Engineered il7ra variants and methods of usethereof
Engineered IL7RA variants with pH-dependent binding properties address the toxicity issue of IL-7 therapies by shielding IL-7 during systemic circulation and releasing it for targeted immune activation in the tumor microenvironment, enhancing anti-tumor efficacy.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/071243
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-06-03
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-08
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-17
AI Technical Summary
Recombinant IL-7 therapies for cancer treatment face challenges due to excessive toxicity from unspecific immune cell activation during systemic circulation, limiting their clinical application.
Engineered IL7RA variants with non-native histidine residues that maintain high binding affinity to IL-7 at neutral pH and low affinity at acidic pH, acting as a 'protective lid' to shield IL-7 from premature activation, and release it within the tumor microenvironment for targeted immune cell activation.
The engineered IL7RA variants effectively reduce systemic toxicity while enhancing anti-tumor efficacy by selectively activating immune cells at tumor sites, improving the safety and effectiveness of IL-7-based cancer therapies.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2025071243-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025071243-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025071243-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ENGINEERED IL7RA VARIANTS AND METHODS OF USETHEREOF
[0001] CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 620, 001, filed on January 11, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 566, 152, filed on March 15, 2024, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 655, 393, filed on June 03, 2024, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
[0003] SEQUENCE LISTING
[0004] This application contains a Sequence Listing that has been submitted electronically as an XML file named 52246-0022WO1_SL_ST26. xml. The XML file, created on December 06, 2024, is 27, 121 bytes in size. The material in the XML file is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0005] This disclosure relates to engineered IL7RA variants, and methods of use thereof.BACKGROUND
[0006] Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a multipotent cytokine that maintains the homeostasis of the immune system. IL-7 plays a vital role in T-cell development, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as in B cell maturation through the activation of the IL-7 receptor (IL7R) . IL-7 is closely associated with tumor development and has been used in cancer clinical research and therapy.
[0007] Recombinant IL-7 has been tested as an antitumor agent in various clinical trials, which showed promising anti-tumor activities. However, due to unspecific activation of immune cells by IL-7 during systemic circulation, excessive toxicity has been reported in cancer patients, which limits its clinical application.
[0008] Thus, there is a need to develop cancer therapies targeting the IL-7 pathway with enhanced anti-tumor efficacy and limited toxicities.SUMMARY
[0009] This disclosure relates to engineered IL7RA (IL-7 receptor subunit alpha chain) variants, protein constructs, and methods of use thereof. In some embodiments, the variants and protein constructs thereof include one or more non-native histidine residues within wildtype IL7RA extracellular region, without interfering the overall structure or residues critical for IL7RA / IL-7 interaction. As a result, the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof can have a high binding affinity to IL-7 at a neutral pH (e.g., about pH 7.5) and a low binding affinity to IL-7 at an acidic pH (e.g., about pH 6.0) . Because tumor microenvironment usually has an acidic pH, the engineered IL7RA variants and protein constructs thereof described herein can be used as a “protective lid” to shield IL-7 from activating immune cells prematurely during systemic circulation. Once the variants or protein constructs reach tumor sites, the lid can be loosen up, which enables IL-7 to activate immune cells within the tumor microenvironment.
[0010] Also provided herein are methods for screening a cytokine receptor (e.g., IL7RA) variants with desired pH-dependent binding ability to a corresponding cytokine (e.g., IL-7) . The methods can be useful for identifying cytokine receptor variants to selectively release the corresponding cytokine within tumor microenvironment. In some embodiments, the screened cytokine receptor variants or protein constructs thereof can be linked to a targeting moiety that specifically binds to a tumor-associated antigen, to direct the cytokine receptor variants or protein constructs thereof to tumor sites.
[0011] In one aspect, the disclosure provides an engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprises one or more non-native histidine residues.
[0012] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprises one or more of the following:
[0013] (a) the amino acid that corresponds to E27 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0014] (b) the amino acid that corresponds to S31 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0015] (c) the amino acid that corresponds to L57 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0016] (d) the amino acid that corresponds to V58 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0017] (e) the amino acid that corresponds to K77 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0018] (f) the amino acid that corresponds to K78 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0019] (g) the amino acid that corresponds to L80 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0020] (h) the amino acid that corresponds to L81 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0021] (i) the amino acid that corresponds to I82 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0022] (j) the amino acid that corresponds to K138 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0023] (k) the amino acid that corresponds to Y139 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0024] (l) the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; and
[0025] (m) the amino acid that corresponds to F193 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H.
[0026] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to E27 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0027] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to S31 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0028] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to L57 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0029] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to V58 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0030] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to K77 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0031] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to K78 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0032] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to L80 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0033] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to L81 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0034] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to I82 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0035] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to K138 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0036] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to Y139 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0037] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0038] In some embodiments, the amino acid that corresponds to F193 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.
[0039] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 (e.g., amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12) .
[0040] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprises one or more of the following:
[0041] (a) the amino acid that corresponds to S31 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H, and the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;
[0042] (b) the amino acid that corresponds to K77 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H, and the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; and
[0043] (c) the amino acid that corresponds to K78 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H, and the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H.
[0044] In some embodiments, both amino acids that correspond to S31 and Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide are histidine residues.
[0045] In some embodiments, both amino acids that correspond to K77 and Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide are histidine residues.
[0046] In some embodiments, both amino acids that correspond to K78 and Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide are histidine residues.
[0047] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 14, 15, or 16.
[0048] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that corresponds to the extracellular region of human interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (IL7RA) .
[0049] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide binds to an IL7RA ligand with a binding affinity that is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof at a neutral pH.
[0050] In some embodiments, the neutral pH is about 6.5 to about 8.0, about 6.5 to about 7.5, about 6.5 to about 7.0, about 7.0 to about 8.0, about 7.0 to about 7.5, or about 7.5 to about 8.0.
[0051] In some embodiments, the neutral pH is about 6.5, about 6.6, about 6.7, about 6.8, about 6.9, about 7.0, about 7.1, about 7.2, about 7.3, about 7.4, about 7.5, about 7.6, about 7.7, about 7.8, about 7.9, or about 8.0.
[0052] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide binds to an IL7RA ligand with a binding affinity that is less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof at an acidic pH.
[0053] In some embodiments, the acidic pH is about 5.0 to about 6.4, about 5.0 to about 6.0, about 5.0 to about 5.5, about 5.5 to about 6.4, about 5.5 to about 6.0, or about 6.0 to about 6.4.
[0054] In some embodiments, the acidic pH is about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about 5.3, about 5.4, about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, or about 6.4.
[0055] In some embodiments, the IL7RA ligand comprises or consists of interleukin 7 (IL-7) , e.g., human IL-7.
[0056] In some embodiments, the IL7RA ligand comprises: (a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a first CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a first CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and IL-7 (e.g., human IL-7) ; and (b) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a second CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , and a second CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) ,
[0057] In some embodiments, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.
[0058] In some embodiments, the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0059] In some embodiments, the IL7RA ligand comprises: (a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a first CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a first CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and a first IL-7 (e.g., human IL-7) ; and (b) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a second CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a second CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and a second IL-7 (e.g., human IL-7) ,
[0060] In some embodiments, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.
[0061] In some embodiments, the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21.
[0062] In some embodiments, the wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof comprises a wildtype IL7RA extracellular region, e.g., amino acids 21-239 of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0063] In some embodiments, the wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17 or SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0064] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide further comprises a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain.
[0065] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide further comprises a hinge region, e.g., IgG hinge region.
[0066] In some embodiments, the CH2 domain is an IgG CH2 domain and the CH3 domain is an IgG CH3 domain.
[0067] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a protein construct comprising the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein.
[0068] In some embodiments, the protein construct further comprises a second polypeptide comprising IL-7 or a functional variant thereof.
[0069] In some embodiments, the second polypeptide further comprises a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain..
[0070] In some embodiments, the IL-7 linked to the C-terminus of the CH3 domain or the N-terminus of the CH2 domain.
[0071] In some embodiments, the protein construct comprises an Fc region.
[0072] In some embodiments, the Fc region is an IgG4 Fc region or an IgG1 Fc region (e.g., with LALA mutations or LALA-PG mutations) .
[0073] In some embodiments, the protein construct further comprises an IL7RA ligand (e.g., IL7) .
[0074] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a protein construct comprising a first fusion polypeptide comprising the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein, a first CH2 domain, and a first CH3 domain; and a second fusion polypeptide comprising a second CH2 domain, and a second CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the first fusion polypeptide and the second fusion polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.
[0075] In some embodiments, the second fusion polypeptide further comprises a second engineered IL7RA polypeptide.
[0076] In some embodiments, the second fusion polypeptide further comprises a IL7RA ligand (e.g., IL7) .
[0077] In some embodiments, the protein construct further comprises a targeting moiety that specifically binds to a tumor-associated antigen.
[0078] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein or the protein construct described herein; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0079] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a nucleic acid encoding the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein or the protein construct described herein.
[0080] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a vector comprising the nucleic acid described herein.
[0081] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a cell comprising the nucleic acid described herein.
[0082] In some embodiments, the cell is a CHO cell.
[0083] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of producing an engineered IL7RA polypeptide or a protein construct comprising the engineered IL7RA polypeptide, the method comprising
[0084] (a) culturing the cell described herein under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the engineered IL7RA polypeptide or the protein construct; and
[0085] (b) collecting the engineered IL7RA polypeptide or the protein construct produced by the cell.
[0086] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating a subject having cancer, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an IL7RA ligand and the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein or the protein construct described herein, to the subject.
[0087] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of selectively enabling a IL7RA ligand to activate immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the IL7RA ligand and the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein or the protein construct described herein, to the subject.
[0088] In some embodiments, the subject has a solid tumor or a hematologic cancer.
[0089] In some embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, glioma, pancreatic cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) , hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, or glioblastoma.
[0090] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising an IL7RA ligand and the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein or the protein construct described herein.
[0091] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising an IL7RA ligand and the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein or the protein construct described herein.
[0092] In some embodiments, the IL7RA ligand comprises or consists of IL-7, e.g., human IL-7.
[0093] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of screening cytokine receptor variants having a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH and / or a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH, the method comprising
[0094] (a) introducing one or more non-native histidine residues in a wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof to generate a plurality of cytokine receptor variants;
[0095] (b) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and a ligand comprising a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH, wherein a first group of cytokine receptor variants having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor are selected;
[0096] (c) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at an acidic pH, wherein a second group of cytokine receptor variants having less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor are selected.
[0097] In some embodiments, those cytokine receptor variants in both the first and the second group of cytokine receptor variants represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a high binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH and a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH.
[0098] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of screening cytokine receptor variants having a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH and / or a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH, the method comprising
[0099] (a) introducing one or more non-native histidine residues in a wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof to generate a plurality of cytokine receptor variants;
[0100] (b) attaching each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants to wells of a multi-well plate; and
[0101] (c) incubating a ligand comprising the corresponding cytokine with each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants at a neutral pH (e.g., about pH 6.5-8.0) and / or an acidic pH (e.g., about 5.0-6.4) .
[0102] In some embodiments, the method further comprises (d) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at a pH of about 6.5 to about 8.0, about 6.5 to about 7.5, about 6.5 to about 7.0, about 7.0 to about 8.0, about 7.0 to about 7.5, or about 7.5 to about 8.0.
[0103] In some embodiments, cytokine receptor variants having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH.
[0104] In some embodiments, the method further comprises (d) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at a pH of about 5.0 to about 6.4, about 5.0 to about 6.0, about 5.0 to about 5.5, about 5.5 to about 6.4, about 5.5 to about 6.0, or about 6.0 to about 6.4.
[0105] In some embodiments, cytokine receptor variants having less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH.
[0106] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of screening cytokine receptor variants having a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH and / or a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH, the method comprising
[0107] (a) introducing one or more non-native histidine residues to a wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof to generate a plurality of cytokine receptor variants;
[0108] (b) attaching each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants to wells of a multi-well plate;
[0109] (c) incubating a ligand comprising the corresponding cytokine with each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants at about pH 7.0 to about 8.0 (e.g., about 7.5) ;
[0110] (d) removing unbound ligand from wells of the multi-well plate; and
[0111] (e) incubating the plurality of cytokine receptor variants at a neutral pH (e.g., about pH 6.5-8.0) and / or an acidic pH (e.g., about 5.0-6.4) .
[0112] In some embodiments, the method further comprises (f) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at a pH of about 6.5 to about 8.0, about 6.5 to about 7.5, about 6.5 to about 7.0, about 7.0 to about 8.0, about 7.0 to about 7.5, or about 7.5 to about 8.0. In some embodiments, cytokine receptor variants having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH.
[0113] In some embodiments, the method further comprises (f) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at a pH of about 5.0 to about 6.4, about 5.0 to about 6.0, about 5.0 to about 5.5, about 5.5 to about 6.4, about 5.5 to about 6.0, or about 6.0 to about 6.4. In some embodiments, cytokine receptor variants having less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH.
[0114] In some embodiments, the wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof comprises the extracellular region of human IL7RA, and the corresponding cytokine is human IL-7.
[0115] In some embodiments, the ligand comprises: (a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a first CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a first CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and the corresponding cytokine; and (b) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a second CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a second CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) . In some embodiments, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.
[0116] In some embodiments, the ligand comprises: (a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a first CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a first CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and the corresponding cytokine; and (b) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a second CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a second CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and the corresponding cytokine. In some embodiments, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.
[0117] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an engineered cytokine binder, in some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder can dynamically bind to a cytokine, thereby reducing the cytokine-induced immune response during systemic administration. In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder can change binding affinity to the cytokine in a pH-dependent manner. In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder can bind to the cytokine at a neutral pH, thereby reducing the cytokine-induced immune response during systemic administration. In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder has a reduced binding affinity to the cytokine at an acidic pH, thereby exposing the cytokine in tumor microenvironment. In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder remains partially shielding the cytokine at an acidic pH, thereby minimizing the potential toxicity due to excessive cytokine exposure in human. In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder comprises the extracellular region of a cytokine receptor having one or more non-native histidine residues. In some embodiments, the cytokine is IL-7 or a functional variant thereof, and the engineered cytokine binder comprises the extracellular region of IL7RA, in some embodiments, the IL7RA comprises one or more non-native histidine residues. In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder comprises or consists of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., scFv or VHH) that binds to the cytokine (e.g., IL7 or a functional variant thereof) , wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises one or more non-native histidine residues.
