early post-pace period 362 can be observed, which may be largely due to pacing artifact rather than the ventricular activation pattern caused by the CSP pulse 355.
[0104] One or more post-pace waveforms may be acquired during the template window 360 for use in generating a representative waveform as a template from which the template features including wavelet transform coefficients are determined and stored as described above. It is noted that the EGM signal waveforms 352 may be sensed using any programmed sensing vector and may generally be sensed from a far field sensing electrode vector, e.g., from the CSP tip electrode 32 to the pacemaker housing 15 (referred to as the “can electrode” ) , from CSP ring electrode 34 to the pacemaker housing 15 or from the tip electrode 132 of the leadless pacemaker 114 to the proximal ring electrode 134, as examples. The far field EGM signal sensed by pacemaker sensing circuit 86 may be a wide-band filtered signal compared to a relatively more narrow-band near field EGM, which may be sensed using a near field bipolar electrode pair, for sensing R-waves by cardiac event detector circuit 143 (see FIG. 4) and generating Vsense signals. A far-field EGM signal, e.g., a unipolar signal, includes relatively more global information of the ventricular activation than a near-field EGM signal, e.g., a bipolar signal, sensed to detect a local depolarization of the cardiac tissue.
[0105] In some examples, a default template window start time 356 is about 48 milliseconds or 12 sample points (at a 256 Hz sampling rate) from the delivered CSP pulse 355. The template window start time 356 is delayed from the time of delivering the CSP pulse 355 to exclude early pacing artifact. In some examples, the template window start time is programmable or adjustable by a user interacting with a GUI of external device 50. For example, the diagram 350 may represent a GUI or a portion of a GUI that is displayed by display unit 54. The one or more post-pace waveforms 352 may be displayed during a post-processing method or displayed in real time as each post-pace waveform is received, individually (one at a time) or superimposed on previous post-pace waveforms.
[0106] In some examples, the template window 360 may be superimposed on the post-pace waveform (s) 352. A user interacting with the GUI displayed on display unit 54 (or from remote computing device 74) may slide the template window 360 relative to the displayed waveforms 352 to adjust the template window start time 356 and end time 358, while keeping the template window duration 364 constant, e.g., about 180 to 200 ms or about 188 ms or 48 sample points long when the sampling rate is 256 Hz. Additionally or alternatively, a user may adjust the template window start time 356 and / or end time 358 such that the template window duration 364 may or may not change with adjustments to the start time and / or end time.
[0107] For example, a start time adjustment bar 370 may be displayed in the GUI on display unit 54 having slidable cursor 376 that may be moved between a minimum start time 372 and a maximum start time 374, e.g., via user interface 56 of external device 50 (see FIG. 1) . Alternatively, the leading edge 366 of template window 360 may be slidable by a user interacting with user interface 56, e.g., using a mouse, touch screen, stylus, keyboard arrows, or other user interface tool. The minimum start time 372 may be between 10 ms and 50 ms. The maximum start time 374 may be between 60 ms and 100 ms as examples with no limitation intended, such that the start time 356 may be adjustable between 10 ms and 80 ms, between 10 ms and 100 ms, or between 30 ms and 100 ms as various illustrative examples. In one example, a user may be able to adjust the template window start time 356 between a minimum of 48 ms and a maximum of 85 ms. The user may adjust the template window start time 356 to be later than early variation of the post-pace waveform due to pacing artifact, which may vary between patients due to sensing electrode locations and / or other factors. In this way, the template window start time 356 can be tailored to a specific patient. For instance, in the example shown a user may adjust the template window start time 356 from a default start time as needed to eliminate signal variation that occurs during the early post-pace period 362 which may be due to pacing artifact.
[0108] The GUI displayed by display unit 54 may include an end time adjustment bar 380 to enable a user to adjust the template window end time 358 between a minimum end time 382 and a maximum end time 384 by sliding a cursor 386 via user interface 56, e.g., using a mouse, stylus, key board arrows, touch screen of display unit 54, etc. It is further contemplated that the user may type the numerical value of the desired start time, duration and / or end time of template window 360 or select numerical values from the displayed GUI, e.g., from a drop down window of available values. The minimum end time 382 may be between 200 ms and 230 ms and the maximum end time 384 may be between 240 ms and 280 ms as non-limiting examples. In some examples, the user may be able to slide the trailing edge 368 of template window 360 relative to the displayed EGM waveforms 352 to adjust the end time 358. The maximum end time may be limited to be shorter than an expected T-wave onset time in some examples, however the T-wave is not necessarily wholly excluded from the template window 360 in some instances. In some examples, the template window end time 358 is not adjustable, but the template window start time 356 is adjustable such that the template window duration 364 may be shortened or lengthened. A default template window end time 358 may be 200 to 250 ms after the CSP pulse 355 or about 234 ms or 60 sample points after the CSP pulse 355 (when the sampling rate is 256 Hz) , as examples with no limitation intended.
[0109] In some examples, as further described below in conjunction with FIGs. 13 and 14, the processing circuitry of the medical device system may be configured to determine a template window start time based on an analysis of the post-pace waveforms 352 and / or by determining multiple test templates according to multiple different template window start times. Morphology match scores determined between a reference or test post-pace waveform and multiple test templates may be determined by the processing circuitry. The start time of the test template associated with the highest morphology match score may be selected as the template window start time.
[0110] As described above in conjunction with FIG. 5, processing circuitry of the medical device system may obtain one or more of the post-pace waveforms 352 during the template window 360 for establishing the template, from which the template features may be determined and stored as described above. In some examples, the processing circuitry may select the one or more post-pace waveforms 352 based on template beat criteria as described above. The template beat criteria may be applied automatically by the processing circuitry for selecting one or more template beats. In other examples, the processing circuitry may receive user input that selects one or more of the post-pace waveforms 352 as template beats for use in generating a representative template waveform spanning the template window 360, e.g., as an ensemble averaged signal or as one selected template beat.
[0111] For example, a user interacting with user interface 56 may select one or more post-pace waveforms 352 as a template beat, e.g., by clicking on the waveform (s) using a mouse, stylet, touch screen etc. The displayed post-pace waveforms 352 may already be selected by the processing circuitry as being post-pace waveforms that meet other template beat criteria, e.g., waveforms following CSP pulses that occur at regular VCLs during consecutive CSP cycles as generally described above. As such, the post-pace waveform (s) used by processing circuitry for establishing a template may be selected in a process that includes automatic selection of candidate template beats from which the user may manually select one or more of the candidate template beats that are ultimately used by the processing circuitry to generate the template.
[0112] In some examples, a default start time 356, end time 358 and template window duration 364 may be set based on the programmed sensing electrode vector and may or may not be adjustable by a user. For example, if the sensing electrode vector used to sense the EGM signal from which the post-pace waveforms 352 are sensed is the CSP lead tip electrode 32 to the pacemaker housing 15, the default template window 360 may be different than the default template window used when the sensing electrode vector is the CSP lead ring electrode 34 to the pacemaker housing 15. Different sensing electrode vectors may result in different signal variability during the early post-pace period 362 following the CSP pulse and / or during a relatively late post-pace period near or including the T-wave. Accordingly, depending on the sensing electrode vector used to acquire post-pace waveforms 352, a later or earlier start time 356, later or earlier end time 358, and / or longer or shorter template window duration 364 may be selected and applied by the processing circuitry for establishing the template and determining template features.
[0113] FIG. 7 is a flow chart 400 of a method for determining a morphology match score during CSP monitoring in some examples. For the sake of illustration, the process of flow chart 400 is described as being performed by control circuit 80 of pacemaker 14 / 114 after storing the template features, including the wavelet transform coefficients, in pacemaker memory 82 as described above in conjunction with FIG. 5. In other examples, however, the process of flow chart 400 may be performed by external processing circuitry, e.g., of external device 50 or other processing circuitry of the medical device system, after receiving an EGM signal episode transmitted from pacemaker 14 / 114.
[0114] The process of flow chart 400 may be performed according to a CSP monitoring protocol. The CSP monitoring protocol may include performing the process of flow chart 400 for one or more conduction system paced cardiac cycles on a scheduled basis, e.g., once per minute, once per hour, every eight hours, once per day, once per week, or other scheduled frequency. Additionally or alternatively, the process of flow chart 400 may be performed on a triggered basis, e.g., in conjunction with a CSP capture threshold test, during high output CSP (as further described below in conjunction with FIGs. 15 and 16) , or upon receiving a manually entered trigger or command transmitted from external device 50.
[0115] At block 402, a post-pace waveform is acquired by control circuit 80, e.g., from an EGM signal received from sensing circuit 86, and buffered into memory 82. The post-pace waveform is acquired during the template window having the same start time, end time and duration as the template window used for generating the template (e.g., see FIG. 6) . The post-pace waveform acquired at block 402 for CSP monitoring may be referred to as an “unknown waveform” because the post-pace waveform may or may not correspond to CSP capture and in some instances may not be a pacing-evoked QRS waveform at all (when loss of capture occurs) . By determining a morphology match score between the unknown waveform and the stored template wavelet transform coefficients, the likelihood of the unknown waveform being a QRS waveform of the same type as the template can be determined, e.g., a confirmed CSP capture waveform or corresponding to a desired ventricular activation pattern.
[0116] At block 404, control circuit 80 may determine a representative amplitude of the unknown post-pace waveform. The representative amplitude is analogous to a representative amplitude determined from the template and stored in memory 82 as a template feature. Various examples of representative amplitudes that may be determined from the template are described above in conjunction with FIG. 5. In an illustrative example, the representative amplitude determined from the template is the mean amplitude of the template sample points. In this case, the representative amplitude of the unknown post-pace waveform determined at block 404 is the mean amplitude of the sample points of the unknown post-pace waveform spanning the template window. At block 406, control circuit 80 may compare the mean amplitude of the unknown waveform (and / or other representative amplitudes) to the mean amplitude (and / or other representative amplitudes) stored for the template. For example, if the mean amplitude difference between the unknown post-pace waveform mean amplitude and the template mean amplitude is greater than a threshold at block 406, control circuit 80 may perform a vertical shift of the unknown waveform at block 408. If the mean amplitude difference is not greater than the threshold, control circuit 80 may advance to block 410 for determining the wavelet transform coefficients of the unknown waveform. The threshold difference applied to the mean amplitude difference by control circuit 80 may be 1 mV in an example but may be 0.25 to 2 mV in various examples, with no limitation intended. As indicated above, the template mean amplitude may be determined as a representative amplitude of the template sample point amplitudes and unknown post-pace waveform mean amplitude may be determined as a representative amplitude of the unknown waveform sample point amplitudes. As described above in conjunction with FIG. 5, however, a different representative amplitude may be determined from the template and from the unknown waveform for determining an amplitude difference at block 406.
[0117] Control circuit 80 may perform the vertical shift of the unknown waveform at block 408 by identifying the maximum absolute peak amplitude of the unknown waveform having the same polarity as the maximum absolute peak amplitude of the template (as stored with the template features in memory 82) . Control circuit 80 may determine the difference between the maximum absolute peak amplitudes (having the same polarity) and add this difference (which may be a positive or negative difference) to each sample point of the unknown waveform. By adjusting each sample point of the unknown post-pace waveform by the difference between the maximum absolute peak amplitudes, control circuit 80 performs a vertical shift of the unknown post-pace waveform resulting in a vertical or amplitude-wise alignment of the maximum peak amplitudes (having the matching polarity) of the unknown post-pace waveform and the template. It is noted that, after vertical, amplitude-based alignment of the maximum peak amplitudes having the same polarity, the maximum peak amplitudes may or may not be aligned in time, e.g., horizontally when the EGM waveform is plotted with amplitude on the y-axis over time on the x-axis as generally shown by the diagram of FIG. 6.
[0118] It is noted that in this illustrative example, the representative amplitudes used by control circuit 80 to determine if a vertical shift is to be performed may be different than the amplitudes used by control circuit 80 to determine the magnitude of the vertical shift that is performed. In the illustrative example, a mean amplitude of all sample points spanning the template window is determined from both the template and the unknown post-pace waveform for determining that a vertical shift is to be performed when the mean amplitude difference is greater than a threshold difference. However, the difference between the maximum absolute peak amplitudes having the same polarity is used as the magnitude of the vertical shift that is performed. In other examples, control circuit 80 may determine the difference between representative amplitudes for determining if a vertical shift of the unknown post-pace waveform is to be performed and for determining the magnitude of the vertical shift. For example, the representative amplitude may be an isoelectric baseline and the magnitude of the amplitude shift may be the difference between the isoelectric baselines. In another example, the representative amplitudes may be the minimum (negative) peak amplitudes, maximum (positive) peak amplitudes, or maximum absolute peak amplitudes of the same polarity. When the difference between the representative amplitudes of the template and the unknown post-pace waveform is greater than a threshold difference, control circuit 80 may vertically shift the unknown post-pace waveform by the difference so that the representative amplitudes are vertically aligned amplitude-wise.
[0119] At block 410, control circuit 80 may determine the wavelet transform coefficients for the unknown post-pace waveform that is vertically shifted or determine the wavelet transform coefficients for the non-vertically shifted unknown post-pace waveform if vertical shifting is not performed. In some examples, when vertical shifting is performed, control circuit 80 may determine the wavelet transform coefficients for both of the vertically shifted unknown post-pace waveform and the vertically non-shifted unknown post-pace waveform.
[0120] At block 412, the match score may be determined by control circuit 80 for at least the vertically-shifted, amplitude-wise aligned post-pace waveform and the template when vertical shifting is performed. In some examples, when a vertical shift is performed, control circuit 80 may determine a match score for both the vertically-shifted and the non-vertically shifted unknown post-pace waveforms compared to the template at block 412. When no vertical shift is performed at block 408, control circuit 80 may determine at least the match score for at least the non-shifted unknown post-pace waveform and the template at block 412. As further described below, control circuit 80 may determine one or more additional match scores for the unknown post-pace waveform before and / or after vertical shifting of the unknown post-pace waveform compared to the template before and / or after different time-based (e.g., horizontal) shifting of the template and / or time-based shifting of the unknown post-pace waveform.
