Antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates targeting ox40 and uses thereof
Novel antibodies and ADCs targeting OX40 enhance anti-tumor immune responses by depleting regulatory T-cells and delivering therapeutic agents, addressing the limitations of existing OX40-targeted therapies and showing strong preclinical efficacy against leukemia and lymphoma.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/075609
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-05-30
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-29
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing immunotherapies targeting OX40 for cancer therapy have shown limited success, necessitating the development of more effective cancer therapies that enhance anti-tumor immune responses by specifically binding to OX40 and modulating T-cell activity within the tumor microenvironment.
Development of novel antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that specifically bind to human OX40, including monoclonal antibodies with defined CDR sequences, which enhance anti-tumor immune responses by depleting OX40-positive regulatory T-cells and delivering therapeutic moieties like monomethyl auristatin or topoisomerase inhibitors to tumor cells.
The antibodies and ADCs effectively enhance anti-tumor immune responses, deplete immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells, and reduce tumor immunosuppression, demonstrating robust preclinical antitumor activity across various cancer types, including leukemia and lymphoma, without blocking OX40L binding.
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Abstract
Description
ANTIBODIES AND ANTIBODY-DRUG CONJUGATES TARGETING OX40 AND USES THEREOF
[0001] This application claims priority to PCT International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 074689, filed January 30, 2024, and PCT International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 096494, filed May 30, 2024, which are entirely incorporated herein by reference. 1. Reference to Sequence Listing Submitted Electronically
[0002] This application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing as an XML file entitled “720A002WO03_SL” created on January 22, 2025, and having a size of 74, 253 bytes.2. Field
[0003] The present invention relates to molecular biology and immunology. Provided herein include novel antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates targeting OX40, as well as uses thereof in treating cancer.3. Background
[0004] The molecule OX40, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4, is an immune co-stimulatory receptor. OX40 is primarily expressed on activated T cells, playing a crucial role in the immune system’s regulation and response. Studies have indicated that targeting OX40 enhance the anti-tumor immune response by promoting the activation and proliferation of T cells directly or indirectly via depletion of regulatory T-cell, or Treg, or other additional mechanism of actions (MOAs) within tumor microenvironment or TME, thereby bolstering the immune system’s ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. The identification of OX40 as a tumor-associated antigen also opened up new avenues for developing targeted therapies aimed at harnessing the body’s immune system to combat cancer.
[0005] Despite the promise of OX40 as a therapeutic target, the development of effective immunotherapies against tumors has faced significant challenges and setbacks in the clinics. Numerous attempts to exploit OX40 for cancer therapy have yielded limited success. As such, there remains an urgent unmet need for developing effective cancer therapy by targeting OX40. The compositions and methods provided herein meet these needs and provide relative advantages.4. Summary
[0006] Provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to human OX40, comprising: (a) a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or (b) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0007] In some embodiments of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein: (a) the VL CDR1, VL CDR2, VL CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or (b) the VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11 and 12, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments comprise VL CDR1, VL CDR2, VL CDR3, VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 and 12, respectively.
[0008] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein are humanized. In some embodiments, the humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments comprise: (a) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; and / or (b) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments comprise a VL and a VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively.
[0009] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are monoclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are selected from the group consisting of a Fab, a Fab’, a F (ab’) 2, a Fv, a scFv, a (scFv) 2, a single domain antibody (sdAb) , and a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) . In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are IgG1 antibodies, IgG2 antibodies, IgG3 antibodies, or IgG4 antibodies.
[0010] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein further comprise: a light chain constant (CL) region and a heavy chain constant (CH) region. In some embodiments, the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 19) or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 20) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions. In some embodiments, the CH region is IgG1 CH (SEQ ID NO: 21) , IgG2 CH (SEQ ID NO: 22) , IgG3 CH (SEQ ID NO: 23) , or IgG4 CH (SEQ ID NO: 24) , or a variant of any of the above having up to ten amino acids substitutions.
[0011] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein are IgG1 antibodies. In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein comprise a light chain having an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27; and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 or SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0012] In some embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein (1) do not block the OX40L binding to OX40; (2) exhibit efficient internalization by OX40 positive cells; (3) deplete OX40 positive cells; (4) deplete OX40 positive regulatory T-cells within TME; (5) exhibit significant ADCC; (6) enhance the anti-tumor immune response; (7) reduce the immunosuppression of TME; or (8) enhance immunological activities in TME; or any combination of (1) to (8) .
[0013] Provided herein are also polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein.
[0014] Provided herein are also vectors comprising the polynucleotide disclosed herein.
[0015] Provided herein are also host cells comprising the polynucleotide disclosed herein, or the vector disclosed herein.
[0016] Provided herein are also methods of producing an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds human OX40, comprising culturing the cell disclosed herein under conditions suitable for expression of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise isolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment from the culture.
[0017] Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0018] Provided herein are also antibody-drug conjugates ( “ADCs” ) comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds human OX40 and comprises: (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 50 or SEQ ID NO: 52; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 53, or SEQ ID NO: 56; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments of the ADCs disclosed herein, the VL and VH have amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to (1) SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 39, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 40 and 41, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 44 and 45, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 46 and 47, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 51, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 53, respectively; or (8) SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 56, respectively. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to (1) SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 60, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 61, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 63, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 64, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 65 and 66, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 65 and 67, respectively.
[0019] In some embodiments, provided herein are ADCs comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds human OX40 and does not block OX40L binding to OX40. In some embodiments of the ADCs disclosed herein, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is conjugated to the therapeutic moiety via a linker. In some embodiments of the ADCs disclosed herein, the linker is In some embodiments of the ADCs disclosed herein, the linker is
[0020] In some embodiments of the ADCs disclosed herein, the therapeutic moiety is monomethyl auristatin. In some embodiments of the ADCs disclosed herein, wherein the monomethyl auristatin is monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) .
[0021] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number ranging from 1 to 16.
[0022] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure:
[0023] In some embodiments of the ADCs disclosed herein, the monomethyl auristatin is monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) .
[0024] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number from 1 to 16. In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure:
[0025] In some embodiments of the ADCs disclosed herein, the therapeutic moiety is a topoisomerase I inhibitor. In some embodiments, the topoisomerase I inhibitor is camptothecin, Dxd, SN-38 or exatecan (DX-8951) . In some embodiments, the topoisomerase I inhibitor is Dxd. In some embodiments, the topoisomerase I inhibitor is SN-38. In some embodiments, the topoisomerase I inhibitor is exatecan.
[0026] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number from 1 to 16.
[0027] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure:
[0028] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number from 1 to 16.
[0029] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure:
[0030] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number from 1 to 16.
[0031] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure:
[0032] In some embodiments of the ADCs disclosed herein, the therapeutic moiety is a derivative of halichondrin B. In some embodiments, therapeutic moiety is eribulin.
[0033] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number from 1 to 16.
[0034] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein have the structure:
[0035] In some embodiments of the ADCs disclosed herein, p denotes a number from 1 to 10. In some embodiments, p is about 4. In some embodiments, p is about 5. In some embodiments, p is about 8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8, about 3.5, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, about 4.5, about 4.6, about 5, about 5.3, or about 8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 5.3 or about 8.
[0036] In some embodiments, provided herein are ADCs comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof conjugated to a therapeutic moiety; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds human OX40 and has (1) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (2) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (3) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (4) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (5) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, provided herein are ADCs comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof conjugated to a therapeutic moiety; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds human OX40 and has a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin.
[0037] In some embodiments, the ADCs disclosed herein (1) do not block the OX40L binding to OX40; (2) exhibit efficient internalization by OX40 positive cells; (3) deplete OX40 positive cells; (4) deplete OX40 positive regulatory T-cells within TME; (5) exhibit significant ADCC; (6) maintain the essential ADCC of the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments; (7) enhance the anti-tumor immune response; (8) reduce the immunosuppression of TME; or (9) enhances immunological activities in TME; or any combination of (1) to (9) .
[0038] Provided herein are also methods of producing the ADCs disclosed herein comprising conjugating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment to the therapeutic moiety.
[0039] Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions comprising the ADC disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0040] Provided herein are also methods of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein in treating a cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating a cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein in treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating an inflammatory disease or an inflammatory disease.
[0041] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the ADC disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the ADCs disclosed herein in treating a cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the ADCs disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating a cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the ADC disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the ADCs disclosed herein in treating an inflammatory disease or an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the ADCs disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating an inflammatory disease or an inflammatory disease.
[0042] In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein further comprise administering an additional therapy to the subject.
[0043] In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0044] In some embodiments, the cancer to be treated by methods disclosed herein can have OX40+tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) . In some embodiments, the cancer can be an OX40+cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer can be a liquid cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is T cell leukemia or lymphoma. In some embodiments, the cancer is Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL, e.g., adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) , angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) ) or T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) . In some embodiments, the cancer can be a solid tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer is sarcoma, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , melanoma, or ovarian cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer can be an HPV+cancer or an EBV+cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is EBV+B cell lymphoma, Extra-nodal NK / T cell lymphoma (ENKTL; e.g., nasal type) , HPV16+head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) , EBV+Esophageal cancer, or HPV18+cervical cancer.
[0045] In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease or inflammatory disease can be characterized by excessive T cell activation. In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , inflammation bowl diseases (IBD) , Crohn's disease (CD) , graft-vs-host diseases (GvHD) , multiple sclerosis (MS) , type I diabetes, atopic dermatitis, asthma, psoriasis, syndrome (SS) , or idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) .
[0046] Provided herein are also kits comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein. Provided herein are also kits comprising the ADC disclosed herein.5. Brief Description of Drawings
[0047] FIGs. 1A-1D provide representative results characterizing biochemical and biological properties of humanized mAb HX011. FIG. 1A shows results of a luciferase assay of an IL-2 promoter-driven reporter, demonstrating T cell activation by HX011 and the chimeric anti-OX40 antibody 9C12H11. FIG. 1B shows flow cytometry results of HX011 binding to OX40-expressing 293T cells. FIG. 1C shows IL-2 release assay results demonstrating that HX011 reactivated SEB-exhausted PBMC-derived T cells in a dose-dependent manner. FIG. 1D shows ELISA results demonstrating that HX011 did not compete with OX40L for binding to human OX40.
[0048] FIGs. 2A-2C provide diagrams illustrating strong antitumor activity of HX011 in vitro and in vivo. FIG. 2A shows FACS results demonstrating that HX011 triggered antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity from human PBMCs against OX40 positive cells. FIG. 2B shows results of a luciferase assay illustrating that HX011 activated FcγRIIIa-expressing Jurkat cells (reporter: luciferase) when incubated with the OX40 positive target cell line (EC50: about 0.61 nM) . FIG. 2C shows changes in MC38 tumor volume over time demonstrating that different doses of HX011 (IV twice weekly) inhibited tumor growth.
[0049] FIG. 3A-3E provide diagrams illustrating the amount of cytokine release induced by HX011. Cytokines measured included IL-2 (FIG. 3A) , IL-6 (FIG. 3B) , IL-4 (FIG. 3C) , TNF-α (FIG. 3D) and IFN-γ (FIG. 3E) . Human PBMCs were incubated in vitro with different doses of HX011 in solid phase (coated plate) or aqueous phase (soluble) for 24 or 48 hours. SEB was used as positive control.
[0050] FIGs. 4A-4C provide diagrams of HPLC analysis of the mAb HX011 (FIG. 4A) , the ADC HX111 (FIG. 4B) , and the conjugation of the HX111 (FIG. 4C) .
[0051] FIGs. 5A-5C provide flow cytometry results measuring expression of OX40 in different hematologic malignances. FIG. 5A shows elevated expression of OX40 in two HTLV-1 infected ATL cell lines, HuT-102 and HuT-78. FIG. 5B shows significant surface expression of OX40 in HuT-102, in contrast to little expression in HPB-ALL cells. FIG. 5C shows significantly upregulated mRNA level of OX40 in EBV positive lymphoma PDXs, compared to the EBV negative counterpart.
[0052] FIGs. 6A-6B provide diagrams illustrating internalization of OX40 mAb HX011 or ADC HX111 into OX40positive lymphoma / leukemic cells. FIG. 6A illustrates same rate of internalization of HX111 and HX011 in OX40 positive T-leukemia cell lines HuT-102. FIG. 6B illustrates internalization of mAb HX011 in both HuT-102 and OX40-overexpressing Jurkat cells.