[0118] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a protein construct comprising the engineered cytokine binder described herein, and a cytokine (e.g., a wildtype cytokine or a functional variant thereof) .
[0119] In one aspect, the disclosure provides an engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprises one or more histidine mutations (e.g., histidine substitutions) .
[0120] As used herein, the term “non-native histidine” refers to a histidine mutation, wherein a histidine amino acid residue substitutes a non-histidine amino acid residue in a wildtype protein, or is inserted at a position wherein a histidine amino acid residue does not naturally exist in that position. In some embodiments, at least one or two histidine residues are introduced by substitution. In some embodiments, the protein or the polypeptide may have additional mutations.
[0121] As used herein, the term “histidine mutation” refers to a mutation (e.g., a substitution or insertion) , wherein an amino acid residue in a wildtype protein is substituted with a histidine residue or a histidine residue is inserted in the protein.
[0122] As used herein, the term “engineered IL7RA polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide derived from a wildtype IL7RA polypeptide or a portion thereof, optionally with one or more mutations (e.g., insertions, deletions, or substitutions) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence corresponding to the extracellular region of human IL7RA (e.g., amino acids 21-239 of human IL7RA (SEQ ID NO: 18) ) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA does not include the signal peptide of human IL7RA. In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide has one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) mutations (e.g., amino acids are substituted by histidine residues) .
[0123] As used herein, the term “protein construct” refers to a complex having one or more polypeptides. In some embodiments, the protein construct is a fusion protein, e.g., a fusion protein including a His-tag or an Fc region, and an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., any of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein) . In some embodiments, the protein construct has two or more polypeptides, wherein the polypeptides can associate with each other, forming a dimer or a multimer (e.g., a trimer) .
[0124] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for uncontrolled autonomous growth. Examples of such cells include cells having an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include cancerous growths, e.g., tumors; oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues, and malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. Also included are malignancies of the various organ systems, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, reproductive, hematological, neurological, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems; as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, and cancer of the small intestine. Cancer that is “naturally arising” includes any cancer that is not experimentally induced by implantation of cancer cells into a subject, and includes, for example, spontaneously arising cancer, cancer caused by exposure of a patient to a carcinogen (s) , cancer resulting from insertion of a transgenic oncogene or knockout of a tumor suppressor gene, and cancer caused by infections, e.g., viral infections. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation. The term “hematopoietic neoplastic disorders” includes diseases involving hyperplastic / neoplastic cells of hematopoietic origin. A hematopoietic neoplastic disorder can arise from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages, or precursor cells thereof. A hematologic cancer is a cancer that begins in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, or in the cells of the immune system. Examples of hematologic cancer include e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma etc.
[0125] As used herein, the term “tumor” is used interchangeably with the term “cancer” herein, e.g., both terms encompass solid and liquid, e.g., diffuse or circulating, tumors. As used herein, the term “cancer” or “tumor” includes premalignant, as well as malignant cancers and tumors.
[0126] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present invention is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated in the present disclosure. Human patients can be adult humans or juvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.
[0127] As used herein, the terms “polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length of at least two amino acids.
[0128] As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid molecule, ” and “nucleic acid sequence” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of nucleotides of any length of at least two nucleotides, and include, without limitation, DNA, RNA, DNA / RNA hybrids, and modifications thereof.
[0129] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0130] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0131] FIG. 1A shows a flow chart of Experimental Design 1 (ED1) . The steps are connected with arrows. The schematic diagrams of dimeric Fc-IL-7 and monomeric Fc-IL-7 are included.
[0132] FIG. 1B shows a flow chart of Experimental Design 2 (ED2) . The steps are connected with arrows. The schematic diagrams of dimeric Fc-IL-7 and monomeric Fc-IL-7 are included.
[0133] FIG. 2 shows ELISA binding curves of different His-tagged IL7RA variants with serially diluted dimeric Fc-IL-7 at pH 7.5. The experiment was conducted following Experimental design 1. His-tagged IL7RA-wt and CD47 were used as controls.
[0134] FIG. 3 shows ELISA binding curves of His-tagged IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, or IL7RA-mut12 with serially diluted dimeric Fc-IL-7 at pH 7.5. The experiment was conducted following Experimental design 1. His-tagged IL7RA-wt and CD47 were used as controls.
[0135] FIGS. 4A-4E show ELISA binding curves of His-tagged IL7RA-mut02 (FIG. 4A) , IL7RA-mut06 (FIG. 4B) , IL7RA-mut10 (FIG. 4C) , IL7RA-mut12 (FIG. 4D) , and IL7RA-wt (FIG. 4E) with serially diluted dimeric Fc-IL-7 at pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0. The experiment was conducted following Experimental design 1.
[0136] FIGS. 5A-5C show ELISA binding curves of His-tagged IL7RA variants with serially diluted dimeric Fc-IL-7 at pH 7.5 (FIG. 5A) , pH 6.5 (FIG. 5B) , or pH 6.0 (FIG. 5C) . The experiment was conducted following Experimental design 1. His-tagged IL7RA-wt and CD47 were used as controls.
[0137] FIG. 6 shows ELISA binding curves of His-tagged IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, or IL7RA-mut12 with serially diluted dimeric Fc-IL-7 at pH 7.5. The experiment was conducted following Experimental design 2. His-tagged IL7RA-wt and CD47 were used as controls.
[0138] FIGS. 7A-7E show ELISA binding curves of His-tagged IL7RA-mut02 (FIG. 7A) , IL7RA-mut06 (FIG. 7B) , IL7RA-mut10 (FIG. 7C) , IL7RA-mut12 (FIG. 7D) , and IL7RA-wt (FIG. 7E) with serially diluted dimeric Fc-IL-7 at pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0. The experiment was conducted following Experimental design 2.
[0139] FIGS. 8A-8C show ELISA binding curves of His-tagged IL7RA variants with serially diluted dimeric Fc-IL-7 at pH 7.5 (FIG. 8A) , pH 6.5 (FIG. 8B) , or pH 6.0 (FIG. 8C) . The experiment was conducted following Experimental design 2. His-tagged IL7RA-wt and CD47 were used as controls.
[0140] FIG. 9 shows ELISA binding curves of His-tagged IL7RA-mut05, IL7RA-mut12, IL7RA-mut14, IL7RA-mut15, or IL7RA-mut16 with serially diluted monomeric Fc-IL-7 at pH 7.5. The experiment was conducted following Experimental design 2. His-tagged IL7RA-wt and IL-2 were used as controls.
[0141] FIGS. 10A-10F show ELISA binding curves of His-tagged IL7RA-mut05 (FIG. 10A) , IL7RA-mut12 (FIG. 10B) , IL7RA-mut14 (FIG. 10C) , IL7RA-mut15 (FIG. 10D) , IL7RA-mut16 (FIG. 10E) , and IL7RA-wt (FIG. 10F) with serially diluted monomeric Fc-IL-7 at pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0. The experiment was conducted following Experimental design 2.
[0142] FIGS. 11A-11C show ELISA binding curves of His-tagged IL7RA variants with serially diluted monomeric Fc-IL-7 at pH 7.5 (FIG. 11A) , pH 6.5 (FIG. 11B) , or pH 6.0 (FIG. 11C) . The experiment was conducted following Experimental design 2. His-tagged IL7RA-wt and IL-2 were used as controls.
[0143] FIG. 12 lists amino acid sequences discussed in the disclosure.
[0144] FIG. 13 shows a schematic structure of an exemplary Shielded Designer Immuno-Cytokine (SDIC) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0145] Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a member of the IL2 superfamily with a 4-alpha-helix bundle structure. It is mainly produced by bone-marrow and thymic stromal cells and functions as a hematopoietic growth factor. IL-7 was determined to be a 25 kDa soluble secretory globular protein encoded by the IL-7 gene. The IL-7 receptor (IL7R) is a heterodimeric complex composed of two chains, IL7R subunit alpha chain (IL7RA, IL7Rα, or CD127) and common gamma chain (γC, or CD132) . The IL7RA is unique to the IL7R, whereas γC is shared by several other cytokines, including IL2, IL4, IL9, IL15, and IL21. The specific binding of IL-7 and IL7RA leads to dimerization of IL7Rα and γC. The γC-associated Janus Kinase-3 (JAK3) and IL-7Rα-associated JAK1 are brought together, activated by transphosphorylation, and further phosphorylate the tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic portions of IL7RA.
[0146] The phosphorylated IL7RA acts as an anchored site for recruiting other signal molecules to form a complex in which they are phosphorylated and activated, including STAT5, PI3 kinase (PI3K) , and Bcl2 protein. As for the recruited transcription factor STAT, it is phosphorylated at the tyrosine residues by activated JAKs, and then it enters nucleus as a dimer and binds to the target gene STAT5a to regulate the transcription of downstream genes. Similarly, PI3K is brought close to the membrane as the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K binds to the phosphorylated tyrosine residues on IL7RA.
[0147] A detailed description of IL-7, IL7RA and their functions can be found, e.g., in Gao, J., et al. "Mechanism of action of IL-7 and its potential applications and limitations in cancer immunotherapy. " International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16.5 (2015) : 10267-10280; Lin, J., et al. "The role of IL-7 in Immunity and Cancer. " Anticancer Research 37.3 (2017) : 963-967; McElroy, C.A., et al. "Structural and biophysical studies of the human IL-7 / IL-7Rαcomplex. " Structure 17.1 (2009) : 54-65; and Zhang, et al. "The Role of Chemokine IL-7 in Tumor and Its Potential Antitumor Immunity. " Journal of Interferon &Cytokine Research 42.6 (2022) : 243-250; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0148] The present disclosure provides engineered IL7RA variants having one or more non-native histidine residues. In some embodiments, one or two amino acid residues in a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 17) are selectively mutated to histidine (s) . In some embodiments, the mutations do not substantially change the overall structure of IL7RA or its extracellular region. In some embodiments, the histidine mutations can maintain IL7RA’s stable binding with IL-7 at a neutral pH (e.g., any of the neutral pH described herein) , thereby shielding IL-7 from activating immune cells prematurely. On the other hand, the histidine mutations can reduce IL7RA’s binding with IL-7 at an acidic pH (e.g., any of the acidic pH described herein) , thereby enabling IL-7 to activate immune cells within tumor microenvironment (low pH condition) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variants described herein can bind to IL-7 alone, or together with common-γ chain receptor (CD132) to form the IL7RA / γc complex, and induce downstream signaling pathways (e.g., Jak-Stat and / or PI3K-Akt) and / or immune cell (e.g., T cell or NK cell) proliferation. In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variants comprises or consists of any of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein. In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variants (e.g., any of the engineered IL7RA variants) comprises an N-terminal or a C-terminal His-tag (e.g., any of the His-tag described herein) .
[0149] Also provided herein are protein constructs that comprise the engineered IL7RA variants described herein. In some embodiments, the protein constructs further comprise a targeting moiety that specifically binds to a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) . In some embodiments, the protein constructs can be recruited to tumor microenvironment (with a high expression of the tumor-associated antigen) , and release IL-7 to activate immune cells in a pH-dependent manner.
[0150] The disclosure also provides methods of screening cytokine receptor (e.g., IL7RA) variants having a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine (e.g., IL-7) at a neutral pH and a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine (e.g., IL-7) at an acidic pH.
[0151] Engineered IL7RA variants
[0152] Human IL7RA (SEQ ID NO: 18) includes, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a signal peptide, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. According to the UniProt Database (UniProt ID: P16871) , the signal peptide of human IL7RA corresponds to amino acids 1-20 of SEQ ID NO: 18, the extracellular region of human IL7RA corresponds to amino acids 21-239 of SEQ ID NO: 18, the transmembrane region of human IL7RA corresponds to amino acids 240-264 of SEQ ID NO: 18, and the cytoplasmic region of human IL7RA corresponds to amino acids 265-459 of SEQ ID NO: 18. The extracellular region of human IL7RA is also shown as SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0153] Based on the 3D structure of human IL7RA (PDB ID: 3DI3) , distance of the Calpha atoms of one or more amino acid residues (e.g., those in close proximity) in the 3D structure can be determined. Selected residue (s) within human IL7RA extracellular region can be mutated to histidine residue (s) , without substantially interfering the overall structure of IL7RA. It is contemplated that the newly introduced histidine residue (s) will not cause structural hindrance for IL-7 binding at physiological pH; and will cause charge repulsion at lower pH to reduce IL-7 binding due to the protonation of histidine mutation at these selected positions.
[0154] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut01) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 27 (e.g., E27) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut01 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0155] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut02) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 31 (e.g., S31) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut02 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0156] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut03) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 57 (e.g., L57) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut03 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0157] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut04) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 58 (e.g., V58) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut04 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0158] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut05) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 77 (e.g., K77) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut05 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0159] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut06) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 78 (e.g., K78) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut06 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0160] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut07) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 80 (e.g., L80) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut07 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0161] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut08) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 81 (e.g., L81) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut08 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0162] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut09) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 82 (e.g., I82) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut09 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0163] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut10) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 82 (e.g., K138) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut10 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0164] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut11) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 139 (e.g., Y139) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut11 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0165] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut12) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 192 (e.g., Y192) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut12 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0166] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut13) , which includes a histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 192 (e.g., F193) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . The sequence of IL7RA-mut13 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0167] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut14) , which includes a first histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 192 (e.g., Y192) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) , and a second histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 31 (e.g., S31) of the wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region. The sequence of IL7RA-mut14 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0168] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut15) , which includes a first histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 192 (e.g., Y192) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) , and a second histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 77 (e.g., K77) of the wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region. The sequence of IL7RA-mut15 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0169] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., IL7RA-mut16) , which includes a first histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 192 (e.g., Y192) of a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) , and a second histidine residue at a position corresponding to position 78 (e.g., K77) of the wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region. The sequence of IL7RA-mut16 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0170] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprising or consisting of the extracellular region of human IL7RA, or amino acids 21-239 of human IL7RA (SEQ ID NO: 18) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide contains one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13) non-native histidine residues or histidine mutations.
