Methods and systems for preparing microfluidic chip, methods for ex VIVO cell-based systems for detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells, and methods of screening for Anti-metastatic drugs
The microfluidic chip system effectively captures metastatic cells using P-selectin coating and shear stress techniques, enhancing cancer research and treatment precision.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/075561
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-29
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-27
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-07
AI Technical Summary
Current methods are ineffective in capturing highly metastatic cells for research and drug screening, hindering precision medicine and cancer treatment.
A microfluidic chip system is developed with a channel coated with P-selectin, utilizing specific shear stresses and buffers under negative pressure to capture and separate metastatic cells, enabling efficient screening for anti-metastatic drugs.
The system provides a highly accurate and efficient model for studying metastasis, allowing for personalized treatment recommendations and improved treatment outcomes by capturing metastatic cells and predicting drug response.
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Figure CN2025075561_07082025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PREPARING MICROFLUIDIC CHIP, METHODS FOR EX VIVO CELL-BASED SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING OR SCREENING PERITONEAL METASTATIC CELLS, AND METHODS OF SCREENING FOR ANTI-METASTATIC DRUGSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e) of U.S. Provisional Application having Serial No. 63 / 626,073 filed January 29, 2024, the entire contents of which is / are hereby incorporated by reference herein.FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] This application relates to methods, systems, kits for preparing or screening metastatic cells such as peritoneal metastatic cells or screening anti-metastatic drugs, and methods for preparing ex vivo cell-based system for evaluating efficiency thereof.BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
[0003] Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and over 90%of cancer-related deaths are caused by metastasis. However, there is currently no effective way to capture highly metastatic cells for research, drug screening, and precision medicine. Accordingly, there is a need for effective methods and systems to capture, detect or screen highly metastatic cells, and providing accessible and effective solutions that help combat cancer and improve patient conditions.SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0004] Disclosed herein are novel methods for preparing microfluidic chip, ex vivo cell-based systems for detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells, and methods of screening for anti-metastatic drugs.
[0005] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods and systems for preparing microfluidic chip, methods for ex vivo cell-based systems for detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells, and methods of screening for anti-metastatic drugs.
[0006] In some embodiments, provided is a method for preparing or using microfluidic chip for detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin; (b) pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 –5 dyne / cm2; (c) withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction; (d) washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; and (e) recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained.
[0007] In some embodiments, provided is a method of screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of: treating a drug of interest with metastatic cells to form a sample; ii. providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin; iii. pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2; iv. withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction; v. washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; vi. recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained; and vii. analyzing the non-adhered and the adhered cells, such that anti-metastatic property of the drug of interest is obtained.
[0008] In some embodiments, provided is a method of screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of: (i) treating a drug of interest with metastatic cells to form a sample; (ii) providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin; (iii) pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2; (iv) withdrawing a sample at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction; (v) washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; (vi) recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 -5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained; and (vii) . analyzing the non-adhered and the adhered cells, such that anti-metastatic property of the drug of interest is obtained.
[0009] In some embodiments, provided is a system for preparing or using microfluidic chip for detecting or screening metastatic cells such as ovarian cancer cells, comprising: a microfluidic chip, comprising: a channel, comprising an inlet and an outlet; wherein the channel is configured to coat with protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric; a reservoir comprising: a container; and a metal linker, configured to connect the container with the inlet; and a syringe pump, configured to provide negative pressure or suction to the microfluidic chip.
[0010] In some embodiments, provided is a method of preparing an ex vivo cell-based system for evaluating efficiency of detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells or screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of: culturing a cell line comprising metastatic cells as a floating 3-dimensional spheroid; seeding the spheroid onto a culture dish to form a single-cell monolayer; dissociating cells from the single-cell monolayer; incubating the cells from the single-cell monolayer with an omentum in an ex vivo adhesion buffer (e.g., a culture medium supplemented with 0-10%FBS) ; washing the omentum; collecting cells remained in ex vivo adhesion buffer to obtain non-metastatic cells; and incubating the omentum with accutase to obtain metastatic cells that are dissociated from the omentum.
[0011] There are many advantages of the invention. In certain embodiments, provided methods, systems, kits, devices have undergone significant improvements in efficiency, sensitivity and / or specificity in terms of coating, buffer, flow direction, flow rate, adhered cell recovery, and validation cell model. These enhancements have expanded the range of compatible applications and enabled enhanced performance validation. In some embodiments, provided methods, systems, kits provide a highly accurate and efficient research model for studying metastasis, which can simulate the metastatic lesion by capturing highly metastatic cells, which can be used to develop and screen cancer drugs. In some embodiments, provided methods, systems, kits, devices enable clinical tests designed to analyze the genetic signature of metastatic cells and provide personalized treatment recommendations based on the patient's unique cancer biology. Such tests predict drug response and guide treatment regimens, leading to improved treatment outcomes and increased survival rates for cancer patients. In some embodiments, provided methods, systems, kits and devices act as a metastasis research model which provide a highly effective and efficient way to study metastasis, which is responsible for over 90%of cancer-related deaths worldwide; and mimic the complex tumor microenvironment, allowing for the enrichment of highly metastatic cells, which can be used for drug discovery and screening. This provides researchers with a more accurate and predictive model for studying cancer metastasis.
[0012] In some embodiments, provided methods, systems, kits and devices act as precision medicine clinical tests which analyze the genetic signature of metastatic cells, providing personalized treatment recommendations based on the patient's specific cancer biology. This can greatly improve treatment outcomes and increase survival rates for cancer patients.
[0013] Precision medicine clinical tests also provide predictive information on drug response, allowing for more informed treatment decisions and reducing the risk of ineffective or harmful treatments. This can improve patient quality of life and reduce healthcare costs. In addition, precision medicine clinical tests is non-invasive and can be easily integrated into existing clinical workflows, making it accessible to a wide range of patients and healthcare providers. This can improve the standard of care for cancer patients worldwide. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
[0014] FIGS. 1A-1C is an anti-metastatic drug screening using static adhesion assay, microfluidic chip adhesion assay, and in vivo adhesion assay.
[0015] FIGS. 2A-2C are illustration of different coating methods for the microfluidic chip. FIG. 2A illustrate physisorption. FIG. 2B shows physisorption + affinity binding. FIG. 2C shows crosslinking + affinity binding.
[0016] FIGS. 3A-3C is physisorption followed by affinity binding results in strongest fluorescent signal. FIG. 3A illustrate physisorption. FIG. 3B shows physisorption + affinity binding. FIG. 3C shows crosslinking + affinity binding.
[0017] FIGS. 4A-4B show 5 μg / mL Protein A results in strongest fluorescent signal.
[0018] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of the orientation of the P-selectin recombinant protein upon Protein A incorporation.
[0019] FIG. 6A is incorporation of fetal bovine serum improves the viability of recovered cells from the microfluidic chip.
[0020] FIG. 6B is incorporation of 1%fetal bovine serum results in the largest discrepancy in the percentage of adhesion between highly metastatic (HM) and non-metastatic (NM) cancer cells.
[0021] FIGSS. 7A-7B show in vivo adhesion of adhered and non-adhered cells recovered from microfluidic chip.
[0022] FIGSS. 8A-8B show tumorigenic potential of adhered and non-adhered cells recovered from microfluidic chip.
[0023] FIG. 9A is a schematic illustration of the infusion setup.
[0024] FIG. 9B is a schematic illustration of the withdrawal setup.
[0025] FIG. 9C is a schematic illustration of the medium switch issue encountered by the original setup.
[0026] FIG. 9D is a schematic illustration of the withdrawal setup.
[0027] FIGS. 10A-10D are schematic illustrations showing the development of the withdrawal setup.
[0028] FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration showing each step of the infusion setup. Step 1. pre-washing: at 3500 uL / h, infusion; Step 2. adhesion: 1500 uL / h, infusion [= 0.1 dyne / cm2] .
[0029] FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration showing each step of the withdrawal setup. Step 1. pre-washing at 3500 uL / h for 2 minutes (infusion) with culture medium; Step 2. load 1000ul cell suspension into the reservoir with pipetman; Step 3. load 100ul culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS into the reservoir with pipetman; Step 4. disconnect the metal linked from channel, then place a new syringe onto the syringe pump. Insert the new metal linker into channel.
[0030] FIGS. 13A-13B show the relationship between input cell number and the number of captured cells.
[0031] FIG. 14 shows the relationship between cell concentration and percentage of adhesion.
[0032] FIGS. 15A-15B shows the percentage of adhesion of different ovarian cancer cell lines.
[0033] FIG. 16 shows the percentage of adhesion of clear cell and endometrioid ovarian cancer cell lines.
[0034] FIG. 17 shows the percentage of adhesion of the OVSAHO ovarian cancer cell pair.
[0035] FIG. 18 shows the percentage of adhesion of different colon cancer cell lines.
[0036] FIG. 19 shows the stability of coated microfluidic chips when stored at different temperatures (4℃, 25℃, and 37℃) over a duration of 21 days.
[0037] FIG. 20 shows the stability of working solution when stored at different temperatures (4℃, 25℃, and 37℃) over a duration of 14 days.
[0038] FIG. 21 shows the stability of stock solution when stored at different temperatures (4℃, 25℃, and 37℃) over a duration of 14 days.
[0039] FIGS. 22A-22C shows specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip in the presence of blocking solution.
[0040] FIGS. 23A-23D shows specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip in the presence of blocking solution.
[0041] FIG. 24A is the concordance analysis between the expected and observed percentages of adhesion.
[0042] FIG. 24B is the enrichment fold of the microfluidic chip as determined from the artificial spike-in model.
[0043] FIG. 25 is the schematic illustration of the artificial spike-in model using cells from the ex vivo adhesion assay.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONDEFINITIONS
[0044] As used herein and in the claims, the terms “comprising” (or any related form such as “comprise” and “comprises” ) , “including” (or any related forms such as “include” or “includes” ) , “containing” (or any related forms such as “contain” or “contains” ) , means including the following elements but not excluding others. It shall be understood that for every embodiment in which the term “comprising” (or any related form such as “comprise” and “comprises” ) , “including” (or any related forms such as “include” or “includes” ) , or “containing” (or any related forms such as “contain” or “contains” ) is used, this disclosure / application also includes alternate embodiments where the term “comprising” , “including, ” or “containing, ” is replaced with “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of” . These alternate embodiments that use “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” are understood to be narrower embodiments of the “comprising” , “including, ” or “containing, ” embodiments.
[0045] For the sake of clarity, “comprising” , including, and “containing” , and any related forms are open-ended terms which allows for additional elements or features beyond the named essential elements, whereas “consisting of” is a closed end term that is limited to the elements recited in the claim and excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim.
[0046] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Where a range is referred in the specification, the range is understood to include each discrete point within the range. For example, 1-7 means 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
[0047] As used herein, the term "about" is understood as within a range of normal tolerance in the art and not more than ±10%of a stated value. By way of example only, about 50 means from 45 to 55 including all values in between. As used herein, the phrase "about" a specific value also includes the specific value, for example, about 50 includes 50.
[0048] As used herein and in the claims, the terms “general” or “generally” , or “substantial” or “substantially” mean that the recited characteristic, angle, shape, state, structure, or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviations or variations, including for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to those of skill in the art, may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the characteristic was intended to provide. For example, an object that has a “generally” cylindrical shape would mean that the object has either an exact cylindrical shape or a nearly exact cylindrical shape. In another example, an object that is “substantially” perpendicular to a surface would mean that the object is either exactly perpendicular to the surface or nearly exactly perpendicular to the surface, e.g., has a 5%deviation.
[0049] It is to be understood that terms such as “top” , “bottom” , “middle” , “side” , “bottom” , “length” , “inner” , “outer” , “interior” , “exterior” , “outside” , “vertical” , “horizontal” and the like as may be used herein, merely describe points of reference and do not limit the present invention to any particular orientation or configuration.
[0050] Further, terms such as “first” , “second” , “third” , etc., merely identify one of a number of portions, components and / or points of reference as disclosed herein, and likewise do not limit the present invention to any particular configuration or orientation.
[0051] As used herein and in the claims, a “subject” refers to animals such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates (e.g., humans) , cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice and the like.
[0052] As used herein, “connecting” , “connect” , “connected” means directly or indirectly bound to other elements. In some examples, these terms means (directly or indirectly) physically bound to other elements.
[0053] As used herein, the term “microfluidic device” or “microfluidic chip” is a system component or device that includes one or more discrete microfluidic circuits configured to hold a fluid, each microfluidic circuit comprised of fluidically interconnected circuit elements, including but not limited to region (s) , flow path (s) , channel (s) , chamber (s) , and / or pen (s) , and at least one port configured to allow the fluid (and, optionally, micro-objects suspended in the fluid) to flow into and / or out of the microfluidic device. Typically, a microfluidic circuit of a microfluidic device will include a flow path, which may include a microfluidic channel, and at least one chamber, and will hold a volume of fluid of less than about 1 mL, e.g., less than about 750, 500, 250, 200, 150, 100, 75, 50, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2 μL. In certain embodiments, the microfluidic circuit holds about 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-5, 2-8, 2-10, 2-12, 2-15, 2-20, 5-20, 5-30, 5-40, 5-50, 10-50, 10-75, 10-100, 20-100, 20-150, 20-200, 50-200, 50-250, or 50-300 μL. The microfluidic circuit may be configured to have a first end fluidically connected with a first port (e.g., an inlet) in the microfluidic device and a second end fluidically connected with a second port (e.g., an outlet) in the microfluidic device. In some examples, the microfluidic chip contains three channels with space in between and an angle is constructed at both ends of the channels to facilitate the entrance and exit of fluid to and from the channel.
[0054] A “microfluidic channel” or "flow channel" as used herein refers to flow path of a microfluidic device having a length that is significantly longer than both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. For example, the flow channel can be at least 5 times the length of either the horizontal or vertical dimension, e.g., at least 10 times the length, at least 25 times the length, at least 100 times the length, at least 200 times the length, at least 500 times the length, at least 1,000 times the length, at least 5,000 times the length, or longer. In some embodiments, the length of a flow channel is in the range of from about 100,000 microns to about 500,000 microns, including any range therebetween. In some embodiments, the horizontal dimension is in the range of from about 100 microns to about 1000 microns (e.g., about 150 to about 500 microns) and the vertical dimension is in the range of from about 25 microns to about 200 microns, e.g., from about 40 to about 150 microns. It is noted that a flow channel may have a variety of different spatial configurations in a microfluidic device, and thus is not restricted to a perfectly linear element. For example, a flow channel may be, or include one or more sections having, the following configurations: curve, bend, spiral, incline, decline, fork (e.g., multiple different flow paths) , and any combination thereof. In addition, a flow channel may have different cross-sectional areas along its path, widening and constricting to provide a desired fluid flow therein. The flow channel may include valves, and the valves may be of any type known in the art of microfluidics.
[0055] As used herein, the term “inlet” refers to an opening for intake of a fluid. In some examples, each channel of the microfluidic chip contains an inlet for fluid receiving.
[0056] As used herein, the term “outlet” refers to an opening for exhaust of a fluid. In some examples, each channel of the microfluidic chip contains an outlet for fluid exiting.
[0057] As used herein, the term “channel” refer to a tubular passage (s) . In some examples, the microfluidic chip contains channels for fluid, e.g. buffer, passing through.
[0058] As used herein, the term “peritoneal metastatic cells” refer to cancer cells that have spread to the peritoneum from other organs, such as but stomach, ovarian, colorectal, appendix, pancreas, and etc..
[0059] As used herein, the term “shear stress’ refers to the stress created when a tangential force acts on a surface. In some examples, a specific range of shear stress is applied to buffers when they are passing through the microfluidic chip.
[0060] As used herein, the terms “adhere” , “adhered” and “adhering” refer to attaching or being attached to a surface. In some examples, sample cells are attached to the channels of the microfluidic chip.
[0061] As used herein, the terms “coat” , coated” and “coating” refer to applying a layer of a particular substance that covers a surface. In some examples, the channels of the microfluidic chip are coated with proteins.
[0062] As used herein, the term “P-selectin” refer to a transmembrane protein which functions as a cell adhesion molecule on the surfaces of activated endothelial cells.
[0063] As used herein, the term “protein A” refer to a surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.
[0064] As used herein, the term “reservoir” refers to a space where target material or substance is kept in store. In some examples, a reservoir is provided to temporarily or permanently hold and release a liquid to the microfluidic chip.
[0065] As used herein, the term “linker” refers to a connecting structure between two or more objects. In some examples, a metal linker is used to connect a syringe or syringe pump, with the microfluidic chip.
[0066] As used herein, the term “aliquots" refers to small, measured portions or samples that are taken from a larger quantity or stock.
[0067] As used herein, the term “artificial spike-in" refers to the intentional addition of a known amount of a substance or analyte to a sample to evaluate the accuracy, sensitivity, or specificity.
[0068] As used herein, the term “ASTW lab" refers to laboratory of Prof. Alice S. T. Wong.
[0069] As used herein, the term “cell tracker" refers to fluorescent dyes or probes used to track and visualize cells.
[0070] As used herein, the term “cell viability” refers to state of living cells and their ability to maintain essential cellular functions / overall health and vitality of cells.
[0071] As used herein, the term “clear cell” refers to clear cell cancer often has a more aggressive clinical course and are associated with a poorer prognosis.
[0072] As used herein, the term “endometroid” refers to endometroid cancer tends to have a more favourable prognosis compared to clear cell cancer.
[0073] As used herein, the term “ex vivo” refers to outside of a living body.
[0074] As used herein, the term “histological subtypes” refers to different classifications of tumor based on their microscopic appearance.
[0075] As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to inside of a living body.
[0076] As used herein, the term “isogenic pair” refers to set of cells that are genetically identical except for a specific alteration or modification introduced in one of the members of the pair.
[0077] As used herein, the term “M199: MCDB105” refers to Cell culture media commonly used for the growth and maintenance of various cell types.
[0078] As used herein, the term “metastatic lesion” refers to metastasis, spread of cancerous cells from original tumor to other location in the body.
[0079] As used herein, the term “metastatic tumor” refers to secondary tumor, a tumor that has spread from its site of origin to another location in the body.
[0080] As used herein, the term “omentum” refers to a specialized tissue in the abdomen, which is a critical site for the development and progression of metastasis, and cancer cells that adhere to the omentum can survive and grow, promoting the spread of cancer to other parts of the body. It is the most common secondary cancer site for ovarian cancer.