[0121] The match score may be determined at block 412 by summing the errors (differences) between wavelet transform coefficients of the unknown post-pace waveform and the template. The wavelet transform coefficients may be filtered and normalized in some examples. The absolute differences between the filtered and normalized wavelet coefficients of the 0 through ith coefficients stored for each of the unknown waveform and the template may be summed to obtain a “distance” between the unknown waveform and the template. The ratio of the distance to the wavelet representation of the template area (e.g., summation of the filtered and normalized wavelet transform coefficients of the template) may be determined. This ratio may be weighted and subtracted from 100 to determine the match score between the unknown waveform morphology and the template waveform morphology. In an example, the distance to area ratio can be multiplied by a weighting factor (where distance is the sum of absolute differences between the template and unknown post-pace waveform coefficients, and area is the sum of absolute values of all template wavelet coefficients) . As indicated above, a morphology match score may be determined for the vertically shifted unknown waveform and the non-vertically shifted unknown waveform. The maximum morphology match score may be determined from all determined match scores and stored as the match score for the post-pace unknown waveform.
[0122] The match score may be stored at block 412 with a time and date stamp in pacemaker memory 82. The match score may be stored with other CSP related data such as the pacing rate, pacing mode, pacing pulse amplitude, pacing pulse width, etc. In some examples, other features of the post-pace unknown waveform may be determined and stored with the match score. For example, the maximum peak amplitude of the unknown waveform, the maximum peak time, the amplitude location of the center of area of the post-pace waveform or selected portion thereof, the center of area time of the post-pace waveform or selected portion thereof, and / or other features, which may be analogous to stored template features, may be determined and stored with the match score at block 412.
[0123] FIG. 8 is a flow chart 450 of a method for determining a morphology match score between a template and an unknown post-pace waveform according to another example. The process of flow chart 450 may be performed for determining a match score according to a CSP monitoring protocol, as generally described above in conjunction with FIG. 7. At block 452, a post-pace waveform may be acquired during the template window having the same start time, end time and total duration relative to a delivered CSP pulse as the template window used to establish the template as described above. In some examples, the post-pace waveform may be acquired when the CSP pulse followed by the post-pace waveform is preceded by a CSP cardiac cycle (with no intervening Vsense signals corresponding to sensed intrinsic R-waves) .
[0124] At block 454, control circuit 80 may determine if the acquired post-pace waveform is an unacceptable unknown waveform for performing morphology matching analysis. In some examples, an acquired post-pace waveform may be discarded by control circuit 80 if an Asense, Vsense, atrial pacing pulse or CSP pulse occurs within a post-pace rejection time window, which may extend equal to or longer than the template window ending time used to obtain the post-pace waveform. The post-pace rejection time window may be 200 to 400 ms in various examples and may be equal to template window ending time in some examples. Control circuit 80 may determine that the post-pace waveform is not acceptable if the post-pace waveform is clipped, e.g., having a maximum amplitude equal to the ADC maximum input range (or other specified maximum EGM amplitude range) for x consecutive sample points where x may be at least 1 and may be 3 to 5 as examples. A maximum amplitude range may be ± 2 mV in an example, with no limitation intended. If the post-pace waveform is determined to be unacceptable by control circuit 80 ( “no” branch of block 454) control circuit 80 may discard the post-pace waveform and return to block 452 to acquire another post-pace waveform.
[0125] If the post-pace waveform is deemed acceptable at block 454, control circuit 80 may advance to block 456 and determine the mean of all sample point amplitudes of the unknown, post-pace waveform spanning the template window. In some examples, one or more outlying sample point amplitudes may be discarded or interpolated based on neighboring sample point amplitudes. At block 458, control circuit 80 may determine the maximum peak amplitude and the maximum peak time of the unknown, post-pace waveform. The maximum peak amplitude may be the absolute maximum peak amplitude of the non-rectified signal having the same polarity as the absolute maximum peak amplitude of the template. In other examples, the maximum peak amplitude may be of a specified polarity, e.g., the maximum positive peak amplitude or a maximum (absolute) negative peak amplitude. Control circuit 80 may determine the maximum peak time at block 458 as the sample point time, e.g., relative to the CSP pulse, of the maximum peak amplitude.
[0126] At block 460, control circuit 80 may compare the mean amplitude of the unknown, post-pace waveform to the mean amplitude of the template. For example, if the mean amplitude difference determined as the absolute value of the difference between the template mean amplitude and the unknown waveform mean amplitude is greater than a threshold, e.g., greater than 1 mV, control circuit 80 may perform a vertical shift of the unknown post-pace waveform at block 462. Otherwise, control circuit 80 may advance to block 464. Control circuit 80 may perform the vertical shift by shifting all sample point amplitudes of the unknown waveform by the difference between the maximum peak amplitude of the unknown waveform and the maximum peak amplitude of the template so that the maximum peak amplitudes of the unknown waveform and the template are equal in amplitude, e.g., vertically aligned. The maximum peak amplitudes may or may not be horizontally aligned in time.
[0127] As described above, instead of or in addition to determining the mean amplitude at block 456 for comparison to the template mean amplitude at block 460, it is to be understood that control circuit 80 may determine one or more representative amplitudes of the unknown post-pace waveform at block 456 for comparison to one or more analogous representative amplitudes of the template at block 460. Control circuit 80 may determine whether to perform a vertical shift of the unknown post-pace waveform based on the difference, ratio or other comparison of the representative amplitudes.
[0128] At block 464, control circuit 80 may compare the maximum peak time of the unknown post-pace waveform to the maximum peak time of the template. If the difference between the maximum peak times of the unknown post-pace waveform and the template is greater than a threshold time difference, control circuit 80 may advance directly to block 468 to determine morphology match scores without performing a horizontal (timewise) shift of the unknown post-pace waveform to align the maximum peak times. Otherwise, control circuit 80 may advance to block 466 to perform a horizontal shift of the unknown post-pace waveform. When the absolute value of the maximum peak time difference is equal to or less than the threshold time difference applied at block 464, the unknown post-pace waveform may be shifted by the maximum peak time difference to align the maximum peaks of the unknown waveform and the template in time, referred to as a “horizontal” shift because the unknown waveform may be shifted left or right along the x-axis (see FIG. 6 for example) relative to the template window to align the maximum peak times of the template and the unknown waveform in time. The threshold time difference may be about 10 to 20 ms or about 15 ms or 4 sample points when the sampling rate is 256 Hz as examples.
[0129] When the maximum peak time difference is greater than the threshold time difference ( “yes” branch of block 464) , control circuit 80 may not perform a horizontal shift because the larger maximum peak time difference may represent a morphological difference that should not be adjusted for. Maximum peak time differences less than the threshold time difference may represent minor temporal variation in the morphology waveform timing relative to the CSP pulse that may be removed to obtain a more representative morphology match score.
[0130] In this example, the maximum peak times of the unknown post-pace waveform and the template are compared by control circuit 80 for determining whether to perform a horizontal shift of the unknown post-pace waveform prior to determining a match score. In other examples, however, the sample time of a different fiducial or landmark time point relative to the CSP pulse could be determined and used by control circuit 80 for determining when to perform a horizonal timewise shift at block 466. For example, the time of a maximum slope, a zero crossing or other specified threshold crossing, time of an isoelectric baseline crossing, the time of the center of area of the waveform or a portion thereof, or other selected reference time point corresponding to a landmark or fiducial point of the template and the unknown post-pace waveform may be determined by control circuit 80 and compared to each other for determining when to perform a horizontal, timewise shift.
[0131] At block 468, control circuit 80 may determine one or more match scores. Control circuit 80 may determine the wavelet transform coefficients for the original unknown post- pace waveform before any vertical or horizontal shifting of the unknown post-pace waveform. The morphology match score between the wavelet coefficients of the non-shifted unknown post-pace waveform and the template wavelet coefficients may be determined using the methods described above.
[0132] Additionally or alternatively, if a vertical shift was performed at block 462, control circuit 80 may determine the wavelet transform coefficients of the vertically-shifted unknown post-pace waveform that may or may not be shifted horizontally (at block 466) . If no vertical shift was performed at block 462, but a horizontal shift was performed at block 466, control circuit 80 may determine the wavelet transform coefficients for the horizontally-shifted unknown post-pace waveform. It is noted that if the unknown waveform is shifted left or right to align the maximum peak times (or other selected landmark time points) , beginning sample points or ending sample points extending up to the threshold time difference may be discarded.
[0133] For instance, if the threshold time difference is two sample points and the unknown waveform is shifted to the left by two sample points, the original a (3) sample point may become the a (0) sample point with the original a (0) and a (1) sample points discarded from the time-aligned unknown waveform. In some cases, the a (48) and a (49) sample points may be shifted into the template window into the a (46) and a (47) sample point positions to replace the last two sample points of the unknown waveform within the template window. In other examples, the last two sample points may be assigned nominal values, e.g., equal to zero, equal to the preceding a (47) sample point shifted two sample time points to the left, or equal to extrapolated sample point values. In an example, the unknown waveform may be shifted left or right up to a maximum of 4 sample points when the time difference threshold is 4 sample points. The amplitudes of the “empty” sample points at the beginning (if shifted right) or at the end (if shifted left) after the time-based alignment is performed may be set equal to the last shifted sample point amplitude (e.g., a (0) if shifted right or a (47) if shifted left when the template window is 48 sample points long) . In other examples, the same number of leading or trailing sample points of the template may be discarded and the wavelet transform coefficients could be redetermined by control circuit 80 from the template over a shortened template window for comparison to a similarly truncated unknown post-pace waveform.
[0134] Control circuit 80 may determine one or more match scores between the aligned (horizontal and / or vertical) unknown post-pace waveform and the template at block 468. Control circuit 80 may determine the match score between the aligned unknown post-pace waveform and the non-shifted template, between the aligned unknown post-pace waveform and a left-shifted template, and / or between the aligned unknown post-pace waveform and a right-shifted template. In some examples, the match scores for the vertically and / or horizontally aligned unknown post-pace waveform and the non-shifted template, the template shifted by left by one sample point (i-1) and the template shifted right by one sample point (i+1) are all determined. In various examples, the match scores for the aligned unknown post-pace waveform and the template shifted by 0, +X sample points and -X sample points may be determined, where X may be 1, 2, and / or 3 as examples. In some examples, the match scores for the non-aligned (e.g., non-shifted) original unknown waveform and the template shifted by 0, +X sample points and -X sample points may also be determined when horizontal and / or vertical shifting of the unknown post-pace waveform is performed.
[0135] When no vertical or horizontal shifting of the unknown post-pace waveform is performed, control circuit 80 may determine the match score between at least the non-shifted unknown post-pace waveform and the template. Additional match scores may be determined between the non-shifted unknown post-pace waveform and one or more time-shifted templates, e.g., the template shifted by -X sample points and / or the template shifted by +X sample points, where X may be 1, 2, or 3 as examples.
[0136] At block 470, control circuit 80 may determine the maximum match score out of all match scores determined at block 468. The maximum match score may be logged in memory, e.g., with a date and time stamp, as the representative match score for the current monitoring time point for transmitting to external device 50 for reporting a historical record of morphology match scores. Other CSP related data may be logged with the match score, e.g., the pacing mode, the CSP pulse amplitude, the CSP pulse width, the CSP electrode vector, etc. As described below, the external device 50 may receive the logged match scores and generate a display of match score data for review by a clinician.
[0137] In some examples, control circuit 80 may perform a response to the determined maximum match score at block 474. For example, if the maximum match score is a threshold difference less than a previous match score and / or less than a match threshold, as determined at block 472, indicating a significant change in the post-pace waveform morphology compared to the template, control circuit 80 may perform a CSP control parameter adjustment, perform a pacing capture threshold search, and / or generate an alert for transmission via telemetry circuit 88 to notify the patient and / or a clinician at block 474. Control circuit 80 may adjust a CSP control parameter by increasing a CSP pulse output (e.g., pulse amplitude and / or pulse width) , selecting a different CSP electrode vector or polarity, changing a pacing mode, adjusting an AV pacing interval, adjusting a CSP rate LRI, or any combination thereof. In some examples, control circuit 80 may generate a notification for display by an external device, e.g., external device 50 or remote computing device 74, indicating that a patient follow-up is recommended and / or indicating a recommended CSP control parameter programming change, which may include a specific value of a CSP pacing control parameter, e.g., an increased CSP pulse amplitude compared to the CSP pulse amplitude currently in effect. Examples of morphology change responses that may be performed when a change in the match score is detected by processing circuitry of the medical device system are further described below in conjunction with FIG. 15.
[0138] FIG. 9 is a diagram 475 depicting a method of aligning an unknown post-pace waveform 492 and a template 482 according to some examples. A template 482 and an unknown post-pace waveform 492 are shown superimposed during a template window 480. The processing circuitry of the medical device system may determine the mean amplitude 481 of all sample points of the template 482. The processing circuitry may determine the maximum peak amplitude 484, maximum peak polarity (negative in this example) and corresponding peak time 486 of the template 482.
[0139] The processing circuitry of the medical device system may determine the mean amplitude 491 of all sample points of the unknown post-pace waveform 492. The processing circuitry may determine the maximum peak amplitude 494 (of the unknown post-pace waveform 492) having the same polarity (negative in this example) as the template maximum peak amplitude 484. The processing circuitry may determine the peak time 496 of the maximum peak amplitude 494 of the unknown post-pace waveform 492.
[0140] The processing circuitry may determine the mean amplitude difference 483 between the template mean amplitude 481 and the unknown waveform mean amplitude 491. If the mean amplitude difference 483 is greater than a threshold, e.g., greater than ± 1 mV, the processing circuitry may perform a vertical shift (as shown by arrow 495) of the unknown post-pace waveform 492 to vertically align the unknown waveform maximum absolute peak amplitude 494 with the template maximum absolute peak amplitude 484. In the example shown, the processing circuitry may determine the maximum absolute peak amplitude difference 495 and subtract the maximum absolute peak amplitude difference 495 from the amplitude of each sample point of the post-pace waveform 492 to shift the whole post-pace waveform 492 vertically (downward in this example) so that the maximum absolute peak amplitude 494 becomes aligned with the template maximum absolute peak amplitude 484 in millivolts (or ADC units) .