[0171] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprising one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13) of the following: (a) the amino acid that corresponds to E27 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (b) the amino acid that corresponds to S31 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (c) the amino acid that corresponds to L57 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (d) the amino acid that corresponds to V58 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (e) the amino acid that corresponds to K77 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (f) the amino acid that corresponds to K78 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (g) the amino acid that corresponds to L80 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (h) the amino acid that corresponds to L81 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (i) the amino acid that corresponds to I82 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (j) the amino acid that corresponds to K138 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (k) the amino acid that corresponds to Y139 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; (l) the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; and (m) the amino acid that corresponds to F193 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H.
[0172] In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprising a first non-native histidine residue corresponding to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17, and a second non-native histidine residue corresponding to any one of the following: E27, S31, L57, V58, K77, K78, L80, L81, I82, K138, Y139, and F193 of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprising two non-native histidine residues corresponding to Y192 and S31 of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprising two non-native histidine residues corresponding to Y192 and K77 of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, provided herein is an engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprising two non-native histidine residues corresponding to Y192 and K78 of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0173] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16. In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17 or SEQ ID NO: 18, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises one or more of the histidine mutations described herein.
[0174] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide can have at least or about 1 (e.g., at least or about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40) amino acid insertions, deletions, or substitutions as compared to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-16.
[0175] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide does not include the signal peptide of human IL7RA (e.g., amino acids 1-20 of human IL7RA (SEQ ID NO: 18) ) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide includes all or part of the signal peptide of human IL7RA (e.g., amino acids 1-20 of human IL7RA (SEQ ID NO: 18) ) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide does not include the transmembrane region of human IL7RA (e.g., amino acids 240-264 of human IL7RA (SEQ ID NO: 18) ) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide includes all or part of the transmembrane region of human IL7RA (e.g., amino acids 240-264 of human IL7RA (SEQ ID NO: 18) ) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide does not include the cytoplasmic region of human IL7RA (e.g., amino acids 265-459 of human IL7RA (SEQ ID NO: 18) ) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide includes all or part of the cytoplasmic region of human IL7RA (e.g., amino acids 265-459 of human IL7RA (SEQ ID NO: 18) ) .
[0176] The engineered IL7RA polypeptide can have additional modifications. In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide can have a CH2 domain and / or a CH3 domain of Fc. In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide can be linked to the N-terminus of the CH2 domain (e.g., through an optional hinge region or a GS linker) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide can be linked to the C-terminus of the CH3 domain (e.g., through an optional GS linker) . In some embodiments, the hinge region is an IgG hinge region (e.g., IgG4 hinge region) . In some embodiments, the CH2 domain is an IgG CH2 domain (e.g., IgG4 CH2 domain) . In some embodiments, the CH3 domain is an IgG CH3 domain (e.g., IgG4 CH3 domain) .
[0177] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein can also include a tag (e.g., His-tag) to facilitate purification, screening and / or detection. In some embodiments, the tag has a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 24. In some embodiments, the tag is connected to the N-terminus or C-terminus of any engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein. In some embodiments, the tag is a His-tag that includes at least 6, at least 7, or at least 8 contiguous His residues.
[0178] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein can be expressed in Expi293 or CHO-Scells.
[0179] IL7RA protein constructs
[0180] The disclosure provides protein constructs comprising the engineered IL7RA variants described herein (e.g., any of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein) .
[0181] In some embodiments, the protein constructs further include a targeting moiety (e.g., a tumor-targeting moiety) that is fused to the engineered IL7RA polypeptide. In some embodiments, the fusion protein can be expressed in Expi293 or CHO-Scells. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is fused to the engineered IL7RA polypeptide via a linker peptide (e.g., a flexible linker) . In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is linked to the N-terminus of the engineered IL7RA polypeptide via a linker peptide. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety is linked to the C-terminus of the engineered IL7RA polypeptide via a linker peptide. In some embodiments, the linker peptide is a flexible linker. Details of flexible linkers can be found, e.g., Chen, X., et al. "Fusion protein linkers: property, design and functionality. " Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 65.10 (2013) : 1357-1369, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0182] In some embodiments, the protein constructs described herein have a N-terminal His-tag. In some embodiments, the protein constructs described herein have a C-terminal His-tag. In some embodiments, the His-tag includes at least 6, at least 7, or at least 8 contiguous His residues. In some embodiments, provided herein are protein constructs that include, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a His-tag (e.g., any of the His-tags described herein) , and an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., any of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein) . In some embodiments, provided herein are protein constructs that include, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an engineered IL7RA polypeptide (e.g., any of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein) , and a His-tag (e.g., any of the His-tags described herein) .
[0183] As used herein, the term “targeting moiety” refers to as used herein refers to any molecule or binding portion thereof (e.g., an immunoglobulin or an antigen binding fragment, a small molecule, or a receptor or a portion thereof) that can bind to a cell surface or extracellular matrix molecule at a site to which an engineered IL7RA polypeptide or protein construct thereof of the disclosure is to be localized, for example on tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. The targeting moiety can also have a functional activity in addition to localizing an engineered IL7RA polypeptide or protein construct thereof to a particular site. For example, a targeting moiety that is an anti-PD1 antibody or an antigen binding portion thereof can also exhibit anti-tumor activity or enhance the anti-tumor activity of IL-7 by inhibiting PD1 signaling.
[0184] In some embodiments, the targeting moiety can be any type of antibody or fragment thereof that retains specific binding to an antigenic determinant. In one embodiment the antigen binding moiety is a full-length antibody. In one embodiment the antigen binding moiety is an immunoglobulin molecule, particularly an IgG class immunoglobulin molecule, more particularly an IgG1 or IgG4 immunoglobulin molecule. Antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, VH (or VH) fragments, VL (or VL) fragments, Fab fragments, F (ab’) 2 fragments, scFv fragments, Fv fragments, minibodies, diabodies, triabodies, and tetrabodies.
[0185] In some embodiments, the targeting moiety described herein can specifically bind to a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) . The term “tumor-associated antigen” or “TAA” refers to a molecule (typically a protein, carbohydrate, lipid or some combination thereof) that is expressed on the surface of a cancer cell, either entirely or as a fragment (e.g., MHC / peptide) , and which is useful for the preferential targeting of a pharmacological agent to the cancer cell. In some embodiments, a TAA is a marker expressed by both normal cells and cancer cells, e.g., a lineage marker, e.g., CD19 on B cells. In some embodiments, a TAA is a cell surface molecule that is overexpressed in a cancer cell in comparison to a normal cell, for instance, 1-fold over expression, 2-fold overexpression, 3-fold overexpression or more in comparison to a normal cell. In some embodiments, a TAA is a cell surface molecule that is inappropriately synthesized in the cancer cell, for instance, a molecule that contains deletions, additions or mutations in comparison to the molecule expressed on a normal cell. In some embodiments, a TAA will be expressed exclusively on the cell surface of a cancer cell, entirely or as a fragment (e.g., MHC / peptide) , and not synthesized or expressed on the surface of a normal cell. Accordingly, the term “TAA” encompasses antigens that are specific to cancer cells, sometimes known in the art as tumor-specific antigens ( “TSAs” ) .
[0186] Exemplary tumor-associated antigens (TAA) include, but not limited to, Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) , the A1 domain of Tenascin-C (TNC A1) , the A2 domain of Tenascin-C (TNC A2) , the Extra Domain B of Fibronectin (EDB) , the Melanoma-associated Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan (MCSP) , MART-1 / Melan-A, gp100, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) , adenosine deaminase-binding protein (ADAbp) , cyclophilin b, colorectal associated antigen (CRC) -C017-1A / GA733, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and its immunogenic epitopes CAP-1 and CAP-2, etv6, aml1, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and its immunogenic epitopes PSA-1, PSA-2, and PSA-3, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) , T-cell receptor / CD3-zeta chain, MAGE-family of tumor antigens (e.g., MAGE-A1, MAGE-A2, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A5, MAGE-A6, MAGE-A7, MAGE-A8, MAGE-A9, MAGE-A10, MAGE-A11, MAGE-A12, MAGE-Xp2 (MAGE-B2) , MAGE-Xp3 (MAGE-B3) , MAGE-Xp4 (MAGE-B4) , MAGE-C1, MAGE-C2, MAGE-C3, MAGE-C4, MAGE-05) , GAGE-family of tumor antigens (e.g., GAGE-1, GAGE-2, GAGE-3, GAGE-4, GAGE-5, GAGE-6, GAGE-7, GAGE-8, GAGE-9) , BAGE, RAGE, LAGE-1, NAG, GnT-V, MUM-1, CDK4, tyrosinase, p53, MUC family, HER2 / neu, p21ras, RCAS1, α-fetoprotein, E-cadherin, α-catenin, β-catenin and γ-catenin, p120ctn, gp100 Pmel117, PRAME, NY-ESO-1, cdc27, adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC) , fodrin, Connexin 37, Ig-idiotype, p15, gp75, GM2 and GD2 gangliosides, viral products such as human papilloma virus proteins, Smad family of tumor antigens, Imp-1, PIA, EBV-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA) -1, brain glycogen phosphorylase, SSX-1, SSX-2 (HOM-MEL-40) , SSX-1, SSX-4, SSX-5, SCP-1 and CT-7, c-erbB-2, Her2, EGFR, IGF-1R, CD2 (T-cell surface antigen) , CD3 (heteromultimer associated with the TCR) , CD22 (B-cell receptor) , CD23 (low affinity IgE receptor) , CD30 (cytokine receptor) , CD33 (myeloid cell surface antigen) , CD40 (tumor necrosis factor receptor) , IL-6R- (IL6 receptor) , CD20, MCSP, PDGFβR (β-platelet-derived growth factor receptor) , ErbB2 epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) , EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII) , CD19, disialoganglioside GD2, ductal-epithelial mucine, gp36, TAG-72, glioma-associated antigen, β-human chorionic gonadotropin, alphafetoprotein (AFP) , lectin-reactive AFP, thyroglobulin, MN-CA IX, human telomerase reverse transcriptase, RU1, RU2 (AS) , intestinal carboxyl esterase, mut hsp70-2, M-CSF, prostase, prostase specific antigen (PSA) , PAP, LAGA-1a, p53, prostein, PSMA, surviving and telomerase, prostate-carcinoma tumor antigen-1 (PCTA-1) , ELF2M, neutrophil elastase, ephrin B2, insulin growth factor (IGF1) -I, IGF-II, IGFI receptor, 5T4, ROR1, Nkp30, NKG2D, tumor stromal antigens, the extra domain A (EDA) and extra domain B (EDB) of fibronectin and the A1 domain of tenascin-C (TnC A1) .
[0187] Non-limiting examples of viral antigens include an EBV antigen (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus LMP-1) , a hepatitis C virus antigen (e.g., hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein) , an HIV antigen (e.g., HIV gp160, and HIV gp120) ; a CMV antigen; a HPV-specific antigen, or an influenza virus antigen (e.g., influenza virus hemagglutinin) . Non-limiting examples of ECM antigens include syndecan, heparanase, integrins, osteopontin, link, cadherins, laminin, laminin type EGF, lectin, fibronectin, notch, tenascin, collagen and matrixin. Other TAAs are cell surface molecules of tumor or viral lymphocytes, for example T-cell co-stimulatory proteins such as CD27, CD28, 4-1BB (CD137) , OX40, CD30, CD40, ICOS, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) , CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, and B7-H3. In particular embodiments, the TAAs are checkpoint inhibitors, for example CTLA-4, PD1, PDL1, PDL2, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK1, CHK2.
[0188] In some embodiments, the targeting moiety can bind to an immune checkpoint inhibitor. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety can bind to PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, SIRPα , OX40, CD47, LAG3, TIGIT, BTLA, CTLA-4, VISTA, IDO1 / IDO2, B7-H3, CD27, CD39, or CD73.
[0189] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is related to a protein construct having a schematic structure shown in FIG. 13, which is also named a Shielded Designer Immuno-Cytokine (SDIC) . In some embodiments, the “Anti-TAA” is any of the targeting moieties that can bind to a TAA (e.g., any of the TAAs described herein) . In some embodiments, the “protective lid” is any of the engineered cytokine binders described herein. In some embodiments, the “designer cytokine” is any of the wildtype cytokine or a functional variant thereof described herein.
[0190] In some embodiments, the protein construct described herein includes a first polypeptide and a second polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first polypeptide includes, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, one or more targeting moieties that can bind to a first antigen (e.g., any of the TAAs described herein) , an optional first hinge region, a first Fc region, and an engineered cytokine binder (e.g., any of the engineered cytokine binders described herein) . In some embodiments, the second polypeptide includes, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, one or more targeting moieties that can bind to a second antigen (e.g., any of the TAAs described herein) , an optional second hinge region, a second Fc region, and a wildtype cytokine or a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the first and second polypeptides can associate with each other, forming a dimer (e.g., a homodimer or a heterodimer) . In some embodiments, the first and second Fc regions include one or more mutations (e.g., knobs-into-holes mutations) to promote heterodimerization. In some embodiments, the first and second antigens are the same. In some embodiments, the first and second antigens are different. In some embodiments, the protein construct further includes a third polypeptide comprising one or more targeting moieties that can bind to a third antigen, and a fourth polypeptide comprising one or more targeting moieties that can bind to a fourth antigen. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, and / or fourth antigens are the same. In some embodiments, the first, second, third, and / or fourth antigens are different. In some embodiments, the third polypeptide can associate with the first polypeptide, forming a dimer (e.g., a homodimer or a heterodimer) . In some embodiments, the fourth polypeptide can associate with the second polypeptide, forming a dimer (e.g., a homodimer or a heterodimer) .