[0081] As used herein, the term “PDMS” refers to silicon-based polymer, the part adhered on the glass of the microfluidic chip. "
[0082] As used herein, the term “peritoneal cavity” refers to space within the abdominal cavity that surrounds and contains several abdominal organs. "
[0083] As used herein, the term “plateau” refers to a part of a graph in which the value of the ordinate shows little or no change.
[0084] As used herein, the term “primary tumor” refers to original tumor that develops in a specific organ or tissue.
[0085] As used herein, the term “RPMI” refers to cell culture medium developed by Roswell Park Memorial Institute.
[0086] As used herein, the term “shear stress” refers to mechanical force that acts parallel to a surface, cancer cells may encounter shear stress due to the fluid flow in bloodstream and shear stress can influence their behaviour e.g., adhesion, migration.
[0087] As used herein, the term “spheroids” refers to three-dimensional cellular aggregates or structures that resemble small spherical or rounded shapes, commonly used as models to study behaviour and characteristics of cells in a more physiologically relevant environment compared to traditional 2d cell cultures.
[0088] As used herein, the term “xenograft” refers to transplantation or implantation of cells, tissues, or organs from one species into another species.
[0089] As used herein, the term “ES-2” refers to derived from human ovarian clear cell carcinoma.
[0090] As used herein, the term “HeyA8” refers to human ovarian cancer.
[0091] As used herein, the term “HeyA8 HM” refers to the highly metastatic (HM) subline derived from HeyA8 developed by the ASTW lab.
[0092] As used herein, the term “HeyA8 NM” refers to the non-metastatic (NM) subline derived from HeyA8 developed by the ASTW lab.
[0093] As used herein, the term “OVCAR-3” refers to human ovarian cancer.
[0094] As used herein, the term “OVK18” refers to human ovarian cancer endometroid cell.
[0095] As used herein, the term “OVSAHO” refers to human ovarian cancer.
[0096] As used herein, the term “SKOV-3” refers to human ovarian cancer.
[0097] As used herein, the term “SKspAS” refers to metastatic cancer stem cell like ovarian cancer cell line generated in the ASTW lab. "
[0098] As used herein, the term “SW480” refers to human colon cancer established from primary tumor.
[0099] As used herein, the term “SW620” refers to human colon cancer established from metastatic tumor.
[0100] As used herein, the term “TOV112D” refers to human ovarian cancer endometrioid.
[0101] As used herein, the term “TOV21G” refers to human ovarian cancer clear cell.
[0102] As used herein, the term “DMSO” refers to dimethyl sulfoxide.
[0103] As used herein, the term “FBS” refers to fetal bovine serum.
[0104] As used herein, the term “HM” refers to highly metastatic.
[0105] As used herein, the term “NM” refers to non-metastatic.
[0106] As used herein, the term “PBS” refers to phosphate-buffered saline.
[0107] As used herein, the term “PDMS” refers to polydimethylsiloxane.
[0108] As used herein, the term “Recombinant Human P-Selectin” refers to Recombinant Human P-Selectin / CD62P Fc Chimera.
[0109] As used herein, the term “Siglec3-488” refers to Recombinant Human Siglec ‐3 / CD33 Fc Chimera Alexa 488.
[0110] As used herein, the term “Rpm” refers to revolutions per minute.
[0111] As used herein, the term “RPMI” refers to Roswell Park Memorial Institute.
[0112] Although the description referred to particular embodiments, the disclosure should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. NUMBERED EMBODIMENTS
[0113] Set 1
[0114] Embodiment 1. A method for preparing or using microfluidic chip for detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells, comprising the steps of: a. providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin; b. pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 –5 dyne / cm2; c. withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction; d. washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; and e. recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained.
[0115] Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein step of providing the microfluidic chip further comprises the step of: coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel; optionally, washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin, wherein the P-selectin is a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.
[0116] Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.
[0117] Embodiment 4. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the pre-washing buffer, adhesion buffer, washing buffer and / or the recovering buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g ., RPMI) supplemented with 0-10% FBS.
[0118] Embodiment 5. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microfluidic further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.
[0119] Embodiment 6. A method of screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of:i. treating a drug of interest with metastatic cells to form a sample; ii. providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin; iii. pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2; iv. withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction; v. washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; vi. recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained; and vii. analyzing the non-adhered and the adhered cells, such that anti-metastatic property of the drug of interest is obtained.
[0120] Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein step of providing the microfluidic chip further comprises the step of: coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel; optionally, washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin, wherein the P-selectin is a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.
[0121] Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.
[0122] Embodiment 9. The method of any one of embodiments 6-8, wherein pre-washing buffer, adhesion buffer, washing buffer and / or the recovering buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) supplemented with 0 -10%FBS.
[0123] Embodiment 10. The method of any one of embodiments 6-9, wherein the microfluidic further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.
[0124] Embodiment 11. A method of preparing an ex vivo cell-based system for evaluating efficiency of detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells or screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of: culturing a cell line comprising metastatic cells as a floating 3-dimensional spheroid; seeding the spheroid onto a culture dish to form a single-cell monolayer; dissociating cells from the single-cell monolayer; incubating the cells from the single-cell monolayer with an omentum in an ex vivo adhesion buffer (e.g., a culture medium supplemented with 0-10%FBS) ; washing the omentum; collecting cells remained in ex vivo adhesion buffer to obtain non-metastatic cells; and incubating the omentum with accutase to obtain metastatic cells that are dissociated from the omentum.
[0125] Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 11, wherein the dissociating step is performed by incubating about 1 x 106 of SKspAS in about 100 uL M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 0 -10%FBS for about 3 hours at about 37℃ with about 400 rpm shaking.
[0126] Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 11 or 12, further comprising the step of: staining non-metastatic cells with a first cell tracker and metastatic cells with different, second cell tracker.
[0127] Embodiment 14. The method of any one of the embodiments 11-13, further comprising the step of: mixing a first predetermined amount of the metastatic cells stained with the first cell tracker and a second predetermined amount of the non-metastatic cells as a spike sample for evaluation test.
[0128] Embodiment 15. The method of any one of the embodiments 11-14, further comprising the step of: counting the metastatic cell and non-metastatic cells by haematocytometer under a fluorescent microscope or an automated cell counter.
[0129] Set 2
[0130] Embodiment 1. A method for preparing or using microfluidic chip for detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin; (b) pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2; (c) withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction; (d) washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; and (e) recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained.
[0131] Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the step of (b) pre-washing the channel step is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a pre-washing buffer.
[0132] Embodiment 3. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the step of (b) pre-washing is also performed under a negative pressure or suction.
[0133] Embodiment 4. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the step of (c) withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2.
[0134] Embodiment 5. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the step of (d) washing the channel is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2 with a washing buffer.
[0135] Embodiment 6. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the step of (e) recovering any adhered cells is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a recovering buffer.
[0136] Embodiment 7. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the step of (a) providing the microfluidic chip further comprises the step of: (a1) coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel; (a2) washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and (a3) coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin.
[0137] Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the P-selectin is or comprises a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.
[0138] Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 8, wherein the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.
[0139] Embodiment 10. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the pre-washing buffer, adhesion buffer, washing buffer and / or the recovering buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) optionally supplemented with additive or serum (e.g., 0-10%FBS) .
[0140] Embodiment 11. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the sample comprises cells with a cell number of about 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL.
[0141] Embodiment 12. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microfluidic chip further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.
[0142] Embodiment 13. A method of screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of: (i) treating a drug of interest with metastatic cells to form a sample; (ii)
[0143] Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the step of (iii) pre-washing the channel step is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a pre-washing buffer.
[0144] Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 13 or 14, wherein the step of (iii) pre-washing is also performed under a negative pressure or suction.
[0145] Embodiment 16. The method of any one of embodiments 13-15, wherein the step of (iv) withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2.
[0146] Embodiment 17. The method of any one of embodiments 13-16, wherein the step of (v) washing the channel is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2 with a washing buffer.
[0147] Embodiment 18. The method of any one of embodiments 13-17, wherein the step of (vi) recovering any adhered cells is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a recovering buffer.
[0148] Embodiment 19. The method of any one of embodiments 13-18, wherein the microfluidic chip further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.
[0149] Embodiment 20. The method of any one of embodiments 13-19, wherein step of (ii) providing the microfluidic chip further comprises the step of: (ii-i) coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel; (ii-ii) washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and (ii-iii) coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin.
[0150] Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the P-selectin is or comprises a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.
[0151] Embodiment 22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.
[0152] Embodiment 23. The method of any one of embodiments 13-22, wherein pre-washing buffer, adhesion buffer, washing buffer and / or the recovering buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) optionally supplemented with additive or serum (e.g., 0-10%FBS) .
[0153] Embodiment 24. The method of any one of embodiments 13-23, wherein the sample comprises cell number of about 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL.
[0154] Embodiment 25. The method of any one of embodiments 13-24, wherein the microfluidic chip further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.
[0155] Embodiment 26. A method of screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of: (1) treating a drug of interest with metastatic cells to form a sample; (2) providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin; (3) pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.015 dyne / cm2; (4) withdrawing a sample at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction; (5) washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; (6) recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 -5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained; and (7) analyzing the non-adhered and the adhered cells, such that anti-metastatic property of the drug of interest is obtained.
[0156] Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 26, wherein the step of (3) pre-washing the channel step is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a pre-washing buffer.
[0157] Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 26 or 27, wherein the step of (3) pre-washing is also performed under a negative pressure or suction.
[0158] Embodiment 29. The method of any one of embodiments 26-28, wherein the step of (4) withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2.
[0159] Embodiment 30. The method of any one of embodiments 26-29, wherein the step of (5) washing the channel is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2 with a washing buffer.
[0160] Embodiment 31. The method of any one of embodiments 26-30, wherein the step of (6) recovering any adhered cells is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a recovering buffer.
[0161] Embodiment 32. The method of any one of embodiments 26-31, wherein the microfluidic chip further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.
[0162] Embodiment 33. The method of any one of embodiments 26-32, wherein the step of (2) providing a microfluidic chip further comprises the step of: (2-1) coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel; (2-2) optionally, washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and (2-3) coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin.
[0163] Embodiment 34. The method of embodiment 33, wherein the P-selectin is or comprises a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.
[0164] Embodiment 35. The method of embodiment 34, wherein the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.
[0165] Embodiment 36. The method of any one of embodiments 26-35, wherein the recovering buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) optionally supplemented with additive or serum (e.g., 0-10%FBS) .
[0166] Embodiment 37. The method of any one of embodiments 26-36, wherein the sample comprises cell number of about 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL.
[0167] Embodiment 38. The method of any one of embodiments 26-37, the microfluidic chip further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.
[0168] Embodiment 39. A system for preparing or using microfluidic chip for detecting or screening metastatic cells such as ovarian cancer cells, comprising: a microfluidic chip, comprising: a channel, comprising an inlet and an outlet; wherein the channel is configured to coat with protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric; and a reservoir comprising: a container; a metal linker, configured to connect the container with the inlet; and a syringe pump, configured to provide negative pressure or suction to the microfluidic chip.
[0169] Embodiment 40. The system of any one of embodiment 39, wherein the reservoir is or comprises a blunt needle.
[0170] Embodiment 41. A method of preparing an ex vivo cell-based system for evaluating efficiency of detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells or screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of: culturing a cell line comprising metastatic cells as a floating 3-dimensional spheroid; seeding the spheroid onto a culture dish to form a single-cell monolayer; dissociating cells from the single-cell monolayer; incubating the cells from the single-cell monolayer with an omentum in an ex vivo adhesion buffer (e.g., a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) optionally supplemented with additive or serum (e.g., 0-10%FBS) . ) ; washing the omentum; collecting cells remained in ex vivo adhesion buffer to obtain non-metastatic cells; and incubating the omentum with accutase to obtain metastatic cells that are dissociated from the omentum.
[0171] Embodiment 42. The method of embodiment 41, wherein the step of culturing a cell line step is performed using low attachment petri dish, and / or the metastatic cancer cell is SKspAS.
[0172] Embodiment 43. The method of embodiment 41 or 42, wherein the dissociating step is performed by incubating about 1 x 106 of SKspAS in about 100 uL M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 0 -10%FBS for about 3 hours at about 37℃ with about 400 rpm shaking.
[0173] Embodiment 44. The method of any one of embodiments 41-43, wherein the efficiency comprises evaluating sensitivity, specificity, and / or accuracy of a microfluidic chip pre-coated with P-selectin.
[0174] Embodiment 45. The method of embodiment any one of embodiments 41-44, further comprising the step of: staining non-metastatic cells with a first cell tracker and metastatic cells with different, second cell tracker.
[0175] Embodiment 46. The method of any one of the embodiments 41-45, further comprising the step of: mixing a first predetermined amount of the metastatic cells stained with the first cell tracker and a second predetermined amount of the non-metastatic cells as a spike sample for evaluation test.
[0176] Embodiment 47. The method of any one of the embodiments 41-46, further comprising the step of: counting the metastatic cell and non-metastatic cells by haematocytometer under a fluorescent microscope or an automated cell counter.
[0177] In one aspect, provided is a method for preparing or using microfluidic chip for detecting or screening metastatic cells such as peritoneal metastatic cells, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin; (b) pre-washing the channel at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2; (c) withdrawing a sample in an adhesion buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction; (d) washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; and (e) recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing with a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 -5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained. In one implementation, the pre-washing step is performed at about 3500uL / h (about 0.23 dyne / cm2) with a prewashing buffer (e.g., culture medium supplemented with 0 –10%FBS) . In one implementation, the pre-washing step is also performed under a negative pressure or suction (infusion setup) . In one implementation, the adhesion step is performed at about 1500uL / h (about 0.1 dyne / cm2) with an adhesion buffer (e.g., culture medium supplemented with 0 –10%FBS) . In one implementation, the washing step is performing at the same rate as withdrawing (adhesion) step, which is about 1500 uL / h (about 0.1 dyne / cm2) with a washing buffer (e.g., culture medium supplemented with 0 –10%FBS) . In one implementation, the recovering step is performed at about 3500 uL / h (about 0.23 dyne / cm2) with a recovering buffer (e.g., culture medium supplemented with 0 –10%FBS) . In other examples, other additives or serums may be used instead of FBS.
[0178] In some embodiments, the step of providing the microfluidic chip further comprises the step of: coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel; optionally, washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin, wherein the P-selectin is a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.
[0179] In some embodiments, the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.
[0180] In some embodiments, the adhesion buffer and / or the recovering buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) supplemented with 0-10%FBS.
[0181] In some embodiments, the sample comprises cell number of about 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL.
[0182] In some embodiments, the microfluidic further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.
[0183] In another aspect, provided is a method for screening or detecting metastatic cancer cells in a sample obtained from a subject comprising, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin; (b) pre-washing the channel at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2; (c) withdrawing a sample in an adhesion buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction; (d) washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 [inventors, please confirm the shear stress for washing] to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; and (e) recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing with a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 -5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained.
[0184] In some embodiments, the step of providing the microfluidic chip further comprises the step of: coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel; optionally, washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin, wherein the P-selectin is a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.
[0185] In some embodiments, the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.
[0186] In some embodiments, the adhesion buffer and / or the recovering buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) supplemented with 0-10%FBS.
[0187] In some embodiments, the sample comprises cell number of about 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL.
[0188] In some embodiments, the microfluidic further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.
[0189] In another aspect, provided is a method of screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of: (i) treating a drug of interest with metastatic cells to form a sample; (ii) providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin; (iii) pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 –5 dyne / cm2; (iv) withdrawing a sample at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction; (v) washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; (vi) recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 -5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained; and (vii) . analyzing the non-adhered and the adhered cells, such that anti-metastatic property of the drug of interest is obtained.
[0190] In some embodiments, the step of providing the microfluidic chip further comprises the step of: coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel; optionally, washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin, wherein the P-selectin is a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.
[0191] In some embodiments, the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.
[0192] In some embodiments, the adhesion buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) supplemented with 0-5%FBS.
[0193] In some embodiments, the sample comprises cell number of about 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL.
[0194] In some embodiments, the microfluidic further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.
[0195] In another aspect, provided is a system for preparing or using microfluidic chip for detecting or screening metastatic cells such as ovarian cancer cells, comprising: a microfluidic chip, comprising: a channel, comprising an inlet and an outlet; wherein the channel is configured to coat with protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric; a reservoir comprising: a container; and a metal linker, configured to connect the container with the inlet; and a syringe pump, configured to provide negative pressure or suction to the microfluidic chip.
[0196] In some embodiments, the reservoir is or comprises a blunt needle.
[0197] In another aspect, provided is a method of preparing an ex vivo cell-based system for evaluating efficiency of detecting or screening metastatic cells such as peritoneal metastatic cells, or screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of: culturing a cell line comprising metastatic cells as a floating 3-dimensional spheroid; seeding the spheroid onto a culture dish to form a single-cell monolayer; dissociating cells from the single-cell monolayer; incubating the cells from the single-cell monolayer with an omentum in a culture medium; washing the omentum; collecting cells remained in supernatant to obtain non-metastatic cells; and incubating the omentum with accutase to obtain metastatic cells that are dissociated from the omentum.
[0198] In some embodiments, the culturing step is performed using low attachment petri dish, and / or the metastatic cancer cell is SKspAS.
[0199] In some embodiments, the dissociating step is performed by incubating about 1 x 106 of SKspAS in about 100 uL M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 0 -10%FBS for about 3 hours at about 37℃ with about 400 rpm shaking.
[0200] In some embodiments, the efficiency comprises evaluating sensitivity, specificity, and / or accuracy of a microfluidic chip pre-coated with P-selectin.
[0201] In some embodiments, further comprising the step of: staining non-metastatic cells with a first cell tracker and metastatic cells with different, second cell tracker.
[0202] In some embodiments, further comprising the step of: mixing a first predetermined amount of the metastatic cells stained with the first cell tracker and a second predetermined amount of the non-metastatic cells as a spike sample for evaluation test.