[0141] When vertically aligned, the maximum peak amplitudes 484 and 494 may or may not be aligned in time. In the example shown, the unknown, post-pace waveform peak time 496 is offset from the template peak time 486 by a time difference 485. The processing circuitry of the medical device system may determine if the time difference 485 between the template peak time 486 and the unknown waveform peak time 496 is less than a threshold, e.g., less than 4 sample points or less than 5 sample points as examples. When the time difference 485 is less than the threshold time difference, the processing circuitry may shift the unknown, post-pace waveform 492 horizontally to temporally align its maximum peak amplitude 494 with the template maximum peak amplitude 484. In the example shown, each sample point of the unknown post-pace waveform may be shifted right (as indicated by arrow 493) by the time difference 485 to align the maximum absolute peak amplitude 494 in time with the template maximum absolute peak amplitude 484.
[0142] When the mean amplitude difference 483 is less than a threshold difference, the processing circuitry may not perform a vertical shift of the unknown, post-pace waveform 492 prior to determining the wavelet transform coefficients and morphology match score (s) . When the peak time difference 485 is greater than or equal to a threshold difference, the processing circuitry may not perform a horizontal, time-based shift of the unknown, post-pace waveform 492 prior to determining the wavelet transform coefficients of the post-pace waveform 492 and morphology match score (s) . In various instances, the processing circuitry may perform both a vertical shift and a horizontal shift, only a vertical shift, only a horizontal shift or no shift of the original unknown post-pace waveform.
[0143] As discussed above, wavelet transform coefficients of the original, non-shifted post-pace waveform 492 may be determined by the processing circuitry for determining a morphology match score between the original unknown post-pace waveform 492 and the template 482. Additionally or alternatively, the wavelet transform coefficients of the vertically-aligned and / or time-aligned unknown post-pace waveform may be determined by the processing circuitry for determining a morphology match score between the aligned post-pace waveform and the template 482. Additionally, in some examples, the template 482 may be shifted by n sample points (e.g., one sample point) to the left for determining a morphology match score between the left-shifted template and the post-pace waveform that has been aligned in time and / or amplitude with the original, non-shifted template 482. Additionally, in some examples, the template 482 may be shifted by n sample points (e.g., one sample point) to the right for determining a morphology match score between the right-shifted template and the unknown post-pace waveform that has been vertically and / or temporally aligned with the original, non-shifted template 482. In this way, in some examples, four morphology match scores may be determined for a given unknown post-pace waveform 492. The maximum morphology match score may be logged in memory of the medical device system for reporting a historical record of morphology match scores. If no shifting of the original unknown post-pace waveform 492 is performed (based on the mean amplitude difference 483 being less than a threshold difference and the peak time difference 485 being greater than or equal to a threshold time difference) , at least three matching scores may be determined between the original unknown post-pace waveform and the template 492, the left-shifted template, and the right shifted template.
[0144] FIG. 10 is a diagram 500 of a GUI that may be displayed by the medical device system, e.g., by external device 50 on display unit 54, for reporting historical morphology match scores. External device 50 may receive morphology match scores via telemetry unit 58, transmitted by pacemaker 14 / 114. The match scores may be stored in pacemaker memory 82 until a communication session with external device 50. The transmitted match scores may be stored in external device memory 53 for retrieval by processor 52 for generating a historical display of morphology match scores on display unit 54 in a GUI for observation and review by a clinician or other user. While FIG. 10 is described with reference to the external device 50 of FIG. 1, it is to be understood that a display of morphology match score data as shown in FIG. 10 may be displayed by a computing device 74 of the medical device system that may be in communication with external device 50 via network / cloud 75.
[0145] The GUI may include an information window 520 that can display the patient identity, date, pacemaker model number, etc. and may display various programmed control parameters of the pacemaker 14 / 114, such as the pacing mode, the CSP pulse amplitude, the CSP pulse width, the CSP electrode vector and the sensing electrode vector used to sense the EGM signals from which the morphology match scores are determined.
[0146] The GUI includes at least a historical representation of the morphology match scores 510 that have been determined by processing circuitry of the medical device system. The historical representation may be a time-based plot of match scores 510 as shown in FIG. 10. In other examples, the morphology match scores may be presented in a histogram, pie chart, or other representation that informs the user of the trends or distribution of match scores logged in memory of the medical device system.
[0147] In the example shown, the time-based plot of match scores 510 may include a match threshold 512. All match scores above the match threshold 512 may be determined to represent a post-pace waveform morphology that matches the template waveform, e.g., corresponding to a desired post-pace QRS waveform morphology and corresponding ventricular activation pattern due to pacing-evoked conduction system capture by the CSP pulses. Each plotted match score point, e.g., point 515, may represent a mean, median, mode or other representative value of match scores logged for the given patient by pacemaker 14 / 114 and / or external device 50 over a specified time period. For instance, according to the CSP monitoring protocol, a morphology match score can be determined on a daily basis. The daily match score may be the mean or median value of multiple match scores determined from a specified number of unknown post-pace waveforms, e.g., 3 to 100 post-pace waveforms. The processing circuitry of the medical device system may determine weekly, monthly, bi-monthly or quarterly means, medians, modes or other representative values of the daily match scores for plotting in the graph of match scores 510.
[0148] For instance, a daily match score may be determined as the median match score out of 10 match scores determined from consecutive post-pace waveforms or from non-consecutive post-pace waveforms acquired at one or more specified times of day, which may be spread out during the day. The daily match scores can be averaged over three- month (or other shorter or longer) monitoring periods to report quarterly average match scores, for example, plotted over time as shown in the example of FIG. 10. In some examples, the user interacting with the GUI represented by diagram 500 may select a quarterly match score point, e.g., match score point 517, to expand match scores on a higher resolution time scale, e.g., monthly average match scores, weekly average match scores and / or daily match scores, as examples. In the example shown, the quarterly average match score 517 is expanded to twelve weekly average match scores as shown in the pop-up window 518. When a quarterly average match score is below the match threshold 512, the user may want to select a match score point to expand the match score data to a higher resolution time scale, e.g., quarterly to monthly, monthly to daily, daily to hourly, etc. In this way, the user is able to observe a more precise time point, e.g., hour, day or week, at which the morphology match scores began to fall below the match threshold 512 and / or stopped falling below the match threshold 512. In this way, a potential cause of the lower match score (s) may be more easily discernable, enabling any necessary corrective actions to be taken.
[0149] In some examples, the medical device system is configured to generate an alert or notification that may be transmitted from pacemaker 14 / 114 and / or displayed on display unit 54 to notify the patient and / or clinician of an average match score that is less than the match threshold 512. In various examples, one or a specified number of consecutive match scores or a specified percentage of successive match scores that are less than the match threshold 512 may cause the pacemaker control circuit 80 or the external device display unit 54 to generate a notification or alert. The alert may be a text notification, audible notification, or graphical notification displayed on display unit 54 or transmitted to a remote computing device 74. In some examples, the graphical display of the morphology match scores may be color coded or utilize other symbols or formatting to distinguish and highlight match score points that are greater than the match threshold 512 from those that are lower than the match threshold 512.
[0150] The GUI including the plot of match scores 510 may optionally include a plot of representative post-pace waveforms 540 corresponding to each of the morphology match score points 510 plotted over time. The plot of post-pace waveforms 540 may include a display of the template window 545 superimposed over the post-pace waveforms 540. Each one of the representative post-pace waveforms 540 may be an averaged waveform determined from post-pace waveforms contributing to a given match score point. In other examples, each one of the representative waveforms may be an individual post-pace waveform having a match score equal to (or approximately equal to) the corresponding plotted match score point. The user may select a match score point, e.g., via the user interface 56, to cause the corresponding representative post-pace waveform to be displayed individually or highlighted to distinguish the waveform from other plotted waveforms, e.g., bolded, change in color, etc. Alternatively, a representative post-pace waveform may be selected by a user to cause the corresponding match score point to be highlighted.
[0151] The representative post-pace waveforms 540 could be color-coded to match a corresponding color of a plotted match score point of plotted match scores 510. In the examples shown, the three waveforms 548 correspond to the last 3 match scores 516. The tight grouping of post-pace waveforms 542 correspond to all match scores 510 that are greater than the match threshold 512. The post-pace waveform 544 corresponds to the match score point 517, and the post-pace waveform 546 corresponds to match score point 514. By displaying a representative post-pace waveform corresponding to match scores 510 plotted over time, a user may evaluate the post-pace waveform changes to facilitate a determination of a potential cause of reduced match scores, e.g., EGM signal noise, morphology change possibly due to electrode movement or change in capture type, complete loss of pacing capture, etc.
[0152] The GUI represented by diagram 500 may include a display of other post-pace waveform features in addition to the morphology match scores in some examples. For instance, in the example shown, LVATs 530, which may be determined according to any of the example methods given above, may be plotted over time, as shown, or presented in other graphical displays, e.g., histogram displays, pie charts, etc. The LVATs 530 shown plotted along the same time scale as the match scores 510 may provide a clinician or other user with information regarding any changes in LVAT relative to changes in match score. As observed in the example of FIG. 10, the LVAT may be maintained at a relatively low values (short LVATs) when the morphology match scores 510 are high, which may indicate an improvement in LVAT and electrical activation pattern with CSP. The LVATs 536 may be increased when match scores 516 decrease. The increase in LVATs 536 may be an indication of loss of conduction system capture by the CSP pulses, resulting in a change in the post-pace waveform morphology.
[0153] In some instances, the LVAT may not change or may not change in the same direction as the match score. For example, the LVAT 534 is similar to preceding LVATs 530 even though the match score 514 from the same date is zero, indicating a significant change in the post-pace waveform morphology compared to the template. In this case, the low match score may be caused by noise in the post-pace waveform or other reasons. The stable LVAT may indicate that CSP pulses are still capturing at least a portion of the conduction system but noise artifact or other interference may have altered the post-pace waveform to cause a change in match score.
[0154] Accordingly, a clinician may observe trends in the LVATs and match scores that may indicate a change in CSP capture type or other changes in the effectiveness of the CSP in maintaining a desired ventricular activation pattern. In various examples, any of a number of post-pace waveform features, which may be determined in conjunction with the morphology match scores according to a CSP monitoring algorithm or at separate times, may be presented to a user in a GUI in addition to the morphology match scores 510. As described above, maximum absolute peak amplitude (or the maximum amplitude of a specified polarity) , maximum peak time, mean amplitude, or other features may be determined from post-pace waveforms and may be included in a display of morphology match score data.
[0155] Accordingly, the techniques set forth herein provide specific improvements in the field of cardiac pacing that have practical applications. By providing a medical device system configured to determine and accumulate morphology match scores and reporting the morphology match scores determined over time, the performance of a pacemaker in delivering CSP, e.g., in maintaining a desired ventricular activation pattern, can be readily assessed by a clinician in an efficient and effective way. Changes in post-pace QRS morphology may not be easily observed by the naked eye and recognizing and interpreting such changes can require a high level of training and expertise. The improved processor-based methods disclosed herein for determining and reporting morphology match scores reduces the likelihood of human error in identifying post-pace QRS morphology changes, even in the presence of a high degree of pacing artifact, which could otherwise be extremely challenging to do manually with an impractical time burden for a clinician who may be managing multiple patients. By presenting representative morphology match scores, e.g., in a time-based plot, histogram, or other graphical formats, a clinician is presented with a “snapshot” view of the historical performance of the pacemaker in delivering CSP that effectively maintains a desired ventricular electrical activation pattern. The clinician may quickly identify when changes in the ventricular activation pattern occur during CSP by observing a change in plotted match scores, which can facilitate any necessary troubleshooting or reprogramming of the pacemaker.
[0156] The techniques disclosed herein reduce the complexity of evaluating the performance of a pacemaker delivering CSP by providing a simplified and patient-specific method for presenting post-pace morphology match scores that provide an instantaneous view of the effectiveness of the CSP in maintaining a desired ventricular activation pattern. Because multiple different types of ventricular activation patterns could arise during CSP due to different types of cardiac capture that can occur, the disclosed medical device system for monitoring and reporting post-pace morphology match scores over time provides a unique method for monitoring pacing performance in the field of cardiac pacemakers, which is particularly useful in monitoring cardiac pacing therapies that rely on the clinical benefit of pacing the heart’s native conduction system in a selective (conduction system capture without myocardial capture) or non-selective (conduction system capture with myocardial capture) manner as opposed to myocardial capture only without conduction system capture.
[0157] FIG. 11 is a flow chart 600 of a method for generating morphology match score data for monitoring CSP delivered to the heart of a patient according to another example. In the examples described above, the processing circuitry establishes the template at an “initial” or starting time point, e.g., at the time of implant, during a patient follow-up or at any time that an updated template is desired for comparison to subsequently acquired post-pace waveforms following CSP pulses that are delivered later than the initial or starting time point. The processing circuitry determines morphology match scores by comparing unknown post-pace waveforms that are acquired after establishing the template at the initial time. In the example of FIG. 11, the template may be established at a current or recent time point and morphology match scores may be determined between the template and post-pace waveforms acquired earlier than the post-pace waveforms used to establish template. The post-pace waveform (s) used to establish the template may or may not be user-verified as representing confirmed CSP capture. The template represents the current or a relatively recent status of the post-pace waveform morphology, which may be capture of at least a portion of the conduction system, myocardial capture with no capture of the conduction system, myocardial capture with capture of the conduction system, or complete loss of capture in various examples.
[0158] At block 602, the processing circuitry, e.g., control circuit 80 of pacemaker 14 / 114, may acquire post-pace waveforms, which may be selected based on criteria given above, e.g., at least the second of at least two consecutive CSP cycles, stable VCLs, no clipping, and no Asense or Vsense signals received during the template window (s) . Control circuit 80 may acquire the post-pace waveforms at scheduled time (s) of day according to a CSP monitoring protocol or at triggered times, e.g., in response to a command from external device 50. The sample point amplitudes of a representative post-pace waveform at multiple CSP monitoring times may be buffered in pacemaker memory 82 and may be downloaded to external device memory 53 to conserve pacemaker memory capacity.