[0191] In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder described herein comprises the extracellular region of a cytokine receptor having one or more non-native histidine residues. In some embodiments, the cytokine receptor is a receptor of IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8 , IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-24, IL-25, IL-26, IL-27, IL-28, IL-29, IL-30, IL-31, IL-32, IL-33, IL-35, or IL-36. In some embodiments, the cytokine receptor is a receptor of IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, IL-15, IL-21, IFNα, GM-CSF, or FLT-3.
[0192] In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof (e.g., scFv) . In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) . The scFv usually has one heavy chain variable domain, and one light chain variable domain. In some embodiments, the scFv has two heavy chain variable domains, and two light chain variable domains.
[0193] In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder is a single domain antibody. A single-domain antibody (sdAb) , also known as a nanobody, is an antibody fragment consisting of a single monomeric variable antibody domain. Like a whole antibody, it can bind selectively to a specific antigen. In some embodiments, the single-domain antibodies are engineered from heavy-chain antibodies found in camelids and are called VHH or VHH fragments.
[0194] In some embodiments, the engineered cytokine binder comprises or consists of a fusion protein, an enzyme, a soluble protein, a membrane protein, a structural protein, a regulatory protein, a receptor, an immunomodulatory protein, a heat shock protein, a functional fragment of any one of the proteins, an epitope fragment of any one of the proteins, or any combinations thereof.
[0195] As illustrated in FIG. 13, the protective lid can dynamically bind to the designer cytokine, thereby reducing the designer cytokine-induced immune response during systemic administration. In some embodiments, the protective lid can bind to the designer cytokine in a pH-dependent manner. For example, the protective lid can bind to the designer cytokine at a neutral pH, thereby reducing the designer cytokine-induced immune response during systemic administration; the protective lid can have a reduced binding affinity to the designer cytokine at an acidic pH, thereby exposing the designer cytokine in tumor microenvironment. In some embodiments, the protective lid can partially bind to the designer cytokine at an acidic pH, thereby reducing the toxicity of the designer cytokine in tumor microenvironment. In some embodiments, the protective lid is any of the engineered IL7RA variants described herein, and the designer cytokine is any of the IL7RA ligand (e.g., IL-7) described herein.
[0196] In some embodiments, the protective lid has a comparable or high binding affinity to the designer cytokine at a neutral pH and a low binding affinity to the designer cytokine at an acidic pH. As a result, the protective lid can shield the designer cytokine from inducing immune response prematurely during systemic administration, and release the designer cytokine to induce immune response within the tumor microenvironment. In some embodiments, the protective lid does not fully dissociate from the designer cytokine at an acidic pH, thereby partially exposing the designer cytokine within the tumor microenvironment. It is contemplated that the designer cytokine, when bound with the protective lid at an acidic pH, can exhibit an attenuated toxicity in tumor microenvironment, as compared to that when the designer cytokine is completely dissociated from the protective lid at the acidic pH. This is important for administering the protein construct having one or more targeting moieties (e.g., those that can bind to a TAA for tumor treatment) . For example, the attenuated toxicity of the designer cytokine allows the protein construct to be administered at a higher dose level without inducing undesired immune response by the designer cytokine.
[0197] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a sequence that is at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%identical to any sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1-16.
[0198] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. For example, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
[0199] The engineered IL7RA variants (e.g., any of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein) and protein constructs can further comprises an Fc region of an antibody. These antibodies can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY) , class or subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgE1, IgE2) . In some embodiments, the Fc region is derived from human IgG (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) . In some embodiments, the Fc region is an IgG4 Fc region (e.g., human IgG4 Fc region) .
[0200] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variant is linked to the Fc region through an antibody hinge region (e.g., IgG, IgE hinge region) . In addition, the Fc region can be modified to provide desired effector functions or serum half-life.
[0201] In some embodiments, the protein constructs as described herein include a functional Fc region. In some embodiments, the Fc region is human IgG1, human IgG2, human IgG3, or human IgG4. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) . In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is phagocytosis. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is ADCC and phagocytosis. In some embodiments, the protein constructs as described herein have an Fc region without effector function. In some embodiments, the Fc is a human IgG4 Fc. In some embodiments, the Fc does not have a functional Fc region. For example, the Fc region has LALA mutations (L234A and L235A mutations in EU numbering) , or LALA-PG mutations (L234A, L235A, P329G mutations in EU numbering) .
[0202] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variant (e.g., any of the engineered IL7RA variants described herein) is linked to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the Fc region. In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variant is linked to the Fc region via a linker (e.g., any of the linkers described herein) .
[0203] Some other modifications to the Fc region can be made. For example, a cysteine residue (s) can be introduced into the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region. The homodimeric fusion protein thus generated may have any increased half-life in vitro and / or in vivo. In some embodiments, the IgG4 has S228P mutation (EU numbering) . The S228P mutation prevents in vivo and in vitro IgG4 Fab-arm exchange.
[0204] In some embodiments, Fc regions are provided having a carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached (directly or indirectly) to an Fc region. For example, the amount of fucose in such Fc region composition may be from 1%to 80%, from 1%to 65%, from 5%to 65%or from 20%to 40%. The amount of fucose is determined by calculating the average amount of fucose within the sugar chain at Asn297, relative to the sum of all glycostructures attached to Asn297 (e.g. complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008 / 077546, for example. Asn297 refers to the asparagine residue located at about position 297 in the Fc region (EU numbering of Fc region residues; or position 314 in Kabat numbering) ; however, Asn297 may also be located about ±3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297, i.e., between positions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations in Fc region sequences. Such fucosylation variants may have improved ADCC function. In some embodiments, to reduce glycan heterogeneity, the Fc region can be further engineered to replace the Asparagine at position 297 with Alanine (N297A) .
[0205] In some embodiments, the disclosure is related to a protein construct comprising the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein. In some embodiments, the protein construct comprises two or more engineered IL7RA polypeptides. In some embodiments, at least two of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides are identical. In some embodiments, at least two of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides are different. In some embodiments, the protein construct further comprises an Fc region. In some embodiments, the Fc region is an IgG4 Fc region. In some embodiments, the Fc region is an IgG1 Fc region (e.g., with LALA mutations or LALA-PG mutations) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is linked to the C-terminus of the Fc region. In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is linked to the C-terminus of the Fc region via a linker (e.g., any of the linkers described herein) .
[0206] In some embodiments, knobs-into-holes (KIH) can be added to the Fc region. It involves engineering CH3 domains to create either a “knob” or a “hole” in each heavy chain to promote heterodimerization. The KIH technique is described e.g., in Xu, Yiren, et al. "Production of bispecific antibodies in ‘knobs-into-holes’ using a cell-free expression system. " MAbs. Vol. 7. No. 1. Taylor &Francis, 2015, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, one heavy chain has a T366W, and / or S354C (knob) substitution (EU numbering) , and the other heavy chain has an Y349C, T366S, L368A, and / or Y407V (hole) substitution (EU numbering) . In some embodiments, one heavy chain has one or more of the following substitutions Y349C and T366W (EU numbering) . The other heavy chain can have one or more the following substitutions E356C, T366S, L368A, and Y407V (EU numbering) .
[0207] In some embodiments, the protein construct comprises the engineered IL7RA polypeptide described herein and IL-7. The engineered IL7RA polypeptide can bind with IL-7 at a neutral pH (e.g., any of the neutral pH described herein) , thereby shielding IL-7 from activating immune cells prematurely. In some embodiments, the protein construct further comprises a Fc region.
[0208] In some embodiments, the protein construct comprises at least two polypeptides. In one polypeptide, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is linked to a CH2 domain (e.g., N-terminus of the CH2 domain, optionally through a linker) . Similarly, in the other polypeptide, IL-7 is linked to a CH2 domain (e.g., N-terminus of the CH2 domain, optionally through a linker) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is linked to a CH3 domain (e.g., C-terminus of the CH3 domain, optionally through a linker) . Similarly, in the other polypeptide, IL-7 is linked to a CH3 domain (e.g., C-terminus of the CH3 domain, optionally through a linker) .
[0209] Characterization of the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs
[0210] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variants (e.g., any of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein) or protein constructs thereof described herein can bind to a IL7RA ligand. In some embodiments, the IL7RA ligand comprises or consists all or part of a wildtype IL-7 protein (e.g., a wildtype human IL-7 protein) .
[0211] In some embodiments, the IL7RA ligand described herein has a schematic structure shown as “Dimeric Fc-IL-7” or “Monomeric Fc-IL-7” in FIGS. 1A-1B.
[0212] In some embodiments, the IL7RA ligand includes a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, a first CH3 domain, and IL-7 (e.g., human IL-7) ; and a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain, a second CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the first and second polypeptides associate with each other, forming a dimer. In some embodiments, the first polypeptide includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the hinge region, CH2 domain, and CH3 domain described herein are derived from IgG (e.g., any of the IgG molecules described herein) .
[0213] In some embodiments, the IL7RA ligand includes a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, a first CH3 domain, and a first IL-7 (e.g., human IL-7) ; and a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain, a second CH3 domain, and a second IL-7 (e.g., human IL-7) . In some embodiments, the first and second polypeptides associate with each other, forming a dimer. In some embodiments, the first and second polypeptides each includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the first and second polypeptides have identical sequences. In some embodiments, the hinge region, CH2 domain, and CH3 domain described herein are derived from immunoglobulin (e.g., any of the IgG molecules described herein) .
[0214] In some embodiments, the IL-7 described herein does not include a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the IL-7 described herein includes a signal peptide.
[0215] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variants (e.g., any of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein) or protein constructs thereof described herein can bind to an IL7RA ligand with a binding affinity that is at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 100%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 17) at a neutral pH (e.g., any of the neutral pH described herein) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variants (e.g., any of the engineered IL7RA polypeptides described herein) or protein constructs thereof described herein can bind to an IL7RA ligand with a binding affinity that is less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, less than 50%, less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, or less than 20%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 17) at an acidic pH (e.g., any of the acidic pH described herein) .
[0216] In some embodiments, the binding affinity described herein is determined using any of the methods described herein, e.g., any of the ELISA binding assays described herein. For example, the binding affinity can be evaluated based on EC50 (half maximal effective concentration) of each engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof, relative to the EC50 of a control molecule (e.g., a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof) . In some embodiments, RBE (relative binding efficacy) can be deduced from the EC50 by comparing the EC50 to the EC50 of a reference protein construct. In some embodiments, the value of EC50 of a particular engineered IL7RA variant or protein construct thereof is negatively correlated with its binding affinity. In some embodiments, the value of RBE of a particular engineered IL7RA variant or protein construct thereof is positively correlated with its binding affinity.
[0217] In some embodiments, the newly introduced non-native histidine residue (s) can reduce the IL7-binding ability of the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof at an acidic pH, without causing substantial conformational changes of the protein structure. In some embodiments, the residues critical for IL-7 or common cytokine γ chain (γc) binding are unmutated, and the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof can induce downstream signaling pathways, e.g., Jak-Stat and / or PI3K-Akt pathways. In some embodiments, introduction of the non-native histidine residues (e.g., any of the histidine mutations described herein) can lead to protein conformational change with a RMSD (root-mean-square deviation of atomic positions) value of less than less than less than less than less than less than less than less than less than or less than In some embodiments, the RMSD value is calculated by structurally align the wild-type protein and the protein variants. In some embodiments, only Calpha atoms are used for determining the conformational change.
[0218] In some embodiments, the one or more histidine mutations described herein do not substantially interfere the overall structure of the cytokine receptor variant. In some cases, the introduced histidine residues do not exhibit any spatial clashes with the un-mutated residues. In some cases, a skilled person in the art may perform a simulation of the mutated histidine structure in silico, and determine the associated conformational changes. In some embodiments, the associated conformational change is minimal, e.g., with a RMSD value that is considered insignificant by a skilled person in the art.
[0219] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof as described herein can increase immune response, activity or number of immune cells (e.g., T cells or NK cells) within tumor microenvironment by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 2 folds, 3 folds, 5 folds, 10 folds, or 20 folds.
[0220] In some implementations, the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof can bind to a IL7RA ligand (e.g., IL-7, Dimeric Fc-IL-7, or Monomeric Fc-IL-7) , with a dissociation rate (koff) of less than 0.1 s-1, less than 0.01 s-1, or less than 0.001 s-1. In some embodiments, the dissociation rate (koff) is greater than 0.01 s-1, greater than 0.001 s-1, or greater than 0.0001 s-1.
[0221] In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is greater than 1 × 102 / Ms, greater than 1 × 103 / Ms, greater than 1 × 104 / Ms, greater than 1 × 105 / Ms, or greater than 1 ×106 / Ms. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is less than 1 × 105 / Ms, less than 1 × 106 / Ms, or less than 1 × 107 / Ms.
[0222] Affinities can be deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) . In some embodiments, KD is less than 1 × 10-6 M, less than 1 × 10-7 M, less than 1 × 10-8 M, less than 1 × 10-9 M, or less than 1 × 10-10 M. In some embodiments, the KD is less than 300 nM, 200 nM, 100 nM, 90 nM, 80 nM, 70 nM, 60 nM, 50 nM, 40 nM, 30 nM, 20 nM, 15 nM, 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, or 1 nM. In some embodiments, KD is greater than 1 × 10-7 M, greater than 1 × 10-8 M, greater than 1 × 10-9 M, or greater than 1 × 10-10 M.
[0223] General techniques for measuring the affinity include, e.g., ELISA, radioimmunoassay (RIA) , and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) . In some embodiments, the affinity is determined by cell-based assays.
[0224] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof described herein can be expressed and purified by methods commonly used in the art, e.g., affinity chromatography. In some cases, the protein constructs can be purified by size-exclusive chromatography (SEC) coupled with HPLC. In some embodiments, the percentage of the main peak in the SEC-HPLC analysis result is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the percentage of high molecular weight peak (HMW%) and / or low molecular weight peak (LMW%) is less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%.