[0203] In some embodiments, further comprising the step of: counting the metastatic cell and non-metastatic cells by haematocytometer under a fluorescent microscope or an automated cell counter.EXAMPLES Example 1 –Application of microfluidic chip Example 1.1 –Drug screening –Pilot studyPurpose
[0204] In this example, the microfluidic chip as effective tool in screening for anti-metastatic drugs, in which it can better predict in vivo adhesion results as compared to traditional static adhesion assay was demonstrated. The highly metastatic HeyA8 ovarian cancer cells were used as a cell model.Methodology
[0205] Recombinant Human P-Selectin / CD62P Fc Chimera (Recombinant Human P-Selectin) was purchased from R&D System (Catalog Number: 137-PS) . Stock solution was prepared by reconstituting 50 ug P-selectin in 0.5 mL PBS, yielding a stock concentration of 100 ug / mL. Working solution was prepared by diluting the stock with PBS, giving a final concentration of 1 ug / mL.
[0206] HM cells were pre-treated with non-cytotoxic doses of:
[0207] Compound 155 (160 uM)
[0208] Compound 156 (160 uM)
[0209] Compound 185 (160 uM)
[0210] Compound 188 (25 uM)
[0211] HM cells were pre-treated with the above compounds for 24 hours. DMSO treated HM served as a control. Design of the microfluidic chip
[0212] In the following examples, each example microfluidic chip contains three channels with 2 mm space in between. The dimension of each channel is 4 mm (width) × 25 mm (length) × 250 μm (height) . A 127° angle was constructed at both ends of the channels to facilitate the entrance and exit of fluid to and from the channel. The inlet and outlet were 1 mm in diameter and were 5 mm from the edge of the channel. Static adhesion assay
[0213] 96-well plates were pre-coated with 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin overnight at 4℃.
[0214] HM cells were stained with cell tracker, and 5000 cells were resuspended in 100 uL RPMI culture medium.
[0215] Cells were allowed to adhere onto the P-selectin coating for 20 minutes under static condition.
[0216] Non-adhered cells were removed by gently washing each well with 200 uL PBS twice
[0217] Adhered cells remained in the well were fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde for 20 min.
[0218] The number of adhered cells were counted with a fluorescent microscope. Microfluidic chip adhesion assay
[0219] Channels were coated with 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin overnight at 4℃
[0220] HM cells were stained with cell tracker, and resuspended in binding buffer (PBS supplemented with 1mM CaCl2 and 1mM MgCl2) at a concentration of 1 x 105 / mL.
[0221] Cell suspension was pre-loaded into a 1 mL syringe and were purfused into the channel at at flow rate of 1500 uL / h using a syringe pump.
[0222] Video was recorded and the total number of incoming cells and number of adhered cells were counted. In vivo adhesion assay
[0223] HM cells were stained with cell tracker, and 5 x 104 cells were resuspended in 200 uL PBS
[0224] Cell suspensions were intraperitoneally injected into nude mice.
[0225] Omentum was harvested 4 hours post-injection, washed with 1 mL PBS.
[0226] Adhered cells were dissociated by incubating with 200 uL accutase overnight.
[0227] Fluorescent intensities were measured with Cytation 1 using plate reader mode.Results and observations Static adhesion assay
[0228] All four compounds demonstrated effectiveness in blocking adhesion according to the static adhesion assay results. In the control group of HM cells, the percentage of adhesion was measured at 37.52%. However, upon treatment with the compounds, the percentage of adhesion significantly decreased. Specifically, the adhesion percentages dropped to 15.95%, 10.84%, 12.90%, and 10.35%in response to the 155, 15, 6, 185, and 188 compound treatments, respectively (Figure 1A) . Microfluidic chip adhesion assay
[0229] Only compounds 155 and 156 demonstrated the ability to effectively block adhesion in microfluidic chip adhesion assay. In the control group of HM cells, the percentage of adhesion was 46.63%. However, treatment with compounds 155 and 156 led to a significant reduction in the percentage of adhesion to 32.65%and 23.69%, respectively. In contrast, treatment with compounds 185 and 188 did not show a significant decrease in adhesion, with the percentage of adhesion remaining relatively unchanged at 42.98%and 40.03%, respectively. These results suggest that compounds 155 and 156 have a more pronounced inhibitory effect on adhesion in the microfluidic chip adhesion assay compared to compounds 185 and 188 (Figure 1B) . In vivo adhesion assay
[0230] Only compounds 155 and 156 demonstrated the ability to effectively block adhesion in in vivo adhesion assay. In the control group of HM cells, the percentage of adhesion was 6.53%. However, treatment with compounds 155 and 156 led to a significant reduction in the percentage of adhesion to 4.67%and 3.52%, respectively. In contrast, treatment with compounds 185 and 188 did not show a significant decrease in adhesion, with the percentage of adhesion remaining relatively unchanged at 6.45%and 6.05%, respectively. These results suggest that compounds 155 and 156 have a more pronounced inhibitory effect on adhesion in the microfluidic chip adhesion assay compared to compounds 185 and 188 (Figure 1C) .Conclusion
[0231] Cells were pre-treated with compounds 155, 156, 185, and 188, and were subjected to static adhesion assay (Figure 1A) , microfluidic chip adhesion assay (Figure 1B) , and in vivo adhesion assay (Figure 1C) . All 4 compounds were effective in blocking adhesion in static adhesion assay. However, only compound 156 is capable of blocking adhesion in microfluidic chip adhesion assay, and more importantly, blocking adhesion in an in vivo adhesion assay too. Compounds 155 showed a marginal inhibitory effect in microfluidic chip adhesion assay, was also found to be inhibitory to some extent in in vivo adhesion assay.
[0232] The results indicated that while all four compounds were effective in blocking adhesion in the static adhesion assay, only compounds 155 and 156 demonstrated the ability to block adhesion in both the microfluidic chip adhesion assay and the in vivo adhesion assay. These findings suggested that the microfluidic chip adhesion assay has the potential to better predict in vivo adhesion outcomes compared to static adhesion assays. The microfluidic chip, with its ability to simulate shear stress and better mimic physiological conditions, provides a more representative platform for evaluating the efficacy of anti-adhesive compounds in a manner that aligns with in vivo adhesion behaviour, for example, it is useful in screening for an anti-metastatic drug. Example 2 –P-selectin coating Example 2.1 –Comparing different coating methodsPurpose
[0233] In this example, various coating methods, including (1) Physisorption, (2) Physisorption + Affinity binding, and (3) Crosslinking + Affinity binding were compared. Recombinant Human Siglec‐3 / CD33 Fc Chimera Alexa 488 was used to facilitate the visualization of protein coating on the channel bottom.
[0234] The physisorption process involved incubating the channel with the protein, while affinity binding referred to the interaction between protein A and the Fc region on the recombinant protein. Crosslinking was achieved by first converting the glass surface to a maleimide-activated surface using an aminosilane reagent and a heterobifunctional crosslinker, Sulfo-SMCC. The Traut's reagent was then used to introduce an -SH group on the protein, which was subsequently crosslinked to the activated surface.Methodology
[0235] Recombinant Human Siglec‐3 / CD33 Fc Chimera Alexa 488 (Siglec3-488) was purchased from R&D System (Catalog Number: AFG1137) , which is supplied as 100 uL of 0.2 mg / mL stock solution. Working solution was prepared by diluting the stock with PBS, giving a final concentration of 1 ug / mL.
[0236] Protein A was purchased from ThermoFisher (Catalog Number: 21181) . Stock solution was prepared by reconstituting 5 mg protein A in 1 mL PBS, yielding a stock concentration of 5 mg / mL. Working solution was prepared by diluting the stock with PBS, giving a final concentration of 5 ug / mL. Coating method (1) Physisorption
[0237] Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Siglec3-488 at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber. Coating method (2) Physisorption + Affinity binding
[0238] Each channel was first incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature.
[0239] Protein A solution was then removed from the channel with a pipetman, and washed once with 200 uL PBS.
[0240] Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Siglec3-488 at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber. Coating method (3) Crosslinking + Affinity binding
[0241] Crosslinking of protein A was performed according to the manufacturer protocol (https: / / assets. thermofisher. com / TFS-Assets / LSG / Application-Notes / TR0005-Attach-Ab-glass. pdf) .
[0242] Afterwards, each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Siglec3-488 at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber. Fluorescence imaging
[0243] Following the overnight incubation, the PDMS slabs were removed from the chips, and the glass bottoms were observed and imaged using a fluorescent microscope. The presence of a fluorescent signal generated by the Siglec3-488 indicated successful coating.Results and observations
[0244] Figure 2A to 2C and 3A to 3C illustrated the different coating method and their corresponding representative fluorescent images. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the combination of physisorption and affinity binding produced the strongest signal.Conclusion
[0245] Coating method (2) Physisorption + Affinity binding yield the strongest fluorescent signal, suggesting this method is a better coating method among the three. Example 2.2 –Optimizing Protein A concentrationPurpose
[0246] In this example, the optimal concentration of Protein A for the physisorption and affinity binding coating approach was determined. Protein A solutions ranging from 0 ug / mL to 10 ug / mL were tested. The visualization of protein coating on the channel bottom was facilitated using Recombinant Human Siglec-3 / CD33 Fc Chimera Alexa 488. Additionally, P-selectin was employed to evaluate cell adhesion of highly metastatic and non-metastatic HeyA8 ovarian cancer cells.
[0247] The physisorption process involved incubating the channel with the protein, while affinity binding referred to the interaction between protein A and the Fc region on the recombinant protein.Methodology
[0248] Protein A was purchased from ThermoFisher (Catalog Number: 21181) . Stock solution was prepared by reconstituting 5 mg protein A in 1 mL PBS, yielding a stock concentration of 5 mg / mL. Working solution was prepared by diluting the stock with PBS, giving a final concentration of 5 ug / mL.
[0249] Recombinant Human Siglec-3 / CD33 Fc Chimera Alexa 488 (Siglec3-488) was purchased from R&D System (Catalog Number: AFG1137) , which is supplied as 100 uL of 0.2 mg / mL stock solution. Working solution was prepared by diluting the stock with PBS, giving a final concentration of 1 ug / mL.
[0250] Recombinant Human P-Selectin / CD62P Fc Chimera (Recombinant Human P-Selectin) was purchased from R&D System (Catalog Number: 137-PS) . Stock solution was prepared by reconstituting 50 ug P-selectin in 0.5 mL PBS, yielding a stock concentration of 100 ug / mL. Working solution was prepared by diluting the stock with PBS, giving a final concentration of 1 ug / mL.
[0251] Recombinant Human Siglec‐3 / CD33 Fc Chimera Alexa 488 (Siglec3-488) was used to facilitate visualization of the protein coating. (1) Physisorption, Siglec3-488 is directly coated onto the microfluidic chip channel. (2) Physisorption + Affinity binding, Protein A is first coated onto the channel bottom, followed by the affinity binding of Siglec3-488 to protein A.(3) Crosslinking + Affinity binding, a sulfhydryl group (-SH) was added onto protein A, and crosslinked to the maleimide-activated microfluidic chip channel. Siglec3-488 is then bound to Protein A through affinity binding.
[0252] Chip coating for fluorescence imaging ● Each channel was first incubated with 30 uL of 0 ug / mL, 1 ug / mL, 2.5 ug / mL, 5 ug / mL, 7.5 ug / mL and 10 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was then removed from the channel with a pipetman, and washed once with 200 uL PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Siglec3-488 at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber.
[0253] Fluorescence imaging
[0254] Following the coating incubation, the PDMS slabs were removed from the chips, and the glass bottoms were observed and imaged using a fluorescent microscope. The presence of a fluorescent signal generated by the Siglec3-488 indicated successful coating. Fluorescent intensity was measured with ImageJ.
[0255] Chip coating for cell adhesion ● Each channel was first incubated with 30 uL of 0 ug / mL, 2.5 ug / mL, 5 ug / mL, and 10 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was then removed from the channel with a pipetman, and washed once with 200 uL PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber.
[0256] Flow chip experiment ● HM and NM cells were stained with a cell tracker and resuspended in binding buffer (PBS supplemented with 1mM CaCl2 and 1mM MgCl2) at a concentration of 1 x 105 / mL. ● Cell suspension was pre-loaded into a 1 mL syringe and were perfused into the channel at at flow rate of 1500 uL / h using a syringe pump. ● Video was recorded and the total number of incoming cells and number of adhered cells were counted.Results and observations
[0257] Channel coated with 0 ug / mL, 1 ug / mL, 2.5 ug / mL, 5 ug / mL, 7.5 ug / mL and 10 ug / mL protein A followed by overnight incubation of 1 ug / mL Siglec3-488 were exposed and imaged with fluorescent microscope. The fluorescent intensities of the images were subsequently quantified using ImageJ software. The results revealed that the channel coated with 5 ug / mL protein A exhibited the strongest fluorescent intensity among all the tested concentrations (Figure 4A) . Upper panel: representative fluorescent images of the coated channels. Lower panel: quantification of the fluorescent intensities using the ImageJ software.
[0258] Channel coated with 0 ug / mL, 2.5 ug / mL, 5 ug / mL, and 10 ug / mL protein A followed by overnight incubation of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin were used to assess the percentage of adhesion of highly metastatic (HM) and non-metastatic (NM) cancer cells. The highly metastatic (HM) and non-metastatic (NM) cancer cells were perfused into the channels. Percentage of adhesion was calculated by dividing the number of adhered cells by the total number of incoming cells. The results revealed that the channel coated with 5 ug / mL protein A exhibited the largest disparity in percentage adhesion between HM and NM cells (Figure 4B) .
[0259] by overnight incubation of 1 μg / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin / CD62P Fc Chimera. and the percentage of adhesion was calculated by dividing the number of adhered cells by the total number of incoming cells.Conclusion
[0260] The strongest fluorescent signal was obtained when the channels were coated with 5 ug / mL of protein A for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by overnight incubation with 1 ug / mL of Siglec3-488 at 4℃.
[0261] Moreover, a greater disparity in percentage adhesion between HM and NM cells was observed when the channels were coated with 5 ug / mL of protein A, followed by 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin.
[0262] Taken together, the results indicate that a protein A concentration of 5 ug / mL is the optimal choice for the current physisorption and affinity binding coating approach.
[0263] When compared to methods of direct coating of P-selectin to the microfluidic chip, the provided example method provides unexpected advantages. Protein A was introduced before the P-selectin coating. Protein A specifically binds to the Fc domain of the recombinant protein through affinity binding, ensuring that the P-selectin domain is oriented upward (Figure 5) . This controlled orientation of P-selectin improves the chip's ability to interact with the target cells in a predictable and controlled manner.
[0264] Protein A is initially coated onto the bottom of the microfluidic chip through physisorption. Subsequently, the Fc domain of the P-selectin recombinant protein binds to protein A through affinity binding, resulting in the upward orientation of the P-selectin domain.
[0265] Different methods of incorporating Protein A into the system were tested, including physisorption and crosslinking (Figures 2B and 2C) . Crosslinking involved converting the glass surface to a maleimide-activated surface using an aminosilane reagent and a heterobifunctional crosslinker called Sulfo-SMCC. The Traut's reagent was then used to introduce an -SH group on the protein, which was subsequently crosslinked to the activated surface.
[0266] To visualize the protein coating on the channel bottom, Recombinant Human Siglec‐3 / CD33 Fc Chimera Alexa 488 was used. The successful coating was indicated by the presence of a fluorescent signal generated by the Recombinant Human Siglec‐3 / CD33 Fc Chimera Alexa 488. The results showed that the combination of physisorption and affinity binding produced the strongest signal (Figures 3A-3C) .
[0267] Next, the optimal concentration of Protein A for the physisorption and affinity binding coating approach was determined. Protein A solutions ranging from 0 μg / mL to 10 μg / mL were tested, and the protein coating on the channel bottom was visualized using Recombinant Human Siglec‐3 / CD33 Fc Chimera Alexa 488.
[0268] The channels were coated with different concentrations of protein A (0 μg / mL, 1 μg / mL, 2.5 μg / mL, 5 μg / mL, 7.5 μg / mL, and 10 μg / mL) followed by overnight incubation of 1 μg / mL Recombinant Human Siglec‐3 / CD33 Fc Chimera Alexa 488. The fluorescent intensities of the images were quantified using ImageJ software. The results indicated that the channel coated with 5 μg / mL protein A exhibited the strongest fluorescent intensity among all the tested concentrations (Figure 4A) .
[0269] Additionally, the adhesion of highly metastatic (HM) and non-metastatic (NM) HeyA8 ovarian cancer cells was evaluated using P-selectin. Channels coated with different concentrations of protein A (0 μg / mL, 2.5 μg / mL, 5 μg / mL, and 10 μg / mL) followed by overnight incubation of 1 μg / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin / CD62P Fc Chimera were used to assess the percentage of adhesion for HM and NM cells. The percentage of adhesion was calculated by dividing the number of adhered cells by the total number of incoming cells. The results showed that the channel coated with 5 μg / mL protein A exhibited the largest discrepancy in the percentage of adhesion between HM and NM cells (Figure 4B) . Significance of Improvements
[0270] In conclusion, the optimal concentration of Protein A for the current physisorption and affinity binding coating approach is 5 μg / mL. The final coating method involves two steps: applying a concentration of 5 μg / mL Protein A to the chip and allowing it to coat at room temperature for 1 hour, followed by applying a concentration of 1 μg / mL P-selectin and carrying out the coating process at 4℃ overnight. The addition of Protein A before P-selectin coating ensures controlled orientation of the P-selectin domain and results in a denser protein coating, which enhances the binding capacity and the strength of the interaction between the coated molecules and the target cells. Example 3 –Cell adhesion buffer Example 3.1 –Optimizing cell adhesion bufferPurpose
[0271] In this example, the cell adhesion buffer was optimized in order to improve cell viability while maintaining cell adhesion specificity.
[0272] The highly metastatic (HM) HeyA8 and non-metastatic (NM) HeyA8 cells are an isogenic pair developed by the ASTW lab. These cells have different metastatic potentials, allowing for a controlled comparison between metastatic and non-metastatic phenotypes, and was used as a cell model in this experiment.Methodology
[0273] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0274] Flow chip experiment ● HM and NM cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 0, 1 or 5%FBS as adhesion buffer at a concentration of 1 x 105 / mL. A binding buffer (phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2 and 1mM MgCl2) was also used as control for comparison. ● Cell suspension was pre-loaded into a 1 mL syringe and were perfused into the channel at at flow rate of 1500 uL / h using a syringe pump. ● Video was recorded and the total number of incoming cells and number of adhered cells were counted. ● Adhered cells were collected by flushing the glass bottom of the microfluidic chip after the PDMS slab is removed ● The adhered cells suspension was mixed 1: 1 with 0.4%trypan blue solution ● Number of adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter ● Viability was assayed by trypan blue exclusion assay in which live cells possess intact cell membranes will exclude the dyeResults and observations
[0275] The viabilities of the recovered adhered cells in different buffers were determined by trypan blue exclusion assay.