[0053] FIGs. 7A-7D provide results from in vitro cytotoxicity assay in OX40 positive leukemia / lymphoma cells. FIG. 7A shows significant cytotoxicity of HX111 with high potency at subnanomolar range against HuT-102 cells (OX40++T cell leukemia) . FIG. 7B illustrates that HX111 and HX011 against HuT-78 (OX40+T-leukemia) at relatively high concentrations (100 nM level and higher) . FIG. 7C illustrates that both HX111 and HX011 had little cytotoxicity against NAMALWA cells (B cell lymphoma) . FIG. 7D shows robust cytotoxicity of HX111 (DAR2.8 and DAR4) with high potency at subnanomolar range against OX40-overexpressing Jurkat cell line, its cytotoxicity increased according to increased DAR.
[0054] FIG. 8A-8B provide diagrams illustrating bystander cytotoxicity of HX111. Viability of OX40 negative cells (Raji cells or Jurkat cells) co-cultured with OX40 positive cells (Hut-102 cells or Jurkat-OX40-5E9 cells) at various ratios in the presence of HX111 were measured. FIG. 8A shows that HX111 induced cytotoxicity in OX40 negative Raji cells in the presence of Hut-102 cells. FIG. 8B shows that HX111 induced cytotoxicity in OX40 negative Jurkat cells in the presence of Jurkat-OX40-5E9 cells.
[0055] FIGs. 9A-9B provides diagrams illustrating in vivo tumor growth inhibition in HuT-102 and HuT-78 small tumor xenograft models. FIG. 9A shows that HX111 induced robust tumor growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner without causing body weight loss in the HuT-102 xenograft model. FIG. 9B shows that HX111 resulted in tumor growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner in the HuT-78 xenograft model, again without causing body weight loss.
[0056] FIG. 10 provides diagrams illustrating in vivo tumor growth inhibition in HuT-102 large tumor xenograft models. As shown, HX111 administered at different dosing schedules showed robust activity in inducing tumor regression, without inducing body weight loss.
[0057] FIG. 11 provides diagrams illustrating cytotoxicity of HX011 based ADCs against HuT-102 cells (OX40++T cell leukemia) . As shown, ADCs of the anti-OX40 antibody HX011 conjugated to various therapeutic moieties showed efficient killing against HuT-102 cells.
[0058] FIGs. 12A-12C provides data showing that HX111 diminished the GvHD disease activities in a dose-dependent manner. FIG. 12A shows HX111 prevented body weight loss. FIG. 12B shows HX111 inhibited the GvHD disease onset. FIG. 12C shows HX111 significantly improved the survival of PBMC allograft mice.
[0059] FIGs. 13A-13H provide diagrams of HPLC analyses of HX011-Exd (FIG. 13A and 13B) , HX011-SN-38 (FIG. 13C) , HX011-Eribulin (FIG. 13D) , HX518-MMAE (FIG. 13E) , HX523-1-MMAE (FIG. 13F) , HX534-MMAE (FIG. 13G) , and HX543-MMAE (FIG. 13H) .
[0060] FIG. 14 provides diagrams illustrating the comparable target binding affinities of HX011, HX518, HX518-MMAE, HX523-1, HX523-1-MMAE, HX534, HX534-MMAE, HX543, and HX543-MMAE.
[0061] FIG. 15 provides diagrams illustrating that HX011, HX111, HX518, HX518-MMAE, HX523-1, HX523-1-MMAE, HX534, HX534-MMAE, HX543, and HX543-MMAE all showed significant internalization by HuT-102 cells.
[0062] FIG. 16 provides diagrams illustrating the significant killing activity against OX40+HuT-102 cells of anti-OX40 ADCs (HX111, HX518-MMAE, HX523-1-MMAE, HX534-MMAE, and HX543-MMAE) .
[0063] FIGs. 17A-17C provides data showing that HX011 diminished the GvHD disease activities. FIG. 17A shows HX011 prevented body weight loss. FIG. 17B shows HX011 inhibited the GvHD disease onset. FIG. 17C shows HX011 significantly improved the survival of PBMC allograft mice.
[0064] FIGs. 18A-18B provide flow cytometry results measuring the numbers of human CD45+leukocytes and human CD4+T cells in live cells. FIG. 18A shows that HX011 significantly decreased the numbers of human CD45+leukocytes. FIG. 18B shows that HX011 significantly decreased the numbers of pathogenic human CD4+T cells.6. Detailed Description
[0065] OX40, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (TNFRSF4) , is an immune co-stimulatory receptor, together with its ligand OX40L, forming OX40-OX40L trimer-trimer complex between the surface of activated T-cells (OX40) and APCs / NKs (OX40L) , considered to be T-cell activation costimulatory receptor. Human OX40 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 47~51 kDa, composed of 249 amino acids, in which the extramembrane, transmembrane, and intramembrane regions are composed of 188, 24, and 37 amino acids, respectively. The corresponding gene is in human chromosome 1p36. OX40 is primarily expressed on the surface of activated CD4+ / CD8+T cells. Additionally, OX40 is also expressed on regulatory T (Treg) cell, particularly over-expressed within TME. The interaction between OX40 and its ligand OX40L initiates signaling cascades that activates T cells via the NF-κB1 pathway and inhibits bcl-x and survivin to prevent apoptosis. It also downregulates FoxP3 / CTLA4, thus regulating Treg function.
[0066] OX40L, also known as gp34, CD252, TNFSF4, is a type II glycoprotein with a 23 amino acid cytoplasmic tail and a 133 amino acid extracellular domain, is expressed as a trimer and has a TNF homology domain. It is structurally similar to other molecules of the TNF superfamily and has some sequence homology. The OX40L is predominantly expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) , and can also be expressed on activated B cells, mature conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) , Langerhans cells, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) , and macrophages.
[0067] Treg cells function to provide immunosuppression, and within TME, its immunosuppressive function facilitates tumor growth. OX40 is constitutively expressed in tumor-infiltrating (TIL) Treg cells at high levels as compared to in normal blood compartments and also as compared to activated CD8+Teff cells within TME. This increased ratio directly contributed to the enhanced anti-tumor immunity, thus anti-tumor activity. Thus, agonist anti-OX40 mAbs were proposed to activate T-cells and enhance anti-tumor immunity, or alternatively, anti-OX40 mAbs with full Fc function can function as depleting-antibody and were also proposed to deplete OX40-over-expressing regulatory T-cells within tumor microenvironment, thus enhance anti-tumor immunity although clinical benefit has yet to be demonstrated.
[0068] Described in detail below are novel anti-human OX40 agonist antibodies, which have high affinity binding to OX40. Superior to other anti-OX40 agonist antibodies, the antibodies provided herein do not block the binding of OX40L to OX40, allowing maximal activation of the OX40 / OX40L pathway. Being an IgG1 antibody, it also functions as OX40-expressing cell depletion antibody. Robust anti-tumor activity of the antibodies disclosed herein in preclinical models are also provided.
[0069] OX40 has also been identified as a tumor associated antigen (TAA) in certain lymphoma and leukemia, such as adult T cell leukemia (ATL) . HTLV-1 is the first identified human retrovirus that infects T cells. Roughly 5%of infected individuals eventually develop ATL. Presently, few effective treatment options are available for ATL, which present as an urgent need. HTLV-1 encodes oncoprotein Tax that can upregulate OX40L and OX40 expression. Due to its high-level expression on the surface of ATL cells, agents targeting OX40 and resulting in ATL cell reduction could potentially become new treatment of ATL. Besides, AITL (angioimmunoblast lymphoma) , a type of peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) derived from follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, have high frequency of OX40 positive expression. Similarly, certain EBV infected lymphoma, such as B cell lymphoma and extra-nodal NK / T cell lymphoma (ENKTL) , also overexpress OX40. These tumors can also potentially be treated by OX40-targeting therapies.
[0070] Additionally, OX40 overexpression, associated with the activation of T-cells, have been implicated in a number of inflammation and autoimmune diseases, including RA, inflammation bowl diseases (IBD) , graft-vs-host diseases (GvHD) , MS, type I diabetes, dermatitis, etc. When T cells become overactivated, they release pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, that lead to inflammation and tissue damage. This excessive immune response can target various organs or tissues in the body, resulting in a wide range of autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. Thus, without being bound by theory, these autoimmune or inflammatory diseases that are characterized by unwanted or excessive T cell activation can be treated by depletion of such pathological T cells, that are usually characterized by OX40 expression.
[0071] Described below are also anti-OX40 antibodies and antibody-drug-conjugates (ADCs) , which, without being bound by theory, effectively target and kill OX40 positive cancer cells, such as ATL, AITL, ENKTL cells. Data demonstrating the strong antitumor activities of these anti-OX40 ADCs are also provided.
[0072] As used herein and consistently with their understandings in the art, “hot tumors” and “cold tumor” refer to distinct tumor microenvironments (TMEs) that influence how effectively the immune system can recognize and attack cancer cells. “Hot tumors” are also known as “immunologically active” or “inflamed” tumors. These tumors are characterized by the presence of significant immune cell infiltration, particularly cytotoxic T cells (CD8+T cells) , within the TME. This immune infiltration suggests that the immune system has recognized the tumor as a threat and is attempting to mount a response. Hot tumors often exhibit a higher number of somatic mutations, leading to the production of neoantigens, which are recognized by T cells. Hot tumors are often associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines like interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) , which help recruit immune cells to the tumor site.
[0073] On the other hand, “cold tumors, ” also referred to as “immunologically inactive” or “non-inflamed” tumors, lack significant immune cell infiltration. The absence of T cells or other immune components in the TME indicates that the immune system has either failed to recognize the tumor or has been effectively excluded or suppressed by the tumor's mechanisms. Cold tumors often have fewer mutations, meaning fewer neoantigens are available to trigger an immune response. These tumors may either actively exclude immune cells from entering the TME (immune exclusion) or have a complete absence of immune activity (immune desert) . Cold tumors are frequently surrounded by an immunosuppressive microenvironment, including the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) , regulatory T cells (Tregs) , or other factors that inhibit T cell activation and infiltration. Cold tumors typically do not respond well to immunotherapies because the immune system is not engaged with the tumor.
[0074] Before the present disclosure is further described, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein, and it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. 6.1 Definitions
[0075] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in the present disclosures shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the CONCISE DICTIONARY OF BIOMEDICINE AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Juo, Pei-Show, 2nd ed., 2002, CRC Press; THE DICTIONARY OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 3rd ed., 1999, Academic Press; and the OXFORD DICTIONARY OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Revised, 2000, Oxford University Press, provide one of skill with a general dictionary of many of the terms used in this disclosure.
[0076] Unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.
[0077] The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies.
[0078] The term “and / or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include “A and B, ” “A or B, ” “A” (alone) , and B” (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0079] As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. The term “about” encompasses the exact number recited. In some embodiments, “about” means within plus or minus 10%of a given value or range. In certain embodiments, “about” means that the variation is±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers.
[0080] The terms “peptide, ” “peptide chain, ” “polypeptide, ” “protein, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein refer to polymers of amino acids of any length, which can be linear or branched. It can include unnatural or modified amino acids or be interrupted by non-amino acids. A polypeptide, peptide, polypeptide chain, peptide chain, or protein can also be modified with, for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification.
[0081] The terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein mean polymers of nucleotides of any length and include DNA and RNA. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and / or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase.
[0082] The term “variant” as used herein in relation to a protein or a polypeptide with particular sequence features (the “reference protein” or “reference polypeptide” ) refers to a different protein or polypeptide having one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the reference protein or reference polypeptide. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be amino acid substitutions. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be conservative amino acid substitutions. A functional fragment or a functional variant of a protein or polypeptide maintains the basic structural and functional properties of the reference protein or polypeptide.
[0083] As used herein and understood in the art, an “antibody” is an immunoglobulin molecule that recognizes and specifically binds a target (e.g., a protein) through at least one antigen-binding fragment which is typically within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. An “antibody” can be of many different types and structures. For example, antibodies can be polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies, bispecific antibodies, monospecific antibodies, monovalent antibodies, or any other modified immunoglobulin molecule comprising an antigen-binding site. Antibodies also include, but are not limited to, mouse antibodies, camel antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. An antibody can be any of the five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, or subclasses (isotypes) thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) , based on the identity of their heavy-chain constant domains referred to as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, the term “antibody” as used herein includes “antigen-binding fragment” of intact antibodies. The term “antigen-binding fragment” as used herein refers to a portion or fragment of an intact antibody that is the antigenic determining variable region of an intact antibody. Examples of antigen-binding fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab', F (ab’) 2, Fv, linear antibodies, single chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv) , heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) , light chain antibodies (LCAbs) , disulfide-linked scFv (dsscFv) , diabodies, tribodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, dual variable domain antibodies (DVD) , single variable domain antibodies (sdAbs; e.g., camelid antibodies, alpaca antibodies) , and single variable domain of heavy chain antibodies (VHH) .