[0225] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof described herein can inhibit tumor growth, e.g., when administered together with an IL7RA ligand (e.g., any of the IL7RA ligand described herein) in a tumor-bearing animal. In some cases, the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof has a tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) that is greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof described herein has a tumor growth inhibition percentage that is less than 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. The TGI%can be determined, e.g., at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 days after the treatment starts. As used herein, the tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) is calculated using the following formula: TGI (%) = [1-Mean (Tfinal-Tinitial) / Mean (Cfinal-Cinitial) ] ×100
[0226] Tfinal is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on the final day. Tinitial is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on Day 0. Cfinal is the average tumor volume in the control group on the final day. Cinitial is the average tumor volume in the control group on Day 0.
[0227] In some embodiments, the TGI%of the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof described herein is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 110%, at least 120%, at least 130%, at least 140%, at least 150%, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, or at least 10-fold greater that of a wild-type IL7RA or protein construct thereof.
[0228] Methods of making engineered IL7RA variants and protein constructs
[0229] The engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof described herein can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the DNA encoding a IL7RA (e.g., human IL7RA) or a part thereof (e.g., the extracellular region of human IL7RA) or by peptide synthesis. Such variants include, for example, deletions, insertions, or substitutions of residues within the amino acids sequences. In some embodiments, selective histidine mutations can be introduced by substitution.
[0230] Screening can be performed. In a population of such variants, some engineered IL7RA variants can be expressed and purified using methods known in the art. In addition, the binding affinity of some engineered IL7RA variants to an IL7RA ligand (e.g., any of the IL7RA ligands described herein) at a neutral or acidic pH can be determined by ELISA. Different protocols (e.g., ED1 or ED2) can be used. Based on the experimental results above, some engineered IL7RA variants with a good expression / purification profile, a high binding affinity to the IL7RA ligand at a neutral pH, and / or a low binding affinity to the IL7RA ligand at an acidic pH, can be selected to generate any of the protein constructs described herein (e.g., any of the protein constructs having a targeting moiety that specifically binds to a TAA) .
[0231] In some embodiments, an engineered IL7RA variant can have a high binding affinity to an IL7RA ligand at a neutral pH (e.g., at about 6.5, about 6.6, about 6.7, about 6.8, about 6.9, about 7.0, about 7.1, about 7.2, about 7.3, about 7.4, about 7.5, about 7.6, about 7.7, about 7.8, about 7.9, or about 8.0) , if the binding affinity is at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 100%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof (e.g., a wildtype IL7RA extracellular region) . In some embodiments, the high binding affinity of the engineered IL7RA variant at a neutral pH means its EC50 to be less than 150%, less than 120%, less than 100%, less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, less than 50%, less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, or less than 20%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof (e.g., a wildtype IL7RA extracellular region) at the same pH. In some embodiments, the EC50 of the engineered IL7RA variant at a neutral pH is about 20%to about 150%, about 20%to about 120%, about 20%to about 100%, about 20%to about 80%, about 50%to about 150%, about 50%to about 120%, about 50%to about 100%, about 80%to about 150%, or about 80%to about 120%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof (e.g., a wildtype IL7RA extracellular region) at the same pH. In some embodiments, the high binding affinity of the engineered IL7RA variant at a neutral pH means its RBE to be at least at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 350%, at least 400%, at least 450%, at least 500%, at least 600%, at least 700%, at least 800%, at least 900%, or at least 1000%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof (e.g., a wildtype IL7RA extracellular region) at the same pH.
[0232] In some embodiments, an engineered IL7RA variant can have a low binding affinity to an IL7RA ligand at an acidic pH (e.g., at about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about 5.3, about 5.4, about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, or about 6.4) , if the binding affinity is less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, less than 50%, less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, or less than 20%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof (e.g., a wildtype IL7RA extracellular region) . In some embodiments, the low binding affinity of the engineered IL7RA variant at an acidic pH means its EC50 to be at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 350%, at least 400%, at least 450%, at least 500%, at least 600%, at least 700%, at least 800%, at least 900%, or at least 1000%as compared to that of wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof (e.g., a wildtype IL7RA extracellular region) at the same pH. In some embodiments, the low binding affinity of the engineered IL7RA variant at an acidic pH requires its EC50 to be at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 250%, at least 300%, at least 350%, at least 400%, at least 450%, at least 500%, at least 600%, at least 700%, at least 800%, at least 900%, or at least 1000%as compared to that of the same engineered IL7RA variant at a neutral pH. In some embodiments, the EC50 of the engineered IL7RA variant at an acidic pH is about 50%to about 1000%, about 50%to about 500%, about 50%to about 400%, about 50%to about 300%, about 50%to about 200%, about 100%to about 1000%, about 100%to about 500%, about 100%to about 400%, about 100%to about 300%, or about 100%to about 200%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof (e.g., a wildtype IL7RA extracellular region) at the same pH, or the same engineered IL7RA variant at a neutral pH. In some embodiments, the low binding affinity of the engineered IL7RA variant at an acidic pH means its RBE to be less than 200%, less than 150%, less than 100%, less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, less than 50%, less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, or less than 10%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof (e.g., a wildtype IL7RA extracellular region) at the same pH. In some embodiments, the low binding affinity of the engineered IL7RA variant at an acidic pH requires its RBE to be less than 100%, less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, less than 50%, less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, or less than 10%as compared to that of the same engineered IL7RA variant at a neutral pH.
[0233] In some embodiments, the binding affinity, EC50, and / or RBE are determined at the same pH or different pH (e.g., following any of the protocols described herein) for the engineered IL7RA variant and the wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof.
[0234] In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variant or a protein construct thereof can have a binding affinity to an IL7RA ligand at an acidic pH (e.g., any of the acidic pHs described herein) that is less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, less than 50%, less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, or less than 20%as compared to that at a neutral pH (e.g., any of the neutral pHs described herein) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variant or a protein construct thereof can have a binding affinity to an IL7RA ligand at an acidic pH (e.g., any of the acidic pHs described herein) that is at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%as compared to that at a neutral pH (e.g., any of the neutral pHs described herein) . In some embodiments, the engineered IL7RA variant or the protein construct thereof does not fully dissociate from the IL7RA ligand at an acidic pH, thereby partially exposing the IL7RA ligand to the tumor microenvironment. It is contemplated that the IL7RA ligand (e.g., IL-7 or a functional variant thereof) , when bound with the engineered IL7RA variant or protein construct thereof, can exhibit an attenuated toxicity in tumor microenvironment, as compared to that when the IL7RA ligand is completely dissociated from an engineered IL7RA variant or protein construct thereof having a lower IL7RA ligand-binding affinity at an acidic pH.
[0235] Any combination of deletions, insertions, and / or combinations can be made to arrive at a variant that has have a high binding affinity to a IL7RA ligand at a neutral pH and a low binding affinity to the IL7RA ligand at an acidic pH.. The amino acid changes introduced into the variant can also alter or introduce new post-translational modifications into the polypeptide, such as changing (e.g., increasing or decreasing) the number of glycosylation sites, changing the type of glycosylation site (e.g., changing the amino acid sequence such that a different sugar is attached by enzymes present in a cell) , or introducing new glycosylation sites.
[0236] Engineered IL7RA variants can be derived from any species of animal, including mammals. Non-limiting examples of IL7RA variants include IL7RA variants derived from humans, primates, e.g., monkeys and apes, cows, pigs, horses, sheep, camelids (e.g., camels and llamas) , chicken, goats, and rodents (e.g., rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits) .
[0237] The present disclosure also provides recombinant vectors (e.g., an expression vectors) that include an isolated polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) , host cells into which are introduced the recombinant vectors (i.e., such that the host cells contain the polynucleotide and / or a vector comprising the polynucleotide) , and the production of recombinant polypeptides or fragments thereof by recombinant techniques.
[0238] As used herein, a “vector” is any construct capable of delivering one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest to a host cell when the vector is introduced to the host cell. An “expression vector” is capable of delivering and expressing the one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest as an encoded polypeptide in a host cell into which the expression vector has been introduced. Thus, in an expression vector, the polynucleotide of interest is positioned for expression in the vector by being operably linked with regulatory elements such as a promoter, enhancer, and / or a poly-Atail, either within the vector or in the genome of the host cell at or near or flanking the integration site of the polynucleotide of interest such that the polynucleotide of interest will be translated in the host cell introduced with the expression vector.
[0239] A vector can be introduced into the host cell by methods known in the art, e.g., electroporation, chemical transfection (e.g., DEAE-dextran) , transformation, transfection, and infection and / or transduction (e.g., with recombinant virus) . Thus, non-limiting examples of vectors include viral vectors (which can be used to generate recombinant virus) , naked DNA or RNA, plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors, and DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents.
[0240] In some implementations, a polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) is introduced using a viral expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other pox virus, retrovirus, or adenovirus) , which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic (defective) , replication competent virus, or may use a replication defective virus. Techniques for incorporating DNA into such expression systems are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The DNA may also be “naked. ” The uptake of naked DNA may be increased by coating the DNA onto biodegradable beads that are efficiently transported into the cells.
[0241] For expression, the DNA insert comprising a polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide disclosed herein can be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter (e.g., a heterologous promoter) , such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few. Other suitable promoters are known to the skilled artisan. In some embodiments, the promoter is a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a human promoter, e.g., uHS or HS promoter. The human promoters can improve expression of proteins derived from human. Details of such human promoters can be found, e.g., in Antoniou, M., et al. "Transgenes encompassing dual-promoter CpG islands from the human TBP and HNRPA2B1 loci are resistant to heterochromatin-mediated silencing. " Genomics 82.3 (2003) : 269-279; and Zhang, F., et al. "Aubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE) confers resistance to DNA methylation–mediated silencing of lentiviral vectors. " Molecular Therapy 18.9 (2010) : 1640-1649; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The expression constructs can further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs may include a translation initiating at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
[0242] As indicated, the expression vectors can include at least one selectable marker. Such markers include dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in E. coli and other bacteria. Representative examples of appropriate hosts include, but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, Bowes melanoma, and HK 293 cells; and plant cells. Appropriate culture mediums and conditions for the host cells described herein are known in the art.
[0243] Non-limiting vectors for use in bacteria include pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-9, available from Qiagen; pBS vectors, Phagescript vectors, Bluescript vectors, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A, available from Stratagene; and ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 available from Pharmacia. Non-limiting eukaryotic vectors include pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1 and pSG available from Stratagene; and pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia. Other suitable vectors will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan.
[0244] Non-limiting bacterial promoters suitable for use include the E. coli lacI and lacZ promoters, the T3 and T7 promoters, the gpt promoter, the lambda PR and PL promoters and the trp promoter. Suitable eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, the early and late SV40 promoters, the promoters of retroviral LTRs, such as those of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) , and metallothionein promoters, such as the mouse metallothionein-I promoter.
[0245] In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH can be used.
[0246] Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be affected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection or other methods. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., Basic Methods In Molecular Biology (1986) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0247] In some embodiments, the host cell is a human cell suitable for protein expression, e.g., HEK293 cells or CHO cells (e.g., CHO-Scells) . In some embodiments, the host cells are Expi293 cells. The Expi293 Expression System is designed to deliver up to 6× more protein in just one week, compared with other transient 293 expression systems that can take two weeks or more. This is in part due to the fact that Expi293F cells are adapted to achieve higher pg / cell / day productivity than standard HEK 293 cells, and the Expifectamine 293 Transfection Reagent and enhancers enable high-efficiency transfection and expression levels of high-density HEK 293 cultures. Additionally, the Expi293 Expression System requires less plasticware, which means less waste and more incubator space.
[0248] Transcription of DNA encoding a polypeptide of the present disclosure by higher eukaryotes may be increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act to increase transcriptional activity of a promoter in a given host cell-type. Examples of enhancers include the SV40 enhancer, which is located on the late side of the replication origin at base pairs 100 to 270, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
[0249] For secretion of the translated protein into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, into the periplasmic space or into the extracellular environment, appropriate secretion signals may be incorporated into the expressed polypeptide. The signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or they may be heterologous signals.
[0250] The polypeptide (e.g., engineered IL7RA variants) can be expressed in a modified form, such as a fusion protein (e.g., a HSA-fusion or GST-fusion) or with a His-tag, and may include not only secretion signals, but also additional heterologous functional regions. For instance, a region of additional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids, may be added to the N-terminus of the polypeptide to improve stability and persistence in the host cell, during purification, or during subsequent handling and storage. Also, peptide moieties can be added to the polypeptide to facilitate purification. Such regions can be removed prior to final preparation of the polypeptide. The addition of peptide moieties to polypeptides to engender secretion or excretion, to improve stability and to facilitate purification, among others, are familiar and routine techniques in the art.
[0251] Methods of treatment
[0252] The engineered IL7RA variants and protein constructs thereof of the present disclosure can be used for various therapeutic purposes.
[0253] In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for treating a cancer in a subject, methods of reducing the rate of the increase of volume of a tumor in a subject over time, methods of reducing the risk of developing a metastasis, or methods of reducing the risk of developing an additional metastasis in a subject. In some embodiments, the treatment can halt, slow, retard, or inhibit progression of a cancer. In some embodiments, the treatment can result in the reduction of in the number, severity, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of the cancer in a subject.
[0254] In one aspect, the disclosure features methods that include administering a therapeutically effective amount of engineered IL7RA variants and protein constructs disclosed herein and an IL7RA ligand to a subject in need thereof (e.g., a subject having, or identified or diagnosed as having, a cancer) , e.g., breast cancer (e.g., triple-negative breast cancer) , carcinoid cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, glioma, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, bladder cancer, urethral cancer, or hematologic malignancy. In some embodiments, the cancer is unresectable melanoma or metastatic melanoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) , small cell lung cancer (SCLC) , bladder cancer, or metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. In some embodiments, the subject has a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) , renal cell carcinoma (RCC) , triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) , or colorectal carcinoma. In some embodiments, the subject has Hodgkin's lymphoma. In some embodiments, the subject has triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) , gastric cancer, urothelial cancer, Merkel-cell carcinoma, or head and neck cancer.
[0255] In some embodiments, the cancer described herein is lung cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, glioma, pancreatic cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) , hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, or glioblastoma.
[0256] In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for treatment of patients at risk for a cancer. Patients with cancer can be identified with various methods known in the art.