[0276] The highly metastatic (HM) and non-metastatic (NM) cancer cells were resuspended in binding buffer (phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2 and 1mM MgCl2) , or culture medium (RPMI) supplemented with different percentage of fetal bovine serum (0%, 1%or 5%) . Adhered cells were recovered from the microfluidic chip. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion assay. Figure 6A shows that the RPMI culture medium supplemented with FBS improves cell viability compared to the binding buffer alone. Specifically, both the 1%FBS and 5%FBS supplementation in RPMI culture medium show similar improvements in cell viability for both NM and HM cells.
[0277] For NM cells, the viability increases from 17%in the binding buffer to 72%in RPMI culture medium, and further increases to 91%with 1%FBS or 84%with 5%FBS supplementation. Similarly, for HM cells, the viability increases from 32%in the binding buffer to 65%in RPMI culture medium, and further increases to 83%with 1%FBS or 89%with 5%FBS supplementation.
[0278] These findings suggested that the addition of FBS, regardless of the concentration (1%or 5%) , to the RPMI culture medium significantly improves cell viability compared to the binding buffer alone. This indicated that FBS provides essential nutrients, growth factors, and other components that support cell survival and overall viability.
[0279] Moreover, the adhesion of HM and NM cells in different adhesion buffer was also assessed. HM and NM cells were resuspended in binding buffer (phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2 and 1mM MgCl2) , or culture medium (RPMI) supplemented with different percentage of fetal bovine serum (0%, 1%or 5%) , and were perfused into the microfluidic chips. The percentage of adhesion was calculated by dividing the number of adhered cells by the total number of incoming cells. Figure 6B showed that the adhesion of both HM and NM cells is influenced by the different adhesion buffers tested.
[0280] In binding buffer, HM cells demonstrated lower adhesion with 37.68%compared to NM cells with 46.07%. However, when switched to RPMI culture medium as the adhesion buffer, the trend reversed, with HM cells exhibiting slightly higher adhesion compared to NM cells, in which such discrepancies in adhesion percentages between HM and NM cells persist when RPMI is supplemented with 1%or 5%FBS.
[0281] Notably, the presence of FBS in the adhesion buffers appears to lower the adhesion of both HM and NM cells compared to the binding buffer and RPMI alone. In RPMI supplemented with 1%FBS, HM cells displayed lower adhesion at 24.78%compared to NM cells at 19.89%. Similarly, in RPMI supplemented with 5%FBS, HM cells exhibited decreased adhesion at 13.08%in contrast to NM cells at 9.64%. Nevertheless, a notable discrepancy in the adhesion percentages between HM and NM cells is observed in the presence of FBS (Figure 6B) .Conclusion
[0282] In summary, the addition of 1%FBS to the RPMI culture medium improves cell viability. This finding suggests that 1%FBS supplementation provides essential nutrients and factors that support cell survival. Additionally, it is worth noting that the use of culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS as an adhesion buffer maintains the observed discrepancies in adhesion percentages between HM and NM cells.
[0283] Therefore, considering its positive effect on cell viability and its ability to preserve the differences in adhesion behaviour between HM and NM cells, culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS can be deemed suitable as an adhesion buffer for subsequent assays.
[0284] A binding buffer consisting of phosphate buffered saline supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2 was used during flow chip experiments for comparison in the cell adhesion studies. It was observed that the viability of the cells in this binding buffer was low (17%to 32%) , posing a challenge for downstream functional assays.
[0285] When compared to a binding buffer containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS) supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2, the provided example adhesion buffer provides advantages. The viability of the cells is significantly improved. An optimization strategy of adding fetal bovine serum (FBS) to culture medium as the new buffer was implemented.
[0286] The data shows that the culture medium (RPMI) supplemented with FBS improves cell viability compared to the binding buffer alone. Specifically, both the 1%FBS and 5%FBS supplementation in RPMI culture medium show similar improvements in cell viability for both NM and HM cells.
[0287] In summary, the addition of 1%FBS to the RPMI culture medium improves cell viability. This finding suggests that 1%FBS supplementation provides essential nutrients and factors that support cell survival. Additionally, it is worth noting that the use of culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS as an adhesion buffer maintains the observed discrepancies in adhesion percentages between HM and NM cells.Significance of Improvements on adhesion buffer
[0288] Therefore, considering its positive effect on cell viability and its ability to preserve the differences in adhesion behaviour between HM and NM cells, culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS is suitable as an adhesion buffer for subsequent assays. By implementing the optimization strategy and incorporating FBS into the culture medium as the new buffer, the issue of low cell viability has been effectively mitigated. This optimization has paved the way for more effective and reliable downstream functional assays following flow chip experiments. Example 4 –Metastatic potential of recovered cells Example 4.1 –In vivo adhesionPurpose
[0289] In this example, the adhered cells recovered from the microfluidic chip are metastatic was demonstrated by assessing their ability to adhered onto the mice omentum in an in vivo adhesion assay. The experiment specifically focuses on ovarian cancer cells as the cell model, and the omentum is known to be the most common site of secondary tumor adhesion in ovarian cancer.Methodology Chip coating
[0290] Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature.
[0291] Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS.
[0292] Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin
[0293] The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity. Flow chip experiment
[0294] HM and NM cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at a concentration of 1 x 105 / mL
[0295] Non-adhered cells were collected from the outlet (flow-through)
[0296] Adhered cells were collected by flushing the glass bottom of the microfluidic chip after the PDMS slab is removed
[0297] Adhered and non-adhered cells were cultured in 5%RPMI In vivo adhesion
[0298] Adhered and non-adhered cell were stained with green and red cell tracker for 30 min
[0299] 5 x 104 of adhered and non-adhered cells were resuspended in 200 mL PBS
[0300] Cells suspensions were injected intraperitoneally into nude mice
[0301] 4 h post injection, omentum was harvested
[0302] Each omentum was washed with 1 mL PBS and imaged under fluorescent microscope
[0303] Adhered cells were dissociated from the omentum by incubating with 200 mL accutase overnight Fluorescence intensity measurement
[0304] Fluorescence intensities were measured with Cytation 1 with plate reader modeResults and observations
[0305] To determine the number of cells dissociated from the omentum, a standard curve (Figure 7A) was generated using a 2-fold serial dilution of 1 x 106 fluorescently labelled cells. The fluorescent intensity of each sample is plot against the corresponding number of cells in that particular sample. Standard curve was generated using a 2-fold serial dilution of 1 x 106 fluorescently labelled cells. The fluorescent intensity of each sample is plot against the corresponding number of cells in that particular sample.
[0306] This standard curve can then be used to quantify the number of cells dissociated from the omentum based on their fluorescent intensity.
[0307] Results showed in Table 1 and Figure 7B indicated that the adhered cells recovered from the microfluidic chips exhibit a higher metastatic potential compared to the non-adhered cells, as evidenced by their higher in vivo adhesion percentage.
[0308] Adhered and non-adhered cells were recovered from microfluidic chips and were stained with CMFDA or CMPTX CellTracker respectively. Four hours post intraperitoneal injection (5 x 104 cells for each type) , adhered cells stained with CMFDA were observed to be more abundant on the excised omentum compared to non-adhered cells stained with CMPTX. The number of fluorescent cells on each omentum was determined by comparing the fluorescent intensity to a standard curve. The percentage of adhesion was calculated by dividing the number of adhered cells by the total number of cells injected. Specifically, 21.47%of the adhered cells were recovered from the omentum, while only 7.51%of non-adhered cells were found on the omentum. As cells adhered onto the omentum are defined as metastatic cells, the higher in vivo adhesion percentage suggests that the adhered cells recovered from the microfluidic chips are enriched with metastatic cells. However, further investigation is needed to determine the fate of the non-adhered cells. It is unclear whether the non-adhered cells are non-metastatic or if they have adhered to other tissues within the mice.
[0309] Table 1. Example percentage of in vivo adhered and non-adhered cells Conclusion
[0310] Adhered cells recovered from the microfluidic chips are enriched with metastatic cells, 21.47%of them can be found on the omentum, in which omental adhesion indicates metastatic property. Example 4.2 –Tumor xenograftPurpose
[0311] In this example, the metastatic potential of the adhered cells recovered from the microfluidic chip, their ability to form tumors were assessed through inoculation into nude mice were validated. The occurrence of tumor metastasis can be indicated by observing the formation of tumor nodules within the peritoneal cavity, as well as by monitoring bioluminescence signals.Methodology
[0312] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin. ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0313] Flow chip experiment ● HM and NM cells were collected from the outlet (flow-through) ● Adhered cells were collected by flushing the glass bottom of the microfluidic chip after the PDMS slab is removed ● Adhered and non-adhered cells were cultured in 5%RPMI
[0314] Tumor xenograft model ● 5 x 104 adhered and non-adhered cell were resuspended in 200 uL PBS ● Cells suspensions were injected intraperitoneally into nude mice ● Mice were monitored closely until sign of distress indicating tumor growth were noted ● 2.5 months post injection, mice were prepared for in vivo bioluminescence imaging ● Mice were anaesthetized with isoflurane ● Bioluminescence signals were imaged with Spectrum In Vivo Imaging System ● Mice were euthanised with pentobarbital ● Number of tumor nodules in the peritoneal cavity were countedResults and observations
[0315] HM cells were genetically modified to express luciferase, a bioluminescent reporter gene. Prior to imaging, a substrate called luciferin is administered to the mice by injection. Once luciferin reaches the tumor cells, it is catalyzed by luciferase, resulting in a chemical reaction that releases photons of light. The emitted light can penetrate living tissues and be detected by the IVIS system. The signal intensity is proportional to the in vivo tumor burden and indicating the presence of metastases in specific organs or tissues.
[0316] Adhered and non-adhered cells were recovered from microfluidic chips and 5 x 104 of each type were intraperitoneal injected into nude mice. The results obtained from the study indicate that mice injected with adhered cells recovered from the microfluidic chip exhibited tumor metastasis, as indicated by a positive bioluminescence signal (Figure 8A) . This signal suggests the presence and growth of metastatic tumors in those mice. On the other hand, mice injected with non-adhered cells from the microfluidic chip did not show any bioluminescence signal, indicating the absence of tumor metastasis in those animals.
[0317] Following euthanasia, the mice are dissected to expose the peritoneal cavity, where metastatic tumor nodules typically manifest as visible masses, primarily in the mesentery and omentum. The number of tumor nodules present in each mouse is then counted and recorded.
[0318] Tumor burden was visualized with bioluminescence signal using the Xenogen IVIS system.
[0319] Consistent with the bioluminescence results, the findings from tumor nodule counting align with the observed metastatic behavior. Mice injected with adhered cells recovered from the microfluidic chip displayed evidence of tumor metastasis, with counts of 5 and 21 observable tumor nodules. In contrast, mice injected with non-adhered cells from the microfluidic chip did not exhibit any noticeable tumor nodule formation, indicating the absence of tumor metastasis in those particular animals (Figure 8B and Table 2) . At the time of sacrifice, the number of all visible (> 0.1 cm) metastatic nodules in the peritoneal cavity was counted.
[0320] Table 2: Cell count of adhered and non-adhered cells of mice at the time of sacrifice. Conclusion
[0321] Adhered cells recovered from the microfluidic chip possess a metastatic potential, as evidenced by both bioluminescence and tumor nodule formation. Conversely, the absence of tumor nodules in the non-adhered cell group further supports the notion that these cells lack the ability to form metastatic tumors. Example 5 –Withdrawal setup Example 5.1 –Development of the withdrawal setupPurpose
[0322] In this example, a new setup that effectively addressed the intrinsic problems associated with the infusion setup was developed. By designing and implementing the withdrawal setup, the aim was to create a system that minimized dead volume, prevented cell sedimentation, and allowed for flexible medium switches during the experiment, thus enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and versatility of the microfluidic chip. Figure9A and 9B showed a simple illustration of the infusion setup (for comparison) and withdrawal setup respectively.
[0323] Figure 9A shows a schematic illustration of the infusion setup for comparison. Cell suspensions are pre-loaded into the syringe and placed onto the syringe pump. The pump applies pressure to the syringe plunger, pushing the cell suspension through the tubing and into the microfluidic chip. Cells flow through the microfluidic chip, with adhered cells attaching to the bottom, while non-adhered cells continue to flow through the channels. At the outlet of the chip, tubing is connected to the outlet and linked to a collection tube. The non-adhered cells flow through the tubing and are collected into the collection tube.
[0324] Figure 9B shows a schematic illustration of the withdrawal setup. Cells are loaded into a reservoir that is directly connected to the microfluidic chip. A force is generated by the syringe pump pulling on the syringe, creating a negative pressure or suction causing the cell suspension to move from the reservoir into the microfluidic chip. As the cell suspension flows through the microfluidic chip, some cells adhere to the bottom, while non-adhered cells continue to flow through the channels and further into the syringe. More importantly, such withdrawal setup allows the introduction of washing buffer into the reservoir serves as a washing step to remove any remaining non-adhered cells. This washing process ensures that a relatively pure population of adhered cells can be collected afterwards, free from contamination by non-adhered cells.
[0325] Figure 9C shows a schematic illustration dead volume in the infusion setup. Cell suspension that remains stagnant within the syringe and tubing which cannot be effectively delivered into the microfluidic chip resulted in loss of samples. This volume is referred to as the dead volume. Figure 9D shows a schematic illustration of the medium switch issue encountered by the infusion setup for comparison. During the flow chip experiment, some cells adhere to the channel bottom, while non-adhered cells continue to move along the flow direction (1) . When the syringe pump is stopped (2) , non-adhered cells sediment to the channel bottom and mix with the adhered cells (3) . These cells cannot be effectively removed by washing, as switching to a new medium by connecting to another syringe would also detach the adhered cells (4) . As a result, the non-adhered cells are recovered together with the adhered cells (5) .Methodology Dead volume and cell sedimentation issue
[0326] Dead volume refers to the volume of fluid that remains stagnant within the syringe and tubing and cannot be effectively delivered into the microfluidic chip (Figure 9C) in the infusion setup. This unused volume can lead to inefficiencies in fluid delivery and result in a loss of valuable samples. Additionally, the force of gravity causes cells to settle at the bottom of the syringe and tubing, further limiting their entry into the microfluidic chip. Consequently, a significant portion of cells may not reach the chip, compromising experimental outcomes. The success of improvements can be evaluated by achieving the complete perfusion or delivery of the entire cell suspension into the microfluidic chip. This indicated that dead volume has been minimized or eliminated, and cells are effectively transported and distributed within the chip without significant loss or sedimentation. Medium switch issue
[0327] In the infusion setup, the buffer was pre-loaded into the syringe and perfused into the microfluidic chip as a closed system. However, performing a medium switch required breaking the closed system, which in turn disrupted the flow. This disruption caused non-adhered cells to mix with adhered cells due to sedimentation, making it challenging to collect adhered and non-adhered cells separately without cross-contamination (Figure 9D) . Reservoir options
[0328] During the development process of the withdrawal setup, various options were tested as potential reservoirs. In the first version, Eppendorf tubes and tubing were used as the reservoir. In the second version, a P200 pipet tip was used as the reservoir. In the third version, a P1000 pipet tip connected to a metal linker was used as the reservoir. In the fourth version, a blunt needle was used as the reservoir.Results and observations
[0329] Differences between infusion and withdrawal setups can be categorized into four main aspects, direction of flow, flow rate, adhered cell recovery, and application. Direction of flow
[0330] The infusion setup involves the movement of cells from a syringe into the channel and then to a collection tube. The direction of flow is controlled by a syringe pump, which controls the movement of fluid from the syringe through the channel and into the collection tube. On the other hand, the withdrawal setup functions by moving cells from a reservoir into the channel and then to a syringe. Similarly, the direction of flow in the withdrawal setup is also controlled by a syringe pump, which regulates the movement of fluid from the reservoir through the channel and into the syringe. Flow rate
[0331] In terms of flow rates, both the infusion and withdrawal setups utilize a flow rate of 3500 uL / h during the pre-washing step. However, in the withdrawal setup, at the end of the pre-washing step, the reservoir is inserted, and buffer is allowed to fill the reservoir from the bottom. During the adhesion step, a flow rate of 1500 uL / h is used in both setups.
[0332] In the infusion setup, cells are pre-loaded into the syringe, while in the withdrawal setup, cells are loaded into the reservoir. Due to sedimentation, cells tend to be retained in the syringe and tubing. Consequently, each run in the infusion setup is limited to 1 minute to minimize sedimentation effects. In contrast, in the withdrawal setup, each run continues until all samples are perfused into the channel, thus no time limitation for each run. Non-adhered cells are collected from the outlet and accumulated in the syringe.
[0333] The washing step and recovery step are exclusive to the withdrawal setup. During the washing step, the channel is washed with plain buffer loaded into the reservoir at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h. This washing process effectively removes non-adhered cells from the channel, which are then collected into the first syringe.
[0334] In the recovery step, the flow rate is increased to 3500 uL / h in the withdrawal setup. This higher flow rate facilitates the efficient collection of adhered cells into the second syringe, enabling their recovery for further analysis or downstream applications. Adhered cell recovery
[0335] In terms of adhered cell recovery, the withdrawal setup outperforms the infusion setup. The withdrawal setup incorporates a washing step to remove all non-adhered cells, facilitating the collection of adhered cells into the second syringe. In contrast, the infusion setup does not include a washing step, resulting in the mixing of adhered and non-adhered cells inside the channel. To detach adhered cells in the withdrawal setup, the metal linker is disconnected, replaced with a new syringe, and then reinserted into the chip. The force generated by this insertion detaches the adhered cells, allowing for easier recovery. Application
[0336] Both setups have applications in determining the percentage of adhesion by counting the number of cells. However, the withdrawal setup offers the additional advantage of using a hematocytometer for counting the recovered cells, which provides convenience and accuracy. Moreover, the recovered cells in the withdrawal setup can be used in downstream assays, expanding the possibilities for further analysis and experimentation.Conclusion
[0337] In summary, the withdrawal setup improves upon the infusion setup by minimizing dead volume, preventing cell sedimentation, enabling controlled medium switches, facilitating adhered cell recovery, and offering convenience in counting cells and downstream applications. These enhancements enhance the functionality, efficiency, and versatility of the experimental system.Additional advantages of Withdrawal setup over Infusion setup
[0338] In the infusion setup, the syringe pump is configured to operate in infusion mode, commonly known as the infusion setup. In this mode, the pump applies pressure to the plunger of the syringe, pushing the cell suspension through the tubing and into the microfluidic chip. As the cell suspension flows through the microfluidic chip, adhered cells attach to the bottom, while non-adhered cells continue to flow through the channels. At the outlet of the chip, a tubing is connected to the outlet and linked to a collection tube. The non-adhered cells flow through the tubing and are collected into the collection tube (Figure 9A) .