[0159] At block 604, the processing circuitry, e.g., control circuit 80, may determine wavelet transform coefficients representing the post-pace waveforms at each of the scheduled and / or triggered times. The wavelet transform coefficients may be stored in pacemaker memory 82. Other data, e.g., mean amplitude, maximum absolute peak amplitude (or peak amplitude of only positive, only negative or both polarities) and associated maximum peak time (s) or other representative amplitude (s) and fiducial or landmark time points may be stored with the wavelet transform coefficients. Other waveform features, such as LVAT, may also be stored with the wavelet transform coefficients. In other examples, the post-pace waveform sample point amplitudes are stored and the wavelet transform coefficients may be determined during post-processing of the unknown post-pace waveforms after a template is established at a later time point.
[0160] At block 606, the processing circuitry may receive a match score data request. For example, pacemaker control circuit 80 may receive an interrogation command from external device 50 via pacemaker telemetry circuit 88 and transmit the stored wavelet transform representations accumulated in memory 82 (e.g., since the last interrogation) . In other examples, wavelet transform coefficients and other post-pace waveform data may be transmitted to external device 50 on a daily or other scheduled basis or whenever a communication link is established between pacemaker 14 / 114 and external device 50. In this way, the post-pace waveform data which may include sample point amplitudes and times and / or at least the wavelet transform representation (s) with corresponding time and date stamp may be transmitted and accumulated in external device memory 53. The wavelet transform representations for each post-pace waveform (or an ensemble averaged post-pace waveform) may include a set of filtered, normalized wavelet transform coefficients for the non-shifted post-pace waveform and optionally for each of one or more shifted post-pace waveforms which may include one or more time shifts to the left (e.g., i-1) and / or one or more time shifts to the right (e.g., i+1) .
[0161] At block 608, the processing circuitry of the medical device system, e.g., pacemaker control circuit 80 or external device processor 52, may establish the template from the most recently stored wavelet transform coefficients. For example, the template may be represented by the wavelet transform coefficients determined for the most recently acquired post-pace waveform (s) and may include the wavelet transform representation of the non-shifted template, an i-1 shifted template and an i+1 shifted template, along with the mean amplitude, maximum absolute peak amplitude and polarity, and the maximum peak time. The date and time of the most recently stored wavelet transform coefficients used to establish the template may be referred to as the “template time. ”
[0162] At block 610, the processing circuitry may determine match scores between the template and one or more wavelet transform representations of post-pace waveforms acquired earlier than the template time. The morphology match scores may be determined according to any of the example methods described above. For example, the filtered and normalized wavelet transform coefficients stored at a preceding time point may be compared to the non-shifted template, the left-shifted template and the right-shifted template to obtain three match scores. The maximum match score of the three match scores may be stored for the given preceding time point.
[0163] In order to perform a vertical and / or horizontal alignment of a preceding post-pace waveform with the template waveform established at a later time point, the sample point amplitudes of post-pace waveforms may be stored in memory 82 as described above and / or one or more representative amplitudes and landmark time points may be stored. For instance, control circuit 80 (or external device processor 53) may determine the mean amplitude of the post-pace waveform acquired earlier than the template time. Control circuit 80 may compare the mean amplitude of the earlier post-pace waveform to the template mean amplitude for determining if vertical shifting of the unknown post-pace waveform is needed to vertically align the maximum peak amplitudes. The maximum peak times may be determined from the stored sample points of the unknown post-pace waveforms or may be stored as post-pace waveform features and used to perform horizontal shifting of the post-pace waveform to align the peak times of the unknown post-pace waveforms with the template peak time, e.g., as generally described above in conjunction with FIG. 9. The wavelet transform coefficients of the previously acquired, unknown post-pace waveforms may be determined after performing vertical and / or horizontal alignment of the post-pace waveforms with the template that has been established at the later, template time.
[0164] The process of determining a match score for storing in medical device system memory may be repeated for each preceding time point for which a post-pace waveform and / or wavelet transform representations of post-pace waveforms have been stored in memory. For instance, daily match scores may be determined for a maximum or specified time interval, e.g., over one week, one month or one year, using stored unknown post-pace waveforms accumulated in medical device system memory and the template established from current or most recent post-pace waveforms.
[0165] At block 612, the processing circuitry of the medical device system may generate an output of the morphology match score data, e.g., by generating a display of a GUI that includes a plot of the morphology match scores that relate historical post-pace waveforms to a current or most recent post-pace waveform (s) used to establish the template. The morphology match score data presented in this manner may reveal information that is useful to a clinician in recognizing morphological changes in post-pace waveforms from a current time point looking back in time, which may not be apparent from morphology match scores that are determined based on comparisons to a template established at an earlier, initial time point.
[0166] While the method of FIG. 11 is described in the context of a template being established from one or more current or most recently acquired post-pace waveforms and the method of FIGs. 7 and 8 are described in the context of a template being established at an earlier or initial time point, it is contemplated that a template could be established by medical device system processing circuitry at any selected time point. Processing circuitry of the medical device system may determine match scores from stored post-pace waveforms that are acquired at earlier and / or later time points than the template time using the example techniques described herein.
[0167] FIG. 12 is a diagram 650 of a graphical representation of time-based plots of match scores. The upper plot 652 of match scores shows a representative monthly match score (which may be an average of weekly or daily match scores in some examples) when the template is established at the time of implant or at an initial time point of the time points represented in the graph. The early match scores of upper plot 652 represent relatively high match scores between post-pace waveforms and the template established at the early, initial time point. The later match scores of upper plot 652 drop to 0 indicating a significant change in the post-pace waveform morphology compared to the template established at an early, initial template time. However, the similarity between post-pace waveforms acquired at the later time points to each other are unknown based on the match scores presented in the upper plot 652.
[0168] The lower plot 672 of match scores shows a shows a representative monthly match score (which may be an average of weekly or daily match scores) when the template is established at the latest, most recent time point of the time period represented. The most recent match scores represent relatively high match scores between post-pace waveforms and the template established at the most recent, latest time point. The earlier match scores drop to 0 indicating a significant change in the post-pace waveform morphology used to establish the template at the current time compared to the post-pace waveform morphologies at the earliest time points. By comparing historical post-pace waveforms to current or most recent post-pace waveforms used to establish the template, the morphologies are known to be similar to each other at the most recent time points, even though they have a poor matching score to the template established at the earliest initial time point as shown in the upper plot 652. When only the upper plot 652 is presented to a clinician, the similarity between the post-pace waveform morphologies at the later time points (when the match scores are 0 in the upper plot) is unknown. The lower plot 672 reveals that the latest morphologies are similar to each other. A change in mid-term match scores is observed when the match scores determined using an initial early template are 0 (upper plot) and less than a match threshold 674 when the match scores are determined using the template established at the latest time point (lower plot 672) .
[0169] FIG. 13 is a flow chart 700 of a method that may be performed by the medical device system for determining a template window start time according to some examples. The processing circuitry of the medical device system, e.g., pacemaker control circuit 80 or external device processor 52, may select a start time for the template window automatically in some examples for minimizing the effect of early post-pace variation in the EGM signal on the morphology match scores. At the time of establishing the template, the processing circuitry may acquire multiple post-pace waveforms at block 702, e.g., from an EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 and passed to pacemaker control circuit 80.The multiple post-pace waveforms include one or more waveforms acquired at each of at least two different start times of the template window. At block 704, the processing circuitry may establish a test template for each of the different template window start times. For example, test templates may be established by the processing circuitry, using the example techniques described above in conjunction with FIG. 5, for multiple template windows having different start times between 8 and 30 sample points after the CSP pulses. For instance, three test templates may be established for each of three template windows having start times at 12, 20, and 28 sample points after the CSP pulse.
[0170] The template windows having different start times may each have the same end time, such that the template windows having different start times have different template durations. In other examples, the template windows having different start times may each have the same duration with different end times. In still other examples, the processing circuitry may acquire post-pace waveforms and establish templates for multiple different template windows having different start times and a combination of different end times and / or different durations (e.g., up to a specified maximum end time) .
[0171] At block 706, the processing circuitry may acquire post-pace waveforms for each of the different template windows and determine match scores. Match scores can be determined between each test template and at least one respective test post-pace waveform acquired over the respective test template window. At block 708, the processing circuitry may identify a test template having a maximum match score with a corresponding test post-pace waveform (or a maximum mean, maximum median or other maximum representative match score when multiple match scores are determined for each test template) .
[0172] At block 710, the processing circuitry may select the template window start time (and duration and end time) associated with the test template having the highest match score. The morphology matching analysis may perform optimally for identifying closely matching post-pace waveforms and detecting changes in post-pace waveforms when using the template window associated with the test template that resulted in the highest morphology match scores under controlled conditions of acquiring test post-pace waveforms that are expected to have high match scores. Test templates having lower match scores may be associated with template windows that include confounding signal variation due to early post-pace signal artifact and / or T-wave signals.
[0173] At block 712, the processing circuitry may store the template features, e.g., the wavelet transform coefficients, mean amplitude, maximum absolute peak amplitude and polarity and the peak time, along with the selected template window start time and end time. The template window and corresponding template may be established in this way for optimizing the template window start time and end time so that post-pace artifact variation and / or T-wave variation in the EGM signal do not skew morphology match scores lower when a subsequent post-pace QRS waveform may have a morphology that closely matches the QRS waveform of the template. In some examples, the template features for the non-shifted, i+x and i-x (where x may equal 1, 2, 3 or other selected number of sample points) may be stored at block 712 to enable determination of match scores between unknown, post-pace waveforms and the non-shifted, left-shifted and / or right-shifted templates according to the CSP monitoring techniques disclosed herein. The match scores may be determined after performing a vertical shift and / or a horizontal shift of the unknown post-pace waveforms according to the methods described above in conjunction with FIGs. 7 and 8. The unknown post-pace waveforms may be acquired from the EGM signal sensed by pacemaker sensing circuit 86 during the template window defined by the start and end times stored at block 712.
[0174] FIG. 14 is a flow chart 750 of a method that may be performed by the medical device system for determining a template window start time according to another example. In this example, the template window start time may be established by searching for a post-pace time point that meets criteria relating to an isoelectric baseline amplitude, which may indicate a return to the isoelectric baseline post-pace and diminishing post-pace artifact. In some examples, the isoelectric baseline may be determined as a default or nominal value, e.g., 0 mV or other selected value. In other examples, the isoelectric baseline may be determined from the amplitude of one or more sample points immediately prior to the CSP pulse preceding the post-pace waveform.
[0175] For instance, the processing circuitry may acquire one or more post-pace waveforms at block 752 and, starting a specified minimum number of sample points after the CSP pulse, e.g., 6 to 10 sample points or 8 sample points after the CSP pulse, the processing circuitry may identify the earliest sample point that represents a positive going zero crossing with zero being used as a default isoelectric baseline. The earliest positive amplitude sample point immediately preceded by a negative amplitude sample point may be identified as the positive-going zero crossing. This first positive amplitude sample point following a zero crossing may represent a diminishing post-pace artifact and may be determined as the start time for the template. A test template may be established at block 756 using the template window having the determined start time.
[0176] In other examples, the processing circuitry may determine the template start time at block 754 by determining the isoelectric baseline as the amplitude of the last EGM signal sample point prior to the CSP pulse preceding a post-pace waveform instead of using a default value for the isoelectric baseline, e.g., 0 mV as given in the above example. The processing circuitry may determine the template start time by determining the earliest sample point that represents a positive-going crossing of the isoelectric baseline after a specified minimum number of sample points after the CSP pulse (e.g., 8 sample points after the CSP pulse) . For example, if the isoelectric baseline is –0.2 mV (determined from the amplitude of the last sample point prior to the CSP pulse) the earliest sample point that is at least 8 sample points after the CSP pulse that is greater than –0.2 mV (with the immediately preceding sample point being less than or equal to –0.2 mV) , may be determined as the template window start time at block 754.
[0177] In some cases, the post-pace waveform may not cross the isoelectric baseline (determined from one or more pre-pace sample points or set to a default value) prior to a start time maximum limit. In this case, the start time maximum limit may be selected as the template window start time at block 754. The start time maximum limit may be between 20 and 40 sample points or about 30 sample points after the CSP pulse as non-limiting examples.
[0178] In still other examples, the processing circuitry may determine the start time based at least in part on a positive-going isoelectric baseline crossing by determining the time of the maximum negative (minimum) amplitude peak that occurs after the specified number of sample points after the CSP pulse and before a maximum start time limit. This minimum negative peak time may be referred to as “T (N) . ” The processing circuitry may determine the earliest sample point representing a positive-going isoelectric baseline crossing (set to a default value or determined from a pre-pace sample point amplitude) . The processing circuitry may determine the time of a maximum peak, which may be a positive peak, within a specified early post-pace interval, e.g., within 60 sample points after the CSP pulse. The earliest one of the earliest positive-going isoelectric baseline crossing or the maximum positive peak time may be identified and referred to as “T (P) . ” The processing circuitry may determine the template window start time at block 754 as the mid-way point (or other portion) between T (N) and T (P) . For example, if the minimum peak sample point is a (10) , the 10th sample point, and the earliest one of a positive-going isoelectric baseline crossing or maximum peak is at the sample point a (30) , the 30th sample point, the template window start time may be selected at block 754 as a (15) , the 15th sample point after the CSP pulse.
[0179] In yet another example, processing circuitry of the medical device system may determine the template start time at block 754 by determining the maximum negative (minimum) peak amplitude within an early post-pace time period (e.g., between 8 sample points and 60 sample points after the CSP pulse) . The processing circuitry may determine the amplitude of the last sample point prior to the CSP pulse as the isoelectric baseline. The processing circuity may determine a percentage (e.g., 30%to 70%or 50%as examples) of the amplitude difference between the maximum negative peak amplitude and the isoelectric baseline. The processing circuitry may determine the template window start time as the time of the first sample point between a minimum start time and a maximum start time that has an amplitude equal to or greater than the minimum peak plus a specified percentage of the amplitude difference between the minimum peak and the isoelectric baseline. To illustrate, if the minimum peak that is at least 8 sample points later than the CSP pulse but before 60 sample points after the CSP is –1.5 mV and the isoelectric baseline is –0.1 mV, the time of the earliest sample point having an amplitude of at least – 0.8 mV (half-way between the minimum peak and the isoelectric baseline) may be determined as the template window start time at block 754.