[0257] In one aspect, the disclosure provides methods for treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of developing disorders associated with an abnormal or unwanted immune response, e.g., an autoimmune disorder, e.g., by administering a therapeutically effective amount of engineered IL7RA variants and protein constructs disclosed herein and an IL7RA ligand to a subject in need thereof. These autoimmune disorders include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) , ulcerative colitis, or scleroderma. In some embodiments, the autoimmune disorders include allergy, asthma, and / or atopic dermatitis. Thus, engineered IL7RA variants and protein constructs disclosed herein can be used to inhibit immune response. In some embodiments, the immune disorders described herein is allergy, asthma, myocarditis, nephritis, hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, hyperthyroidism, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune liver disease, diabetes, pain or neurological disorders.
[0258] As used herein, by an “effective amount” is meant an amount or dosage sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results including halting, slowing, retarding, or inhibiting progression of a disease, e.g., a cancer. An effective amount will vary depending upon, e.g., an age and a body weight of a subject to which the engineered IL7RA variants and protein constructs, the IL7RA ligand, vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the engineered IL7RA variants and protein constructs, and / or compositions thereof is to be administered, a severity of symptoms and a route of administration, and thus administration can be determined on an individual basis.
[0259] An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. By way of example, an effective amount of the engineered IL7RA variants and / or protein constructs is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, inhibit, slow and / or delay progression of a cancer in a patient or is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, slow and / or delay proliferation of a cell (e.g., a biopsied cell, any of the cancer cells described herein, or cell line (e.g., a cancer cell line) ) in vitro. As is understood in the art, an effective amount may vary, depending on, inter alia, patient history as well as other factors such as the type (and / or dosage) of the engineered IL7RA variants and protein constructs used.
[0260] Effective amounts and schedules for administering the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof, the polynucleotides encoding the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs, and / or compositions disclosed herein may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. Those skilled in the art will understand that the dosage that must be administered will vary depending on, for example, the mammal that will receive the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof, the polynucleotides, and / or compositions disclosed herein, the route of administration, the particular type of polynucleotides, and / or compositions disclosed herein used and other drugs being administered to the mammal.
[0261] A typical daily dosage of an effective amount of the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof and / or the IL7RA ligand is 0.1 mg / kg to 200 mg / kg (mg per kg of patient weight) . In some embodiments, the dosage can be less than 150 mg / kg, 140 mg / kg, 130 mg / kg, 120 mg / kg, 110 mg / kg, 100 mg / kg, 90 mg / kg, 80 mg / kg, 70 mg / kg, 60 mg / kg, 50 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be greater than 150 mg / kg, 140 mg / kg, 130 mg / kg, 120 mg / kg, 110 mg / kg, 100 mg / kg, 90 mg / kg, 80 mg / kg, 70 mg / kg, 60 mg / kg, 50 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage is about 150 mg / kg, 140 mg / kg, 130 mg / kg, 120 mg / kg, 110 mg / kg, 100 mg / kg, 90 mg / kg, 80 mg / kg, 70 mg / kg, 60 mg / kg, 50 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, or 1 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage is about 1 to 150 mg / kg, about 1 to 100 mg / kg, about 1 to 80 mg / kg, about 1 to 50 mg / kg, about 1 to 30 mg / kg, about 1 to 20 mg / kg, about 1 to 10 mg / kg, about 1 to 5 mg / kg, about 5 to 150 mg / kg, about 5 to 100 mg / kg, about 5 to 80 mg / kg, about 5 to 50 mg / kg, about 5 to 30 mg / kg, about 5 to 20 mg / kg, about 5 to 10 mg / kg, about 10 to 150 mg / kg, about 10 to 100 mg / kg, about 10 to 80 mg / kg, about 10 to 50 mg / kg, about 10 to 30 mg / kg, about 10 to 20 mg / kg, about 20 to 150 mg / kg, about 20 to 100 mg / kg, about 20 to 80 mg / kg, about 20 to 50 mg / kg, about 20 to 30 mg / kg, about 30 to 150 mg / kg, about 30 to 100 mg / kg, about 30 to 80 mg / kg, about 30 to 50 mg / kg, about 50 to 150 mg / kg, about 50 to 100 mg / kg, about 50 to 80 mg / kg, about 80 to 150 mg / kg, about 80 to 100 mg / kg, or about 100 to 150 mg / kg.
[0262] In any of the methods described herein, the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof can be administered to the subject at least once a week (e.g., once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, once a day, twice a day, or three times a day) .
[0263] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject prior to, or after administering the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents are administered to the subject such that there is an overlap in the bioactive period of the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof in the subject.
[0264] In some embodiments, one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject. The additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more inhibitors selected from the group consisting of an inhibitor of B-Raf, an EGFR inhibitor, an inhibitor of a MEK, an inhibitor of ERK, an inhibitor of K-Ras, an inhibitor of c-Met, an inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) , an inhibitor of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) , an inhibitor of an Akt, an inhibitor of mTOR, a dual PI3K / mTOR inhibitor, an inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) , and an inhibitor of Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and / or Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) . In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1) (IDO1) (e.g., epacadostat) .
[0265] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more inhibitors selected from the group consisting of an inhibitor of HER3, an inhibitor of LSD1, an inhibitor of MDM2, an inhibitor of BCL2, an inhibitor of CHK1, an inhibitor of activated hedgehog signaling pathway, and an agent that selectively degrades the estrogen receptor.
[0266] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of Trabectedin, nab-paclitaxel, Trebananib, Pazopanib, Cediranib, Palbociclib, everolimus, fluoropyrimidine, IFL, regorafenib, Reolysin, Alimta, Zykadia, Sutent, temsirolimus, axitinib, everolimus, sorafenib, Votrient, Pazopanib, IMA-901, AGS-003, cabozantinib, Vinflunine, an Hsp90 inhibitor, Ad-GM-CSF, Temazolomide, IL-2, IFNa, vinblastine, Thalomid, dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, lenalidomide, azacytidine, lenalidomide, bortezomid, amrubicine, carfilzomib, pralatrexate, and enzastaurin.
[0267] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can comprise one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of an adjuvant, a TLR agonist, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, IL-1, HMGB1, an IL-10 antagonist, an IL-4 antagonist, an IL-13 antagonist, an IL-17 antagonist, an HVEM antagonist, an ICOS agonist, a treatment targeting CX3CL1, a treatment targeting CXCL9, a treatment targeting CXCL10, a treatment targeting CCL5, an LFA-1 agonist, an ICAM1 agonist, and a Selectin agonist.
[0268] In some embodiments, carboplatin, nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel, cisplatin, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, FOLFOX, or FOLFIRI are administered to the subject.
[0269] In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-OX40 antibody, an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-PD-L2 antibody, an anti-SIRPα antibody, an anti-CD47 antibody, an anti-LAG3 antibody, an anti-TIGIT antibody, an anti-BTLA antibody, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, or an anti-GITR antibody. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-CD20 antibody (e.g., rituximab) or an anti-EGF receptor antibody (e.g., cetuximab) .
[0270] Pharmaceutical compositions and routes of administration
[0271] Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions that contain the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof described herein. The pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in any manner known in the art.
[0272] Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated to be compatible with their intended route of administration (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) . The compositions can include a sterile diluent (e.g., sterile water or saline) , a fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents, antibacterial or antifungal agents, such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite, chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, buffers, such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates, and isotonic agents, such as sugars (e.g., dextrose) , polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol) , or salts (e.g., sodium chloride) , or any combination thereof. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Preparations of the compositions can be formulated and enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials. Where required (as in, for example, injectable formulations) , proper fluidity can be maintained by, for example, the use of a coating, such as lecithin, or a surfactant. Absorption of the agents can be prolonged by including an agent that delays absorption (e.g., aluminum monostearate and gelatin) . Alternatively, controlled release can be achieved by implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, which can include biodegradable, biocompatible polymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid) .
[0273] Compositions containing the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof described herein can be formulated for parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) administration in dosage unit form (i.e., physically discrete units containing a predetermined quantity of active compound for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage) .
[0274] Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration are preferably sterile and substantially isotonic and manufactured under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions. Pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in unit dosage form (i.e., the dosage for a single administration) . Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or auxiliaries. The formulation depends on the route of administration chosen. For injection, the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof can be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically-compatible buffers to reduce discomfort at the site of injection. The solution can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and / or dispersing agents. Alternatively the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof can be in lyophilized form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
[0275] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compositions can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals (e.g., monkeys) . One can, for example, determine the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50%of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50%of the population) : the therapeutic index being the ratio of LD50: ED50. Agents that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. Where an agent exhibits an undesirable side effect, care should be taken to minimize potential damage (i.e., reduce unwanted side effects) . Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy can be determined by other standard pharmaceutical procedures.
[0276] Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of any of the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof described herein per kilogram of the subject’s weight (e.g., about 1 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 5 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg; about 1 μg / kg to about 50 μg / kg; about 1 mg / kg to about 10 mg / kg; or about 1 mg / kg to about 5 mg / kg) . While these doses cover a broad range, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that therapeutic agents can vary in their potency, and effective amounts can be determined by methods known in the art. Typically, relatively low doses are administered at first, and the attending health care professional or veterinary professional (in the case of therapeutic application) or a researcher (when still working at the development stage) can subsequently and gradually increase the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, and the half-life of the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof in vivo.
[0277] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration. The disclosure also provides methods of manufacturing the engineered IL7RA variants or protein constructs thereof for various uses as described herein.
[0278] Methods of screening cytokine receptor variants
[0279] Provided herein are methods of screening cytokine receptor variants with a desired pH-dependent cytokine-binding ability.
[0280] In some embodiments, the disclosure is related to methods of screening cytokine receptor variants having a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH and / or a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH, the method comprising (a) introducing one or more non-native histidine residues in a wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof (e.g., any of the cytokine receptors or fragments thereof described herein) to generate a plurality (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) of cytokine receptor variants; (b) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and a ligand comprising a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH (e.g., any of the neutral pH described herein) , wherein a first group of cytokine receptor variants having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor are selected; (c) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at an acidic pH (e.g., any of the acidic pH described herein) , wherein a second group of cytokine receptor variants having less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor are selected. In some embodiments, those cytokine receptor variants in both the first and the second group of cytokine receptor variants represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a high binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH and a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH. In some embodiments, the binding affinity is determined using any of the methods described herein, e.g., ELISA.
[0281] In some embodiments, the disclosure is related to methods of screening cytokine receptor variants having a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH (e.g., any of the neutral pH described herein) and / or a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH (e.g., any of the acidic pH described herein) , the method comprising (a) introducing one or more non-native histidine residues in a wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof (e.g., any of the cytokine receptors or fragments thereof described herein) to generate a plurality (at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) of cytokine receptor variants; (b) attaching each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants to wells of a multi-well plate; and (c) incubating a ligand comprising the corresponding cytokine with each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants at a neutral pH (e.g., about pH 6.5-8.0) and / or an acidic pH (e.g., about 5.0-6.4) . In some embodiments, the methods further include (d) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at a neutral pH (e.g., any of the neutral pH described herein) , wherein cytokine receptor variants having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH. In some embodiments, the methods further include (d) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at an acidic pH (e.g., any of the acidic pH described herein) , wherein cytokine receptor variants having less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH. An exemplary flow chart of the methods is shown in FIG. 1A.
[0282] In some embodiments, the disclosure is related to methods of screening cytokine receptor variants having a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH (e.g., any of the neutral pH described herein) and / or a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH (e.g., any of the acidic pH described herein) , the method comprising (a) introducing one or more non-native histidine residues to a wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof to generate a plurality of cytokine receptor variants; (b) attaching each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants to wells of a multi-well plate; (c) incubating a ligand comprising the corresponding cytokine with each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants at about pH 7.0 to about 8.0 (e.g., about 7.0, about 7.1, about 7.2, about 7.3, about 7.4, about 7.5, about 7.5, about 7.6, about 7.7, about 7.8, about 7.9, or about 8.0) ; (d) removing unbound ligand from wells of the multi-well plate; and (e) incubating the plurality of cytokine receptor variants at a neutral pH (e.g., any of the neutral pH described herein) and / or an acidic pH (e.g., any of the acidic pH described herein) . In some embodiments, the methods further include (f) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at a neutral pH (any of the neutral pH described herein) , wherein cytokine receptor variants having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH. In some embodiments, the methods further include (f) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at an acidic pH (e.g., any of the acidic pH described herein) , wherein cytokine receptor variants having less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH. An exemplary flow chart of the methods is shown in FIG. 1B.
[0283] In some embodiments, the ligand described herein has a schematic structure shown as “Dimeric Fc-IL-7” or “Monomeric Fc-IL-7” in FIGS. 1A-1B, wherein the “IL-7” can be replaced with any of the cytokines described herein.
[0284] In some embodiments, the ligand includes a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, a first CH3 domain, and a cytokine; and a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain, a second CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the first and second polypeptides associate with each other, forming a dimer. In some embodiments, the hinge region, CH2 domain, and CH3 domain described herein are derived from IgG (e.g., any of the IgG molecules described herein) .
[0285] In some embodiments, the IL7RA ligand includes a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, a first CH3 domain, and a first cytokine; and a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain, a second CH3 domain, and a second cytokine. In some embodiments, the first and second polypeptides associate with each other, forming a dimer. In some embodiments, the first and second polypeptides have identical sequences. In some embodiments, the hinge region, CH2 domain, and CH3 domain described herein are derived from immunoglobulin (e.g., any of the IgG molecules described herein) .
[0286] In some embodiments, the cytokine receptor is IL7RA (e.g., human IL7RA) . In some embodiments, the cytokine receptor is a receptor of IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8 , IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-23, IL-24, IL-25, IL-26, IL-27, IL-28, IL-29, IL-30, IL-31, IL-32, IL-33, IL-35, or IL-36. In some embodiments, the cytokine receptor is a receptor of IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, IL-15, IL-21, IFNα, GM-CSF, or FLT-3.
[0287] In some embodiments, functional assays are performed to compare the one or more expressed cytokine variants.