[0339] However, this setup encountered several issues, including cell sedimentation in the syringe and tubing, dead volume in the syringe and tubing, and the inability to perform a medium switch to remove non-adhered cells in the channel before collecting the adhered cells.
[0340] Dead volume refers to the volume of fluid that remains stagnant within the syringe and tubing (Figure 9C) , which cannot be effectively delivered into the microfluidic chip. This unused volume can lead to inefficiencies in fluid delivery and result in a loss of valuable samples. Additionally, the force of gravity causes cells to settle at the bottom of the syringe and tubing, further limiting their entry into the microfluidic chip. Consequently, a significant portion of cells may not reach the chip, compromising experimental outcomes.
[0341] Moreover, in the infusion setup, performing a medium switch can be challenging as illustrated in Figure 9D. Before collecting adhered cells, it is necessary to wash away non-adhered cells remaining in the microfluidic chip to avoid contamination. This is typically done using a plain buffer without cell suspension, which is pre-loaded into a new syringe and perfused into the microfluidic chip as a closed system. This medium switch step required breaking the closed system, which in turn disrupted the flow. This disruption caused non-adhered cells to mix with adhered cells due to sedimentation, making it challenging to collect adhered and non-adhered cells separately without cross-contamination.
[0342] During the development process of the withdrawal setup, various options were tested as potential reservoirs. In the initial version (Figure 10A) , Eppendorf tubes and tubing were used, but they proved to be cumbersome and inconvenient to place on the microscope stage. Subsequently, a P200 pipet tip was tried as a reservoir in the second version (Figure 10B) . However, the narrow opening of the pipet tip made it difficult to efficiently load samples. In the third version (Figure 10C) , a trimmed P1000 pipet tip connected to a metal linker was used as the reservoir. Although this setup seemed promising, it had a significant drawback: the joining point between the pipet tip and the linker tended to leak and easily trap bubbles, affecting the overall performance. Finally, in the fourth version (Figure 10D) , a blunt needle was implemented as the reservoir. This solution successfully addressed the issues encountered in the previous versions and proved to be effective. Consequently, the use of a blunt needle as the reservoir was adopted in the current withdrawal setup. Through iterative testing and refinement, the withdrawal setup underwent several improvements to arrive at the most suitable and functional reservoir option.Significance of Improvements for Withdrawal Setup
[0343] The withdrawal setup offers several advantages and highlights its importance in microfluidic experiments. Firstly, it enables the complete perfusion or delivery of the entire cell suspension into the microfluidic chip, minimizing or eliminating dead volume. This ensures that cells are efficiently transported and evenly distributed within the chip, without experiencing significant loss or sedimentation. Secondly, the withdrawal setup allows for the introduction of different buffers into the reservoir without disrupting the continuous flow. This feature is particularly valuable as it enables the smooth and efficient removal of non-adhered cells from the channel. By minimizing the mixing of adhered and non-adhered cells, the withdrawal setup facilitates their separate collection, ensuring accurate and reliable results.Methodology of Infusion Setup for Flow Rate
[0344] The infusion setup for comparison involved the following two steps: the prewashing step and the adhesion step (Figure 11) .
[0345] During the prewashing step, a flow rate of 3500 μL / h at infusion mode was utilized. Binding buffer, which was preloaded in the syringe, was pushed into the microfluidic chip. This step aimed to remove the coating solution and ensure the microfluidic chip was adequately equilibrated for the subsequent adhesion step.
[0346] For the adhesion step, cells were pre-loaded into the syringe and pushed into the microfluidic chip at a flow rate of 1500 μL / h, which is equivalent to 0.1 dyn / cm2 shear stress, was used. Non-adhered cells are collected from the outlet and entered into the collection tube through a tubing.
[0347] For the adhesion step, a flow rate of 1500 μL / h at infusion mode was used. Through calculation, it has been determined that a flow rate of 1500 μL / h corresponds to a shear stress of 0.1 dyn / cm2. In the infusion setup, cells were pre-loaded into the syringe. However, due to sedimentation effects, cells tended to be retained in the syringe and tubing. To minimize the impact of sedimentation, each run in the infusion setup was limited to a duration of 1 minute. This restriction aimed to mitigate the effects of sedimentation on the adhesion process.Methodology of the Example Withdrawal Setup for flow rate
[0348] The improved example withdrawal setup includes four distinct steps: the prewashing step, adhesion step, washing step, and recovery step (Figure 12) . A microfluidic chip having a channel coated with protein A and P-selectin as described in any one of the other examples was provided.
[0349] (1) Pre-washing step: A flow rate of 3500 μL / h was used. The serum free culture medium, preloaded in the syringe, is pushed into the microfluidic chip. At the end of the washing step, a reservoir was inserted, and serum free culture medium is allowed to fill the reservoir from the bottom. In other implementations, shear stress of 0.01 –5 dyne / cm2 was applied. In other implementations, the culture medium can be supplemented with 0 –10%FBS.
[0350] (2) Adhesion step: Cells resuspended in culture medium supplemented with 1%fetal bovine serum were loaded into the reservoir using a pipette and pulled into the microfluidic chip at a flow rate of 1500 μL / h, equivalent to 0.1 dyn / cm2 shear stress. Non-adhered cells are collected from the outlet and accumulate in the syringe. In other implementations, the culture medium is supplemented with 0 –10%FBS.
[0351] (3) Washing step: After all the cell suspension has entered the microfluidic chip, the channel was washed with culture medium supplemented with about 1%fetal bovine serum loaded into the reservoir at a flow rate of 1500 μL / h. This step removed non-adhered cells from the channels, which were collected into the first syringe. In other implementations, the culture medium is supplemented with 0 –10%FBS.
[0352] (4) Recovery step: A new syringe was placed onto the syringe pump, and the metal linker connecting the microfluidic chip was also replaced. Culture medium supplemented with about 10%fetal bovine serum was loaded into the reservoir. The flow rate was increased to 3500 μL / h (equivalent to 0.23 dyn / cm2 shear stress) in the recovery step to facilitate the efficient collection of adhered cells into the second syringe. In other implementations, shear stress of 0.01 –5 dyne / cm2 is applied. In other implementations, the culture medium is supplemented with 0 –10%FBS.
[0353] In terms of flow rates, both the infusion and withdrawal setups utilize a flow rate of 3500 μL / h at infusion mode during the prewashing step. However, in the withdrawal setup, at the end of the prewashing step, a reservoir is inserted, and serum free culture medium was allowed to fill the reservoir from the bottom. In other implementations, the culture medium is supplemented with 0 –10%FBS.
[0354] During the adhesion step, a flow rate of 1500 μL / h at withdrawal mode is used. Cells are loaded into the reservoir and pulled into the microfluidic chip. Non-adhered cells are collected from the outlet and accumulated in the syringe. Unlike the 1-minute time limit in the infusion setup, each run in the withdrawal setup continues until all samples are perfused into the channel, allowing for a more comprehensive adhesion process.
[0355] The washing step and recovery step are exclusive to the withdrawal setup. During the washing step, the channel was washed with culture medium supplemented with 1%fetal bovine serum loaded into the reservoir at a flow rate of 1500 μL / h. This washing process effectively removes non-adhered cells from the channel, which are then collected into the first syringe. In other implementations, the culture medium is supplemented with 0 –10%FBS.
[0356] In the recovery step, culture medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum was loaded into the reservoir and the flow rate is increased to 3500 μL / h. This higher flow rate facilitates the efficient collection of adhered cells into the second syringe, enabling their recovery for further analysis or downstream applications. In other implementations, the culture medium is supplemented with 0 –10%FBS.
[0357] Significance of Improvements for Flow Rate
[0358] By incorporating the additional washing and recovery steps, the withdrawal setup offers advantages such as improved purity of adhered cells and the ability to collect them separately. These steps enhance the efficiency and reliability of microfluidic experiments involving cell adhesion and subsequent analysis.
[0359] Methodology of Infusion Setup for Adhered Cells Recovery
[0360] In the infusion setup for comparison, the recovery of adhered cells encountered challenges in effectively separating the adhered and non-adhered cells within the microfluidic chip before the recovery step. These challenges were primarily related to cell sedimentation and difficulties in switching the medium, which ultimately made it impractical to successfully recover the adhered cells. Additionally, the use of binding buffer in the earlier approach had a negative impact on the viability of the adhered cells, as discussed in Example 3.
[0361] Methodology of the Withdrawal Setup for Adhered Cells Recovery
[0362] In the modified setup, a significant improvement has been made by enabling a medium switch that allows for the addition of culture medium supplemented with 1%fetal bovine serum to the reservoir. This enables the removal of non-adhered cells through thorough washing. Moreover, the incorporation of FBS in the buffer has had a profound positive impact on the viability of the recovered cells. As a result of these advancements, the successful recovery of viable adhered cells can now be achieved.
[0363] To detach adhered cells in the withdrawal setup, the metal linker joining the first syringe is disconnected, and replaced with a new syringe connected to tubing and metal linker. This new metal linker is then reinserted into the chip, generating a force that effectively detaches the adhered cells, allowing for easier recovery.
[0364] Significance of Improvements for Adhered Cells Recovery
[0365] In terms of adhered cell recovery, the withdrawal setup outperforms the infusion setup. The withdrawal setup incorporates a washing step to remove non-adhered cells, facilitating the collection of adhered cells into the second syringe. In contrast, the infusion setup does not include a washing step, resulting in the mixing of adhered and non-adhered cells inside the channel.
[0366] Methodology of Infusion Setup for Application
[0367] In the infusion setup where the recovery of adhered cells is challenging, the primary application of the microfluidic chip is to quantify the number of adhered cells in the samples. This quantification can be used to classify the samples based on the presence of highly metastatic cells or lack thereof.
[0368] To monitor any adhesion events, a microscope was employed. Consecutive images or videos were recorded to facilitate the quantification of the number of adhered cells. This allowed for the assessment of cell adhesion within the microfluidic chip. However, it is important to note that manually counting the adhered cells can be a labor-intensive and tedious task.
[0369] Methodology of the Withdrawal Setup for Application
[0370] The modified setup offers significant advantages over the original setup in terms of applications and downstream assays. While the original infusion setup primarily allows for the assessment of the percentage of cell adhesion, the modified example withdrawal setup goes beyond that by enabling the recovery of adhered cells, which can subsequently be utilized in various downstream assays. These adhered cells can be used for drug screening assays, sequencing, and precision medicine.
[0371] When it comes to evaluating the percentage of cell adhesion, the original approach involves recording the adhesion process and manually counting the number of adhered cells and the total incoming cells. In contrast, the modified withdrawal setup offers a more convenient alternative. By collecting both adhered cells and non-adhered cells in separate syringes, the process becomes more streamlined. Cell counting can be performed using a variety of techniques, such as a hematocytometer or an automatic cell counter, which significantly simplifies the process.
[0372] Significance of Improvements for Application
[0373] Overall, by enabling efficient and reliable cell counting, the modified withdrawal setup enhances the assessment of the percentage of cell adhesion. The availability of convenient cell counting methods contributes to a more efficient experimental workflow and facilitates the analysis of cell adhesion in microfluidic systems. The withdrawal setup's capability to not only determine the percentage of adhesion but also recover adhered cells for downstream assays significantly expands its applications in drug screening, sequencing, and precision medicine. It provides a valuable platform for studying metastatic cells and holds promise for advancing our understanding and treatment of metastatic diseases. Example 6 –Input cell number and concentration Example 6.1 –Maximum capturing capacityPurpose
[0374] In this example, the maximum capturing capacity of the microfluidic chip was determined by assessing its ability to effectively capture an increasing number of cells within the microfluidic channels. For this purpose, the highly metastatic (HM) HeyA8 ovarian cancer cell line was selected as the cell model.Methodology
[0375] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P- Selectin / CD62P Fc Chimera (Recombinant Human P-Selectin) ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0376] Flow chip experiment ● HM cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at the following concentrations ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with RPMI culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter
[0377] Results and observations
[0378] The total number of captured cells was plotted against the total number of input cells on a logarithmic scale (Figure 13A) . Moderate plateau is observed when 1 x 104 to 5 x 104 highly metastatic cancer cells were perfused into the channel. During this range, approximately 5000 adhered HM cells were successfully recovered. And the percentage of adhesion for each sample was also shown in Figure 13B. The percentage of adhesion for each sample are presented.
[0379] Although an obvious plateau was not observed. It is believed that the microfluidic channel became saturated when a range of 1 x 104 to 5 x 104 (marked as ⑧ and ⑨) HM cells were perfused into the channel. During this range, approximately 5000 adhered HM cells were successfully recovered.
[0380] Upon further increasing the input cell number beyond this range, more cells were captured within the microfluidic channel. However, there was a notable decrease in the percentage of adhesion. This decrease suggests that there was an increasing number of false negatives, where cells that could have potentially adhered to the channel were not captured or recovered.
[0381] The decrease in the percentage of adhesion could be attributed to the limited capturing capacity of the microfluidic chip. As the number of input cells exceeded the optimal range, the chip reached its maximum capacity, resulting in a decrease in the efficiency of capturing and adhering cells.
[0382] These findings indicated that there is an upper limit to the capturing capacity of the microfluidic chip for the HM cell model used in the experiment. It suggested that the chip's performance may have limitations when handling higher cell numbers, leading to a higher likelihood of false negatives.
[0383] Moreover, when the input cell numbers were below 100, no adhered cells could be recovered. This finding suggested a lower limit for the input cell number of the microfluidic chip. The inability to recover adhered cells when the input cell number is below 100 indicated that there may be a minimum threshold for effective cell capture and adhesion within the microfluidic channels. Below this threshold, the number of cells is likely too low to yield detectable levels of adhesion using the experimental setup.Conclusion
[0384] Based on the findings of the experiment, the optimal input cell number for the microfluidic chip would fall within the range of 100 to 5 x 104 HM cells. Within this range, the microfluidic chip demonstrated its maximum capturing capacity, with a saturation point observed at around 5 x 104 input HM cells and approximately 5000 adhered HM cells could be recovered. Operating within this optimal range ensures efficient cell capture and adhesion within the microfluidic channels, leading to reliable and meaningful results. It allows for a balance between capturing a sufficient number of cells to yield detectable levels of adhesion and avoiding potential false negatives due to exceeding the chip's capacity. Example 6.2 –Input cell concentrationPurpose
[0385] In this example, the optimal input cell concentration for the microfluidic chip was determined by assessing the percentage of adhesion across samples with varying cell concentrations but a fixed cell number. The highly metastatic HeyA8 ovarian cancer cell line was selected as the cell model.Methodology
[0386] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P- Selectin / CD62P Fc Chimera (Recombinant Human P-Selectin) . ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0387] Flow chip experiment ● HM cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS ● Different concentrations of cell suspensions were prepared, and specific volumes of each cell suspension were used in the respective channels as follows: A. 400 uL of 1.25 x 105 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 104] B. 200 uL of 2.5 x 105 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 104] C. 100 uL of 5 x 105 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 104] D. 50 uL of 1 x 106 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 104] E. 400 uL of 1.25 x 106 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 105] F. 200 uL of 2.5 x 106 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 105] G. 100 uL of 5 x 106 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 105] H. 50 uL of 1 x 107 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 105] ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with RPMI culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter
[0388] Results and observations
[0389] Different concentrations of cell suspensions were perfused into each channel. Similar percentages of adhesion were observed when the total input cell number was kept constant (Figures 14A to D, and E to H) , regardless of the cell concentration and volume of the sample (Figure 14) . This indicated that the capturing efficiency of the microfluidic chip remained consistent as long as the total number of cells remains the same, the microfluidic chip is capable of effectively capturing adhered cells, irrespective of the concentration or volume of the sample. A. 400 uL of 1.25 x 105 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 104] B. 200 uL of 2.5 x 105 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 104] C. 100 uL of 5 x 105 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 104] D. 50 uL of 1 x 106 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 104] E. 400 uL of 1.25 x 106 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 105] F. 200 uL of 2.5 x 106 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 105] G. 100 uL of 5 x 106 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 105] H. 50 uL of 1 x 107 cells / mL [Total cell number = 5 x 105]
[0390] Another point to note is the duration of the experiment, which varied depending on the volume of the samples. For 100uL samples, the experiment required approximately 20 minutes, while for 400uL samples, a longer duration of around 40 minutes was needed. This discrepancy in time can be attributed to the increased volume of the sample, which requires a longer period for the cells to flow through the microfluidic channels and adhere to the designated surfaces.
[0391] Conclusion
[0392] The results demonstrated that within the tested range, which encompassed concentrations from 1.25 x 105 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL, similar percentages of adhesion were observed when the total input cell number was kept constant. In addition, based on earlier results from determining the maximum capacity, it was found that a similar percentage of adhesion was observed within the range of samples with a concentration of 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 105 cells / mL.
[0393] Taking these findings into account, it can be inferred that the optimal input cell concentration for the microfluidic chip falls within the range of about 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL. Within this concentration range, the chip demonstrated reliable and consistent percentages of adhesion, indicating that the capturing efficiency of the chip remained stable and effective. Example 7 –Percentage of adhesion with withdrawal setup Example 7.1 –Percentage adhesion of ovarian cancer linesPurpose
[0394] In this example, whether the percentage of adhesion observed using the withdrawal setup can serve as an indicator of the metastatic potential of different cell pairs was investigated.
[0395] The highly metastatic (HM) HeyA8 and non-metastatic (NM) HeyA8 cells are an isogenic pair developed by the ASTW lab. These cells have different metastatic potentials, allowing for a controlled comparison between metastatic and non-metastatic phenotypes.