[0180] In yet other examples, any of the foregoing methods that rely on the isoelectric baseline amplitude may utilize a different threshold that is based on the isoelectric baseline for determining a template window sample time. For example, in the above example that identifies the earliest sample point in an early post-pace window having an amplitude that is at least half of the difference between the maximum negative peak and the isoelectric baseline, the processing circuitry may instead determine half of the difference between the maximum negative peak and the isoelectric baseline plus or minus a specified offset. Using the above example wherein the maximum negative peak is –1.5 mV and the isoelectric baseline is –0.1 mV, the processing circuitry may determine the time of the earliest sample point having an amplitude of at least 0.5* (–1.5 mV – (–0.1 mV –0.3 mV) ) , i.e., at least –0.55 mV.
[0181] At block 756, a test template is established by the processing circuitry using the determined template window start time. One or more post-pace waveforms may be acquired over the template window having the determined start time and may be ensemble averaged to obtain a representative post-pace waveform for the established template window. The wavelet transform coefficients may be determined from the post-pace waveform. At block 758, the test template may be evaluated by determining match scores between the test template and multiple post-pace waveforms acquired during a template window having the same start time as determined at block 754.
[0182] At block 760, the processing circuitry may determine if the match scores determined for the test template and multiple post-pace waveforms are within an acceptable variability range. The match scores may additionally be required to be greater than a match threshold when the match scores are determined under conditions that are expected to yield post-pace waveforms having a high match score with the test template. For example, the processing circuitry may determine at least two (but may determine up to 12 or more match scores) to evaluate the established test template. If the range between the maximum match score and the minimum match score determined for n post-pace waveforms is greater than a threshold difference, e.g., greater than a difference of 10, 15 or 20, the test template may not be acceptable. In other examples, the processing circuitry may determine a standard deviation, variability or other measure of spread of the match scores determined for multiple post-pace waveforms and the test template being evaluated. If the standard deviation, variability or range of the match scores is greater than a threshold, for example, the test template may not be acceptable. The template window start time may be too early, resulting in excessive signal variability due to post-pace signal artifact.
[0183] In some instances, the match scores between the test template and multiple, test post-pace waveforms may additionally be required to be greater than a match threshold. The match scores may be determined under conditions that are expected to allow post-pace waveforms to be acquired that are similar to the waveforms used to establish the test template and therefore are expected to yield high match scores with the test template. In some examples, a specified percentage of the match scores or a mean, median or other measure of centeredness of the match scores may be required to be greater than a match threshold, e.g., 70, 80 or 90.
[0184] If the match scores are variable and / or not meeting a match threshold requirement at block 760, the processing circuitry may adjust the template window start time at block 762. In various examples, the processing circuitry may adjust the template window start time by increasing the start time by a specified percentage or number of sample points or by selecting a different method out of the example methods described above for determining the template window start time. At block 756, the processing circuitry may establish a new test template using the adjusted start time for the template window.
[0185] If the variation of the match scores determined for the test template is acceptable, e.g., the range, standard deviation or variability is less than a threshold, and / or the match scores meet a match threshold requirement ( “yes” branch of block 760) , the test template may be deemed acceptable by the processing circuitry. The most recently determined start time used to establish the test template may be stored as the template window start time at block 764. The selected start time defines the template window that is used for acquiring unknown post-pace waveforms for CSP monitoring according to the techniques disclosed herein.
[0186] At block 766, the template features, e.g., wavelet transform coefficients, mean amplitude, maximum absolute peak amplitude, peak time, and / or any of the example template features described herein may be determined and stored for the test template resulting in acceptable match scores. In some examples, the template features for the non- shifted, i+x and i-x (where x may equal 1, 2, 3 or other selected number of sample points) may be stored at block 766 to enable determination of match scores between unknown, post-pace waveforms and the non-shifted, left-shifted and / or right-shifted template.
[0187] It is contemplated that aspects of the method of flow chart 750 in FIG. 14 may be combined with aspects of the method of flow chart 700 of FIG. 13. For example, the methods for determining a start time based on an analysis of the early post-pace signal, e.g., based on at least an isoelectric baseline crossing, may be performed for establishing a first start time. The methods of flow chart 700 of FIG. 13 may then be performed using this first start time for establishing one test template. One or more additional test template windows may be defined by start times based on the first start time, e.g., the first start time ± X sample points, where X may be equal to 2, 4, 5, 6, 10 or other selected number of sample points. The start times tested may be required to be within the limits of a minimum start time and a maximum start time. In an illustrative example, the processing circuitry may determine a start time, e.g., 18 sample points after the CSP pulse, using any of the methods described in conjunction with block 754 of FIG. 14. The processing circuitry may determine test templates using template windows having the determined start time + 6 sample points and the start time –6 sample points, as an example. In this case, the processing circuitry may perform the method of flow chart 700 of FIG. 13 by establishing a test template for each of three different template windows having start times of 12 sample points, 18 sample points and 24 sample points after the CSP pulse. The test template having the highest match score with one or more unknown post-pace waveforms acquired over the same respective template window may be established as the template for CSP monitoring.
[0188] FIG. 15 is a flow chart 800 of a method for controlling CSP according to some examples. For the sake of convenience, the method of flow chart 800 is described as being performed by pacemaker 14 / 114. With continued reference to FIG. 4, at block 802, therapy delivery circuit 84 may deliver CSP according to a programmed pacing mode and “normal” pacing pulse output, e.g., defined by a programmed pacing pulse amplitude and pacing pulse width. In some cases, the “normal” pacing pulse output may be automatically adjusted by control circuit 80 from a user programmed pacing pulse amplitude and / or pacing pulse width based on the results of a capture threshold test. AS such, the “normal” pacing pulse output may be a user programmed pacing pulse output or an automatically adjusted pacing pulse output that is stored in memory 82.
[0189] At block 804, control circuit 80 may determine that it is time for a scheduled or triggered CSP monitoring algorithm to be performed for determining morphology match scores, LVAT and, in some examples, a cardiac contractility metric. When an hourly, daily, weekly or other scheduled time for acquiring CSP monitoring data is reached or a triggering event is detected, control circuit 80 may advance to block 806 to determine a morphology match score. The triggering event may be a command transmitted by external device 50 and received by pacemaker 14 / 114. The triggering event may be detecting a loss of capture, a change in pacing mode or other reprogramming or automatic adjustment of a pacing control parameter.
[0190] At block 806, control circuit 80 may acquire one or more unknown post-pace waveforms and determine the morphology match score between the post-pace waveform (s) and the previously established template, e.g., according to any of the example methods described above. A representative match score may be logged in pacemaker memory 82 with a date and time stamp.
[0191] In some examples, control circuit 80 may determine an LVAT at block 808. The LVAT may be determined from the sensed EGM signal by determining a time from the CSP pulse to a fiducial point of the post-pace waveform, e.g., a time of the maximum peak, a time of a maximum slope of a differential signal determined from the post-pace waveform, or the time of the center of area of the QRS waveform or portion thereof.
[0192] In some examples, control circuit 80 may determine one or more cardiac contractility metrics at block 810. The terms “cardiac contractility” and “contractility” as used herein generally refer to the strength of the contraction of myocardial fibers, e.g., the tension developed or velocity of shortening of the myocardial fibers, for a given preload and afterload. Various contractility metrics may be determined from a cardiac electrical signal or a cardiac mechanical signal that are correlated to the strength of the myocardial contraction. A contractility metric may be determined at block 810 when the match score is being determined. A stable CSP rhythm with regular VCLs may be verified when post-pace waveforms are being acquired for morphology match score determination. During this stable CSP rhythm condition, a contractility metric may be determined to represent the cardiac contractility under these “normal” CSP conditions.
[0193] In some examples, the contractility metric may be determined from the post-pace waveform (s) used for determining the morphology match score at block 802. In one example, the contractility metric determined at block 810 by control circuit 80 is the maximum absolute peak amplitude of the QRS waveform during the template window. The maximum absolute peak amplitude may already be determined by control circuit 80 in the method for determining the match score at block 806, e.g., when vertical shifting is performed to align the post-pace waveform peak with the template peak as described above.
[0194] Additionally or alternatively, a contractility metric may be determined by control circuit 80 from a signal received from sensors 90 of pacemaker 14 / 114. For example, the maximum peak amplitude and / or maximum slope of the S1 heart sound signal may be determined from a heart sound sensor signal. A maximum systolic peak amplitude and / or maximum dP / dt may be determined from a pressure sensor signal. A maximum peak amplitude of a bioimpedance signal and / or a maximum dZ / dt may be determined from the bioimpedance signal. The maximum peak amplitude and / or maximum slope of an acceleration signal received from an accelerometer of sensors 90 may be determined as a contractility metric at block 810. A contractility metric determined from a cardiac mechanical signal may be determined from a post-pace time window that extends longer than the template window from a CSP pulse. The mechanical contraction of the ventricles occurs at a time delay after the pacing-evoked electrical depolarization of the myocardium.
[0195] When a surface ECG signal is available, as received by external device processor 53 via ECG interface 55 (shown in FIG. 1) , a maximum peak R-wave amplitude may be determined from the ECG signal as a contractility metric. Each of the match score, LVAT, and contractility metric (s) during “normal” CSP may be stored in memory 82 of pacemaker 14 / 114 (and or memory 53 of external device 50) .
[0196] At block 812, if therapy delivery circuit 84 is not currently delivering high output CSP ( “no” branch of block 812) , e.g., if therapy delivery circuit 84 is delivering normal pacing pulse output CSP, control circuit 80 may determine if a contractility enhancement trigger is detected at block 814. One or more conditions may be detected by control circuit 80 as a contractility enhancement trigger. In one example, a contractility enhancement trigger is detected when a contractility metric, e.g., maximum absolute peak amplitude of the post-pace waveform, is less than a threshold, indicating that cardiac contractility may be reduced.
[0197] Another example of a contractility enhancement trigger that may be detected by control circuit 80 is a patient activity metric determined from a patient activity sensor signal received from sensors 90 that indicates increased patient activity, e.g., above a resting level or another threshold level, e.g., corresponding to activities of daily living.
[0198] In some examples, pacemaker 14 / 114 may be a rate response pacemaker capable of determining a SIR based on a patient activity metric determined from an accelerometer signal, as described above in conjunction with FIG. 4. In other examples, a different patient activity sensor other than an accelerometer may be used. For example, an impedance measurement circuit may be included for measuring thoracic impedance from which minute ventilation may be determined as the patient activity metric. In still other examples, a temperature sensor may be included in sensors 90 and used in determining a patient activity metric and controlling a rate response pacing rate.
[0199] Therapy delivery circuit 84 may increase the atrial pacing rate during an atrial synchronous CSP mode in which CSP pulses are delivered at an AV interval from the atrial pacing pulses) or increase the CSP rate (during an atrial asynchronous ventricular pacing mode) . The rate response pacing rate may be increased toward a target rate determined based on the SIR to provide the patient with increased cardiac output support during periods of increased metabolic demand. An increase in a patient activity metric, increased SIR, or increased rate response pacing rate may be detected by control circuit 80 as a contractility enhancement trigger at block 814.
[0200] When a contractility enhancement trigger is detected, control circuit 80 may control therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver high output CSP at block 816. High output CSP may be delivered by increasing the CSP pulse amplitude and / or the CSP pulse width. The CSP pulse amplitude may be increased to at least 5 volts (V) , 6 V, 7 V, 8 V, 9 V or 10 V in various examples. Additionally or alternatively the CSP pulse width may be doubled or increased to a maximum available pulse width, as examples. By increasing the CSP pulse output, increased recruitment of bundle branches of the His bundle, LBB and / or RBB and / or increased recruitment of Purkinje fibers may be achieved, thereby increasing the recruitment of myocytes and increasing contractility. Even when capture of at least a portion of the cardiac conduction system may be achieved at the normal CSP pacing pulse output delivered at block 802, to promote a physiological electrical activation pattern of the ventricles, increased recruitment of the conduction system and myocytes by delivering high output CSP pulses can increase cardiac contractility and cardiac output.
[0201] The high output CSP may include delivering CSP pulses at the increased pacing pulse output on every CSP pulse or less than every CSP pulse. For example, every second, every third, every fourth or other specified nth CSP pulse may be delivered as a high output CSP pulse, with intervening CSP pulses delivered at the lower, normal pacing pulse output. In other examples, every third, every fourth or other specified nth CSP pulse may be delivered as normal output CSP pulses with all intervening CSP pulses being high output CSP pulses. A ratio of high output CSP pulses to normal output CSP pulses may be programmed in memory 82 for use in controlling high output CSP delivered by therapy delivery circuit 84. The ratio of high output CSP pulses to normal output CSP pulses may be dependent on the SIR or a patient activity metric in some examples. A higher number of high output CSP pulses may be delivered when the SIR is relatively higher and a lower number of high output CSP pulses may be delivered when the SIR is relatively lower but greater than the programmed lower rate.
[0202] In some examples, if an increased rate response pacing rate triggered the high output CSP, the rate response rate may be increased to less than the target rate that is based on the SIR when high output CSP is delivered. For example, a high level of patient exertion generally lasts a relatively short period of time, e.g., a few minutes or less. The rate response rate may be increased to a percentage of the target rate response pacing rate determined based on the patient activity metric, e.g., 50%, 60%, or 70%of the target rate response pacing rate. High output CSP pulses may be delivered at the reduced rate response pacing rate. The high output CSP pulses can have the effect of increasing cardiac output without having to increase the pacing rate as high as a target rate response pacing rate based on the SIR. Alternatively, the rate response pacing rate may be increased to a relatively higher percentage of the target rate, e.g., 80%of the target rate, if the high output CSP pulses are delivered at a 1: 2 or other specified ratio to the normal output CSP pulses (less than 1: 1) . In this way, control circuit 80 may control the rate response pacing rate and the high output CSP pulse frequency to increase cardiac output while balancing the power requirements and patient comfort.
[0203] During high output CSP, control circuit 80 may return to block 806 to redetermine the monitoring morphology match score, LVAT and the contractility metric (s) . When the high output CSP is in effect ( “yes” branch of block 812) after determining the match score, LVAT and contractility metric at blocks 806, 808 and 810, control circuit 80 may optionally assess the effectiveness of the high output CSP at block 817. Control circuit 80 may determine if improved contractility criteria are satisfied.