[0288] EXAMPLES
[0289] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0290] Example 1. Design of IL7RA variants with decreased IL7-biding affinity at lower pH
[0291] Human Interleukin 7 receptor is a heterodimer made up of two subunits, interleukin-7 receptor-α (IL7RA or CD127) and common-γ chain receptor (CD132) . The common-γ chain receptor is shared with various cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, and IL-15. Interleukin-7 receptor is expressed on various cell types, including naive and memory T cells and many others.
[0292] Human IL7RA (NCBI reference sequence: NP_002176.2; UniProt ID: P16871; SEQ ID NO: 18) is a 459 amino acid protein that includes, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a signal peptide (corresponding to amino acids 1-20 of SEQ ID NO: 18) , an extracellular region (corresponding to amino acids 21-239 of SEQ ID NO: 18) , a transmembrane region (corresponding to amino acids 240-264 of SEQ ID NO: 18) , and a cytoplasmic region (corresponding to amino acids 265-459 of SEQ ID NO: 18) .
[0293] Different IL7RA variant proteins (or IL7RA variants, IL-7RA variants, IL-7Rαvariants) were designed by introducing one or more histidine mutations in the human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . It was contemplated that the one or more histidine mutations can maintain IL7RA’s stable binding with IL-7 at a neutral pH (e.g., about pH 7.5) , but have a weak binding at an acidic pH (e.g., about pH 6.0) . The engineered IL7RA variant proteins may be used as a “protective lid” to shield IL-7 from activating immune cells prematurely during systemic circulation. Once the engineered IL7RA variant proteins reach tumor sites (lower pH environment) , the lid can be loosen up, which enables IL-7 to activate immune cells within the tumor microenvironment.
[0294] Specifically, one selected amino acid residue in a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) can be mutated to a histidine residue, and the following IL7RA variant proteins were obtained: IL7RA-mut01 (E27H; SEQ ID NO: 1) , IL7RA-mut02 (S31H; SEQ ID NO: 2) , IL7RA-mut03 (L57H; SEQ ID NO: 3) , IL7RA-mut04 (V58H; SEQ ID NO: 4) , IL7RA-mut05 (K77H; SEQ ID NO: 5) , IL7RA-mut06 (K78H; SEQ ID NO: 6) , IL7RA-mut07 (L80H; SEQ ID NO: 7) , IL7RA-mut08 (L81H; SEQ ID NO: 8) , IL7RA-mut09 (I82H; SEQ ID NO: 9) , IL7RA-mut10 (K138H; SEQ ID NO: 10) , IL7RA-mut11 (Y139H; SEQ ID NO: 11) , IL7RA-mut12 (Y192H; SEQ ID NO: 12) , and IL7RA-mut13 (F193H; SEQ ID NO: 13) . Alternatively, two selected amino acid residues can be mutated to histidine residues, and the following IL7RA variant proteins were obtained: IL7RA-mut14 (Y192H, S31H; SEQ ID NO: 14) , IL7RA-mut15 (Y192H, K77H; SEQ ID NO: 15) , and IL7RA-mut16 (Y192H, K78H; SEQ ID NO: 16) . The amino acid positions described above are relative to a wildtype human IL7RA extracellular region (SEQ ID NO: 17) . For example, IL7RA-mut01 (E27H; SEQ ID NO: 1) contains a Glu-to-His mutation at position 27 of SEQ ID NO: 17. Sequences of the IL7RA variant proteins are listed in FIG. 12.
[0295] Example 2. Protocols of ELISA binding assay
[0296] Two different protocols (Experimental Design 1 and Experimental Design 2) were used to screen IL7RA variant proteins that can bind to IL-7 in a pH-dependent manner.
[0297] Experimental Design 1 (or ED1)
[0298] To determine the human IL7-binding ability of the purified IL7RA variant proteins, ELISA plates coated with 2 μg / ml anti-His-tag antibody (R&D Systems, Cat#: MAB050-500) were prepared. 30 μl of 0.5 μg / ml His-tagged (N-terminal) IL7RA variant was each added to the ELISA plates and incubated at 25℃ for 1 hour. Amino acid sequence of the His-tag is shown in SEQ ID NO: 24. After the incubation, solution in the ELISA plates was removed, and the plates were wash four times with PBST in a ELISA washer (Molecular Devices, 2000) . Serially diluted monomeric Fc-IL-7 (Chain 1: SEQ ID NO: 19, Chain 2: SEQ ID NO: 20) or dimeric Fc-IL-7 (Chain: SEQ ID NO: 21) in different PBST with pH 7.5, pH 6.5 or pH 6.0 was added to the ELISA plates and incubated at 25℃ for 2 hours. After the incubation, the solution was removed, and the plates were washed four times with PBST in a ELISA washer. Afterwards, goat anti-human IgG-HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, Cat#: 109-035-098) with a dilution ratio of 1: 8000 was added to the plates, followed by an incubation at 25℃ for 30 minutes. After the incubation, solution was removed and the plates were washed four times with PBST in a ELISA washer. TMB (SURMODICS, Cat#: TMBW-0100-01) was then added for color development. The absorbance value at 450 nm (OD450) was measured using a VarioskanTM LUX plate reader (Thermo) . A flowchart of this experimental design is shown in FIG. 1A.
[0299] By using this protocol, the binding of IL-7 and IL7RA variants can take place at the prescribed pH environment (e.g., pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0) .
[0300] Experimental Design 2 (or ED2)
[0301] To determine the human IL-7-binding ability of the purified IL7RA variant proteins, ELISA plates coated with 2 μg / ml anti-His-tag antibody (R&D Systems, Cat#: MAB050-500) were prepared. 30 μl of 0.5 μg / ml His-tagged IL7RA variant was each added to the ELISA plates and incubated at 25℃ for 1 hour. After the incubation, solution in the ELISA plates was removed, and the plates were wash four times with PBST in a ELISA washer (Molecular Devices, 2000) . Serially diluted monomeric Fc-IL-7 (Chain 1: SEQ ID NO: 19, Chain 2: SEQ ID NO: 20) or dimeric Fc-IL-7 (Chain: SEQ ID NO: 21) in PBST with pH. 7.5 (fixed) was added to the ELISA plates and incubated at 25℃ for 2 hours. After the incubation, the solution was removed and the plates were washed four times with PBST in a ELISA washer. Afterwards, different PBST with pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0 was added to the ELISA plates and incubated at 25℃ for 30 minutes. After the incubation, the solution was removed and the plates were washed four times with PBST in a ELISA washer. Afterwards, goat anti-human IgG-HRP (Jackson ImmunoResearch, Cat#: 109-035-098) with a dilution ratio of 1: 8000 was added to the plates, followed by an incubation at 25℃ for 30 minutes. After the incubation, the solution was removed and the plates were washed four times with PBST in a ELISA washer. TMB (SURMODICS, Cat#: TMBW-0100-01) was then added for color development. The absorbance value at 450 nm (OD450) was measured using a VarioskanTM LUX plate reader (Thermo) . A flowchart of this experimental design is shown in FIG. 1B.
[0302] By using this protocol, the binding of IL-7 and IL7RA variants can take place at pH 7.5, then the complex was subsequently washed with buffers of pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6., respectively. As compared to Experimental Design 1, this protocol is more similar to the situation when a drug is administered via intravenous (IV) infusion.
[0303] Example 3. Screening of IL7RA variants with a single histidine mutation
[0304] Screening by Experimental Design 1 (pH 7.5) using a dimeric Fc-IL-7
[0305] IL7RA-mut01 to IL7RA-mut13 were screened using Experimental Design 1 and a dimeric Fc-IL-7 as described in Example 2. Briefly, ELISA plates coated with 2 μg / ml anti-His-tag antibody were prepared, and the plates were blocked with 5%milk / PBST. 30 μl of 0.5 μg / ml His-tagged IL7RA variant or His-tagged wildtype IL7RA extracellular region (IL7RA-wt; SEQ ID NO: 17) in PBST was added to the ELISA plates. After washing, serially diluted dimeric Fc-IL-7 (3000 ng / mL, 4× dilution) in PBST with pH 7.5 was added to the ELISA plates and incubated for 2 hours. After washing, goat anti-human IgG-HRP with a dilution ratio of 1: 8000 was added to the plates and incubated. After washing, TMB was added for color development, and the reaction was stopped by adding sulfuric acid. CD47 (SEQ ID NO: 22) with a His-tag was used as a negative control. The results are shown in FIG. 2.
[0306] According to the results, the binding affinity of the tested IL7RA variants at pH 7.5 can be summarized as follows: mut02, mut06 > wt, mut10, mut12 > mut05 > mut07, mut11, mut03, mut13 > mut01, mut04, mut 08, mut09. The results showed that IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, and IL7RA-mut12 exhibited a similar IL-7 binding affinity at pH 7.5 as compared to IL7RA-wt. To ensure that the screened IL7RA variants can tightly bind to IL-7 at a neutral pH, these four variants were selected for subsequent experiments.
[0307] Screening by Experimental Design 1 (pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0) using a dimeric Fc-IL-7
[0308] In a different experiment, only IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, and IL7RA-mut12 were screened using Experimental Design 1 and a dimeric Fc-IL-7 as described in Example 2. Briefly, ELISA plates coated with 2 μg / ml anti-His-tag antibody were prepared, and the plates were blocked with 5%milk / PBST. 30 μl of 0.5 μg / ml His-tagged IL7RA variant or His-tagged wildtype IL7RA extracellular region (IL7RA-wt; SEQ ID NO: 17) in PBST was added to the ELISA plates. After washing, serially diluted dimeric Fc-IL-7 (3000 ng / mL, 2.5× dilution) in different PBST with pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0 was added to the ELISA plates and incubated for 2 hours. After washing, goat anti-human IgG-HRP with a dilution ratio of 1: 10000 was added to the plates and incubated. After washing, TMB was added for color development, and the reaction was stopped by adding sulfuric acid. CD47 (SEQ ID NO: 22) was used as a negative control. The ELISA binding results at pH 7.5 are shown in FIG. 3. According to the results, the binding affinity of the tested IL7RA variants at pH 7.5 can be summarized as follows: mut10, mut02, mut06, wt > mut12. The results are consistent with the results in FIG. 2, which also verified that the IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, and IL7RA-mut12 can tightly bind to IL-7 at a neutral pH.
[0309] The ELISA binding results at pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0 for each of IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, IL7RA-mut12, and IL7RA-wt are shown in FIGS. 4A-4E, respectively.. The results showed that binding affinity of IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, and IL7RA-mut12 significantly decreased at pH 6.0.
[0310] The ELISA binding results of IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, IL7RA-mut12, IL7RA-wt, and CD47 at different pH (pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0) are shown in FIGS. 5A-5C, respectively.
[0311] According to the results, the binding affinity of the tested IL7RA variants at pH 6.0 can be summarized as follows: mut10 > wt, mut02, mut06 > mut12. The results showed that IL7RA-mut12 exhibited a lower binding affinity than IL7RA-wt at pH 6.0.
[0312] Screening by Experimental Design 2 (pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0) using a dimeric Fc-IL-7
[0313] IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, and IL7RA-mut12 were screened using Experimental Design 2 and a dimeric Fc-IL-7 as described in Example 2. Briefly, ELISA plates coated with 2 μg / ml anti-His-tag antibody were prepared, and the plates were blocked with 5%milk / PBST. 30 μl of 0.5 μg / ml His-tagged IL7RA variant or His-tagged wildtype IL7RA extracellular region (IL7RA-wt; SEQ ID NO: 17) in PBST was added to the ELISA plates. After washing, serially diluted dimeric Fc-IL-7 (3000 ng / mL, 2.5× dilution) in PBST with pH 7.5 was added to the ELISA plates and incubated for 2 hours. After washing, different PBST with pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0 was added to the ELISA plates and incubated at 25℃ for 30 minutes. After washing, goat anti-human IgG-HRP with a dilution ratio of 1: 10000 was added to the plates and incubated. After washing, TMB was added for color development, and the reaction was stopped by adding sulfuric acid. CD47 (SEQ ID NO: 22) was used as a negative control. The ELISA binding results at pH 7.5 are shown in FIG. 6.
[0314] The results showed that IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, and IL7RA-wt had a similar IL-7-binding affinity at pH 7.5.
[0315] The ELISA binding results at pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0 for each of IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, IL7RA-mut12, and IL7RA-wt are shown in FIGS. 7A-7E, respectively.
[0316] The results showed that binding affinity of IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, and IL7RA-mut12 significantly decreased at pH 6.0.
[0317] The ELISA binding results of IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut02, IL7RA-mut06, IL7RA-mut10, IL7RA-mut12, IL7RA-wt, and CD47 at different pH (pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0) are shown in FIGS. 8A-8C, respectively.
[0318] According to the results above, the binding affinity of the tested IL7RA variants at pH 6.0 can be summarized as follows: mut10 > wt, mut02, mut06 > mut12. The results showed that IL7RA-mut12 exhibited a lower binding affinity than IL7RA-wt at pH 6.0.
[0319] Example 4. Screening of IL7RA variants with two histidine mutations
[0320] IL7RA-mut14, IL7RA-mut15, and IL7RA-mut16 were screened using Experimental Design 2 and a monomeric Fc-IL-7 as described in Example 2. Briefly, ELISA plates coated with 2 μg / ml anti-His-tag antibody were prepared, and the plates were blocked with 5%milk / PBST. 30 μl of 0.5 μg / ml His-tagged IL7RA variant or His-tagged wildtype IL7RA extracellular region (IL7RA-wt; SEQ ID NO: 17) in PBST was added to the ELISA plates. After washing, serially diluted monomeric Fc-IL-7 (50000 ng / mL, 2.5× dilution) in PBST with pH 7.5 was added to the ELISA plates and incubated for 2 hours. After washing, different PBST with pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0 was added to the ELISA plates and incubated at 25℃ for 30 minutes. After washing, goat anti-human IgG-HRP with a dilution ratio of 1: 10000 was added to the plates and incubated. After washing, TMB was added for color development, and the reaction was stopped by adding sulfuric acid. To test experimental conditions using monomeric Fc-IL-7, IL7RA-mut05 (low binding capacity at pH 7.5 / dimeric-IL-7 ED1 conditions) was as used as a control. IL-2 (SEQ ID NO: 23) with a His-tag was also used as a negative control. The ELISA binding results at pH 7.5 are shown in FIG. 9.