[0396] In addition to the HeyA8 cell pair, the experiment also involves the use of SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cell lines. SKOV-3 is known to exhibit higher metastatic potential compared to OVCAR-3, which is considered to be less metastatic. These two cell lines represent commonly used ovarian cancer models with varying levels of metastatic potential.Methodology
[0397] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0398] Flow chip experiment ● HM and NM cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cells were resuspended in M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with RPMI (for HM and NM) or M199: MCDB105 (for SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3) culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter
[0399] Results and observations
[0400] The highly metastatic (HM) and non-metastatic (NM) ovarian cancer isogenic cell pair were tested using the withdrawal, with HM showing higher percentage of adhesion than NM. The observed results, with the highly metastatic (HM) cells exhibiting a higher percentage of adhesion (48.45%) compared to the non-metastatic (NM) cells (21.44%) (Figure 15A) . These findings support the relationship between metastatic potential and adhesion in the microfluidic chip.
[0401] The SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells were tested using the withdrawal, with SKOV-3 showing higher percentage of adhesion than OVCAR-3. Similarly, the SKOV-3 cell line exhibiting a higher percentage of adhesion (45.06%) compared to the OVCAR-3 cell line (20.73%) (Figure 15B) . These findings support the relationship between metastatic potential and adhesion in the microfluidic chip.
[0402] Conclusion
[0403] The highly metastatic (HM) HeyA8 cells demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of adhesion in the microfluidic chip compared to the non-metastatic (NM) HeyA8 cells. Similarly, the more metastatic SKOV-3 cells exhibited a significantly higher percentage of adhesion compared to the less metastatic OVCAR-3 cells. These indicate a clear relationship between metastatic potential and adhesion in the microfluidic chip model. Example 7.2 –Percentage adhesion of different ovarian cancer subtypes ES-2, 21G, 112D, OVK18Purpose
[0404] In this example, whether the percentage of adhesion observed using a withdrawal setup can serve as an indicator of the prognosis of different cell pairs was investigated. The experiment focuses on using ovarian cancer cell lines of different histological subtypes, specifically clear cell (ES-2, TOV21G) and endometrioid (TOV112D, OVK18) , which are associated with distinct prognostic outcomes.
[0405] The clear cell subtype in ovarian cancer is generally associated with a poor prognosis, while the endometrioid subtype is often associated with a better prognosis. By evaluating the extent of cell adhesion between these cell pairs using the withdrawal setup, the experiment aims to determine if there is a correlation between the observed adhesion and the prognostic outcomes of the cell lines.Methodology
[0406] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0407] Flow chip experiment ● ES-2, TOV21G, TOV112D and OVK18 cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with RPMI culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter
[0408] Results and observations The results showed that the clear cell subtype cell lines, ES-2 (59.70%) and TOV21G (55.47%) demonstrated higher adhesion percentages compared to the endometrioid subtype cell lines, TOV112D (33.11%) and OVK18 (34.31%) (Figure 16) . These findings suggested that the clear cell subtype, which is associated with a poorer prognosis, exhibits stronger adhesive properties in the withdrawal setup.
[0409] The clear cell ovarian cancer cell lines (ES-2 and TOV21G) and the endometrioid ovarian cancer cell lines (TOV112D and OVK18) were tested using the withdrawal, with clear cell showing higher percentage of adhesion than endometrioid.
[0410] Conclusion
[0411] The higher adhesion percentages observed in ES-2 and TOV21G cells as compared to that of TOV112D and OVK18 cells indicate a correlation between adhesion properties and the prognostic outcomes of ovarian cancer, specifically within the clear cell and endometrioid subtypes. Example 7.3 –Percentage adhesion of OVSAHO ovary and omentumPurpose
[0412] In this example, whether the percentage of adhesion observed using a withdrawal setup can serve as an indicator of metastatic potential was investigated.
[0413] OVSAHO is an ovarian cancer cell line that closely resembles high-grade serous ovarian cancer cells, which is the most common and aggressive subtype of ovarian cancer. The ovary and omentum sublines were generated through an orthotopic injection of OVSAHO cells into mice. Subsequently, cells that colonized the omentum or remained in the ovary were recovered and maintained as cell cultures. The omentum subline represents metastatic cells, while the ovary subline represents non-metastatic cells.Methodology
[0414] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0415] Flow chip experiment ● OVSAHO ovary and omentum cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with RPMI culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter
[0416] Results and observations
[0417] Surprisingly, the adhesion percentages for both the omentum and ovary sublines are very similar, with only a slight difference between them (omentum 48.83%and ovary 49.17%) (Figure 17) . The results indicated that there is no significant difference in the adhesion properties between the OVSAHO omentum and ovary sublines using the withdrawal setup.
[0418] The omentum and ovary sublines generated from the parental OVSAHO ovarian cancer isogenic cell line were tested using the withdrawal, in which similar percentage of adhesion were observed.
[0419] Conclusion
[0420] The results showed that there was no significant difference in the adhesion percentages between the OVSAHO omentum and ovary sublines. This unexpected similarity suggests that the adhesion properties of the OVSAHO sublines derived from the omentum and ovary are comparable in the microfluidic chip setup. Example 7.4 –Percentage adhesion of colon cancer lines SW620 and SW480Purpose
[0421] In this example, the percentage of adhesion of SW620 and SW480 colon carcinoma cell lines using the withdrawal setup was determined. Both cell lines, SW620 and SW480, were derived from the same colon carcinoma patient.
[0422] SW620 represents a metastatic tumor, while SW480 represents a primary tumor. The experiment aims to compare the adhesion properties of these two cell lines in the microfluidic chip setup.Methodology
[0423] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0424] Flow chip experiment ● SW620 and SW480 cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with RPMI culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter
[0425] Results and observations
[0426] The results indicated that the SW620 metastatic cell line exhibited a significantly higher percentage of adhesion (52.67%) compared to the SW480 primary cell line (24.06%) (Figure 18) .
[0427] SW620 and SW480 were tested using the withdrawal, with the metastatic tumor derived SW620 showing higher percentage of adhesion than primary tumor derived SW480.
[0428] Conclusion
[0429] The observed differences in adhesion percentages between the metastatic and primary cell lines highlight the importance of adhesive properties in metastasis. The use of the microfluidic chip allowed for a controlled and representative platform to assess the differential metastatic potential. Example 8 –Stability of coated chips and reagents. Example 8.1 –Stability of coated chipPurpose
[0430] In this example, the stability of coated microfluidic chips when stored at different temperatures (4℃, 25℃, and 37℃) over a duration of 21 days was evaluated. The stability assessment was conducted by comparing the percentage of adhesion of highly metastatic HeyA8 ovarian cancer cells on the chips under the various storage conditions. By monitoring the adhesion performance over time, the experiment aims to determine the optimal storage temperature that maintains the functionality and effectiveness of the coated chips. The findings provided insights into the storage requirements and shelf-life of the chips, ensuring their reliability and usability for subsequent experiments and applications.Methodology
[0431] Protein A was purchased from ThermoFisher (Catalog Number: 21181) . Stock solution was prepared by reconstituting 5 mg protein A in 1 mL PBS, yielding a stock concentration of 5 mg / mL. Working solution was prepared by diluting the stock with PBS, giving a final concentration of 5 ug / mL.
[0432] Recombinant Human P-Selectin / CD62P Fc Chimera (Recombinant Human P-Selectin) was purchased from R&D System (Catalog Number: 137-PS) . Stock solution was prepared by reconstituting 50 ug P-selectin in 0.5 mL PBS, yielding a stock concentration of 100 ug / mL. Working solution was prepared by diluting the stock with PBS, giving a final concentration of 1 ug / mL.
[0433] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃, 25℃, or 37℃ for specific periods (21, 14, 7, 3, and 1 day) in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0434] Flow chip experiment ● HM cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 1%Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with RPMI culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter
[0435] Results and observations
[0436] Figure 19 and Table 3 summarized the percentage of adhesion from chips stored at 4℃, 25℃ and 37℃ for the indicated period of time. In brief, when the coated chips were stored at 4℃, the percentage of adhesion initially dropped from 41.44%to 34.21%after 3 days of storage, indicating some degradation in the coating. However, the adhesion remained relatively stable from day 3 to day 14 (31.53%and 29.78%) . At day 21, there was a final drop in the percentage of adhesion to 20.46%, suggesting further deterioration of the coating over the extended storage period. Using the same batch of cells, the percentage of adhesion from chips stored in the indicated conditions were evaluated. Storing the coated chips at 4℃provides the highest stability, with relatively stable adhesion from day 3 to day 14. Storing at 25℃ showed some initial stability but led to a significant drop in adhesion after the first few days. Storing at 37℃ resulted in an initial drop in adhesion, but the coating remained relatively stable thereafter.
[0437] Table 3: Percentage of adhesion from chips stored at various temperatures measured at different time intervals
[0438] When the coated chips were stored at 25℃, the coating appeared stable across the first 1 and 3 days of storage (47.88%and 48.29%) , with no significant decrease in the percentage of adhesion. However, after this initial period, there was a significant drop in the adhesion percentage (from 29.77%, to 18.99%and 24.32%) , indicating degradation of the coating.
[0439] When the coated chips were stored at 37℃, there was a significant drop in the percentage of adhesion at day 3 (from 45.98%to 31.97%) , suggesting rapid degradation of the coating during the early storage period. However, after this initial drop, the adhesion remained stable from day 3 to day 21 (27.90%, 24.00%, and 22.67%) .Conclusion
[0440] The results indicate that storing the coated chips at 4℃ provides the highest stability, with relatively stable adhesion from day 3 to day 14. Storing at 25℃ showed some initial stability but led to a significant drop in adhesion after the first few days. Storing at 37℃resulted in an initial drop in adhesion, but the coating remained relatively stable thereafter. Example 8.2 –Stability of working solutionsPurpose
[0441] In this example, the stability of working solution of protein A and Recombinant Human P-Selectin when stored at different temperatures (4℃, 25℃, and 37℃) over a duration of 14 days was evaluated. The stability assessment was conducted by comparing the percentage of adhesion of highly metastatic HeyA8 ovarian cancer cells on the chips under the various storage conditions. By monitoring the adhesion performance over time, the experiment aims to determine the optimal storage temperature that maintains the functionality and effectiveness of the working solutions. The findings provided insights into the storage requirements and shelf-life of the solutions, ensuring their reliability and usability for subsequent experiments and applications.Methodology
[0442] Protein A was purchased from ThermoFisher (Catalog Number: 21181) . Stock solution was prepared by reconstituting 5 mg protein A in 1 mL PBS, yielding a stock concentration of 5 mg / mL.
[0443] Recombinant Human P-Selectin / CD62P Fc Chimera (Recombinant Human P-Selectin) was purchased from R&D System (Catalog Number: 137-PS) . Stock solution was prepared by reconstituting 50 ug P-selectin in 0.5 mL PBS, yielding a stock concentration of 100 ug / mL.
[0444] Working solution preparation ● Working solution of Protein A was prepared by diluting the 5 mg / mL stock with PBS, giving a final concentration of 5 ug / mL. ● 1 mL protein A working solution was prepared in Eppendorf tubes and were stored at 4℃, 25℃, or 37℃ for specific periods (14, 7, 3, and 1 day) . ● Working solution of Recombinant Human P-Selectin was prepared by diluting the 100 ug / mL stock with PBS, giving a final concentration of 1 ug / mL. ● 200 uL Recombinant Human P-Selectin working solution was prepared in Eppendorf tubes and were stored at 4℃, 25℃, or 37℃ for specific periods (14, 7, 3, and 1 day) .
[0445] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin ● Chips coated with freshly prepared working solutions served as a control. ● All coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber.
[0446] Flow chip experiment ● HM cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 1%Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with RPMI culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter
[0447] Results and observations
[0448] Figure 20 and Table 4 summarized the percentage of adhesion from working solutions stored at 4℃, 25℃ and 37℃ for the indicated period of time. Surprisingly, the chip coated with working solutions stored at 4℃ showed an increase in the percentage of adhesion compared to the control (freshly prepared working solutions: 33.53%) . This increase was observed over a period of 14 days, indicating that the storage at 4℃ had a positive effect on the functionality of the working solutions. The adhesion percentages ranged from 42.97%to 47.01%during this period, demonstrating the stability of the coating. Using the same batch of cells, the percentage of adhesion from chips stored in the indicated conditions were evaluated. Storing the coated chips at 4℃ provides the highest stability, with relatively stable adhesion from day 3 to day 14. Storing at 25℃ showed some initial stability but led to a significant drop in adhesion after the first few days. Storing at 37℃ resulted in an initial drop in adhesion, but the coating remained relatively stable thereafter.
[0449] Table 4: Percentage of adhesion from chips stored at various temperatures measured at different time intervals
[0450] There was an initial increase in the percentage of adhesion when the working solutions were stored at 25℃ (from 30.76%to 39.75%) , but this was followed by a subsequent drop in adhesion. The adhesion percentages decreased to 25.39%after 14 days of storage, indicating a degradation of the coating over time. It suggested that the working solutions stored at 25℃ were less stable compared to those stored at 4℃.
[0451] The percentage of adhesion remained relatively stable upon 1 day of storage at 37℃, showing a minor increase compared to the control (from 30.52%to 32.08%) . However, after 3 days of storage, there was a significant drop in adhesion to 8.26%. The adhesion percentages continued to fluctuate during prolonged storage, 16.66%after 14 days and 21.31%after 7 days, respectively. These results indicated that storing the working solutions at 37℃ had a detrimental effect on the stability and functionality of the coating.
[0452] Using the same batch of cells, the percentage of adhesion from chips coated with working solution stored in the indicated conditions were evaluated. Storing the working solutions at 4℃ resulted in improved stability and maintained or increased the percentage of adhesion over a 14-day period. Storage at 25℃ showed initial improvement but led to a subsequent decrease in adhesion. Storing at 37℃ resulted in a significant decrease in adhesion after 3 days and inconsistent performance during prolonged storage.
[0453] Conclusion
[0454] Overall, the findings demonstrated that storing the working solutions at 4℃ resulted in improved stability and maintained or increased the percentage of adhesion over a 14-day period. Storage at 25℃ showed initial improvement but led to a subsequent decrease in adhesion. Storing at 37℃ resulted in a significant decrease in adhesion after 3 days and inconsistent performance during prolonged storage.
[0455] Storing the working solutions of Protein A and Recombinant Human P-Selectin at 4℃proved to be the most effective for maintaining their stability and functionality. Example 8.3 –Stability of stock solutionsPurpose
[0456] In this example, the stability of stock solution of Protein A and Recombinant Human P-Selectin when stored at different temperatures (4℃, 25℃, and 37℃) over a duration of 14 days was evaluated. The stability assessment was conducted by comparing the percentage of adhesion of highly metastatic HeyA8 ovarian cancer cells on the chips under the various storage conditions. By monitoring the adhesion performance over time, the experiment aims to determine the optimal storage temperature that maintains the functionality and effectiveness of the stock solutions. The findings provided insights into the storage requirements and shelf-life of the solutions, ensuring their reliability and usability for subsequent experiments and applications.Methodology
[0457] Protein A was purchased from ThermoFisher (Catalog Number: 21181) . Stock solution was prepared by reconstituting 5 mg Protein A in 1 mL PBS, yielding a stock concentration of 5 mg / mL.
[0458] Recombinant Human P-Selectin / CD62P Fc Chimera (Recombinant Human P-Selectin) was purchased from R&D System (Catalog Number: 137-PS) . Stock solution was prepared by reconstituting 50 ug P-selectin in 0.5 mL PBS, yielding a stock concentration of 100 ug / mL.
[0459] Stock solution preparation ● 5 uL aliquots in Eppendorf tubes were prepared from the Protein A stock solution, and were stored at 4℃, 25℃, or 37℃ for specific periods (14, 7, 3, and 1 day) . ● 5 uL aliquots in Eppendorf tubes were prepared from the Recombinant Human P-Selectin stock solution, and were stored at 4℃, 25℃, or 37℃ for specific periods (14, 7, 3, and 1 day) .
[0460] Chip coating ● Working solutions were prepared from the stock solutions stored at 4℃, 25℃, or 37℃ for specific periods (14, 7, 3, and 1 day) . ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL Protein A working solution for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin working solution. ● Chips coated with freshly prepared working solutions served as a control. ● All coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber.
[0461] Flow chip experiment ● HM cells were resuspended in RPMI culture medium supplemented with 1%Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with RPMI culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell CounterResults and observations
[0462] Figure 21 and Table 5 summarized the percentage of adhesion from stock solutions stored at 4℃, 25℃ and 37℃ for the indicated period of time. Storing the solutions at 4℃maintained a consistently stable adhesion performance. The percentage of adhesion for freshly prepared control was 29.01%. This percentage slightly decreased to 24.75%upon 1 day of storage but recovered to 26.56%at day 3. Over the course of the experiment, the adhesion percentage remained relatively stable, with values of 24.57%at day 7 and 27.72%at day 14. These results indicate that storing the working solutions at 4℃ preserved their adhesion properties with minimal fluctuations. Using the same batch of cells, the percentage of adhesion from chips coated with stock solution stored in the indicated conditions were evaluated. Storing the stock solutions at 4℃ maintained a consistently stable adhesion performance over the 14-day period. Storing at 25℃ initially improved adhesion but exhibited slight declines after 3 days. Storing at 37℃ resulted in more pronounced fluctuations.
[0463] Table 5: Percentage of adhesion from stock solutions stored at 4℃, 25℃ and 37℃ for the indicated period of time
[0464] Interestingly, storing the solutions at 25℃ initially showed an improvement in adhesion performance. The percentage of adhesion for the control was 29.98%. It increased to 32.36%at day 1 and further rose to 41.43%at day 3, indicating enhanced adhesion compared to the control. However, after 3 days of storage, the adhesion performance exhibited a slight decline. At day 7, the percentage of adhesion was 40.68%, and at day 14, it decreased to 39.11%. While the adhesion percentages remained higher than the control, these results suggest that storage at 25℃ may lead to some degradation or instability of the working solutions over time.