[0204] In some examples, control circuit 80 may determine that the improved contractility criteria are satisfied at block 817 by redetermining the contractility metric and determining if the contractility metric is increased by at least a specified percentage or greater than a threshold based on the contractility metric determined during normal output CSP. For instance, control circuit 80 may determine if the maximum absolute peak amplitude of the post-pace waveform is increased by at least 10%, 20%or 30%in various examples compared to the maximum peak amplitude determined from a post-pace waveform during normal output CSP. Additionally or alternatively, control circuit 80 may determine a contractility metric from a sensor signal received from sensor (s) 90 according to any of the examples given above and determine if the contractility metric is increased by at least a threshold difference or percentage compared to a most recent contractility metric determined prior to the onset of the high output CSP.
[0205] When the improved contractility criteria are not satisfied, control circuit 80 may determine if the CSP pulse output is at a maximum limit at block 820. If not, control circuit 80 may control therapy delivery circuit at block 822 to increase the CSP pulse output by a step increment (amplitude and / or pulse width) toward but not greater than the maximum output limit. In other examples, the CSP pulse output may be increased to a maximum pulse amplitude and / or pulse width. Control circuit 80 may return to block 806 to redetermine the match score, LVAT and contractility metric, though it is recognized that in some examples only the contractility metric may be redetermined during high output CSP without necessarily redetermining the match score and / or LVAT every time the contractility metric is determined.
[0206] If the CSP pulse output is at the maximum output limit ( “yes” branch of block 820) or the improved contractility criteria are satisfied ( “yes” branch of block 817) , control circuit 80 may determine if a high output termination condition is detected at block 818. It is to be understood that at any time after high output CSP is initiated, control circuit 80 may monitor for a high output termination condition. In some examples, when the high output CSP is initiated at block 816, control circuit 80 may start a timer or counter to time out or count down a maximum time interval of high output CSP or a maximum number of high output CSP pulses. The high output CSP may be delivered for a limited time period or maximum number of CSP pulses to avoid a premature or early depletion of power source 98 and to avoid any deleterious physiological effects of excessive or chronic high output pacing on the patient’s heart. Control circuit 80 may detect a high output termination condition at block 818 if a maximum high output time period or number of high output CSP pulses has been reached.
[0207] In some examples, control circuit 80 may determine that a high output termination condition is detected when the CSP pulse output is at the maximum limit ( “yes” branch of block 820) but improved contractility criteria are not met at block 817. For example, if the contractility metric is not increased even when the maximum pulse output is being delivered, control circuit 80 may detect a high output termination condition. Increased current drain from power source 98 without increased contractility is not warranted.
[0208] Control circuit 80 may resume normal output CSP at block 802.
[0209] Additionally or alternatively, control circuit 80 may determine that a high output termination condition is detected when a change, e.g., a decrease, in the match score is detected and / or an increase in LVAT is detected during the high output CSP. A decrease in the match score and / or an increase in LVAT may indicate that the high output CSP has resulted in a change in capture type or ventricular activation pattern. In this case, the change in ventricular activation pattern, which may be to a less physiologically normal activation pattern or introducing a dyssynchrony in ventricular activation, may be less beneficial than any increase in cardiac contractility induced by the high output CSP. Control circuit 80 may resume normal output CSP at block 802 in response to detecting a high output termination condition by detecting a decrease in the match score and / or increase in LVAT during the high output CSP compared to normal output CSP and / or to values less than match score threshold and / or greater than a LVAT threshold, respectively.
[0210] In other examples, control circuit 80 may detect a high output termination condition if the contractility enhancement trigger detected at block 814 is no longer detected. For example, if an increased patient activity metric, SIR or rate response pacing rate triggered the high output CSP but the patient activity metric or SIR has decreased, control circuit 80 may detect a high output termination condition at block 818. If a high output termination condition is not detected, control circuit 80 may return to block 804 to wait for the next scheduled or triggered CSP monitoring time. If the high output termination condition is detected at block 818, control circuit 80 may return to block 801 and control therapy delivery circuit 84 to restore the normal CSP pulse amplitude and pulse width for delivering normal output CSP. In some examples, the scheduled times for CSP monitoring may be increased during high output CSP compared to normal output CSP to enable more frequent monitoring of the match scores, LVAT and / or contractility metrics.
[0211] Referring again to block 812, if high output CSP is not in effect ( “no” branch of block 812) and a contractility enhancement trigger is not detected ( “no” branch of block 814) , control circuit 80 may determine, at block 830, if a change in the morphology match score most recently determined (at block 806) represents a morphology change from the template and / or a previously determined morphology match score. Control circuit 80 may determine a change in the match score if the match score determined at block 806 during normal or high output CSP is less than a match threshold, e.g., less than 50, 60, 70 or other specified match threshold. Control circuit 80 may determine a change in the match score if a difference between the match score determined at block 806 is more than a threshold difference or percentage lower the most recent preceding match score (which may have been determined during normal output CSP before or after high output CSP or during high output CSP) . As further described below, the morphology match score determined during high output CSP is expected to be similar to the normal output CSP match scores when the capture type has not changed. For example, the template may be established for a desired ventricular activation pattern during capture of at least a portion of the conduction system. The wavelet transform morphology matching methods described herein are amplitude-independent such that, if the waveform shape is similar, even if the sample point amplitudes of the QRS waveform are increased due to an increase in cardiac contractility, a high match score will still be determined. Thus, during high output CSP, the match scores and LVAT that are indicative of capture of the conduction system, which may be selective or non-selective, may remain relatively stable compared to the match scores and LVAT determined during normal output CSP. However, the maximum absolute peak amplitude (which may be the R-wave peak amplitude) may be increased during high output CSP indicating increased cardiac contractility due to increased recruitment of myocytes for the same or similar ventricular activation pattern (e.g., advancement of the depolarization wavefront via the conduction system and through the myocardium following capture of at least a portion of the conduction system) .
[0212] As such, a match score change detected at block 830 may be based on an analysis of match scores determined during normal CSP and / or high output CSP if an episode of high output CSP has occurred. In other examples, the match score change detected at block 830 may be determined by control circuit 80 from match scores determined only during normal output CSP.
[0213] In some examples, the most recent match score is compared to a long-term running average of preceding match scores, e.g., 5 to 20 most recent preceding match scores. In other examples, a short-term running average (e.g., average of most recent three match scores) may be compared to a long-term running average match score. In still other examples, the most recent match score is compared to a specified match score threshold at block 830. When a match score change is not detected, e.g., the match score is greater than the match threshold and / or within a specified range of a preceding match score or running average match score, control circuit 80 may return to block 802 and continue delivering normal output CSP.
[0214] However, when the most recent match score or the short-term running average match score is less than a match threshold and / or more than a threshold difference or percentage less than a preceding match score or long-term running average match score, control circuit 80 may perform a morphology change response at block 832. In some examples, if a threshold number of match scores less than a match threshold, e.g., if at least three consecutive match scores (or X of Y most recent match scores) are less than 70%, control circuit 80 may detect a match score change at block 830. The morphology change response performed at block 832 may include transmitting a clinician and / or patient alert, e.g., via telemetry circuit 88.
[0215] The morphology change response performed by control circuit 80 may include transmitting CSP monitoring data to external device 50 for generating a display of morphology match scores and other related data, e.g., as described above in conjunction with FIGs. 10 and 12 or described below in conjunction with FIG. 16. The morphology change response may include performing a capture threshold search, e.g., by controlling therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver CSP pulses at multiple pacing pulse outputs until the lowest pacing pulse output associated with a match score that is greater than the match threshold (and / or within a threshold difference or percentage of previous match thresholds) is identified as the capture threshold. The morphology change response may include increasing the normal output CSP pulse amplitude and / or pulse width until a match score that is greater than the match threshold, e.g., 70, and / or within a threshold difference or percentage of one or more preceding match scores or long-term running average match scores.
[0216] In some examples, a response to the match score change may include adjusting a pacing interval. For instance, a change in the match score may occur if the AV pacing interval is too long and an atrial depolarization is intrinsically conducted to the ventricles earlier than the CSP pulse is delivered during an atrial synchronous pacing mode. As such, in some examples, the morphology change response performed at block 832 may include shortening an AV pacing interval. In some examples, the morphology change may occur during a single chamber ventricular pacing mode, e.g., VVI or VDI pacing mode, when an intrinsic ventricular rate is the same or slightly faster than the CSP rate or when atrial depolarizations are being conducted at irregular intervals resulting in some intrinsically conducted depolarizations earlier than the CSP pulse or fused with the CSP evoked response. As such, in some examples, the morphology change response performed by control circuit 80 may include adjusting, e.g., increasing, the CSP rate by shortening an LRI. In other cases, the CSP rate may be decreased at block 834 in response to the morphology change if CSP is being delivered to or in the area of the LBB at pacing intervals intended to fuse with intrinsic depolarization of the RBB (or vice versa) and the pacing rate of the LBB has become faster than the intrinsically conducted rate.
[0217] Accordingly, a number of responses may be performed by control circuit 80 at block 832 when a change in the post-pace waveform morphology is detected at block 830 based on the monitored match scores. It is to be understood that the morphology change responses described here may be performed based on CSP monitoring methods disclosed herein, with or without the high output CSP methods described in conjunction with flow chart 800. For example, high output CSP may be disabled or turned “off” by a user interacting with external device 50. In other examples, the methods for monitoring CSP by at least determining morphology match scores as disclosed herein may be implemented in pacemaker 14 / 114 that is not configured to control the therapy delivery circuit 84 to deliver high output CSP. As such, the morphology change responses performed at block 832 may be performed in a method that does not necessarily include determining a contractility metric, detecting a contractility enhancement trigger and delivering high output CSP. Furthermore, in some examples, pacemaker 14 / 114 configured to perform high output CSP according to the methods described in conjunction with FIG. 15 may or may not be performed to detect and respond to a morphology change as described in conjunction with block 832. In some examples, the CSP monitoring is performed by accumulating the match scores and optionally LVATs and / or contractility metric (s) , which can be logged in memory 82 with corresponding time and date stamps and pacing control parameters in effect at the time, for transmission and reporting of the CSP monitoring data as described above in conjunction with the flow charts and diagrams presented herein.
[0218] FIG. 16 is a diagram 850 of CSP monitoring metrics that may be determined by processing circuitry of a medical device system according to some examples. The diagram 850 is shown including time-based plots of LVATs 860, match scores 870, maximum absolute peak amplitudes of post-pace waveforms 880, and CSP pulse amplitude 890. The plots shown in diagram 850 may be generated by external device processor 52 for display in a GUI on display unit 54 in some examples. For example, the time-based graphical representations of CSP monitoring metrics (and CSP pulse output) may be included in a display including aspects of the GUI diagram illustrated in FIG. 10.
[0219] In the example shown, the first plotted LVAT 862, match score 872 and maximum absolute peak amplitude 882 are determined from the EGM signal sensed by sensing circuit 86 during an intrinsic ventricular rhythm (atrial paced or sensed) , e.g., when CSP is withheld or set to 0 mV pulse amplitude. An intrinsic LVAT, morphology match score and R-wave amplitude (determined as the maximum absolute peak amplitude of the intrinsic waveform) may be determined at the time that the template is established to establish baseline values of each respective metric and may be updated at later times, e.g., when morphology match scores are determined according to a CSP monitoring protocol, by withholding a CSP pulse for one cardiac cycle and / or acquiring the a post-sense waveform following a Vsense signal from sensing circuit 86.
[0220] CSP is delivered by pacemaker 14 / 114 at a normal CSP pulse output as indicated by pacing pulse amplitude 892. The processing circuitry of the medical device system may determine the LVAT, match score, and maximum absolute peak amplitude of the post-pace waveforms at scheduled CSP monitoring intervals. Representative values of the monitored metrics may be displayed, which may be hourly, daily, weekly or monthly averaged metrics in some examples. At arrow 895, a contractility enhancement trigger is detected by pacemaker control circuit 80. Therapy delivery circuit 84 delivers high output CSP at the increased CSP pulse amplitude 894 for at least a portion of the CSP pulses. Control circuit 80 may continue to determine the LVATs, morphology match scores, and maximum absolute peak amplitudes during the high output CSP. In some examples, the post-pace waveform maximum absolute peak amplitude may be determined at shorter monitoring time intervals (more frequently) during high output CSP to verify increased contractility during the high output CSP. In other examples, the morphology match scores and LVATs may be determined at the same frequency as the contractility metric, in this example determined as the maximum absolute peak amplitude of the post-pace waveform.
[0221] At arrow 896, control circuit 80 detects a high output termination condition. Therapy delivery circuit 84 restores the normal output CSP by delivering CSP pulses at the pulse amplitude 892. During normal output CSP (pulse amplitude 892) and high output CSP (pulse amplitude 894) , the LVATs 864 are reduced compared to the intrinsic LVAT 862. During normal output CSP and high output CSP, the morphology match scores 874 are relatively high, e.g., greater than a match threshold 873. The decreased LVATs 864 compared to the intrinsic LVAT 862 and the high morphology match scores 874 relative to the intrinsic match score 872 (all determined using a template that may be confirmed to represent conduction system capture and a desired ventricular activation pattern) indicate consistent conduction system pacing capture during both low output and high output CSP. The morphology match scores 874 consistently greater than the match threshold 873 provide a clinician with an instantaneous confirmation that CSP is effective in maintaining a desired ventricular activation pattern.
[0222] The maximum absolute peak amplitudes 884 and 884’ during normal output CSP may not be clinically significantly different than the intrinsic (post-sense) maximum absolute peak amplitude 882. CSP capture may improve the ventricular activation pattern, as demonstrated by the consistent, relatively high morphology matching scores 874 and short LVATs. Cardiac contractility, however, may or may not change during normal output CSP compared to intrinsic ventricular depolarizations, for given preload, afterload and heart rate conditions.
[0223] The processing circuitry of the medical device system may confirm increased contractility during high output CSP when the morphology match scores and LVATs are relatively unchanged compared to normal output CSP match scores and LVATs but the maximum absolute peak amplitude, determined as a contractility metric, is increased (as shown by peak amplitudes 886 compared to normal output CSP peak amplitudes 884 and 884’) . For example, during the method of flow chart 800, control circuit 80 may confirm that improved contractility criteria are satisfied at block 817 when the match score determined at block 806 is greater than a match threshold 873 and / or the LVAT determined at block 808 is less than an LVAT threshold 863 and the contractility metric, in this case the maximum absolute peak amplitude 886, is increased compared to normal output CSP, e.g., greater than an amplitude threshold 883. The amplitude threshold 883 may be set based on the intrinsic maximum absolute peak amplitude 882 and / or the maximum absolute peak amplitudes 884 determined during normal output CSP, e.g., an offset or percentage greater than maximum peak amplitudes 882 and / or 884.