[0084] The structure of immunoglobulins has been well characterized (see, e.g., FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y. (1989) ) . Typically, immunoglobulins comprise two pairs of polypeptide chains, one pair of light (L; low molecular weight) chains and one pair of heavy (H; high molecular weight) chains, all four inter-connected by disulfide bonds.
[0085] Each light chain of an immunoglobulin typically includes a light chain variable region ( “VL region” ) and a light chain constant region ( “CL region” ) . There are two distinct types of light chains, referred to as kappa (κ) of lambda (λ) based on the amino acid sequence of the CL region. The amino acid sequences of the CL regions are well known in the art.
[0086] Each heavy chain typically includes a heavy chain variable region (a “VH region” ) and a heavy chain constant region (a “CH region” ) . The VH region can be one of five distinct types, referred to as alpha (α) , delta (δ) , epsilon (ε) , gamma (γ) and mu (μ) , based on the amino acid sequence. When combined with a light chain, these distinct types of heavy chains give rise to five well known classes of antibodies, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, respectively. There are four subclasses of IgG, namely, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The amino acid sequences of the CH regions of different classes of antibodies are well known in the art.
[0087] The CH region of immunoglobulins comprise more than one domain. For example, the CH region of an IgG antibody is comprised of three domains, heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , heavy chain constant domain 2 (CH2) , and heavy chain constant domain 3 (CH3) . The highly flexible region between the CH1 and CH2 domains is referred to as the “hinge region. ” Disulfide bonds in the hinge region are part of the interactions between two heavy chains in an immunoglobulin. The “Fc region” refers to the C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. In IgG, IgA and IgD isotypes, the Fc region is comprised of the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain; IgM and IgE Fc regions contain three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2–4) . The amino acid sequences of the Fc region of human IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM and IgE, and subtypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The native Fc regions can be modified.
[0088] Unless otherwise stated or contradicted by context, reference to amino acid positions in the constant regions is according to the EU-numbering (Edelman et al., PNAS. 1969; 63: 78-85, Kabat et al., SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST, Fifth Edition. 1991 NIH Publication No. 91-3242) . A list of exemplary amino acid sequences for constant domains / regions of the human IgG antibodies is provided below. Some exemplary variants are also included, with more variants disclosed in sections below.
[0089] Table 1 Amino acid sequences of light chain constant regions of the human IgG antibodies
[0090] Table 2 Amino acid sequences of heavy chain constant regions of the human IgG antibodies
[0091] The term “variable region” refers to a portion of the light or heavy chains of an immunoglobulin that is generally located at the amino-terminal of the light or heavy chain and used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. The variable region of a light chain is referred to as a “light chain variable region” or “VL region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “light chain variable domain” or “VL. ” The variable region of a heavy chain is referred to as a “heavy chain variable region” or “VH region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “heavy chain variable domain” or “VH. ” The variable domains differ extensively in sequence between different antibodies. A “pair of VL and VH” can associate with each other and form a binding site that specifically binds the target antigen or epitope.
[0092] The VL and VH regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability (or hypervariable regions which may be hypervariable in sequence and / or form of structurally defined loops) , also termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FRs) . The variability in sequence is concentrated in the CDRs while the less variable portions in the variable domain are referred to as framework regions (FR) . The CDRs of the light and heavy chains are primarily responsible for the interaction of the antibody with antigen. Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (see also Chothia and Lesk, J Mol Biol 1987; 196: 901-17) .
[0093] A CDR refers to one of three hypervariable regions (H1, H2 or H3) within the non-framework region of the immunoglobulin (Ig or antibody) VHβ-sheet framework, or one of three hypervariable regions (L1, L2 or L3) within the non-framework region of the antibody VLβ-sheet framework. CDR regions are well known to those skilled in the art and have been defined by a variety of methods / systems. These systems and / or definitions have been developed and refined over years and include Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, and Contact. For example, Kabat defines the regions of most hypervariability within the antibody variable (V) domains (Kabat et al, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 6609-6616 (1977) ; Kabat, Adv. Prot. Chem. 32: 1-75 (1978) ) . Software programs (e.g., abYsis) are available and known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs.
[0094] The term “humanized antibody” as used herein refers to forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies that are specific immunoglobulin chains, chimeric immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof that contain minimal non-human sequences. Typically, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins. In some instances, the variable region residues of a human immunoglobulin are replaced with the corresponding residues in an antibody from a non-human species. In some instances, residues of the CDRs are replaced by residues from the CDRs of a non-human species (e.g., mouse, rat, hamster, camel, rabbit, goat, shark, llama) that have the desired specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability. The humanized antibody can be further modified by the substitution of additional residues either in the variable region and / or within the replaced non-human residues to refine and optimize antibody specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability. The term “human antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody produced by a human or an antibody having an amino acid sequence corresponding to an antibody produced by a human made using any of the techniques known in the art.
[0095] The term “specifically bind, ” as used herein, means that a polypeptide or molecule interacts more frequently, more rapidly, with greater duration, with greater affinity, or with some combination of the above to the epitope, protein, or target molecule than with alternative substances, including related and unrelated proteins. A binding moiety (e.g., antibody) that specifically binds a target molecule (e.g., antigen) can be identified, for example, by immunoassays, ELISAs, Bio-Layer Interferometry ( “BLI” ) , SPR (e.g., Biacore) , or other techniques known to those of skill in the art. Typically, a specific reaction will be at least twice background signal or noise and can be more than 10 times background. See, e.g., Paul, ed., 1989, FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY SECOND EDITION, Raven Press, New York at pages 332-336 for a discussion regarding antibody specificity. A binding moiety that specifically binds a target molecule can bind the target molecule at a higher affinity than its affinity for a different molecule. In some embodiments, a binding moiety that specifically binds a target molecule can bind the target molecule with an affinity that is at least 20 times greater, at least 30 times greater, at least 40 times greater, at least 50 times greater, at least 60 times greater, at least 70 times greater, at least 80 times greater, at least 90 times greater, or at least 100 times greater, than its affinity for a different molecule. In some embodiments, a binding moiety that specifically binds a particular target molecule binds a different molecule at such a low affinity that binding cannot be detected using an assay described herein or otherwise known in the art. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means, for instance, that a binding moiety binds a molecule target with a KD of about 0.1 mM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 10μM or less or about 1μM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 0.1μM or less, about 0.01μM or less, or about 1 nM or less. Because of the sequence identity between homologous proteins in different species, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes a protein or target in more than one species. Likewise, because of homology within certain regions of polypeptide sequences of different proteins, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes more than one protein or target. It is understood that, in some embodiments, a binding moiety (e.g., antibody) that specifically binds a first target may or may not specifically bind a second target. As such, “specific binding” does not necessarily require (although it can include) exclusive binding, i.e., binding to a single target. Thus, a binding moiety (e.g., antibody) can, in some embodiments, specifically bind more than one target. For example, an antibody can, in certain instances, comprise two identical antigen-binding sites, each of which specifically binds the same epitope on two or more proteins.
[0096] The term “binding affinity” as used herein generally refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a binding moiety and a target molecule (e.g., antigen) . The binding of a binding moiety and a target molecule is a reversible process, and the affinity of the binding is typically reported as an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) . KD is the ratio of a dissociation rate (koff or kd) to the association rate (kon or ka) . The lower the KD of a binding pair, the higher the affinity. A variety of methods of measuring binding affinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes of the present disclosure. Specific illustrative embodiments include the following. In some embodiments, the “KD” or “KD value” can be measured by assays known in the art, for example by a binding assay. The KD may be measured in a radiolabeled antigen binding assay (RIA) (Chen, et al., (1999) J. Mol Biol 293: 865-881) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using biolayer interferometry (BLI) using, for example, the Gator system (Probe Life) , or the Octet-96 system (Sartorius AG) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using surface plasmon resonance assays (SPR) by Biacore, using, for example, a BIAcoreTM-2000 or a BIAcoreTM-3000 BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, NJ) .
[0097] The term “antibody-drug conjugate, ” or “ADC, ” refers to a type of molecule designed for targeted cancer therapy. An ADC is constituted of a monoclonal antibody, which provides specificity targeting pathological cells (such as cancer cells) , a therapeutic moiety, which provides therapeutic effects (e.g., cytotoxicity) to the targeted cancer cells, and a linker facilitating the conjugation of the two main components. Upon binding, the ADC is internalized into the cancer cell, releasing the therapeutic moiety.
[0098] The term “OX40 positive” as used herein in connection with a cell refers to a cell with detectable OX40 expression. In some embodiments, the cell has detectable OX40 expression on its surface. The term “OX40 positive” as used herein in connection with a cancer or tumor refers to a cancer or tumor having cells with detectable OX40 expression. A person of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine whether a cancer or tumor has OX40 expression using any methods known and available in the art, including, for example, immunohistochemistry (IHC) , immunocytochemistry (ICC) , an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , flow cytometry (FACS) , etc.
[0099] The term “vector, ” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to a vehicle that is used to carry genetic material (e.g., a polynucleotide sequence) , which can be introduced into a host cell, where it can be replicated and / or expressed. Vectors applicable for use include, for example, expression vectors, plasmids, phage vectors, viral vectors, episomes and artificial chromosomes, which can include selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host cell’s chromosome. Additionally, the vectors can include one or more selectable marker genes and appropriate expression control sequences. Selectable marker genes that can be included, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like which are well known in the art. When two or more polynucleotides are to be co-expressed, both polynucleotides can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding polynucleotides can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The introduction of polynucleotides into a host cell can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the polynucleotides are expressed in a sufficient amount to produce a desired product, and it is further understood that expression levels can be optimized to obtain sufficient expression using methods well known in the art.
[0100] As used herein, the term “encode” and its grammatical equivalents refer to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid, such as a gene, acDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene encodes a protein iftranscription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein. Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and RNA can include introns.
[0101] The term “polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide” encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequences for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and / or non-coding sequences. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA. DNA can be cDNA, genomic DNA, or synthetic DNA, and can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single stranded DNA can be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be mRNA.
[0102] The terms “identical, ” percent “identity, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein in the context of two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences are well-known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, Megalign, BestFit, GCG Wisconsin Package, and variants thereof. In some embodiments, two polynucleotides or polypeptides provided herein are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the amino acid sequences that is at least about 10 residues, at least about 20 residues, at least about 40-60 residues, at least about 60-80 residues in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 residues, such as at least about 80-100 residues, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a target protein or an antibody. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the nucleotide sequences that is at least about 10 bases, at least about 20 bases, at least about 40-60 bases, at least about 60-80 bases in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 bases, such as at least about 80-1000 bases or more, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest.
[0103] A polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is “isolated” is a polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is in a form not found in nature. Isolated polypeptides, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polynucleotides, vectors, cells, or compositions include those which have been purified to a degree that they are no longer in a form in which they are found in nature. In some embodiments, apolypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is isolated is substantially pure.
[0104] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to a material that is suitable for drug administration to an individual along with an active agent without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can comprise one or more of a buffer system, a preservative, a tonicity agent, a chelating agent, a stabilizer and / or a surfactant, as well as various combinations thereof. The use of preservatives, isotonic agents, chelating agents, stabilizers and surfactants in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. Reference may be made to REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, 19th edition, 1995.
[0105] The term “treat” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein in connection with a disease or a condition, or a subject having a disease or a condition refer to an action, intervention and / or measure that suppresses, eliminates, reduces, and / or ameliorates a symptom, the severity of the symptom, and / or the frequency of the symptom associated with the disease or disorder being treated.
[0106] The term “administer” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the act of delivering, or causing to be delivered, a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to the body of a subject by a method described herein or otherwise known in the art. The therapeutic can be a compound, a polypeptide, an antibody, an antibody-drug conjugate, or a cell. Administering a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition includes prescribing a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to be delivered into the body of a subject. Exemplary forms of administration include oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions; injectable dosage forms, such as intravenous (IV) , intramuscular (IM) , or intraperitoneal (IP) ; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and rectal suppositories.
[0107] The terms “effective amount, ” “therapeutically effective amount, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the administration of an agent to a subject, either alone or as a part of a pharmaceutical composition and either in a single dose or as part of a series of doses, in an amount that is capable of having any detectable, positive effect on any symptom, aspect, or characteristics of a disease, disorder or condition when administered to the subject. The therapeutically effective amount can be ascertained by measuring relevant physiological effects. The exact amount required varies from subject to subject, depending on the age, weight, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the condition being treated, the judgment of the clinician, and the like. An appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.