[0465] Storing the solutions at 37℃ resulted in more pronounced fluctuations in adhesion performance. The percentage of adhesion for the control was 35.75%. It decreased to 32.20%at day 1 and further dropped to 28.36%at day 3, indicating a significant decrease in adhesion. However, the adhesion performance showed some recovery, with a percentage of 34.80%at day 7. Interestingly, at day 14, the adhesion percentage increased to 42.11%, surpassing the control value. These findings suggest that storing the solutions at 37℃ may lead to instability and fluctuations in adhesion performance.Conclusion
[0466] In summary, storing the stock solutions at 4℃ maintained a consistently stable adhesion performance over the 14-day period, with specific percentages ranging from 24.57%to 27.72%, just a slight drop compared to the control (29.01%) . Surprisingly, storing at 25℃initially improved adhesion, with percentages of 32.36%at day 1 and 41.43%at day 3, but exhibited slight declines afterward, reaching 39.11%at day 14. Storing at 37℃ resulted in more pronounced fluctuations, with percentages of 28.36%at day 3 and 42.11%at day 14.
[0467] Storing the stock solutions of Protein A and Recombinant Human P-Selectin at 4℃proved to be more effective for maintaining their stability and functionality. Example 9 –Performance of microfluidic chips Example 9.1 –Evaluating performance of chip with FBS blockingPurpose
[0468] (1) In this example, the effectiveness of the microfluidic chip in capturing metastatic cells was evaluated. In this study, cells that adhere onto the omentum in an ex vivo assay were considered as metastatic cells, while cells that do not adhere onto the omentum were considered as non-metastatic cells.
[0469] (2) In this example, the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip was assessed and whether the addition of 0.5%and 1%fetal bovine serum (FBS) can enhance the performance of the chip was investigated. The following labels were used to define the outcomes: ● True positive (TP) : metastatic cell from ex vivo, also adhered in channel ● True negative (TN) : non-metastatic cell from ex vivo, do no adhere in channel ● False positive (FP) : non-metastatic cell from ex vivo, but adhered in channel ● False negative (FN) : metastatic cell from ex vivo, but do not adhere in channelMethodology
[0470] SKspAS is a metastatic cancer stem cell like ovarian cancer cell line generated in the ASTW lab. To maintain its characteristics, SKspAS cells were cultured as floating 3D spheroids in M199: MCDB105 culture medium using low attachment petri dishes. Prior to the experiment, the SKspAS spheroids were seeded onto a culture dish, allowing them to dissociate into a single-cell monolayer. This step, performed one day before the experiment, ensures that the cells are in a suitable state for subsequent assays.
[0471] Ex vivo adhesion ● Omentum were collected from 3 culling mice ● 1 x 106 dissociated SKspAS were kept as control ● Each omentum was incubated with 1 x 106 of SKspAS in 100 uL M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 0.25%FBS for 3 h at 37℃ with 400 rpm shaking ● After incubation, each omentum was washed with 1 mL PBS ● Cells remained in supernatant were collected as non-metastatic cells ● Metastatic cells from omentum were dissociated by incubating with accutase for 30min at room temperature ● Number of metastatic and non-metastatic cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter ● Control, metastatic and non-metastatic cells were cultured in M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 10%FBS overnight
[0472] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin. ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0473] Flow chip experiment ● Control, metastatic and non-metastatic cells were resuspended in M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell CounterResults and observations
[0474] For each run, a total of 25,000 metastatic cells were perfused into each channel. In the case of 0%M199 (M199: MCDB105 culture medium without FBS supplement) , only 13, 870 (TP) metastatic cells were observed to adhere to the bottom of the channel. However, 4, 950 (FN) metastatic cells failed to adhere, and 6, 180 cells remained in the system without being recovered.
[0475] When 25,000 non-metastatic cells were perfused into the channel, 6, 100 (FP) of these cells adhered to the channel, 10, 900 (TN) non-metastatic cells did not adhere and 8,000 cells remained in the system.
[0476] Using the obtained values of TP, FN, FP, and TN, the sensitivity of the microfluidic chip was calculated to be 73.70%. The specificity was determined to be 64.12%, and the accuracy was found to be 69.15%, as summarized in Figure 22A and Table 6.
[0477] Table 6: Number counts of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) and the calculation of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip at 0%FBS.
[0478] In the case of 0.5%M199 (M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplement with 0.5%FBS) , only 10, 320 (TP) metastatic cells were observed to adhere to the bottom of the channel. However, 5, 660 (FN) metastatic cells failed to adhere, and 9, 020 cells remained in the system without being recovered.
[0479] When 25,000 non-metastatic cells were perfused into the channel, 5, 340 (FP) of these cells adhered to the channel, 13, 080 (TN) non-metastatic cells did not adhere and 6, 580 cells remained in the system.
[0480] Using the obtained values of TP, FN, FP, and TN, the sensitivity of the microfluidic chip was calculated to be 64.58%. The specificity was determined to be 71.01%, and the accuracy was found to be 68.02%, as summarized in Figure 22B and Table 7.
[0481] Table 7: Number counts of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) and the calculation of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip at 0.5%FBS.
[0482] In the case of 1%M199 (M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplement with 1%FBS) , 13,140 (TP) metastatic cells were observed to adhere to the bottom of the channel. However, 6,420 (FN) metastatic cells failed to adhere, and 5, 440 cells remained in the system without being recovered.
[0483] When 25,000 non-metastatic cells were perfused into the channel, 5, 340 (FP) of these cells adhered to the channel, 12, 220 (TN) non-metastatic cells did not adhere and 7, 440 cells remained in the system.
[0484] Using the obtained values of TP, FN, FP, and TN, the sensitivity of the microfluidic chip was calculated to be 67.18%. The specificity was determined to be 69.59%, and the accuracy was found to be 68.32%, as summarized in Figure 22C and Table 8.
[0485] Table 8: Number counts of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) and the calculation of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip at 1%FBS.
[0486] Increasing concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) were used in the blocking step [(A) 0%, (B) 0.5%and (C) 1%] , and specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were determined by counting the numbers of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) for each individual sample. The inclusion of 0.5%or 1%FBS as blocking reagents does not appear to enhance the specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency of the microfluidic chip.Conclusion
[0487] The results demonstrated that not all metastatic cells adhere to the bottom of the channel, leading to a considerable number of false negatives in each run. Additionally, some non-metastatic cells adhered to the channel, resulting in false positives.
[0488] Furthermore, the inclusion of 0.5%or 1%FBS as blocking reagents did not appear to enhance the specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency of the microfluidic chip. These findings suggested that alternative approaches or modifications may be necessary to improve the performance of the chip in capturing and distinguishing metastatic and non-metastatic cells accurately. Example 9.2 –Evaluating performance of chip with FBS blockingPurpose
[0489] (1) In this example, the effectiveness of the microfluidic chip in capturing metastatic cells was investigated. In this example, cells that adhere onto the omentum in an ex vivo assay were considered as metastatic cells, while cells that do not adhere onto the omentum were considered as non-metastatic cells.
[0490] (2) In this example, the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip were assessed and whether the addition of 1%fetal bovine serum (FBS) , 2.5%FBS and 5%FBS can enhance the performance of the chip was investigated . The following labels were used to define the outcomes: ● True positive (TP) : metastatic cell from ex vivo, also adhered in channel ● True negative (TN) : non-metastatic cell from ex vivo, do no adhere in channel ● False positive (FP) : non-metastatic cell from ex vivo, but adhered in channel ● False negative (FN) : metastatic cell from ex vivo, but do not adhere in channelMethodology
[0491] SKspAS is a metastatic cancer stem cell like ovarian cancer cell line generated in the ASTW lab. To maintain its characteristics, SKspAS cells were cultured as floating 3D spheroids in M199: MCDB105 culture medium using low attachment petri dishes. Prior to the experiment, the SKspAS spheroids were seeded onto a culture dish, allowing them to dissociate into a single-cell monolayer. This step, performed one day before the experiment, ensures that the cells are in a suitable state for subsequent assays.
[0492] Ex vivo adhesion ● Omentum were collected from 6 culling mice ● 1 x 106 dissociated SKspAS were kept as control ● Each omentum was incubated with 5 x 105 of SKspAS in 100 uL M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 0.25%FBS for 3 h at 37℃ with 400 rpm shaking. In other implementations, the ex vivo adhesion buffer is a culture medium supplemented with 0-10%FBS. ● After incubation, each omentum was washed with a washing buffer (1 mL PBS) ● Cells remained in supernatant were collected as non-metastatic cells ● Metastatic cells from omentum were dissociated by incubating with accutase for 30min at room temperature ● Number of metastatic and non-metastatic cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter ● Control, metastatic and non-metastatic cells were cultured in M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 10%FBS overnight
[0493] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin. ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0494] Flow chip experiment ● Control, metastatic and non-metastatic cells were resuspended in M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● A blocking step was added before cell suspension was perfused into the channel ○ Each channel was blocked with M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with ■ 0%, FBS ■ 1%FBS ■ 2.5%FBS ■ 5%FBS ○ Blocking was performed at 3500 uL / h for 5 min ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of adhered and non-adhered cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell CounterResults and observations
[0495] For each run, a total of 25,000 metastatic cells were perfused into each channel. In the case of 0%M199 (M199: MCDB105 culture medium without FBS supplement) , only 14, 860 (TP) metastatic cells were observed to adhere to the bottom of the channel. However, 6, 040 (FN) metastatic cells failed to adhere, and 4, 100 cells remained in the system without being recovered.
[0496] When 25,000 non-metastatic cells were perfused into the channel, 9, 240 (FP) of these cells adhered to the channel, 12, 640 (TN) non-metastatic cells did not adhere, and 3, 120 cells remained in the system.
[0497] Using the obtained values of TP, FN, FP, and TN, the sensitivity of the microfluidic chip was calculated to be 71.10%. The specificity was determined to be 57.77%, and the accuracy was found to be 64.28%, as summarized in Figure 23A and Table 9.
[0498] Table 9: Number counts of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) and the calculation of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip at 0%FBS.
[0499] In the case of 1%M199 (M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplement with 1%FBS) , only 13, 420 (TP) metastatic cells were observed to adhere to the bottom of the channel. However, 7, 720 (FN) metastatic cells failed to adhere, and 3, 860 cells remained in the system without being recovered.
[0500] When 25,000 non-metastatic cells were perfused into the channel, 9, 960 (FP) of these cells adhered to the channel, 10, 280 (TN) non-metastatic cells did not adhere, and 4, 760 cells remained in the system.
[0501] Using the obtained values of TP, FN, FP, and TN, the sensitivity of the microfluidic chip was calculated to be 63.48%. The specificity was determined to be 50.79%, and the accuracy was found to be 57.27%, as summarized in Figure 23B and Table 10.
[0502] Table 10: Number counts of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) and the calculation of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip at 1%FBS.
[0503] In the case of 2.5%M199 (M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplement with 2.5%FBS) , only 9, 960 (TP) metastatic cells were observed to adhere to the bottom of the channel. However, 10, 340 (FN) metastatic cells failed to adhere, and 4, 700 cells remained in the system without being recovered.
[0504] When 25,000 non-metastatic cells were perfused into the channel, 6, 920 (FP) of these cells adhered to the channel, 13, 020 (TN) non-metastatic cells did not adhere, and 5, 060 cells remained in the system.
[0505] Using the obtained values of TP, FN, FP, and TN, the sensitivity of the microfluidic chip was calculated to be 49.06%. The specificity was determined to be 65.30%, and the accuracy was found to be 57.11%, as summarized in Figure 23C and Table 11.
[0506] Table 11: Number counts of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) and the calculation of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip at 2.5%FBS.
[0507] In the case of 5%M199 (M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplement with 5%FBS) , only 8,300 (TP) metastatic cells were observed to adhere to the bottom of the channel. However, 10,060 (FN) metastatic cells failed to adhere, and 6,640 cells remained in the system without being recovered.
[0508] When 25,000 non-metastatic cells were perfused into the channel, 6,100 (FP) of these cells adhered to the channel, 15,740 (TN) non-metastatic cells did not adhere, and 3,160 cells remained in the system.
[0509] Using the obtained values of TP, FN, FP, and TN, the sensitivity of the microfluidic chip was calculated to be 45.21%. The specificity was determined to be 72.07%, and the accuracy was found to be 59.80%, as summarized in Figure 23D and Table 12.
[0510] Table 12: Number counts of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) and the calculation of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip at 5%FBS.
[0511] Increasing concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) were used in the blocking step [ (A) 0%, (B) 1%, (C) 2.5%and (D) 5%] , and specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were determined by counting the numbers of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) for each individual sample. The inclusion of FBS as blocking reagents does not appear to enhance the specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency of the microfluidic chip.Conclusion
[0512] The results demonstrated that not all metastatic cells adhere to the bottom of the channel, leading to a considerable number of false negatives in each run. Additionally, some non-metastatic cells adhered to the channel, resulting in false positives. Example 9.3 –Evaluating performance of chip with artificial spike in samplesPurpose
[0513] In this example, the effectiveness of the microfluidic chip in capturing metastatic cells with an artificial spike in model was evaluated. In this study, cells that adhere onto the omentum in an ex vivo assay were considered as metastatic cells, while cells that do not adhere onto the omentum were considered as non-metastatic cells. Metastatic cells and non-metastatic cells were mixed in specific ratios (0%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100%of metastatic cells) to simulate different levels of metastatic cell presence, and are used to determine the following: a. Concordance coefficient b. Enrichment fold c. Specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency d. Capturing efficiencyMethodology
[0514] SKspAS is a metastatic cancer stem cell like ovarian cancer cell line generated in the ASTW lab. To maintain its characteristics, SKspAS cells were cultured as floating 3D spheroids in M199: MCDB105 culture medium using low attachment petri dishes. Prior to the experiment, the SKspAS spheroids were seeded onto a culture dish, allowing them to dissociate into a single-cell monolayer. This step, performed one day before the experiment, ensures that the cells are in a suitable state for subsequent assays.
[0515] Ex vivo adhesion ● Omentum were collected from 3 culling mice ● 1 x 106 dissociated SKspAS were kept as control ● Each omentum was incubated with 5 x 105 of SKspAS in 100 uL M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 0.25%FBS for 3 h at 37℃ with 400 rpm shaking ● After incubation, each omentum was washed with 1 mL PBS ● Cells remained in supernatant were collected as non-metastatic cells ● Metastatic cells from omentum were dissociated by incubating with accutase for 30min at room temperature ● Number of metastatic and non-metastatic cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter ● Control, metastatic and non-metastatic cells were cultured in M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 10%FBS overnight
[0516] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity.
[0517] Flow chip experiment
[0518] Validation of the microfluidic chip's performance can achieved by quantifying the number of true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives. This is done by comparing the identity of the captured and non-captured cells with the true label, which is established using the chosen cell model. The choice of cell model is important in defining the true label of individual cells. It is important to select a cell model that closely represents the characteristics and behavior of the target cells in their metastatic and non-metastatic states. This ensures that the true labels assigned to the cells accurately reflect their metastatic status. ● Metastatic cells were stained with green cell tracker ● Non-metastatic cells were stained with red cell tracker ● Control, metastatic and non-metastatic cells were resuspended in M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● Artificial spike in samples were prepared by mixing metastatic and non-metastatic cells as shown in Table 13:
[0519] Table 13: Mixing ratio of metastatic and non-metastatic cells ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of green and red cells were determined by a hematocytometer viewed under fluorescent microscopeResults and observations Concordance
[0520] In order to analyze the concordance between the expected and observed percentages of adhesion, a comparison was made between these two measures. The expected percentage of adhesion was determined based on the assumption that all metastatic cells in the sample would adhere. This value represents the ideal scenario where every metastatic cell successfully adheres during the experiment. On the other hand, the observed percentage of adhesion was calculated by dividing the number of adhered cells by the total number of cells in the sample. This value represented the actual outcome observed in the experiment.
[0521] To assess the concordance between these two measures, a plot was created, with the expected percentage of adhesion plotted against the observed percentage of adhesion (Figure 24A and Table 14) . Figure 24A The expected percentage of adhesion is equal to the mixing ratio, while the observed percentage of adhesion is calculated by dividing the number of adhered cells by the total number of cells in the sample. The expected percentage of adhesion was plotted against the observed percentage of adhesion, the coefficient of Concordance (ρc) was determined to be 0.7308. This concordance analysis allows for a visual comparison between the expected and observed values, providing insights into the agreement or discrepancy between them. And the Coefficient of Concordance (ρc) was found to be 0.7308.
[0522] Table 14: Expected percentage of adhesion versus the observed percentage of adhesion Enrichment fold
[0523] The enrichment fold is a calculation used to quantify the enrichment or concentration of metastatic cells in the captured cells compared to the original sample. It is determined by dividing the percentage of metastatic cells in the captured cells (recovered cells) by the percentage of metastatic cells in the original sample.
[0524] In this context, the percentage of metastatic cells in the original sample is equivalent to the mixing ratio or the expected percentage of adhesion. The mixing ratio represents the proportion of metastatic cells present in the initial sample before any capturing or enrichment process takes place. It serves as a baseline measurement for the expected percentage of metastatic cells in the captured cells.
[0525] Maximum enrichment fold was observed when 10%of metastatic cells are present in the sample. For this particular samples, 5,000 cells were recovered from the chip, in which 1,600 of them are metastatic cells (green label) , indicating an enrichment from 10%to 32%of metastatic cells. The enrichment fold of each spike-in sample was presented in Figure 24B and Table 15. Figure 24B Enrichment fold of the microfluidic chip as determined from the artificial spike-in model. The enrichment fold is determined by dividing the percentage of metastatic cells in the captured cells (recovered cells) by the percentage of metastatic cells in the original sample. Maximum enrichment fold of 3.2 was observed when 10%of metastatic cells are present in the sample.
[0526] Table 15: Expected percentage of adhesion versus the enrichment fold of the microfluidic chip Specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy
[0527] The specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of each artificial spike in sample are summarized in Table 16.
[0528] Table 16. Summary of the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of each artificial spike-in sample. Specific numbers of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) for each individual sample
[0529] Maximum specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy are observed in the 10%spike in sample, with sensitivity = 69.57%, specificity = 82.20%and accuracy = 80.84%. The results indicated that the 10%spike-in sample achieved the highest levels of specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy compared to the other samples. This suggested that the microfluidic chip performed relatively well in correctly identifying metastatic cells in this particular sample.
[0530] False positives and false negatives were still observed across all the samples. False positives indicate that non-metastatic cells were incorrectly identified as metastatic cells, while false negatives indicate that some metastatic cells were not detected by the chip. Capturing efficiency
[0531] Capturing efficiency is defined as the number of captured metastatic cells divided by the total number of metastatic cells in the sample. It represents the proportion of metastatic cells that were successfully captured or retained during the capturing process.