[0224] As such, by generating and displaying at least the morphology match scores and a contractility metric, e.g., the maximum absolute peak amplitude of the post-pace waveform, the medical device system provides a clinician with a succinct, clear summary of the pacemaker performance in delivering CSP for maintaining and promoting a desired ventricular activation pattern and, in some examples, increasing cardiac contractility on demand. When a morphology match score falls below threshold 874, the contractility metric is not increased during high output CSP, and / or the LVAT increases above threshold 863, the clinician readily recognizes that CSP control parameters may require adjustments, the template and / or template window may need updating, or other patient follow-up or intervention may be warranted.
[0225] Further disclosed herein is the subject matter of the following examples:
[0226] Example 1. A medical device system including a sensing circuit configured to sense at least one cardiac electrical signal and a therapy delivery circuit configured to deliver conduction system pacing pulses for capturing at least a portion of the cardiac conduction system. The medical device system further includes a memory configured to store a start time and an end time of a template window. The medical device system further includes processing circuitry configured to acquire from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a first post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a first conduction system pacing pulse delivered by the therapy delivery circuit, establish a template using at least the first post-pace waveform and determine a first representative amplitude of the template. The processing circuitry may be further configured to acquire from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a second post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a second conduction system pacing pulse delivered by the therapy delivery circuit, determine a second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform, determine a difference between the first representative amplitude and the second representative amplitude and determine if the difference meets a difference threshold. The processing circuitry may be further configured to, in response to the difference meeting the difference threshold, perform a vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to obtain a vertically shifted second post-pace waveform and determine at least a first match score between the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform and the template. The processing circuitry may be further configured to, in response to the difference not meeting the difference threshold, determine at least a second match score between the template and the second post-pace waveform. The processing circuitry may be configured to determine a representative match score using at least one of the first match score or the second match score. The medical device system may include a display unit configured to receive at least the representative match score for displaying a match score history using the representative match score.
[0227] Example 2. The medical device system of example 1 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine a first landmark time from the template, determine a second landmark time from the second post-pace waveform, determine a time difference between the first landmark time and the second landmark time and determine if the time difference is less than a time threshold. The processing circuitry may be configured to, in response to the time difference being less than the time threshold, before determining the at least one of the first match score or the second match score, shift the vertically shifted second post-pace waveform or the second post-pace waveform by the time difference to horizontally align the first landmark time and the second landmark time. The processing circuitry may be further configured to, in response to the time difference not being less than the time threshold, determine the at least one of the first match score or the second match score without shifting the vertically shifted second post-pace waveform or the second post-pace waveform by the time difference.
[0228] Example 3. The medical device system of example 2 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine the first landmark time by: determining a first maximum peak amplitude from the template, determining a polarity of the first maximum peak amplitude and determining the first landmark time as a time of the first maximum peak amplitude. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine the second landmark time by determining from the second post-pace waveform a second maximum peak amplitude having the polarity of the first maximum peak amplitude and determining the second landmark time as a time of the second maximum peak amplitude.
[0229] Example 4. The medical device system of any one of examples 1-3 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine the first representative amplitude of the template by determining a first mean amplitude of sample points of the template spanning the template window and determine the second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform by determining a second mean amplitude of sample points of the second post-pace waveform spanning the template window.
[0230] Example 5. The medical device system of any one of examples 1-4 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine from the template a first peak amplitude having a polarity, determine from the second-post pace waveform a second peak amplitude having the polarity of the first peak amplitude and, in response to the difference meeting the difference threshold, perform the vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to vertically align the second peak amplitude with the first peak amplitude.
[0231] Example 6. The medical device system of any one of examples 1 –5 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to perform at least one timewise shift of the template, determine at least a third match score between the at least one timewise shifted template and at least one of the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform or the second post-pace waveform and determine the representative match score as a maximum match score from among at least the third match score and at least one of the first match score or the second match score.
[0232] Example 7. The medical device system of any one of examples 1 –6 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to acquire the first post-pace waveform for use in establishing the template at a template time and acquire the second post-pace waveform from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed at a second time that is earlier than the first time.
[0233] Example 8. The medical device system of any one of examples 1 –7 further comprising a user interface configured to receive at least one of a user adjusted start time or a user adjusted end time of the template window and wherein the display unit is further configured to display at least the first post-pace waveform superimposed by the template window and display the template window according to the at least one of the user adjusted start time or the user adjusted end time.
[0234] Example 9. The medical device system of any one of examples 1 –8 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine the start time of the template window by, for each of a plurality of test start times of the template window, establishing a test template from the at least one cardiac electrical signal and determining a test match score between the test template and a test post-pace waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal. The processing circuitry being further configured to determine a maximum one of the test match scores and determine the start time as one of the plurality of test start times associated with the maximum one of the test match scores.
[0235] Example 10. The medical device system of any one of examples 1 –9 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine the start time of the template window by determining an isoelectric baseline of the at least one cardiac electrical signal and determining the start time based on at least a crossing time of the isoelectric baseline of the first post-pace waveform.
[0236] Example 11. The medical device system of any one of examples 1 –10 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to detect a cardiac contractility enhancement condition and the therapy delivery circuit is further configured to deliver the second conduction system pacing pulse having a first pulse output and deliver high output conduction system pacing pulses having a second pulse output greater than the first pulse output in response to the processing circuitry detecting the cardiac contractility enhancement condition.
[0237] Example 12. The medical device system of example 11 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine a first contractility metric by determining a first maximum peak amplitude from at least one of the template or the second post-pace waveform, acquire from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a third post-pace waveform after one of the high output conduction system pacing pulses, determine a second contractility metric by determining a second maximum peak amplitude from at least the third post-pace waveform and detect an increase in cardiac contractility by determining that the first contractility metric is less than the second contractility metric.
[0238] Example 13. The medical device system of example 12 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine a high output pacing match score between at least the third post-pace waveform and the template, determine that the high output pacing match score is within a matching range of the representative match score and detect an increase in cardiac contractility by determining that the first contractility metric is less than the second contractility metric and the high output pacing match score being within the matching range of the representative match score. The display unit may be further configured to display at least one of the first contractility metric, the second contractility metric, and the high output match score.
[0239] Example 14. The medical device system of any one of examples 12-13 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to detect the cardiac contractility enhancement condition by determining that the first contractility metric is less than a contractility threshold.
[0240] Example 15. The medical device system of any one of examples 12-14 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine the first contractility metric by determining a first maximum peak amplitude of the template or the second post-pace waveform and determine the second contractility metric by determining a second maximum peak amplitude of the third post-pace waveform.
[0241] Example 16. The medical device system of any one of examples 11-15 further comprising a sensor configured to sense a patient activity signal and wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to detect the cardiac contractility enhancement condition by detecting an increase in patient activity from the patient activity signal and determine a rate response pacing rate based on the patient activity signal. The therapy delivery circuit may be further configured to deliver rate response conduction system pacing pulses for capturing at least the portion of the cardiac conduction system at a pacing rate that is less than the rate response pacing rate, the rate response conduction system pacing pulses comprising the high output conduction system pacing pulses having the second pulse output.
[0242] Example 17. The medical device system of any one of examples 11-16 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to detect a high output pacing termination condition and the therapy delivery circuit is further configured to terminate delivery of the high output conduction system pacing pulses in response to the processing circuitry detecting the high output pacing termination condition.
[0243] Example 18. The medical device system of example 17 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to detect the high output pacing termination condition by determining a high output pacing match score between the template and at least one high output post-pace waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal, determine that the high output pacing match score is less than a threshold match score and detect the high output pacing termination condition in response to determining that the high output pacing match score is less than the threshold match score.
[0244] Example 19. The medical device system of any one of examples 1-18 further comprising an implantable pacemaker comprising a housing enclosing the sensing circuit and the therapy delivery circuit and an external device comprising the display unit. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine that the representative match score is less than a match threshold and adjust a therapy control parameter used by the therapy delivery circuit to generate the conduction system pacing pulses in response to the representative match score being less than the match threshold.
[0245] Example 20. A method comprising sensing at least one cardiac electrical signal, delivering conduction system pacing pulses for capturing at least a portion of the cardiac conduction system, storing a start time and an end time of a template window and acquiring from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a first post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a first conduction system pacing pulse of the delivered conduction system pacing pulses. The method may further include establishing a template using at least the first post-pace waveform and determining a first representative amplitude of the template. The method may further include acquiring from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a second post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a second conduction system pacing pulse of the delivered conduction system pacing pulses, determining a second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform, determining a difference between the first representative amplitude and the second representative amplitude and determining if the difference meets a difference threshold. The method may include, in response to the difference meeting the difference threshold, performing a vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to obtain a vertically shifted second post-pace waveform and determining at least a first match score between the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform and the template. The method may include, in response to the difference not meeting the difference threshold, determining at least a second match score between the template and the second post-pace waveform. The method may include determining a representative match score using at least one of the first match score or the second match score and displaying a match score history using the representative match score.
[0246] Example 21. The method of example 20 further comprising determining a first landmark time from the template, determining a second landmark time from the second post-pace waveform, determining a time difference between the first landmark time and the second landmark time, and determining if the time difference is less than a time threshold. The method may include, in response to the time difference being less than the time threshold, before determining the at least one of the first match score or the second match score, shift the second post-pace waveform or the vertically shifted second post-pace waveform by the time difference to horizontally align the first landmark time and the second landmark time. In response to the time difference not being less than the time threshold, determine the at least one of the first match score or the second match score without shifting the second post-pace waveform or the vertically shifted second post-pace waveform by the time difference.
[0247] Example 22. The method of example 21 further comprising determining the first landmark time by determining a first maximum peak amplitude from the template, determining a polarity of the first maximum peak amplitude and determining the first landmark time as a time of the first maximum peak amplitude. The method may further include determining the second landmark time by determining, from the second post-pace waveform, a second maximum peak amplitude having the polarity of the first maximum peak amplitude and determining the second landmark time as a time of the second maximum peak amplitude.
[0248] Example 23. The method of one of examples 20-22 further comprising determining the first representative amplitude of the template by determining a first mean amplitude of sample points of the template spanning the template window and determining the second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform by determining a second mean amplitude of sample points of the second post-pace waveform spanning the template window.
[0249] Example 24. The method of any one of examples 20-23 further comprising determining from the template a first peak amplitude having a polarity, determining from the second post-pace waveform a second peak amplitude having the polarity of the first peak amplitude and, in response to the difference meeting the difference threshold, performing the vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to vertically align the second peak amplitude with the first peak amplitude.
[0250] Example 25. The method of any one of examples 20 –24 further comprising performing at least one timewise shift of the template, determining at least a third match score between the at least one timewise shifted template and at least one of the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform or the second post-pace waveform and determining the representative match score as a maximum match score from among at least the third match score and at least one of the first match score or the second match score.
[0251] Example 26. The method of any one of examples 20 –25 further comprising acquiring the first post-pace waveform for use in establishing the template at a template time and acquiring the second post-pace waveform from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed at a second time that is earlier than the template time.
[0252] Example 27. The method of any one of examples 20 –26 further comprising receiving at least one of a user adjusted start time or a user adjusted end time of the template window, displaying at least the first post-pace waveform superimposed by the template window and displaying the template window according to the at least one of the user adjusted start time or the user adjusted end time.
[0253] Example 28. The method of any one of examples 20 –27 further comprising determining the start time of the template window by, for each of a plurality of test start times of the template window, establishing a test template from the at least one cardiac electrical signal and determining a test match score between the test template and a test post-pace waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal. The method further including determining a maximum one of the test match scores and determining the start time as one of the plurality of test start times associated with the maximum one of the test match scores.
[0254] Example 29. The method of any one of examples 20 –28 further comprising determining the start time of the template window by determining an isoelectric baseline of the at least one cardiac electrical signal and determining the start time based on at least a crossing time of the isoelectric baseline of the first post-pace waveform.
[0255] Example 30. The method of any one of examples 20 –29 further comprising detecting a cardiac contractility enhancement condition, delivering the second conduction system pacing pulse having a first pulse output and delivering high output conduction system pacing pulses having a second pulse output greater than the first pulse output in response to detecting the cardiac contractility enhancement condition.
[0256] Example 31. The method of example 30 further comprising determining a first contractility metric from at least one of the template or the second post-pace waveform, acquiring from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a third post-pace waveform after one of the high output conduction system pacing pulses, determining a second contractility metric from at least the third post-pace waveform and detecting an increase in cardiac contractility by determining that the first contractility metric is less than the second contractility metric.
[0257] Example 32. The method of example 31 further comprising determining a high output pacing match score between at least the third post-pace waveform and the template, determining that the high output pacing match score is within a matching range of the representative match score, detecting an increase in cardiac contractility by determining that the first contractility metric is less than the second contractility metric and the high output pacing match score is within the matching range of the representative match score. The method may include displaying at least one of the first contractility metric, the second contractility metric, or the high output match score.
[0258] Example 33. The method of any one of examples 31-32 further comprising detecting the cardiac contractility enhancement condition by determining that the first contractility metric is less than a contractility threshold.
[0259] Example 34. The method of any one of examples 31-33 further comprising determining the first contractility metric by determining a first maximum peak amplitude of the template or the second post-pace waveform and determining the second contractility metric by determining a second maximum peak amplitude of the third post-pace waveform.
[0260] Example 35. The method of any one of examples 30-34 further comprising sensing a patient activity signal, detecting the cardiac contractility enhancement condition by detecting an increase in patient activity from the patient activity signal, determining a rate response pacing rate based on the patient activity signal, and delivering rate response conduction system pacing pulses for capturing at least the portion of the cardiac conduction system at a pacing rate that is less than the rate response pacing rate, the rate response conduction system pacing pulses comprising the high output conduction system pacing pulses having the second pulse output.