[0108] The term “subject” as used herein refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal) , including, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular treatment. Mammals include, but are not limited to, farm animals, sport animals, pets, primates, horses, dogs, cats, mice and rats. A human subject who needs the treatment may be a human subject having, at risk for, or suspected of having a disease. A subject having a disease can be identified by routine medical examination, e.g., a physical examination, a laboratory test, an organ functional test, a CT scan, or an ultrasound. A subject suspected of having any of such a disease can show one or more symptoms of the disease. A subject at risk for the disease can be a subject having one or more of the risk factors for that disease. A subject can be a human. A subject can have a particular disease or condition.
[0109] Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0110] Exemplary genes and polypeptides are described herein with reference to GenBank numbers, GI numbers and / or SEQ ID NOS. It is understood that one skilled in the art can readily identify homologous sequences by reference to sequence sources, including but not limited to Uniprot (https: / / www. uniprot. org / ) , GenBank (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genbank / ) and EMBL (embl. org / ) . 6.2 Antibodies
[0111] Provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40. In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-OX40 antibodies. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, or IgM antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgA antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgD antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgE antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgM antibody. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein can be an IgG1 antibody, an IgG2 antibody, an IgG3 antibody, or an IgG4 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG1 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG2 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG3 antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG4 antibody.
[0112] In some embodiments, provided herein are antigen-binding fragments of an anti-OX40 antibody. In some embodiments, antigen-binding fragments provided herein can be a single domain antibody (sdAb) , a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) , a Fab, a Fab’, a F (ab’) 2, a Fv, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) , or a (scFv) 2. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-OX40 antibody is a single domain antibody (sdAb) . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-OX40 antibody is a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-OX40 antibody is a Fab. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-OX40 antibody is a Fab’. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-OX40 antibody is a F (ab’) 2. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-OX40 antibody is a Fv. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-OX40 antibody is a scFv. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-OX40 antibody is a disulfide-linked scFv [ (scFv) 2] . In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment of an anti-OX40 antibody is a diabody (dAb) .
[0113] In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise recombinant antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise monoclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise polyclonal antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise camelid (e.g., camels, dromedary and llamas) antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise chimeric antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise human antibodies or antigen-binding fragments. In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-OX40 human scFvs.
[0114] In some embodiments, the ant-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are isolated. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein are substantially pure.
[0115] In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment. Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared by any method known to those of skill in the art. One exemplary approach is screening protein expression libraries, e.g., phage or ribosome display libraries. Phage display is described, for example, in Ladner et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409; Smith (1985) Science 228: 1315-1317; and WO 92 / 18619. In some embodiments, recombinant monoclonal antibodies are isolated from phage display libraries expressing variable regions or CDRs of a desired species. Screening of phage libraries can be accomplished by various techniques known in the art.
[0116] In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is modified by using recombinant DNA technology to generate alternative antibodies. In some embodiments, the constant domains of the light chain and heavy chain of a mouse monoclonal antibody are replaced with the constant regions of a human antibody to generate a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the constant regions are truncated or removed to generate a desired antibody fragment of a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, site-directed or high-density mutagenesis of the variable region (s) is used to optimize specificity and / or affinity of a monoclonal antibody.
[0117] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-OX40 antibodies having the sequence features described below. The specific CDR sequences defined herein are generally based on either Kabat or IMGT definition. However, it is understood that a general reference to a heavy chain CDR or CDRs and / or a light chain CDR or CDRs of a specific antibody encompass all CDR definitions as known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-OX40 antibodies having the VL CDRs and / or VH CDRs of antibody HX011 disclosed herein, wherein the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat (as exemplified in detail below) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia (as exemplified in detail below) . In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by IMGT. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0118] In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is the antibody designated as HX011. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein has a VL from HX011 (SEQ ID NO: 15) . In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein has a VH from HX011 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . The anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein can have both the VL and the VH from HX011. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein has a VL that comprises VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VL from HX011 (SEQ ID NO: 15) . In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein has a VH that comprises VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VH from HX011 (SEQ ID NO: 16) . The anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein can have a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 and a VH comprising VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from the VL and VH of HX011, respectively. The CDRs can be defined by any system known in the art. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, or Contact. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Kabat or IMGT as detailed herein. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Chothia. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by AbM. In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined by Contact.
[0119] In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a variant of HX011. The HX011 variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of HX011 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 15. The HX011 variant can have a VL that is a variant of the VL of HX011 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 15. The HX011 variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of HX011 having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 16. The HX011 variant can have a VH that is a variant of the VH of HX011 having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in SEQ ID NO: 16. The amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions can be in the VH CDRs or VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are not in the CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant of HX011 has up to about 5 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the variant of HX011 has up to 3 conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from HX011. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof provided herein is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment derived from HX011.
[0120] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise one, two, three, four, five, and / or six CDRs of any one of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a light chain variable region (VL) comprising one, two, and / or three, light chain CDRs (VL CDRs) from Table 3. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising one, two, and / or three heavy chain CDRs (VH CDRs) from Table 4. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein comprise one, two, and / or three VL CDRs from Table 3 and one, two, and / or three VH CDRs from Table 4.
[0121] Table 3 Amino acid sequences of light chain variable region CDRs (VL CDRs) of HX011
[0122] Table 4 Amino acid sequences of heavy chain variable region CDRs (VH CDRs) of HX011
[0123] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40, comprising a VL comprising (1) a VL CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 4; (2) a VL CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of AAT or SEQ ID NO: 5; and / or (3) a VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or a VH comprising (1) a VH CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or 10; (2) a VH CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 or 11; and / or (3) a VH CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or 12; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0124] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40, comprising a VL comprising (1) a VL CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 4; (2) a VL CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of AAT or SEQ ID NO: 5; or (3) a VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDR. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDR. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40, comprising a VL comprising (1) a VL CDR1 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 4; (2) a VL CDR2 having the amino acid sequence of AAT or SEQ ID NO: 5; and (3) a VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 6; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.
[0125] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 having a VL, wherein the VL comprises VL CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, as defined by Kabat; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 having a VL, wherein the VL comprises VL CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, AAT, and SEQ ID NO: 3, respectively, as defined by IMGT; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs.
[0126] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising a VH comprising (1) a VH CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or 10; (2) a VH CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 or 11; or (3) a VH CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or 12; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDR. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDR. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising a VH comprising (1) a VH CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or 10; (2) a VH CDR2 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 or 11; and (3) a VH CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or 12; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0127] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 having a VH, wherein the VH comprises VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11 and 12, respectively, as defined by Kabat; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 having a VH, wherein the VH comprises VH CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively; as defined by IMGT; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, the variant has up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0128] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40, comprising, as defined by Kabat, (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11 and 12, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0129] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, VL CDR3, VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3, having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 and 12, respectively, as defined by Kabat, or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.
[0130] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40, comprising, as defined by IMGT (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, AAT, and SEQ ID NO: 3, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0131] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, VL CDR3, VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3, having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, AAT, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, and SEQ ID NO: 9, respectively, as defined by IMGT, or a variant thereof having up to about 3, about 5, about 8, about 10, about 12, or about 15 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the CDRs.
[0132] Table 5 Amino acid sequences of light chain variable region (VL) and heavy chain variable region (VH) of humanized antibody HX011.
[0133] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising a VL having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising a VH having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0134] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising: (a) a VL having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; and (b) a VH having at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising a VL and a VH, wherein the VL and VH have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively.
[0135] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising a VL, wherein the VL has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VL having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0136] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising a VH, wherein the VH has at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has a VH having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0137] In some embodiments, provided herein are anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that comprise VL CDRs from a VL described herein (SEQ ID NO: 15) , and / or VH CDRs from a VH described herein (SEQ ID NO: 16) . Methods to identify CDRs are well known in the art. For example, software programs (e.g., abYsis) on publicly available websites are known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs.
[0138] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising (a) a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VL having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or (b) a VH comprising VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0139] In some embodiments, provided herein are antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind OX40 comprising (a) a VL comprising VL CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VL having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; and (b) a VH comprising VH CDRs 1, 2, and 3 from a VH having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0140] The anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof can comprise a combination of any VL disclosed herein and any VH disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the VL and VH are connected by a linker. The linker can be a flexible linker or a rigid linker. In some embodiments, the linker has the amino acid sequence of (GGGGS) n, n=1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (SEQ ID NO: 31) . In some embodiments, the linker has the amino acid sequence of (EAAAK) n, n=1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (SEQ ID NO: 32) . In some embodiments, the linker has the amino acid sequence of (PA) nPAP, n=0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 (SEQ ID NO: 33) .
[0141] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise a light chain and a heavy chain. The light chain can comprise a light chain constant domain (CL) and a light chain variable domain (VL) . The heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain variable domain (VH) and a heavy chain constant domain (CH) . The VL / VH can be any VL / VH disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the light chain constant region (CL) is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 19) . In some embodiments, the light chain constant region (CL) is lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 20) . In some embodiments, the heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain constant domain (CH) from human IgA. In some embodiments, the heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain constant domain (CH) from human IgD. In some embodiments, the heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain constant domain (CH) from human IgE. In some embodiments, the heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain constant domain (CH) from human IgG. In some embodiments, the heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain constant domain (CH) from human IgM. In some embodiments, the heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain constant domain (CH) from human IgG1 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 21) . In some embodiments, the heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain constant domain (CH) from human IgG2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) . In some embodiments, the heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain constant domain (CH) from human IgG3 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 23) . In some embodiments, the heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain constant domain (CH) from human IgG4 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 24) . The CH can further include a C-terminal lysine (K) . Expressly contemplated here are any and all combinations of the VL / VH pairs disclosed herein that specifically bind OX40 (e.g., human OX40) and the CL / CH disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art.
[0142] In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a light chain constant region (CL) having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a CL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a light chain constant region (CL) having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a CL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a heavy chain constant region (CH) having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a CH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a CH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a CH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a CH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a CH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a CH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein have a CH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
[0143] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a light chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VL and a light chain constant (CL) region; and / or (2) a heavy chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VH and a heavy chain constant (CH) region. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise a light chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VL and a light chain constant (CL) region, wherein light chain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise a heavy chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VH and a heavy chain constant (CH) region, wherein heavy chain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise a heavy chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VH and a heavy chain constant (CH) region, wherein heavy chain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise a light chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VL and a light chain constant (CL) region, wherein light chain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise a heavy chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VH and a heavy chain constant (CH) region, wherein heavy chain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise a heavy chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VH and a heavy chain constant (CH) region, wherein heavy chain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a light chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VL and a light chain constant (CL) region; and (2) a heavy chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VH and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein light chain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27, and heavy chain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a light chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VL and a light chain constant (CL) region; and (2) aheavy chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VH and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein light chain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and heavy chain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a light chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VL and a light chain constant (CL) region; and (2) a heavy chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VH and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein light chain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27, and heavy chain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein comprise: (1) a light chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a VL and a light chain constant (CL) region; and (2) a heavy chain comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, aVH and a heavy chain constant (CH) region; wherein light chain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and heavy chain has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0144] Table 6 Amino acid sequences of the light chain and heavy chain of humanized antibody HX011.
[0145] In some embodiments, provided herein are also antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that compete with the antibody or antigen-binding fragment provided above (e.g., HX011) for binding to OX40 (e.g., human OX40) . Antibodies that “compete with another antibody for binding to a target” refer to antibodies that inhibit (partially or completely) the binding of the other antibody to the target. Whether two antibodies compete with each other for binding to a target, i.e., whether and to what extent one antibody inhibits the binding of the other antibody to a target, can be determined using known competition experiments, e.g., surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment competes with, and inhibits binding of another antibody or antigen-binding fragment to OX40 by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or 100%. Competition assays can be conducted as described, for example, in Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harb Protoc; 2006; doi: l0. H0l / pdb. prot4277 or in Chapter 11 of “Using Antibodies” by Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA 1999.