[0321] The results above showed that IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut05, IL7RA-mut012, IL7RA-mut14, IL7RA-mut15, and IL7RA-mut16 had a lower IL-7-binding affinity than IL7RA-wt at pH 7.5.
[0322] The ELISA binding results at pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0 for each of IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut05, IL7RA-mut012, IL7RA-mut14, IL7RA-mut15, IL7RA-mut16, and IL7RA-wt are shown in FIGS. 10A-10F, respectively.
[0323] The results showed that binding affinity of IL7RA-mut05, IL7RA-mut12, IL7RA-mut14, IL7RA-mut15, and IL7RA-mut16 significantly decreased at pH 6.0.
[0324] The ELISA binding results of IL7RA variants IL7RA-mut05, IL7RA-mut012, IL7RA-mut14, IL7RA-mut15, IL7RA-mut16, IL7RA-wt, and IL-2 at different pH (pH 7.5, pH 6.5, or pH 6.0) are shown in FIGS. 11A-11C, respectively.
[0325] According to the results above, the binding affinity of the tested IL7RA variants at pH 6.0 can be summarized as follows: wt > mut12 > mut05, mut14, mut15, mut16. The results showed that IL7RA-mut05, IL7RA-mut012, IL7RA-mut14, IL7RA-mut15, IL7RA-mut16 exhibited a lower binding affinity than IL7RA-wt at pH 6.0.
[0326] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0327] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.An engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the engineered IL7RA polypeptide comprises one or more non-native histidine residues.2.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 1, comprising one or more of the following:(a) the amino acid that corresponds to E27 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(b) the amino acid that corresponds to S31 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(c) the amino acid that corresponds to L57 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(d) the amino acid that corresponds to V58 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(e) the amino acid that corresponds to K77 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(f) the amino acid that corresponds to K78 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(g) the amino acid that corresponds to L80 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(h) the amino acid that corresponds to L81 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(i) the amino acid that corresponds to I82 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(j) the amino acid that corresponds to K138 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(k) the amino acid that corresponds to Y139 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(l) the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; and(m) the amino acid that corresponds to F193 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H.3.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to E27 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.4.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to S31 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.5.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to L57 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.6.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to V58 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.7.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to K77 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.8.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to K78 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.9.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to L80 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.10.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to L81 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.11.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to I82 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.12.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to K138 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.13.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to Y139 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.14.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.15.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the amino acid that corresponds to F193 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide is a histidine residue.16.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-15, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 (e.g., amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12) .17.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 1 or 2, comprising one or more of the following:(a) the amino acid that corresponds to S31 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H, and the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H;(b) the amino acid that corresponds to K77 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H, and the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H; and(c) the amino acid that corresponds to K78 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H, and the amino acid that corresponds to Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 is H.18.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 17, wherein both amino acids that correspond to S31 and Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide are histidine residues.19.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 17, wherein both amino acids that correspond to K77 and Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide are histidine residues.20.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 17, wherein both amino acids that correspond to K78 and Y192 of SEQ ID NO: 17 in the engineered IL7RA polypeptide are histidine residues.21.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1 and 17-20, comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 14, 15, or 16.22.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-21, comprising an amino acid sequence that corresponds to the extracellular region of human interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (IL7RA) .23.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the engineered IL7RA polypeptide binds to an IL7RA ligand with a binding affinity that is at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof at a neutral pH.24.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 23, wherein the neutral pH is about 6.5 to about 8.0, about 6.5 to about 7.5, about 6.5 to about 7.0, about 7.0 to about 8.0, about 7.0 to about 7.5, or about 7.5 to about 8.0.25.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 23, wherein the neutral pH is about 6.5, about 6.6, about 6.7, about 6.8, about 6.9, about 7.0, about 7.1, about 7.2, about 7.3, about 7.4, about 7.5, about 7.6, about 7.7, about 7.8, about 7.9, or about 8.0.26.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the engineered IL7RA polypeptide binds to an IL7RA ligand with a binding affinity that is less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%as compared to that of a wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof at an acidic pH.27.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 26, wherein the acidic pH is about 5.0 to about 6.4, about 5.0 to about 6.0, about 5.0 to about 5.5, about 5.5 to about 6.4, about 5.5 to about 6.0, or about 6.0 to about 6.4.28.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 26, wherein the acidic pH is about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about 5.3, about 5.4, about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, or about 6.4.29.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 23-28, wherein the IL7RA ligand comprises or consists of interleukin 7 (IL-7) , e.g., human IL-7.30.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 23-28, wherein the IL7RA ligand comprises:(a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a first CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a first CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and IL-7 (e.g., human IL-7) ; and(b) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a second CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , and a second CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) ,wherein the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.31.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 30, wherein the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 20.32.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 23-28, wherein the IL7RA ligand comprises:(a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a first CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a first CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and a first IL-7 (e.g., human IL-7) ; and(b) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a second CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a second CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and a second IL-7 (e.g., human IL-7) ,wherein the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.33.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 32, wherein the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 21.34.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 23-33, wherein the wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof comprises a wildtype IL7RA extracellular region, e.g., amino acids 21-239 of SEQ ID NO: 18.35.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 23-33, wherein the wildtype IL7RA or a fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17 or SEQ ID NO: 18.36.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-35, wherein the engineered IL7RA polypeptide further comprises a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain.37.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 36, wherein the engineered IL7RA polypeptide further comprises a hinge region, e.g., IgG hinge region.38.The engineered IL7RA polypeptide of claim 36 or 37, wherein the CH2 domain is an IgG CH2 domain and the CH3 domain is an IgG CH3 domain.39.A protein construct comprising the engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-38.40.The protein construct of claim 39, wherein the protein construct further comprises a second polypeptide comprising IL-7 or a functional variant thereof.41.The protein construct of claim 40, wherein the second polypeptide further comprises a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain.42.The protein construct of claim 41, wherein the IL-7 linked to the C-terminus of the CH3 domain or the N-terminus of the CH2 domain.43.The protein construct of any one of claims 39-42, further comprising an Fc region.44.The protein construct of claim 43, wherein the Fc region is an IgG4 Fc region or an IgG1 Fc region (e.g., with LALA mutations or LALA-PG mutations) .45.The protein construct of any one of claims 39-44, wherein the protein construct further comprises an IL7RA ligand (e.g., IL7) .46.A protein construct comprisinga first fusion polypeptide comprising the engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-38, a first CH2 domain, and a first CH3 domain; anda second fusion polypeptide comprising a second CH2 domain, and a second CH3 domain;wherein the first fusion polypeptide and the second fusion polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.47.The protein construct of claim 46, wherein the second fusion polypeptide further comprises a second engineered IL7RA polypeptide.48.The protein construct of claim 46, wherein the second fusion polypeptide further comprises a IL7RA ligand (e.g., IL7) .49.The protein construct of any one of claims 39-47, further comprising a targeting moiety that specifically binds to a tumor-associated antigen.50.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-38 or the protein construct of any one of claims 39-49; anda pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.51.A nucleic acid encoding the engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-38 or the protein construct of any one of claims 39-49.52.A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 51.53.A cell comprising the nucleic acid of claim 51.54.The cell of claim 53, wherein the cell is a CHO cell.55.A method of producing an engineered IL7RA polypeptide or a protein construct comprising the engineered IL7RA polypeptide, the method comprising(a) culturing the cell of claim 53 or 54 under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the engineered IL7RA polypeptide or the protein construct; and(b) collecting the engineered IL7RA polypeptide or the protein construct produced by the cell.56.A method of treating a subject having cancer, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an IL7RA ligand and the engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-38 or the protein construct of any one of claims 39-49, to the subject.57.A method of selectively enabling a IL7RA ligand to activate immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the IL7RA ligand and the engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-38 or the protein construct of any one of claims 39-49, to the subject.58.The method of claim 56 or 57, wherein the subject has a solid tumor or a hematologic cancer.59.The method of claim 56 or 57, wherein the cancer is lung cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, glioma, pancreatic cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) , hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, endometrial carcinoma, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, or glioblastoma.60.A method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprisingcontacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising an IL7RA ligand and the engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-38 or the protein construct of any one of claims 39-49.61.A method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprisingcontacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising an IL7RA ligand and the engineered IL7RA polypeptide of any one of claims 1-38 or the protein construct of any one of claims 39-49.62.The method of any one of claims 56-61, wherein the IL7RA ligand comprises or consists of IL-7, e.g., human IL-7.63.A method of screening cytokine receptor variants having a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH and / or a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH, the method comprising(a) introducing one or more non-native histidine residues in a wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof to generate a plurality of cytokine receptor variants;(b) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and a ligand comprising a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH, wherein a first group of cytokine receptor variants having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor are selected;(c) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at an acidic pH, wherein a second group of cytokine receptor variants having less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor are selected,wherein those cytokine receptor variants in both the first and the second group of cytokine receptor variants represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a high binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH and a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH.64.A method of screening cytokine receptor variants having a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH and / or a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH, the method comprising(a) introducing one or more non-native histidine residues in a wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof to generate a plurality of cytokine receptor variants;(b) attaching each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants to wells of a multi-well plate; and(c) incubating a ligand comprising the corresponding cytokine with each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants at a neutral pH (e.g., about pH 6.5-8.0) and / or an acidic pH (e.g., about 5.0-6.4) .65.The method of claim 64, further comprising(d) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at a pH of about 6.5 to about 8.0, about 6.5 to about 7.5, about 6.5 to about 7.0, about 7.0 to about 8.0, about 7.0 to about 7.5, or about 7.5 to about 8.0, wherein cytokine receptor variants having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH.66.The method of claim 64, further comprising(d) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at a pH of about 5.0 to about 6.4, about 5.0 to about 6.0, about 5.0 to about 5.5, about 5.5 to about 6.4, about 5.5 to about 6.0, or about 6.0 to about 6.4, wherein cytokine receptor variants having less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH.67.A method of screening cytokine receptor variants having a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH and / or a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH, the method comprising(a) introducing one or more non-native histidine residues to a wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof to generate a plurality of cytokine receptor variants;(b) attaching each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants to wells of a multi-well plate;(c) incubating a ligand comprising the corresponding cytokine with each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants at about pH 7.0 to about 8.0 (e.g., about 7.5) ;(d) removing unbound ligand from wells of the multi-well plate; and(e) incubating the plurality of cytokine receptor variants at a neutral pH (e.g., about pH 6.5-8.0) and / or an acidic pH (e.g., about 5.0-6.4) .68.The method of claim 67, further comprising(f) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at a pH of about 6.5 to about 8.0, about 6.5 to about 7.5, about 6.5 to about 7.0, about 7.0 to about 8.0, about 7.0 to about 7.5, or about 7.5 to about 8.0, wherein cytokine receptor variants having at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a high binding affinity to a corresponding cytokine at a neutral pH.69.The method of claim 67, further comprising(f) determining the binding affinity between each of the plurality of cytokine receptor variants and the ligand at a pH of about 5.0 to about 6.4, about 5.0 to about 6.0, about 5.0 to about 5.5, about 5.5 to about 6.4, about 5.5 to about 6.0, or about 6.0 to about 6.4, wherein cytokine receptor variants having less than 80%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, or less than 20%binding affinity to the ligand as compared to a wildtype cytokine receptor represent the screened cytokine receptor variants that have a low binding affinity to the corresponding cytokine at an acidic pH.70.The method of any one of claims 63-69, wherein the wildtype cytokine receptor or a fragment thereof comprises the extracellular region of human IL7RA, and the corresponding cytokine is human IL-7.71.The method of any one of claims 63-70, wherein the ligand comprises:(a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a first CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a first CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and the corresponding cytokine; and(b) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a second CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a second CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) ,wherein the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.72.The method of any one of claims 63-70, wherein the ligand comprises:(a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a first CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a first CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and the corresponding cytokine; and(b) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a second hinge region (e.g., an IgG hinge region) , a second CH2 domain (e.g., an IgG CH2 domain) , a second CH3 domain (e.g., an IgG CH3 domain) , and the corresponding cytokine,wherein the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide associate with each other, forming a dimer.73.An engineered cytokine binder, wherein the engineered cytokine binder can dynamically bind to a cytokine, thereby reducing the cytokine-induced immune response during systemic administration.74.The engineered cytokine binder of claim 73, wherein the engineered cytokine binder can change binding affinity to the cytokine in a pH-dependent manner.75.The engineered cytokine binder of claim 73 or 74, wherein the engineered cytokine binder can bind to the cytokine at a neutral pH, thereby reducing the cytokine-induced immune response during systemic administration.76.The engineered cytokine binder of any one of claims 73-75, wherein the engineered cytokine binder has a reduced binding affinity to the cytokine at an acidic pH, thereby exposing the cytokine in tumor microenvironment.77.The engineered cytokine binder of any one of claims 73-76, wherein the engineered cytokine binder remains partially shielding the cytokine at an acidic pH, thereby minimizing the potential toxicity due to excessive cytokine exposure in human.78.The engineered cytokine binder of any one of claims 73-77, wherein the engineered cytokine binder comprises the extracellular region of a cytokine receptor having one or more non-native histidine residues.79.The engineered cytokine binder of any one of claims 73-78, wherein the cytokine is IL-7 or a functional variant thereof, and the engineered cytokine binder comprises the extracellular region of IL7RA, wherein the IL7RA comprises one or more non-native histidine residues.80.The engineered cytokine binder of any one of claims 73-77, wherein the engineered cytokine binder comprises or consists of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., scFv or VHH) that binds to the cytokine (e.g., IL7 or a functional variant thereof) , wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises one or more non-native histidine residues.81.A protein construct comprising the engineered cytokine binder of any one of claims 73-80, and a cytokine (e.g., a wildtype cytokine or a functional variant thereof) .
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Method for amplifying lymphocyte by interleukin 15 receptor and interleukin 2 complex
CN101735982A
Anti-TNFa antibodies with pH-dependent antigen binding
CN106459192A
Novel IL-15 super agonist fusion protein
CN115850508A
Polypeptide complex of interleukin 15 and receptor thereof
WO2023046116A1