[0261] Example 36. The method of any one of examples 30-35 further comprising detecting a high output pacing termination condition and terminating delivery of the high output conduction system pacing pulses in response to detecting the high output pacing termination condition.
[0262] Example 37. The method of example 36 further comprising detecting the high output pacing termination condition by determining a high output pacing match score between the template and at least one high output post-pace waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal, determining that the high output pacing match score is less than a threshold match score and detecting the high output pacing termination condition in response to determining that the high output pacing match score is less than the threshold match score.
[0263] Example 38. The method of any one of examples 20-37 further comprising determining that one of the first match score or the second match score is less than a match threshold and adjusting a therapy control parameter used to deliver the conduction system pacing pulses in response to one of the first match score or the second match score being less than the match threshold.
[0264] Example 39. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a start time and an end time of a template window and storing instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry of a medical device system, cause the medical device system to sense at least one cardiac electrical signal, deliver conduction system pacing pulses for capturing at least a portion of the cardiac conduction system and acquire, from the at least one cardiac electrical signal, a first post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a first conduction system pacing pulse of the delivered conduction system pacing pulses. The instructions may further cause the medical device system to establish a template using at least the first post-pace waveform, determine a first representative amplitude of the template, acquire from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a second post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a second conduction system pacing pulse of the delivered conduction system pacing pulses, determine a second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform and determine a difference between the first representative amplitude and the second representative amplitude. The instructions may further cause the medical device system to determine if the difference meets a difference threshold and, in response to the difference meeting the difference threshold, perform a vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to obtain a vertically shifted second post-pace waveform and determine at least a first match score between the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform and the template. The instructions may further cause the medical device system to, in response to the difference not meeting the difference threshold, determine at least a second match score between the template and the second post-pace waveform and determine a representative match score using at least one of the first match score or the second match score. The instructions may further cause the medical device system to display a match score history using the representative match score.
[0265] Example 40. A medical device system including a sensing circuit configured to sense a cardiac electrical signal, a therapy delivery circuit configured to deliver conduction system pacing pulses at a first rate and at a first pulse output that captures at least a portion of a cardiac conduction system. The medical device system may include processing circuitry configured to determine a first maximum peak amplitude of a first post-pace waveform of the cardiac electrical signal sensed by the sensing circuit following at least one conduction system pacing pulse delivered at the first pulse output, control the therapy delivery circuit to deliver conduction system pacing pulses at a second pulse output that is greater than the first pulse output, determine a second maximum peak amplitude of a second post-pace waveform of the cardiac electrical signal sensed by the sensing circuit following at least one of the conduction system pacing pulses delivered at the second pulse output, determine that the second maximum peak amplitude is greater than the first maximum peak amplitude and confirm that cardiac contractility is increased in response to at least the second maximum peak amplitude being greater than the first maximum peak amplitude.
[0266] Example 41. The medical device system of example 40 further comprising at least one sensor configured to sense a physiological signal. The processing circuitry may be further configured to detect a cardiac contractility enhancement condition from at least one of the physiological signal or the cardiac electrical signal and control the therapy delivery circuit to deliver the conduction system pacing pulses at the second pulse output in response to detecting the cardiac contractility enhancement condition.
[0267] Example 42. The medical device system of example 41 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine that the first maximum peak amplitude is less than a contractility threshold and detect the cardiac contractility enhancement condition as the first maximum peak amplitude being less than the contractility threshold.
[0268] Example 43. The medical device system of any one of claims 2-3 wherein the at least one sensor is configured to sense the physiological signal by sensing a patient activity signal and the processing circuitry is further configured to detect the cardiac contractility enhancement condition by detecting an increase in patient activity from the patient activity signal.
[0269] Example 44. The medical device system of example 43 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine a rate response pacing rate based on the patient activity signal, control the therapy delivery circuit to deliver the conduction system pacing pulses at the second pulse output at a second rate that is greater than the first rate and less than the rate response pacing rate.
[0270] Example 45. The medical device system of any one of examples 40-44 further comprising at least one sensor configured to sense a cardiac mechanical signal and wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine a contractility metric from the cardiac mechanical signal. The processing circuitry may be further configured to determine that the contractility metric is less than a threshold, detect a cardiac contractility enhancement condition as the contractility metric being less than the threshold and control the therapy delivery circuit to deliver the conduction system pacing pulses at the second pulse output in response to detecting the cardiac contractility enhancement condition.
[0271] Example 46. The medical device system of any one of examples 40-45 further comprising a memory configured to store a template. The processing circuitry may be further configured to acquire from the cardiac electrical signal a high output post-pace waveform that follows one of the conduction system pacing pulses delivered at the second pulse output, determine a high output match score between at least the high output post-pace waveform and the template, and determine that the high output match score is greater than a match threshold. The processing circuitry may be configured to confirm the increase in cardiac contractility in response to at least the second maximum peak amplitude being greater than the first maximum peak amplitude and the high output match score being greater than the match threshold.
[0272] Example 47. The medical device system of any one of examples 40-46 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine a left ventricular activation time from the cardiac electrical signal, determine that the left ventricular activation time is less than a threshold, and confirm the increase in cardiac contractility in response to at least the second maximum peak amplitude being greater than the first maximum peak amplitude and the left ventricular activation time being less than the threshold.
[0273] Example 48. The medical device system of any one of examples 40-47 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to detect a termination condition and control the therapy delivery circuit to terminate delivery of the conduction system pacing pulses at the second pulse output in response to the processing circuitry detecting the termination condition.
[0274] Example 49. The medical device system of example 48 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to detect the termination condition by at least one of: detecting a decrease in patient physical activity; detecting expiration of a maximum time limit; detecting a maximum number of conduction system pacing pulses delivered by the therapy delivery circuit at the second pulse output; determining, from the cardiac electrical signal, a left ventricular activation time that is greater than a threshold; or detecting a decreased match score by: determining a template from the cardiac electrical signal, acquiring, from the cardiac electrical signal, a high output post-pace waveform sensed by the sensing circuit during a template window following a conduction system pacing pulse delivered at the second pulse output, determining a match score between the high output post-pace waveform and the template, determining that the match score is less than a match threshold, and detecting the decreased match score when the match score is less than the match threshold.
[0275] Example 50. The medical device system of any one of examples 40-49 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine that cardiac contractility is not increased when at least the second maximum peak amplitude is not greater than the first maximum peak amplitude and, in response to cardiac contractility not being increased, at least one of: control the therapy delivery circuit to terminate delivering the conduction system pacing pulses at the second pulse output or control the therapy delivery circuit to deliver conduction system pacing pulses at a third pulse output that is greater than the second pulse output.
[0276] Example. 51. The medical device system of any one of examples 40-50 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to control the therapy delivery circuit to deliver the conduction system pacing pulses having the second pacing pulse output in combination with the conduction system pacing pulses having the first pacing pulse output at a ratio of second pacing pulse output pulses to first pacing pulse output pulses that is different than 1: 1.
[0277] It should be understood that, depending on the example, certain acts or events of any of the methods described herein can be performed in a different sequence, in parallel, may be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not all described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the method) . Moreover, in certain examples, acts or events may be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors, rather than sequentially. In addition, while certain aspects of this disclosure are described as being performed by a single processor, circuit or unit for purposes of clarity, it should be understood that the techniques of this disclosure may be performed by a combination of processors, units or circuits associated with, for example, a medical device system.
[0278] In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by one or more hardware-based processing units. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media (e.g., RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer) .
[0279] Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs) , or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor, ” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.
[0280] Thus, a medical device system has been presented in the foregoing description with reference to specific examples. It is to be understood that various aspects disclosed herein may be combined in different combinations than the specific combinations presented in the accompanying drawings. It is appreciated that various modifications to the referenced examples may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure and the following claims.
Claims
1.A medical device system, comprising:a sensing circuit configured to sense at least one cardiac electrical signal;a therapy delivery circuit configured to deliver conduction system pacing pulses for capturing at least a portion of the cardiac conduction system;a memory configured to store a start time and an end time of a template window; andprocessing circuitry configured to:acquire from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a first post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a first conduction system pacing pulse delivered by the therapy delivery circuit;establish a template using at least the first post-pace waveform;determine a first representative amplitude of the template;acquire from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a second post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a second conduction system pacing pulse delivered by the therapy delivery circuit;determine a second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform;determine a difference between the first representative amplitude and the second representative amplitude;determine if the difference meets a difference threshold;in response to the difference meeting the difference threshold:perform a vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to obtain a vertically shifted second post-pace waveform; anddetermine at least a first match score between the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform and the template;in response to the difference not meeting the difference threshold,determine at least a second match score between the template and the second post-pace waveform;determine a representative match score using at least one of the first match score or the second match score; anda display unit configured to receive at least the representative match score for displaying a match score history using the representative match score.2.The medical device system of claim 1 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to:determine a first landmark time from the template;determine a second landmark time from the second post-pace waveform;determine a time difference between the first landmark time and the second landmark time;determine if the time difference is less than a time threshold;in response to the time difference being less than the time threshold, before determining the at least one of the first match score or the second match score, shift the second post-pace waveform or the vertically shifted second post-pace waveform by the time difference to horizontally align the first landmark time and the second landmark time; andin response to the time difference not being less than the time threshold, determine the at least one of the first match score or the second match score without shifting the second post-pace waveform or the vertically shifted second post-pace waveform by the time difference.3.The medical device system of claim 2 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to:determine the first landmark time by:determining a first maximum peak amplitude from the template;determining a polarity of the first maximum peak amplitude; anddetermining the first landmark time as a time of the first maximum peak amplitude; anddetermine the second landmark time by:determining from the second post-pace waveform a second maximum peak amplitude having the polarity of the first maximum peak amplitude; anddetermining the second landmark time as a time of the second maximum peak amplitude.4.The medical device system of any one of claims 1-3 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to:determine the first representative amplitude of the template by determining a first mean amplitude of sample points of the template spanning the template window; anddetermine the second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform by determining a second mean amplitude of sample points of the second post-pace waveform spanning the template window.5.The medical device system of any one of claims 1-4 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to:determine from the template a first peak amplitude having a polarity;determine from the second-post pace waveform a second peak amplitude having the polarity of the first peak amplitude; andin response to the difference meeting the difference threshold, perform the vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to vertically align the second peak amplitude with the first peak amplitude.6.The medical device system of any one of claims 1-5 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to:perform at least one timewise shift of the template;determine at least a third match score between the at least one timewise shifted template and at least one of the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform or the second post-pace waveform; anddetermine the representative match score as a maximum match score from among at least the third match score and at least one of the first match score or the second match score.7.The medical device system of any one of claims 1-6 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to:acquire the first post-pace waveform for use in establishing the template at a template time; andacquire the second post-pace waveform from the at least one cardiac electrical signal sensed at a second time that is earlier than the first time.8.The medical device system of any one of claims 1-7 further comprising:a user interface configured to receive at least one of a user adjusted start time or a user adjusted end time of the template window; andwherein the display unit is further configured to:display at least the first post-pace waveform superimposed by the template window; anddisplay the template window according to the at least one of the user adjusted start time or the user adjusted end time.9.The medical device system of any one of claims 1-8 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine the start time of the template window by:for each of a plurality of test start times of the template window:establishing a test template from the at least one cardiac electrical signal; anddetermining a test match score between the test template and a test post-pace waveform of the at least one cardiac electrical signal;determining a maximum one of the test match scores; anddetermining the start time as one of the plurality of test start times associated with the maximum one of the test match scores.10.The medical device system of any one of claims 1-9 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to determine the start time of the template window by:determining an isoelectric baseline of the at least one cardiac electrical signal; anddetermining the start time based on at least a crossing time of the isoelectric baseline of the first post-pace waveform.11.The medical device system of any one of claims 1-10 wherein:the processing circuitry is further configured to detect a cardiac contractility enhancement condition; andthe therapy delivery circuit is further configured to:deliver the second conduction system pacing pulse having a first pulse output; anddeliver high output conduction system pacing pulses having a second pulse output greater than the first pulse output in response to the processing circuitry detecting the cardiac contractility enhancement condition.12.The medical device system of claim 11 wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to:determine a first contractility metric by determining a first maximum peak amplitude from at least one of the template or the second post-pace waveform;acquire from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a third post-pace waveform after one of the high output conduction system pacing pulses;determine a second contractility metric by determining a second maximum peak amplitude from at least the third post-pace waveform; anddetect an increase in cardiac contractility by determining that the first contractility metric is less than the second contractility metric.13.The medical device system of claim 12 wherein:the processing circuitry is further configured to:determine a high output pacing match score between at least the third post-pace waveform and the template;determine that the high output pacing match score is within a matching range of the representative match score; anddetect an increase in cardiac contractility by determining that the first contractility metric is less than the second contractility metric and the high output pacing match score being within the matching range of the representative match score; andthe display unit being further configured to display at least one of the first contractility metric, the second contractility metric, and the high output match score.14.The medical device system of any one of claims 1-13 further comprising:an implantable pacemaker comprising:a housing enclosing the sensing circuit and the therapy delivery circuit; and an external device comprising the display unit,wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to:determine that the representative match score is less than a match threshold; andadjust a therapy control parameter used by the therapy delivery circuit to generate the conduction system pacing pulses in response to the representative match score being less than the match threshold.15.A method comprising:sensing at least one cardiac electrical signal;delivering conduction system pacing pulses for capturing at least a portion of the cardiac conduction system;storing a start time and an end time of a template window;acquiring from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a first post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a first conduction system pacing pulse of the delivered conduction system pacing pulses;establishing a template using at least the first post-pace waveform;determining a first representative amplitude of the template;acquiring from the at least one cardiac electrical signal a second post-pace waveform extending over the template window having the start time after a second conduction system pacing pulse of the delivered conduction system pacing pulses;determining a second representative amplitude of the second post-pace waveform;determining a difference between the first representative amplitude and the second representative amplitude;determining if the difference meets a difference threshold;in response to the difference meeting the difference threshold:performing a vertical shift of the second post-pace waveform to obtain a vertically shifted second post-pace waveform; anddetermining at least a first match score between the vertically-shifted second post-pace waveform and the template;in response to the difference not meeting the difference threshold, determining at least a second match score between the template and the second post-pace waveform;determining a representative match score using at least one of the first match score or the second match score; anddisplaying a match score history using the representative match score.
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