[0146] Epitope mapping is a method of identifying the binding site, region, or epitope on a target protein where an antibody binds. A variety of methods are known in the art for mapping epitopes on target proteins. These methods include mutagenesis, including but not limited to, shotgun mutagenesis, site-directed mutagenesis, and alanine scanning; domain or fragment scanning; peptide scanning (e.g., Pepscan technology) ; display methods (e.g., phage display, microbial display, and ribosome / mRNA display) ; methods involving proteolysis and mass spectroscopy; and structural determination (e.g., X-ray crystallography and NMR) . In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein are characterized by assays including, but not limited to, N-terminal sequencing, amino acid analysis, HPLC, mass spectrometry, ion exchange chromatography, and papain digestion.
[0147] The anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the present disclosure can be analyzed for their physical, chemical and / or biological properties by various methods known in the art. In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody is tested for its ability to bind OX40 (e.g., human OX40) . Binding assays include, but are not limited to, BLI, SPR (e.g., Biacore) , ELISA, and FACS. In addition, antibodies can be evaluated for solubility, stability, thermostability, viscosity, expression levels, expression quality, and / or purification efficiency.
[0148] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human OX40 with high affinity, for example, with a KD of 10-7 M or less, 5×10-8 M or less, 10-8M or less, 5×10-9 M or less, 10-9 M or less, 5×10-10 M or less, or 10-10 M or less. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human OX40 with a KD of 10-9 M or less. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human OX40 with high affinity, for example, with a KD of about 10-7 M, about 5×10-8 M, about 10-8M, about 5×10-9 M, about 10-9 M, about 5×10-10 M, or about 10-10 M. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human OX40 with a KD of about 10-9 M. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human OX40 with a KD ranging from 10-10 M to 10-7 M, from 10-9 M to 10-7 M, from 10-8 M to 10-7 M, from 10-10 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-9 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-8 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-10 M to 10-8 M, from 10-9 M to 10-8 M, from 10-10 M to 5×10-9 M, from 10-9 M to 5×10-9 M, or from 10-10 M to 10-9 M. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human OX40 with high affinity, for example, with a KD from 10-10 M to 10-9 M. In some embodiments, the KD is determined by BLI. In some embodiments, the KD is determined by SPR. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein bind to human OX40 with high affinity, for example, with a KD of 10-7 M or less, 5×10-8 M or less, 10-8M or less, 5×10-9 M or less, 10-9 M or less, 5×10-10 M or less, or 10-10 M or less; or about 10-7 M, about 5×10-8 M, about 10-8M, about 5×10-9 M, about 10-9 M, about 5×10-10 M, or about 10-10 M; or ranging from 10-10 M to 10-7 M, from 10-9 M to 10-7 M, from 10-8 M to 10-7 M, from 10-10 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-9 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-8 M to 5×10-8 M, from 10-10 M to 10-8 M, from 10-9 M to 10-8 M, from 10-10 M to 5×10-9 M, from 10-9 M to 5×10-9 M, or from 10-10 M to 10-9 M, as measured by SPR.
[0149] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) do not block the OX40L binding to OX40. Because these antibodies do not interfere with the normal function of OX40L / OX40 signaling, they are expected to have fewer side effects compared to blocker antibodies and have a more favorable safety profile.
[0150] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) exhibit efficient internalization by OX40 positive cells. The internalization through, for example, receptor-mediated endocytosis makes the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments well-suited for use in an ADC. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) exhibit greater internalization by OX40 positive cells compared to a known anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment (e.g., BMS-986178) .
[0151] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) is a depleting antibody, namely, capable of eliminating OX40 positive cells via, for example, ADCC. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) deplete OX40 positive regulatory T-cells within TME. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) is a depleting antibody and does not block the OX40L binding to OX40. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) exhibit significant ADCC. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) exhibit stronger ADCC compared to a known anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment (e.g., BMS-986178) . In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) enhance the anti-tumor immune response. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) reduce the immunosuppression of TME. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) enhances immunological activities in TME. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) turn a cold tumor into a hot tumor. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments.
[0152] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein induce T cell activation.
[0153] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein induce IFN-γ secretion.
[0154] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein have antitumor activities. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can treat cancer. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can treat solid or liquid tumor with OX40+TIL. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can treat OX40+T cell leukemia or lymphoma. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can treat OX40+Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL, e.g., OX40+adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and OX40+angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) ) or OX40+T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) . In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can treat HPV+or EBV+solid or liquid tumor. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can treat EBV+B cell lymphoma, Extra-nodal NK / T cell lymphoma (ENKTL; e.g., nasal type) , HPV16+head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) , EBV+Esophageal cancer or HPV18+cervical cancer. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can treat OX40+solid tumors. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can treat OX40+sarcoma, OX40+breast cancer, OX40+non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , OX40+melanoma, or OX40+ovarian cancer.
[0155] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can treat autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases. In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , inflammation bowl diseases (IBD) , Crohn's disease (CD) , graft-vs-host diseases (GvHD) , multiple sclerosis (MS) , type I diabetes, atopic dermatitis, asthma, psoriasis, syndrome (SS) , idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) .
[0156] The present disclosure further contemplates additional variants and equivalents that are substantially homologous to the recombinant, monoclonal, chimeric, and humanized antibodies, or antibody fragments thereof, described herein. In some embodiments, it is desirable to improve the binding affinity of the antibody. In some embodiments, it is desirable to modulate biological properties of the antibody, including but not limited to, specificity, thermostability, expression level, effector function (s) , glycosylation, immunogenicity, and / or solubility. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that amino acid changes may alter post-translational processes of an antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites or altering membrane anchoring characteristics.
[0157] Variations can be a substitution, deletion, or insertion of one or more nucleotides encoding the antibody or polypeptide that results in a change in the amino acid sequence as compared with the native antibody or polypeptide sequence. In some embodiments, amino acid substitutions are the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and / or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with a serine, e.g., conservative amino acid replacements. Insertions or deletions can be in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, the substitution, deletion, or insertion includes less than 25 amino acid substitutions, less than 20 amino acid substitutions, less than 15 amino acid substitutions, less than 10 amino acid substitutions, less than 5 amino acid substitutions, less than 4 amino acid substitutions, less than 3 amino acid substitutions, or less than 2 amino acid substitutions relative to the parent molecule. In some embodiments, variations in the amino acid sequence that are biologically useful and / or relevant can be determined by systematically making insertions, deletions, or substitutions in the sequence and testing the resulting variant proteins for activity as compared to the parent protein.
[0158] In some embodiments, provided herein are variants of anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are variants of anti-OX40 antibody HX011. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 30 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 25 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 20 substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 15 substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to 10 substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to five amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant comprises one to three amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution (s) is in a CDR of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution (s) is not in a CDR of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitution (s) is in a framework region of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions are conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0159] It is known in the art that the constant region (s) of an antibody mediates several effector functions and these effector functions can vary depending on the isotype of the antibody. For example, binding of the C1 component of complement to the Fc region of IgG or IgM antibodies (bound to antigen) activates the complement system. Activation of complement is important in the opsonization and lysis of cell pathogens. The activation of complement also stimulates the inflammatory response and can be involved in autoimmune hypersensitivity. In addition, the Fc region of an antibody can bind a cell expressing a Fc receptor (FcR) . There are a number of Fc receptors which are specific for different classes of antibody, including IgG (gamma receptors) , IgE (epsilon receptors) , IgA (alpha receptors) and IgM (mu receptors) . Binding of antibody to Fc receptors on cell surfaces triggers a number of important and diverse biological responses including engulfment and destruction of antibody-coated particles, clearance of immune complexes, lysis of antibody-coated target cells by killer cells (called antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity or ADCC) , release of inflammatory mediators, placental transfer, and control of immunoglobulin production.
[0160] In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a constant region of a human IgA antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a constant region of a human IgD antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a constant region of a human IgE antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a constant region of a human IgG antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a constant region of a human IgM antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a constant region of a human IgG1 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a constant region of a human IgG2 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a constant region of a human IgG3 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a constant region of a human IgG4 antibody.
[0161] In some embodiments, at least one or more of the constant regions has been modified or deleted in the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein. In some embodiments, the antibodies comprise modifications to one or more of the three heavy chain constant regions (CH1, CH2 or CH3) and / or to the light chain constant region (CL) .
[0162] In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant region of the modified antibodies comprises at least one human constant region. In some embodiments, the heavy chain constant region of the modified antibodies comprises more than one human constant region. In some embodiments, modifications to the constant region comprise additions, deletions, or substitutions of one or more amino acids in one or more regions. In some embodiments, one or more regions are partially or entirely deleted from the constant regions of the modified antibodies. In some embodiments, the entire CH2 domain has been removed from an antibody (ΔCH2 constructs) . In some embodiments, a deleted constant region is replaced by a short amino acid spacer that provides some of the molecular flexibility typically imparted by the absent constant region. In some embodiments, a modified antibody comprises a CH3 domain directly fused to the hinge region of the antibody. In some embodiments, a modified antibody comprises a peptide spacer inserted between the hinge region and modified CH2 and / or CH3 domains.
[0163] Human constant regions show allotypic variation and isoallotypic variation between different individuals, that is, the constant regions can differ in different individuals at one or more polymorphic positions. Isoallotypes differ from allotypes in that sera recognizing an isoallotype binds to a non-polymorphic region of a one or more other isotypes.
[0164] One or several amino acids at the amino or carboxy terminus of the light and / or heavy chain, such as the C-terminal lysine of the heavy chain, can be missing or derivatized in a proportion or all of the molecules. Substitutions can be made in the constant regions to reduce or increase effector function such as complement-mediated cytotoxicity or ADCC (see, e.g., US Patent No. 5,624,821; US Patent No. 5,834,597; and Lazar et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 4005, 2006) , or to prolong half-life in humans (see, e.g., Hinton et al., J. Biol. Chem. 279: 6213, 2004) .
[0165] Exemplary substitutions include the amino acid substitution of the native amino acid to a cysteine residue is introduced at amino acid position 234, 235, 237, 239, 267, 298, 299, 326, 330, or 332, preferably an S239C mutation in a human IgG1 isotype (US 20100158909) . The presence of an additional cysteine residue allows interchain disulfide bond formation. Such interchain disulfide bond formation can cause steric hindrance, thereby reducing the affinity of the Fc region-FcγR binding interaction. The cysteine residue (s) introduced in or in proximity to the Fc region of an IgG constant region can also serve as sites for conjugation to therapeutic moieties (i.e., coupling cytotoxic drugs using thiol specific reagents such as maleimide derivatives of drugs. The presence of a therapeutic moiety causes steric hindrance, thereby further reducing the affinity of the Fc region-FcγR binding interaction. Other substitutions at any of positions 234, 235, 236 and / or 237 reduce affinity for Fcγreceptors, particularly FcγRI (see, e.g., US 6,624,821, US 5,624,821. )
[0166] The in vivo half-life of an antibody can also impact on its effector functions. The half-life of an antibody can be increased or decreased to modify its therapeutic activities. FcRn is a receptor that is structurally similar to MHC Class I antigen that non-covalently associates with b2-microglobulin. FcRn regulates the catabolism of IgGs and their transcytosis across tissues (Ghetie and Ward, 2000, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18: 739-766; Ghetie and Ward, 2002, Immunol. Res. 25: 97-113) . The IgG-FcRn interaction takes place at pH 6.0 (pH of intracellular vesicles) but not at pH 7.4 (pH of blood) ; this interaction enables IgGs to be recycled back to the circulation. The region on human IgG1 involved in FcRn binding has been mapped (Shields et al., 2001, J. Biol. Chem. 276: 6591-604) . Alanine substitutions at positions Pro238, Thr256, Thr307, Gln311, Asp312, Glu380, Glu382, or Asn434 of human IgG1 enhance FcRn binding. IgG1 molecules harboring these substitutions have longer serum half-lives. Consequently, these modified IgG1 molecules can be able to carry out their effector functions, and hence exert their therapeutic efficacies, over a longer period of time compared to unmodified IgG1. Other exemplary substitutions for increasing binding to FcRn include a Gln at position 250 and / or a Leu at position 428. EU numbering is used for all positions in the constant region.