[0532] The capturing efficiency of each artificial spike in sample is indicated in Table 17 below, ranging from 40%to 64%. Capturing efficiency is defined as the number of captured metastatic cells divided by the total number of metastatic cells in the sample. The capturing efficiency of each artificial spike-in sample is summarized.
[0533] Table 17. Capturing efficiency of each artificial spike in sample Conclusion
[0534] The results demonstrated that not all metastatic cells adhere to the bottom of the channel, leading to a considerable number of false negatives in each run. Additionally, some non-metastatic cells adhered to the channel, resulting in false positives.
[0535] The best performance of the microfluidic chip was observed with the artificial spike in samples with 10%of metastatic cells, with an enrichment fold of 3.2, sensitivity of 69.57%, specificity of 82.20%, accuracy of 80.84%, and capturing efficiency of 64.00%.
[0536] Details for preparing the microfluidic chip and metastatic and non-metastatic cells are described in previous examples.Methodology of the Setup of the invention
[0537] In the modified example setup, artificial spike-in samples are created by mixing metastatic and non-metastatic cells (prepared by the methods previously described) at various ratios, including 0%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100%of metastatic cells. This approach allows for the simulation of different levels of metastatic cell presence. To ensure accurate identification of the cell types within the mixtures, the metastatic and non-metastatic cells are pre-stained with different colors. This color staining enables visual distinction and correct identification of the cells even after they have been mixed, facilitating the evaluation of the microfluidic chip's performance in capturing and distinguishing metastatic and non-metastatic cells.
[0538] Details for Concordance, Enrichment fold are described in sections Concordance and Enrichment fold of Example 9.1 above. Specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy
[0539] To evaluate the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chip, the following definitions are used:
[0540] True positive (TP) : metastatic cell from ex vivo adhesion assay, also adhered in microfluidic chip
[0541] True negative (TN) : non-metastatic cell from ex vivo adhesion assay, do no adhere in microfluidic chip
[0542] False positive (FP) : non-metastatic cell from ex vivo adhesion assay, but adhered in microfluidic chip
[0543] False negative (FN) : metastatic cell from ex vivo adhesion assay, but do not adhere in microfluidic chip
[0544] The results for the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of each artificial spike-in sample are presented in Table 18. This table provides an overview of the performance of the assay for each sample. Additionally, Table 19 provides the specific numbers of TP, TN, FP, and FN for each individual sample.
[0545] Table 18 Summary of the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of each artificial spike-in sample
[0546] Table 19. Specific numbers of true positive (TP) , true negative (TN) , false positive (FP) , and false negative (FN) for each individual sample. Significance of Improvements
[0547] The incorporation of an ex vivo adhesion assay and artificial spike-in samples provides a valuable means to evaluate the performance of the microfluidic chip, including sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, enrichment fold and capturing efficiency. This comprehensive evaluation serves as a foundation for identifying areas of improvement and guiding future optimization strategies.Methodology of Isogenic Cell Line Derived Setup for validation cell model for comparison
[0548] The highly metastatic and non-metastatic isogenic cell line pair was used as the cell model in validating the microfluidic chip in the example setup for comparison. The cell pair was generated through a combination of in vitro migration assays and in vivo orthotopic injection xenograft model. Cells exhibiting high migratory capacity were selected as the highly metastatic cell line, while cells with low migratory capacity were chosen as the non-metastatic cell line.
[0549] One of the main issues encountered in this methodology was the inherent heterogeneity within the metastatic and non-metastatic cell line pair. Not all cells from the metastatic cell line exhibited metastatic behavior, and similarly, not all cells from the non-metastatic cell line remained non-metastatic. This heterogeneity posed challenges in accurately assigning a true label to the cells for evaluating the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the microfluidic chipMethodology of the Omentum derived Setup for validation cell model
[0550] The modified setup involves generating metastatic and non-metastatic cells using an ex vivo adhesion assay, specifically focusing on the omentum, which is a metastatic site for ovarian cancer. Cells that successfully adhere to the omentum were identified as metastatic cells, while cells that do not adhere were defined as non-metastatic cells. These cells were then used to create artificial spike-in samples that contain known proportions of both cell types (Figure 25) .
[0551] By using the artificial spike-in samples with known proportions of metastatic and non-metastatic cells, it becomes possible to define the true label for individual cells. This
[0552] means that the expected values for the metastatic and non-metastatic cells are known, enabling a more accurate assessment of the microfluidic chip's performance.
[0553] In this example, metastatic cells were defined as cells that adhere to the omentum, while non-metastatic cells refer to those that do not adhere. These cells were recovered from the ex vivo adhesion assay. Subsequently, the cells were stained with different colors and mixed in specific ratios to create an artificial spike-in model. These samples were then subjected to the microfluidic chip assay. The number of adhered metastatic cells, adhered non-metastatic cells, non-adhered metastatic cells, and non-adhered non-metastatic cells were quantified.Significance of Improvements for validation cell model
[0554] The use of an ex vivo adhesion assay and artificial spike-in samples allows for a more accurate assessment of the microfluidic chip's performance.
[0555] The focus on the omentum, a common metastatic site for ovarian cancer, in the ex vivo adhesion assay helps to mimic the in vivo conditions more closely. By using a relevant tissue environment, the assay captures the behavior of cells that are more likely to exhibit metastatic potential.
[0556] By defining the true label for individual cells based on their adhesion behavior, the ability of the microfluidic chip to capture and distinguish metastatic and non-metastatic cells can be assessed. This leads to more reliable measurements of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Moreover, the artificial spike-in samples with known proportions of metastatic and non-metastatic cells provide a reference standard for comparison, enables the quantification of the chip's performance metrics, such as enrichment fold and capturing efficiency. Example 9.4 –Evaluating performance of chip with increasing washingPurpose
[0557] (1) In this example, the potential of reducing the number of false positives in the microfluidic chip's capture of metastatic cells through the implementation of additional washing steps was investigated. Prior to recovering adhered cells from the chip, an extra washing step will be introduced at different flow rates (1500 uL / h, 3000 uL / h, 6000 uL / h) to remove physically trapped cells. The effectiveness of the washing process will be assessed by comparing the number of false positive results obtained.
[0558] (2) In this example, the possibility of reaching a point of saturation in the number of false positive results by increasing the number of cells used per run was assessed. The comparison of false positive counts will allow us to determine if there is a saturation point.Methodology
[0559] SKspAS is a metastatic cancer stem cell like ovarian cancer cell line generated in the ASTW lab. To maintain its characteristics, SKspAS cells were cultured as floating 3D spheroids in M199: MCDB105 culture medium using low attachment petri dishes. Prior to the experiment, the SKspAS spheroids were seeded onto a culture dish, allowing them to dissociate into a single-cell monolayer. This step, performed one day before the experiment, ensures that the cells are in a suitable state for subsequent assays.
[0560] Ex vivo adhesion ● Omentum were collected from 6 culling mice ● 1 x 106 dissociated SKspAS were kept as control ● Each omentum was incubated with 5 x 105 of SKspAS in 100 uL M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 0.25%FBS for 3 h at 37℃ with 400 rpm shaking ● After incubation, each omentum was washed with 1 mL PBS ● Cells remained in supernatant were collected as non-metastatic cells ● Metastatic cells from omentum were dissociated by incubating with accutase for 30min at room temperature ● Number of metastatic and non-metastatic cells were determined by Countess Automated Cell Counter ● Control, metastatic and non-metastatic cells were cultured in M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 10%FBS overnight
[0561] Chip coating ● Each channel was incubated with 30 uL of 5 ug / mL protein A for 1 h at room temperature. ● Protein A solution was removed, and the channels were washed once with 200 uL of PBS. ● Each channel was then incubated with 30 uL of 1 ug / mL Recombinant Human P-Selectin. ● The coated chips are stored at 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber to maintain humidity. Flow chip experiment ● Metastatic cells were stained with green cell tracker ● Non-metastatic cells were stained with red cell tracker ● Control cells were resuspended in M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS at a concentration of 2.5 x 105 / mL ● Artificial spike in samples with 10%metastatic cells were prepared by mixing metastatic and non-metastatic cells as Table 20 with a final concentration of either 2.5 x 105 / mL or 5 x 105 / mL:
[0562] Table 20: Mixing ratio of metastatic and non-metastatic cells ● 100 uL of cells suspension were used in each channel ● Adhesion was carried out at a flow rate of 1500 uL / h ● Non-adhered cells were collected in the first syringe ● Before the adhered cells were collected, each channel was washed with 100 uL of M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 1%FBS thrice with the following flow rate ○ 1500 uL / h, 3000 uL / h, and 6000 uL / h ● Adhered cells were collected by connecting the chip to a second syringe and perfusing the channel with M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 5%FBS at a flow rate of 3500 uL / h ● Number of green and red cells were determined by a hematocytometer viewed under fluorescent microscopeResults and observations
[0563] In each run of the experiment, samples were prepared by mixing metastatic and non-metastatic cells to achieve a composition of 10%metastatic cells. The following cell quantities were perfused into each channel: ● For the first set of runs, a total of 25,000 cells were perfused into each channel. ● For the second set of runs, a total of 50,000 cells were perfused into each channel.
[0564] When a total of 25,000 cells were perfused into each channel, increasing the washing flow rate from 1500 uL / h to 3000 uL / h and 6000 uL / h did not result in significant changes in the number of false positives. The number of false positives remained relatively stable despite the variation in the flow rates during the washing step. The specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of each run are summarized in Table 21.
[0565] Table 21. Specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy at various washing flow rates with 25,000 cells
[0566] Similar results were obtained when a total of 50,000 cells were perfused into each channel. Increasing the washing flow rate from 1500 uL / h to 3000 uL / h and 6000 uL / h did not lead to significant changes in the number of false positive results. The number of false positives remained relatively stable regardless of the variation in flow rates during the washing step.
[0567] Additionally, it was observed that when the number of cells perfused was doubled (from 25,000 to 50,000) , the number of false positives also doubled. This suggests that the occurrence of false positives is not yet saturated at 50,000 input cells. The specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of each run are summarized in Table 22.
[0568] Table 22. Specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy at various washing flow rates with 50,000 cells
[0569] A total of 25,000 cells or (B) 50,000 cells were perfused into each channel, increasing the washing flow rate from 1500 uL / h to 3000 uL / h and 6000 uL / h did not result in significant changes in the number of false positives.Conclusion
[0570] Increasing the washing flow rate from 1500 uL / h to 3000 uL / h and 6000 uL / h did not have a significant impact on reducing the number of false positive results in the microfluidic chip. This suggests that the additional washing steps at higher flow rates did not effectively remove physically trapped cells responsible for false positives.
[0571] When the total number of cells perfused into each channel was doubled from 25,000 to 50,000, the number of false positives also doubled. This suggests that the occurrence of false positives is directly proportional to the number of input cells and not yet saturated at 50,000 cells. Conclusions
[0572] In summary, in some embodiments, the provided methods, systems, kits for preparing or screening peritoneal metastatic cells or anti-metastatic drugs and methods for preparing ex vivo cell-based system for evaluating efficiency thereof have undergone significant improvements in various areas such as coating, buffer, flow direction, flow rate, adhered cell recovery, and validation cell model. These enhancements have expanded the range of compatible applications and enabled performance validation.
Claims
1.A method for preparing or using microfluidic chip for detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells, comprising the steps of:(a) providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin;(b) pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 –5 dyne / cm2;(c) withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction;(d) washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction; and(e) recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the step of (b) pre-washing the channel step is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a pre-washing buffer.3.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of (b) pre-washing is also performed under a negative pressure or suction.4.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of (c) withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2.5.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of (d) washing the channel is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2 with a washing buffer.6.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of (e) recovering any adhered cells is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a recovering buffer.7.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of (a) providing the microfluidic chip further comprises the step of:(a1) coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel;(a2) washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and(a3) coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the P-selectin is or comprises a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.10.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the pre-washing buffer, adhesion buffer, washing buffer and / or the recovering buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) optionally supplemented with additive or serum (e.g., 0-10%FBS) .11.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sample comprises cells with a cell number of about 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL.12.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the microfluidic chip further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of:disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.13.A method of screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of:(i) treating a drug of interest with metastatic cells to form a sample;(ii) providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin;(iii) pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 –5 dyne / cm2;(iv) withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction;(v) washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction;(vi) recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 -5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained; and(vii) analyzing the non-adhered and the adhered cells, such that anti-metastatic property of the drug of interest is obtained.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the step of (iii) pre-washing the channel step is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a pre-washing buffer.15.The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein the step of (iii) pre-washing is also performed under a negative pressure or suction.16.The method of any one of claims 13-15, wherein the step of (iv) withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2.17.The method of any one of claims 13-16, wherein the step of (v) washing the channel is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2 with a washing buffer.18.The method of any one of claims 13-17, wherein the step of (vi) recovering any adhered cells is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a recovering buffer.19.The method of any one of claims 13-18, wherein the microfluidic chip further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of:disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.20.The method of any one of claims 13-19, wherein step of (ii) providing the microfluidic chip further comprises the step of:(ii-i) coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel;(ii-ii) washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and(ii-iii) coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the P-selectin is or comprises a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.23.The method of any one of claims 13-22, wherein pre-washing buffer, adhesion buffer, washing buffer and / or the recovering buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) optionally supplemented with additive or serum (e.g., 0-10%FBS) .24.The method of any one of claims 13-23, wherein the sample comprises cell number of about 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL.25.The method of any one of claims 13-24, wherein the microfluidic chip further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of:disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.26.A method of screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of:(1) treating a drug of interest with metastatic cells to form a sample;(2) providing a microfluidic chip having a channel coated with P-selectin;(3) pre-washing the channel with a pre-washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 –5 dyne / cm2;(4) withdrawing a sample at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction;(5) washing the channel by withdrawing a washing buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01-0.15 dyne / cm2 to separate any non-adhered cells from the channel under a negative pressure or suction;(6) recovering any adhered cells by withdrawing a recovering buffer at a shear stress of about 0.01 -5 dyne / cm2 under a negative pressure or suction, such that metastatic cells are obtained; and(7) analyzing the non-adhered and the adhered cells, such that anti-metastatic property of the drug of interest is obtained.27.The method of claim 26, wherein the step of (3) pre-washing the channel step is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a pre-washing buffer.28.The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein the step of (3) pre-washing is also performed under a negative pressure or suction.29.The method of any one of claims 26-28, wherein the step of (4) withdrawing a sample with an adhesion buffer is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2.30.The method of any one of claims 26-29, wherein the step of (5) washing the channel is performed at about 0.1 dyne / cm2 with a washing buffer.31.The method of any one of claims 26-30, wherein the step of (6) recovering any adhered cells is performed at about 0.23 dyne / cm2 with a recovering buffer.32.The method of any one of claims 26-31, wherein the microfluidic chip further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of:disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.33.The method of any one of claims 26-32, wherein the step of (2) providing a microfluidic chip further comprises the step of:(2-1) coating the channel with protein A to obtain a protein A coated channel;(2-2) optionally, washing the protein A coated channel with a washing buffer; and(2-3) coating the protein A coated channel with P-selectin.34.The method of claim 33, wherein the P-selectin is or comprises a P-selectin-Fc chimeric.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the protein A is incubated for about 1 hour at room temperature, and the P-selectin-Fc chimeric is incubated at about 4℃ overnight in a moist chamber, and wherein amount ratio of protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric is about 5: 1.36.The method of any one of claims 26-35, wherein the recovering buffer comprises a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) optionally supplemented with additive or serum (e.g., 0-10%FBS) .37.The method of any one of claims 26-36, wherein the sample comprises cell number of about 1 x 103 cells / mL to 1 x 106 cells / mL.38.The method of any one of claims 26-37, the microfluidic chip further comprises a reservoir that comprises a metal linker, the metal linker connects the container with inlet of the channel, wherein the step of obtaining any metastatic cells further comprises the step of: disconnecting the metal linker from the inlet and connecting the same or a different metal linker to the Inlet, thereby facilitating detachment of adhered cells from the channel.39.A system for preparing or using microfluidic chip for detecting or screening metastatic cells such as ovarian cancer cells, comprising:a microfluidic chip, comprising:a channel, comprising an inlet and an outlet; wherein the channel is configured to coat with protein A and P-selectin-Fc chimeric; anda reservoir comprising: a container;a metal linker, configured to connect the container with the inlet; anda syringe pump, configured to provide negative pressure or suction to the microfluidic chip.40.The system of claim 39, wherein the reservoir is or comprises a blunt needle.41.A method of preparing an ex vivo cell-based system for evaluating efficiency of detecting or screening peritoneal metastatic cells or screening for an anti-metastatic drug, comprising the steps of:culturing a cell line comprising metastatic cells as a floating 3-dimensional spheroid;seeding the spheroid onto a culture dish to form a single-cell monolayer;dissociating cells from the single-cell monolayer;incubating the cells from the single-cell monolayer with an omentum in an ex vivo adhesion buffer (e.g., a culture medium (e.g., RPMI) optionally supplemented with additive or serum (e.g., 0-10%FBS) ) ;washing the omentum;collecting cells remained in ex vivo adhesion buffer to obtain non-metastatic cells; andincubating the omentum with accutase to obtain metastatic cells that are dissociated from the omentum.42.The method of claim 41, wherein the step of culturing a cell line step is performed using low attachment petri dish, and / or the metastatic cancer cell is SKspAS.43.The method of claim 41 or 42, wherein the dissociating step is performed by incubating about 1 x 106 of SKspAS in about 100 uL M199: MCDB105 culture medium supplemented with 0 -10%FBS for about 3 hours at about 37℃ with about 400 rpm shaking.44.The method of any one of claims 41-43, wherein the efficiency comprises evaluating sensitivity, specificity, and / or accuracy of a microfluidic chip pre-coated with P-selectin.45.The method of claim any one of claims 41-44, further comprising the step of: staining non-metastatic cells with a first cell tracker and metastatic cells with different, second cell tracker.46.The method of any one of the claims 41-45, further comprising the step of: mixing a first predetermined amount of the metastatic cells stained with the first cell tracker and a second predetermined amount of the non-metastatic cells as a spike sample for evaluation test.47.The method of any one of the claims 41-46, further comprising the step of: counting the metastatic cell and non-metastatic cells by haematocytometer under a fluorescent microscope or an automated cell counter.
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