[0167] Oligosaccharides covalently attached to the conserved Asn297 are involved in the ability of the Fc region of an IgG to bind FcγR (Lund et al., 1996, J. Immunol. 157: 4963-69; Wright and Morrison, 1997, Trends Biotechnol. 15: 26-32) . Engineering of this glycoform on IgG can significantly improve IgG-mediated ADCC. Addition of bisecting N-acetylglucosamine modifications (Umana et al., 1999, Nat. Biotechnol. 17: 176-180; Davies et al., 2001, Biotech. Bioeng. 74: 288-94) to this glycoform or removal of fucose (Shields et al., 2002, J. Biol. Chem. 277: 26733-40; Shmkawa et al., 2003, J. Biol. Chem. 278: 6591-604; Niwa et al., 2004, Cancer Res. 64: 2127-33) from this glycoform are two examples of IgG Fc engineering that improves the binding between IgG Fc and FcγR, thereby enhancing Ig-mediated ADCC activity. In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody or an anti-OX40 antibody of the ADC described herein has a glycan attached to the conserved Asn297 residue of the constant region, wherein the numbering of amino acid residues in the constant region is according to the EU-index. In some embodiments, the glycan is biantennary. In some embodiments, the glycan is core fucosylated. In some embodiments, the glycan has zero terminal galactose residues. In some embodiments, the glycan is biantennary and core fucosylated. In some embodiments, the glycan is biantennary and has zero terminal galactose residues. In some embodiments, the glycan is core fucosylated and has zero terminal galactose residues. In some embodiments, the glycan is biantennary, core fucosylated and has zero galactose residues. In some embodiments, in a population of anti-OX40 antibodies or anti-OX40 antibodies of the ADCs described herein the conserved Asn297 residues of the constant regions, wherein the numbering of amino acid residues in the constant region is according to the EU-index are predominantly occupied by biantennary, core fucosylated glycans with zero terminal galactose residues.
[0168] A systemic substitution of solvent-exposed amino acids of human IgG1 Fc region has generated IgG variants with altered ADCC / CDC activities and / or FcγR binding affinities. For example, when compared to parental IgG1, a subset of these variants involving substitutions at T256 / S298, S298 / E333, S298 / K334, or S298 / E333 K334 to Ala demonstrate increased in both binding affinity toward FcγR and ADCC activity (Shields et al., 2001, J. Biol. Chem. 276: 6591-604; Okazaki et al., 2004, J. Mol. Biol. 336: 1239-49) . In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region that comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of L234, L235, G236, S239, F243, H268, D270, R292, S298, Y300, V305, K326, A330, I332, E333, K334 and P396. In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein comprises an IgG1 heavy chain constant region that comprises at least one amino acid substitution. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise a L234 substitution. The L234 substitution can be, e.g., L234Y. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise a L235 substitution. The L235 substitution can be, e.g., L235Q or L235V. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise a G236 substitution. The G236 substitution can be, e.g., G236A or G236W. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise an S239 substitution. The S239 substitution can be, e.g., S239D or S239M. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise an F243 substitution. The F243 substitution can be, e.g., F243L. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise an H268 substitution. The H268 substitution can be, e.g., H268D. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise a D270 substitution. The D270 substitution can be, e.g., D270E. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise an R292 substitution. The R292 substitution can be, e.g., R292P. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise an S298 substitution. The S298 substitution can be, e.g., S298A. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise a Y300 substitution. The Y300 substitution can be, e.g., Y300L. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise a V305 substitution. The V305 substitution can be, e.g., V305I. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise a K326 substitution. The K326 substitution can be, e.g., K326D. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise an A330 substitution. The A330 substitution can be, e.g., A330M or A330L. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise an I332 substitution. The I332 substitution can be, e.g., I332E. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise an E333 substitution. The E333 substitution can be, e.g., E333A. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise a K334 substitution. The K334 substitution can be, e.g., K334A or K334E. The IgG1 heavy chain constant region can comprise a P396 substitution. The P396 substitution can be, e.g., P396L. All are numbered according to the EU Index.
[0169] In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region that comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of L234Y, L235Q, L235V, G236A, G236W, S239D, S239M, F243L, H268D, D270E, R292P, S298A, Y300L, V305I, K326D, A330M, A330L, I332E, E333A, K334A, K334E, and P396L. In some embodiments, the IgG1 heavy chain constant region comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of K214R, L234A, L235E, G237A, A330S, P331S, D356E, and L358M. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions S298A, E333A, and K334A. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions S239D and I332E. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions S239D, A330L, and I332E. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitution G236A. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions G236A, S239D, and I332E. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions G236A, A330L, and I332E. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions G236A, S239D, A330L, and I332E. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions F243L, R292P, Y300L, V305I, and P396L. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions L235V, F243L, R292P, Y300L, and P396L. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions L234Y, L235Q, G236W, S239M, H268D, D270E, and S298A. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions D270E, K326D, A330M, and K334E. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by well-known amino acid substitutions specifically increase FcγRIIB binding affinities. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments described herein comprise a variant of human IgG1 heavy chain constant region modified by amino acid substitutions S267E / L328F which specifically increase FcγRIIB binding affinities. All are numbered according to the EU Index.
[0170] Reference to a human constant region includes a constant region with any natural allotype or any permutation of residues occupying polymorphic positions in natural allotypes. Also, up to 1, 2, 5, or 10 mutations may be present relative to a natural human constant region, such as those indicated above to reduce FcγR binding or increase binding to FcRn.
[0171] In some embodiments, variants can include addition of amino acid residues at the amino-and / or carboxyl-terminal end of the antibody or polypeptide. The length of additional amino acids residues can range from one residue to a hundred or more residues. In some embodiments, a variant comprises an N-terminal methionyl residue. In some embodiments, the variant comprises an additional polypeptide / protein (e.g., Fc region) to create a fusion protein. In some embodiments, a variant is engineered to be detectable and can comprise a detectable label and / or protein (e.g., a fluorescent tag or an enzyme) .
[0172] The variant antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be generated using methods known in the art, including but not limited to, site-directed mutagenesis, alanine scanning mutagenesis, and PCR mutagenesis. Methods for mutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) ; Kunkel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 488-492 (1985) ; Kunkel et al., Methods Enzymol. 54: 367-382 (1987) ; Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. ) ; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; and the references cited therein; herein incorporated by reference. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do not affect biological activity of the polypeptide of interest can be found in the model of Dayhoff et al. (1978) in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C. ) , pp. 345-352, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The model of Dayhoff et al. uses the Point Accepted Mutation (PAM) amino acid similarity matrix (PAM 250 matrix) to determine suitable conservative amino acid substitutions. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one amino acid with another having similar properties, can be beneficial. Examples of conservative amino acid substitutions as taught by the PAM 250 matrix of the Dayhoff et al. model include, but are not limited to, Gly→Ala, Val→Ile→Leu, Asp→Glu, Lys→Arg, Asn→Gln, and Phe→Trp→Tyr.
[0173] In constructing variants of an anti-OX40 binding molecule, e.g., an antibody or antigen-binding fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, modifications are made such that variants continue to possess the desired properties, e.g., specifically binding to OX40 with high affinity, not interfering with the binding between OX40L and OX40, inducing IFN-γ secretion, inducing T cell activation, and / or antitumor activities. Obviously, any mutations made in the DNA encoding the variant polypeptide must not place the sequence out of reading frame. In some embodiments, mutations made in the DNA do not create complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structure.
[0174] In some embodiments, a variant of an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein can retain the ability to bind OX40 to a similar extent, the same extent, or to a higher extent, as the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, the variant can be at least about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%or more identical in amino acid sequence to the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment. In some embodiments, a variant of an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises the amino acid sequence of the parent anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment with one or more conservative amino acid substitution. Conservative amino acid substitutions are known in the art and include amino acid substitutions in which one amino acid having certain physical and / or chemical properties is exchanged for another amino acid that has the same or similar chemical or physical properties.
[0175] In some embodiments, a variant of an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises the amino acid sequence of the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment with one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, a variant of an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises the amino acid sequence of the parent binding antibody or antigen-binding fragment with one or more non-conservative amino acid substitution, wherein the one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions do not interfere with or inhibit one or more biological activities of the variant (e.g., OX40 binding) . In some embodiments, the one or more conservative amino acid substitutions and / or the one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions can enhance a biological activity of the variant, such that the biological activity of the functional variant is increased as compared to the parent antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0176] In some embodiments, the variant can have 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acid substitutions in the CDRs (e.g., VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3) of the binding moiety.
[0177] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein are chemically modified naturally or by intervention. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments have been chemically modified by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, and / or linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein. Any of numerous chemical modifications can be carried out by known techniques. The anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments can comprise one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids) , as well as other modifications known in the art.
[0178] In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments disclosed herein can be linked to at least one agent to form an antibody conjugate. The conjugate can be, for example, an antibody conjugated to another protein, carbohydrate, lipid, steroids, immunosuppressors, or mixed moiety molecule (s) . Such antibody conjugates include, but are not limited to, modifications that include linking the antibody to one or more polymers. For example, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment can be linked to one or more water-soluble polymers. Linkage to a water-soluble polymer reduces the likelihood that the antibody or antigen-binding fragment precipitate in an aqueous environment, such as a physiological environment. One skilled in the art can select a suitable water-soluble polymer based on considerations including, but not limited to, whether the polymer / antibody conjugate will be used in the treatment of a patient and, if so, the pharmacological profile of the antibody (e.g., half-life, dosage, activity, antigenicity, and / or other factors) .
[0179] In order to increase the efficacy of antibody molecules as diagnostic or therapeutic moieties, it is conventional to link or covalently bind or complex at least one desired molecule or moiety. Such a molecule or moiety can be, but is not limited to, at least one effector or reporter molecule. Non-limiting examples of reporter molecules which have been conjugated to antibodies include enzymes, radiolabels, haptens, fluorescent labels, phosphorescent molecules, chemiluminescent molecules, chromophores, photoaffinity molecules, colored particles or ligands, an enzyme (e.g., that catalyzes a colorimetric or fluorometric or bioluminescent reaction) , a substrate, a solid matrix, such as biotin. An antibody can comprise one, two, or more of any of these labels.
[0180] Antibody conjugates are also used as diagnostic agents. In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein is conjugated to a detectable substance or molecule that allows the agent to be used for diagnosis and / or detection. A detectable substance can include, but is not limited to, enzymes; prosthetic groups (e.g., biotin and flavine (s) ) ; fluorescent materials; bioluminescent materials, such as luciferase; radioactive materials; positron emitting metals; and magnetic metal ions positron emitting metals; and magnetic metal ions.
[0181] Antibody diagnostics generally fall within two classes, those for use in in vitro diagnostics, such as in a variety of immunoassays, and those for use in vivo diagnostic protocols, generally known as “antibody-directed imaging. ” Many appropriate imaging agents are known in the art, as are methods for their attachment to antibodies (see, e.g., U.S. Patents 5,021,236, 4,938,948, and 4,472,509) . The imaging moieties used can be paramagnetic ions, radioactive isotopes, fluorochromes, NMR-detectable substances, MR hyperpolarized molecules, targeted ultrasound bubbles, and X-ray imaging agents.
[0182] An anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein can be attached to a solid support. Such solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass, cellulose, polyacrylamide, nylon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or polypropylene. In some embodiments, an immobilized anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is used in an immunoassay. In some embodiments, an immobilized anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is used in purification of the target antigen (e.g., human OX40) . 6.3 Polynucleotides acids, vectors and cells
[0183] Provided herein are also polynucleotides encoding at least a variable domain of the antibodies disclosed herein. Provided herein are also polynucleotides encoding at least a peptide chain of the antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode one peptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode more than one peptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein can encode VL, VH or both, of an antibody provided herein. For example, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the VL, VH, or both of the antibody HX011 exemplified in Table 5. In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the light chain, heavy chain, or both of an antibody provided. For example, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the light chain, heavy chain, or both of an antibody HX011 exemplified in Table 6.
[0184] Cistrons can be separated by, for example, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or 2A element. An IRES, as understood in the art, refers to nucleotide sequences in an expression cassette which when transcribed into mRNA, can recruit ribosomes directly, without a previous scanning of untranslated region of mRNA by the ribosomes. A 2A element, as understood in the art, encoding self-cleaving short peptides (about 20 amino acids) that provide a mechanism for subsequent separation of equimolarly produced polypeptides of interest. Illustrative 2A self-cleaving peptides include P2A, E2A, F2A, and T2A.
[0185] The present disclosure also provides variants of the polynucleotides described herein, wherein the variants have a nucleotide sequence at least about 80%identical, at least about 85%identical, at least about 90%identical, at least about 95%identical, at least about 96%identical, at least about 97%identical, at least about 98%identical, or at least about 99%identical to a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one peptide of an antibody described herein. As used herein, the phrase “a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least about 95%identical to a polynucleotide sequence” means that the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide is identical to a reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence can include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence. In other words, to obtain a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95%identical to a reference nucleotide sequence, up to 5%of the nucleotides in the reference sequence can be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5%of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence can be inserted into the reference sequence. These mutations of the reference sequence can occur at the 5’ or 3’ terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
[0186] The polynucleotide variants can contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding regions, or both. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant contains alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but does not alter the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises silent substitutions that results in no change to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide (due to the degeneracy of the genetic code) . Polynucleotide variants can be produced for a variety of reasons, for example, to optimize codon expression for a particular host (e.g., change codons in the human mRNA to those preferred by a bacterial host such as E. coli) . In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises at least one silent mutation in a non-coding or a coding region of the sequence.
[0187] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to modulate or alter expression (or expression levels) of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to increase expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to decrease expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, apolynucleotide variant has increased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant has decreased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence.
[0188] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., an antibody) fused in the same reading frame to a polynucleotide which aids in expression and secretion of a polypeptide from a host cell (e.g., a leader sequence which functions as a secretory sequence for controlling transport of a polypeptide) . The polypeptide can have the leader sequence cleaved by the host cell to form a “mature” form of the polypeptide.
[0189] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., an antibody) fused in the same reading frame to a marker or tag sequence. For example, in some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hexa-histidine tag (HIS-tag) that allows for efficient purification of the polypeptide fused to the marker. In some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hemagglutinin (HA) tag derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein when a mammalian host (e.g., COS-7 cells) is used. In some embodiments, the marker sequence is a FLAGTMtag. In some embodiments, a marker can be used in conjunction with other markers or tags.
[0190] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is isolated. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is substantially pure.
[0191] In some embodiments, provided herein are also vectors comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein can be expression vectors. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise a polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide chain of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are recombinant expression vectors, which can be used to amplify and express a polynucleotide encoding at least one peptide chain of the antibodies described herein. For example, a recombinant expression vector can be a replicable DNA construct that includes synthetic or cDNA-derived DNA fragments encoding at least one peptide chain of the antibodies described herein, operatively linked to suitable transcriptional and / or translational regulatory elements derived from mammalian, microbial, viral or insect genes. In some embodiments, a viral vector is used. DNA regions are “operatively linked” when they are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence ifit controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation. In some embodiments, structural elements intended for use in certain expression systems include a leader sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated protein by a host cell. In some embodiments, in situations where recombinant protein is expressed without a leader or transport sequence, apolypeptide can include an N-terminal methionine residue.
[0192] Examples of vectors are plasmid, autonomously replicating sequences, and transposable elements. Useful expression vectors for bacterial hosts include known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from E. coli, including pCR1, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, and wider host range plasmids, such as M13 and other filamentous single-stranded DNA phages. Additional exemplary vectors include, without limitation, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, artificial chromosomes such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) , bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) , bacteriophages such as lambda phage or M13 phage, and animal viruses. Examples of categories of animal viruses useful as vectors include, without limitation, retrovirus (including lentivirus) , adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus (e.g., herpes simplex virus) , poxvirus, baculovirus, papillomavirus, and papovavirus (e.g., SV40) . Examples of expression vectors are pClneo vectors (Promega) for expression in mammalian cells; pLenti4 / V5-DESTTM, pLenti6 / V5-DESTTM, and pLenti6.2 / V5-GW / lacZ (Invitrogen) for lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells. Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. Exemplary transposon systems such as Sleeping Beauty and PiggyBac can be used, which can be stably integrated into the genome (e.g., Ivics et al., Cell, 91 (4) : 501–510 (1997) ; et al., (2007) Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (12) : e87) .
[0193] In some embodiments, the vector is an episomal vector or a vector that is maintained extrachromosomally. As used herein, the term “episomal” refers to a vector that is able to replicate without integration into host’s chromosomal DNA and without gradual loss from a dividing host cell also meaning that said vector replicates extrachromosomally or episomally. The vector is engineered to harbor the sequence coding for the origin of DNA replication or “ori” from a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus, an adenovirus, SV40, a bovine papilloma virus, or a yeast, specifically a replication origin of a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus corresponding to oriP of EBV. In some embodiments, the lymphotrophic herpes virus may be Epstein Barr virus (EBV) , Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) , Herpes virus saimiri (HS) , or Marek's disease virus (MDV) . Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) are also examples of a gamma herpesvirus. Typically, the host cell comprises the viral replication transactivator protein that activates the replication.
[0194] “Expression control sequences, ” “control elements, ” or “regulatory sequences” present in an expression vector are those non-translated regions of the vector-origin of replication, selection cassettes, promoters, enhancers, translation initiation signals (Shine Dalgarno sequence or Kozak sequence) introns, a polyadenylation sequence, 5' and 3' untranslated regions-which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including ubiquitous promoters and inducible promoters can be used.
[0195] Illustrative ubiquitous expression control sequences that can be used in present disclosure include, but are not limited to, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter, a viral simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter (e.g., early or late) , a Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) LTR promoter, a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) LTR, a herpes simplex virus (HSV) (thymidine kinase) promoter, H5, P7.5, and P11 promoters from vaccinia virus, an elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1a) promoter, early growth response 1 (EGR1) , ferritin H (FerH) , ferritin L (FerL) , Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) , eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 (EIF4A1) , heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) , heat shock protein 90kDa beta, member 1 (HSP90B1) , heat shock protein 70kDa (HSP70) , β-kinesin (β-KIN) , the human ROSA 26 locus (Irions et al., Nature Biotechnology 25, 1477-1482 (2007) ) , a Ubiquitin C promoter (UBC) , a phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK) promoter, a cytomegalovirus enhancer / chicken β-actin (CAG) promoter, and a β-actin promoter.
[0196] Illustrative examples of inducible promoters / systems include, but are not limited to, steroid-inducible promoters such as promoters for genes encoding glucocorticoid or estrogen receptors (inducible by treatment with the corresponding hormone) , metallothionine promoter (inducible by treatment with various heavy metals) , MX-1 promoter (inducible by interferon) , the “GeneSwitch” mifepristone-regulatable system (Sirin et al., 2003, Gene, 323: 67) , the cumate inducible gene switch (WO 2002 / 088346) , tetracycline-dependent regulatory systems, etc. The antibodies described herein can be produced by any method known in the art, including chemical synthesis and recombinant expression techniques. The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art. These techniques are described in the references cited herein and are fully explained in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis et al. (1982) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al. (1989) , MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al. (2001) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Ausubel et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons (1987 and annual updates) ; CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons (1987 and annual updates) Gait (ed. ) (1984) OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, IRL Press; Eckstein (ed. ) (1991) OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND ANALOGUES: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, IRL Press; Birren et al. (eds. ) (1999) GENOME ANALYSIS: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Borrebaeck (ed. ) (1995) ANTIBODY ENGINEERING, Second Edition, Oxford University Press; Lo (ed. ) (2006) ANTIBODY ENGINEERING: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS (METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY) ; Vol. 248, Humana Press, Inc; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0197] Cells comprising vectors disclosed herein are also contemplated. In some embodiments, provided herein are host cells comprising a vector comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein comprise a vector or multiple vectors that collectively comprise the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide chains of the antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein produce the antibodies described herein.
[0198] Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’ or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art. 6.4 Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)
[0199] An anti-OX40 antibody can be conjugated to a therapeutic moiety to form an ADC. In some embodiments, provided herein are ADCs comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds human OX40. The ADCs provided herein can comprise any anti-OX40 antibody disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art, conjugated to any therapeutic moiety disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art.
[0200] In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody is an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment that does not block OX40L binding to OX40. In some embodiments, the antibody is a depleting antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody is an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein in Section 6.2. For example, in some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody having VL CDR1, VL CDR2, VL CDR3, VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 and 12, respectively. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody having a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody having a light chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27; and a heavy chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody having a light chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27; and a heavy chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0201] Table 7: Sequences of exemplary anti-OX40 antibodies
[0202] The ADCs provided herein can comprise any anti-OX40 antibody, including those disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art. In some embodiments, the ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody provided in Table 7.
[0203] In some embodiments, the ADCs provided herein can have an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment that comprises: (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 50 or SEQ ID NO: 52; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 53, or SEQ ID NO: 56; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0204] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed in WO2007 / 062245A2. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises: (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38 and a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a light chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59 and a heavy chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 61.
[0205] In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises: (a) aVL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38 and a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a light chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59 and a heavy chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 60.
[0206] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed in US2023 / 0242657A1. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises: (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40 and a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a light chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 and a heavy chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a light chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 and a heavy chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 67.
[0207] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising: (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42 and a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a light chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62 and a heavy chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a light chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62 and a heavy chain having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64.
[0208] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed in WO2013 / 008171A1. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises: (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 and a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45.
[0209] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed in WO2008 / 106116A3. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises: (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46 and a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 47.
[0210] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed in WO2017 / 096182A1. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises: (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50 and a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51.
[0211] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed in WO2013 / 068563A2. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises: (a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and (b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment having a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52 and a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 53.
[0212] ADCs provided herein can comprise any suitable therapeutic moiety disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moieties suitable for conjugation with an anti-OX40 antibody include, for example, cytotoxic agents (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents) , immune regulative agents (e.g., Toll-like receptors (TLR) agonists, Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists) , prodrug converting enzymes, radioactive isotopes or compounds, and toxins (e.g., a cytostatic or cytocidal agent such as, e.g., abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or diphtheria toxin) .
[0213] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein can comprise a cytotoxic agent as the therapeutic moiety. Useful classes of cytotoxic agents to conjugate to anti-OX40 antibodies include, for example, anti-tubulin agents, DNA minor groove binding agents, DNA replication inhibitors, chemotherapy sensitizers, or the like. Other exemplary classes of cytotoxic agents include anthracyclines, auristatins, camptothecins, duocarmycins, etoposides, maytansinoids and vinca alkaloids. The cytotoxic agent can be a chemotherapeutic such as, for example, eribulin, doxorubicin, morpholino-doxorubicin, and cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, paclitaxel, melphalan, vinca alkaloids, methotrexate, mitomycin C or etoposide. The agent can also be a CC-1065 analogue, calicheamicin, maytansine, an analog of dolastatin 10, rhizoxin, or palytoxin.
[0214] The therapeutic moiety of the ADCs provided herein can be an anti-tubulin agent. Examples of antitubulin agents include halichondrin B derivatives (e.g., eribulin) , taxanes (e.g., (paclitaxel) , (docetaxel) ) , T67 (Tularik) , vinca alkyloids (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, and vinorelbine) , and auristatins (e.g., auristatin E, auristatin F phenylenediamine (AFP) , monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) , monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) , auristatin EB (AEB) , auristatin EFP (AEFP) ) .
[0215] In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is a derivative of halichondrin B. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is eribulin.
[0216] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein include an auristatin as the therapeutic moiety. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is a monomethyl auristatin. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is an auristatin T. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAF. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAE.
[0217] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein include a maytansinoid, another group of anti-tubulin agents (e.g., DM1, DM2, DM3, DM4) , as therapeutic moiety. For example, the maytansinoid can be maytansine or a maytansine containing drug linker such as DM-1 or DM-4 (ImmunoGen, Inc.; see also Chari et al., 1992, Cancer Res. )
[0218] Other suitable antitubulin agents include, for example, baccatin derivatives, taxane analogs (e.g., epothilone A and B) , nocodazole, colchicine and colcimid, estramustine, cryptophysins, cemadotin, maytansinoids, combretastatins, discodermoide, eleuthrobin, and tubulysin M.
[0219] The therapeutic moiety can be a topoisomerase I inhibitor. Examples of topoisomerase I inhibitors include camptothecin, Dxd, SN-38 and exatecan (DX-8951) . In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety can be Dxd. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety can be camptothecin. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety can be SN-38. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety can be exatecan.
[0220] The therapeutic moiety of the ADCs provided herein can be a DNA minor groove binding agent. (See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,130,237. ) For example, the minor groove binding agent can be a CBI compound, an enediyne (e.g., calicheamicin) , or a lexitropsin.
[0221] The therapeutic moiety of the ADCs provided herein can be a DNA-crosslinking agent. Exemplary DNA-crosslinking agents include benzodiazepine (e.g., pyrrolo [1, 4] benzodiazepine dimers (PBD dimer) , indolinobenzodiazepine dimers, and oxazolidinobenzodiazepine dimers) .
[0222] The therapeutic moiety of the ADCs provided herein can be an immune regulative agent. Useful classes of immune regulative agents include, for example, TLR agonist and STING agonist. Exemplary TLR agonists include, for example, CpG oligonucleotides, imiquimod, resiquimod, poly (I: C) , and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) . Exemplary STING agonists include, for example, ADU-S100 (MIW815) , MK-2118, Benzothiophene oxobutanoic acid (MSA-2) , and RVU-25466.
[0223] The therapeutic moiety of the ADCs provided herein can also a pro-drug converting enzyme. Exemplary pro-drug converting enzymes are carboxypeptidase G2, beta-glucuronidase, penicillin-V-amidase, penicillin-G-amidase, b-lactamase, b-glucosidase, nitroreductase and carboxypeptidase A.
[0224] For illustrative purposes, ADCs provided herein can comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment disclosed herein conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the therapeutic moiety is N-acetyl-γ-calicheamicin (ozogamicin) , MMAE, MMAF, DM1, pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38) , Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, eribulin, SG3199 (PBD dimer) , IRDye700DX, or DM4. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is N-acetyl-γ-calicheamicin. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAE. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAF. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is Dxd. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is SN-38. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is exatecan. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is eribulin. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is DM1. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is pseudomonas exotoxin A. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is SG3199 (PBD dimer) . In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is IRDye700DX. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is DM4.
[0225] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment has (1) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (2) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (3) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; (4) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; or (5) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin.
[0226] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment has VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment has VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment has VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment has VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment has VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAE. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAF. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is Dxd. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is SN-38. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is exatecan. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is eribulin.
[0227] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to (1) SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 39, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 40 and 41, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively; or (5) SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 56, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 39, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 40 and 41, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 56, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAE. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAF. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is Dxd. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is SN-38. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is exatecan. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is eribulin.
[0228] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to (1) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 28, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 29, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 61, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 65 and 66, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 65 and 67, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 63, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 64, respectively; or (8) SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 60, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 28, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 29, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 61, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 65 and 66, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 65 and 67, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 63, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 64, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having the amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 60, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAE. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is MMAF. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is Dxd. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is SN-38. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is exatecan. In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety is eribulin.
[0229] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein comprise a linker region between the therapeutic moiety and the anti-OX40 antibody. The linker can be, for example, a cleavable linker (e.g., a peptidyl linker, a carbohydrate linker) or a non-cleavable linker (e.g., linker released by degradation of the antibody) .
[0230] In some embodiments, the linker is cleavable under intracellular conditions, such that cleavage of the linker releases the therapeutic moiety from the antibody in the intracellular environment (e.g., within a lysosome or endosome or caveolea) . The therapeutic moiety can be conjugated in a manner that reduces its activity unless it is cleaved off the antibody (e.g., by hydrolysis, by antibody degradation or by a cleaving agent) . Such therapeutic moiety is attached to the antibody with a cleavable linker that is sensitive to cleavage in the intracellular environment of the OX40-expressing cancer cell but is not substantially sensitive to the extracellular environment, such that the conjugate is cleaved from the antibody when it is internalized by the OX40-expressing cancer cell (e.g., in the endosomal or, for example by virtue of pH sensitivity or protease sensitivity, in the lysosomal environment or in the caveolear environment) .
[0231] The linker can be, e.g., a peptidyl linker that is cleaved by an intracellular peptidase or protease enzyme, including a lysosomal or endosomal protease. Typically, the peptidyl linker is at least two amino acids long or at least three amino acids long. Cleaving agents can include cathepsins B and D and plasmin (see, e.g., Dubowchik and Walker, 1999, Pharm. Therapeutics 83: 67-123) . Most typical are peptidyl linkers that are cleavable by enzymes that are present in OX40-expressing cells. For example, a peptidyl linker that is cleavable by the thiol-dependent protease cathepsin-B, which is highly expressed in cancerous tissue, can be used (e.g., a linker comprising a Phe-Leu or a Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly peptide) . Other such linkers are described, e.g., in U.S. Patent No. 6,214,345. In specific embodiments, the peptidyl linker cleavable by an intracellular protease comprises a Val-Cit linker or a Phe-Lys dipeptide (see, e.g., U.S. patent 6,214,345, which describes the synthesis of doxorubicin with the Val-Cit linker) . One advantage of using intracellular proteolytic release of the therapeutic moiety is that the agent is typically attenuated when conjugated and the serum stabilities of the conjugates are typically high.
[0232] The cleavable linker can be pH-sensitive, i.e., sensitive to hydrolysis at certain pH values. Typically, the pH-sensitive linker is hydrolyzable under acidic conditions. For example, an acid-labile linker that is hydrolyzable in the lysosome (e.g., a hydrazone, semicarbazone, thiosemicarbazone, cis-aconitic amide, orthoester, acetal, ketal, or the like) can be used. (See, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,122,368; 5,824,805; 5,622,929; Dubowchik and Walker, 1999, Pharm. Therapeutics 83: 67-123; Neville et al., 1989, Biol. Chem. 264: 14653-14661. ) Such linkers are relatively stable under neutral pH conditions, such as those in the blood, but are unstable at below pH 5.5 or 5.0, the approximate pH of the lysosome. In certain embodiments, the hydrolyzable linker is a thioether linker (such as, e.g., a thioether attached to the therapeutic moiety via an acylhydrazone bond (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,622,929) ) .
[0233] Other linkers are cleavable under reducing conditions (e.g., a disulfide linker) . Disulfide linkers include those that can be formed using SATA (N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate) , SPDP (N-succinimidyl-3- (2-pyridyldithio) propionate) , SPDB (N-succinimidyl-3- (2-pyridyldithio) butyrate) and SMPT (N-succinimidyl-oxycarbonyl-alpha-methyl-alpha- (2-pyridyl-dithio) toluene) , SPDB and SMPT. (See, e.g., Thorpe et al., 1987, Cancer Res. 47: 5924-5931; Wawrzynczak et al., In IMMUNOCONJUGATES: ANTIBODY CONJUGATES IN RADIOIMAGERY AND THERAPY OF CANCER (C.W. Vogel ed., Oxford U. Press, 1987. See also U.S. Patent No. 4,880,935. )
[0234] The linker can also be a malonate linker (Johnson et al., 1995, Anticancer Res. 15: 1387-93) , a maleimidobenzoyl linker (Lau et al, 1995, Bioorg-Med-Chem. 3 (10) : 1299-1304) , or a 3'-N-amide analog (Lau et al, 1995, Bioorg-Med-Chem. 3 (10) : 1305-12) . The linker can also be a malonate linker (Johnson et al, 1995, Anticancer Res. 15: 1387-93) , a maleimidobenzoyl linker (Lau et al, 1995, Bioorg-Med-Chem. 3 (10) : 1299-1304) , or a 3'-N-amide analog (Lau et al, 1995, Bioorg-Med-Chem. 3 (10) : 1305-12) .
[0235] The linker also can be a non-cleavable linker, such as an maleimido-alkylene-or maleimide-aryl linker that is directly attached to the therapeutic moiety (e.g., a drug) . An active drug-linker is released by degradation of the antibody.
[0236] Typically, the linker is not substantially sensitive to the extracellular environment meaning that no more than about 20%, typically no more than about 15%, more typically no more than about 10%, and even more typically no more than about 5%, no more than about 3%, or no more than about 1%of the linkers in a sample of the ADC is cleaved when the ADC present in an extracellular environment (e.g., in plasma) .
[0237] Whether a linker is not substantially sensitive to the extracellular environment can be determined, for example, by incubating independently with plasma both (a) the ADC (the “ADC sample” ) and (b) an equal molar amount of unconjugated antibody or therapeutic moiety (the “control sample” ) for a predetermined time period (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16, or 24 hours) and then comparing the amount of unconjugated antibody or therapeutic moiety present in the ADC sample with that present in control sample, as measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
[0238] The linker can also promote cellular internalization. The linker can promote cellular internalization when conjugated to the therapeutic moiety (i.e., in the milieu of the linker-therapeutic moiety of the ADC or ADC derivative as described herein) . Alternatively, the linker can promote cellular internalization when conjugated to both the therapeutic moiety and the anti-OX40 antibody (i.e., in the milieu of the ADC as described herein) .
[0239] The anti-OX40 antibody can be conjugated to the linker via a heteroatom of the antibody. These heteroatoms can be present on the antibody in its natural state or can be introduced into the antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody can be conjugated to the linker via a nitrogen atom of a lysine residue. In other embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody can be conjugated to the linker via a sulfur atom of a cysteine residue. The cysteine residue can be naturally occurring or one that is engineered into the antibody. Methods of conjugating linkers and drug-linkers to antibodies via lysine and cysteine residues are known in the art.
[0240] In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein have the anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety via a linker.
[0241] In some embodiments, the linker has the following structure:
[0242] In some embodiments, the linker can be in the following stereochemical form: (CAS: 159857-80-4) .
[0243] In some embodiments, the linker has the following structure:
[0244] In some embodiments, the linker can be in the following stereochemical form: (CAS: 1599440-25-1) .
[0245] In some embodiments, the linker has the following structure:
[0246] In some embodiments, the linker can be in the following stereochemical form:
[0247] In some embodiments, the linker has the following structure:
[0248] In some embodiments, the linker can be in the following stereochemical form:
[0249] In some embodiments, the linker has the following structure:
[0250] In some embodiments, the linker can be in the following stereochemical form:
[0251] In some embodiments, a carbonate group or a carbamate group (e.g., (R is a substituent) ) can be introduced in the linker or formed between the linker and the therapeutic moiety. In some embodiments, a carbonate group is introduced in the linker or formed between the linker and the therapeutic moiety. In some embodiments, a carbamate group is introduced in the linker or formed between the linker and the therapeutic moiety.
[0252] Accordingly, in some embodiments, exemplary therapeutic moiety-linkers (i.e., the conjugate of the therapeutic moiety and the linker) include MMAE-linkers, MMAF-linkers, Dxd-linkers, SN-38-linkers, eribulin-linkers, and exatecan-linkers. In some embodiments, ADCs provided herein have an anti-OX40 antibody conjugated to a therapeutic moiety via a linker, wherein the therapeutic moiety and the linker together has the following structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0253] A preferred stereochemistry for such drug-linker is shown below: (CAS: 646502-53-6) .
[0254] In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety and the linker together has the following structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0255] A preferred stereochemistry for such drug-linker is shown below: (CAS: 863971-17-9) .
[0256] In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety and the linker together has the following structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0257] A preferred stereochemistry for such drug-linker is shown below: (Deruxtecan, CAS: 1599440-13-7) .
[0258] In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety and the linker together has the following structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0259] A preferred stereochemistry for such drug-linker is shown below: (CAS: 1801838-28-7) .
[0260] In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety and the linker together has the following structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0261] A preferred stereochemistry for such drug-linker is shown below: (CAS: 2130869-18-8) .
[0262] In some embodiments, the therapeutic moiety and the linker together has the following structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0263] A preferred stereochemistry for such drug-linker is shown below: (CAS: 1600418-29-8) .
[0264] Accordingly, exemplary ADCs provided herein can any of the following structures, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:
[0265]
[0266]
[0267]
[0268] The exemplary ADCs can be in the following stereochemical forms, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
[0269]
[0270]
[0271]
[0272] Generally, there are 1 to 16 drug-linkers attached to each antibody.
[0273] In Structures (I) , (II) , (III) , (IV) , (V) , (VI) , (Ia) , (IIa) , (IIIa) , (IVa) , (Va) , and (VIa) disclosed above, the subscript p represents the ratio between the therapeutic moiety and the antibody (or the drug-antibody ratio, DAR) , and, depending on the context, can represent the number of molecules of linker-therapeutic moiety conjugate molecules attached to an individual antibody molecule and as such, is an integer value, or can represent an average DAR and, as such, can be an integer or non-integer value but is typically a non-integer value. An average DAR represents the average number of linker-therapeutic moiety conjugate molecules per antibody in a population. In some embodiments, when we refer to an antibody, e.g., a monoclonal antibody, we are referring to a population of antibody molecules. In a composition comprising a population of ADC molecules, the average DAR is an important quality attribute as it determines the amount of drug that can be delivered to a target cell. The percentage of unconjugated antibody molecules in the composition is included in the average drug load value.
[0274] In some embodiments, the average DAR when referring to a composition comprising a population of ADC compounds is from 1 to about 16, preferably about 1 to about 14, more preferably about 1 to about 10. In some embodiments, the average drug load is about 1, about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5, about 6, about 6.5, about 7, about 7.5, about 8, about 8.5, about 9, about 9.5, about 10, about 10.5, about 11, about 11.5, or about 12. In some embodiments, the average DAR can be about 2.8. In some embodiments, the average DAR can be about 3.6. In some embodiments, the average DAR can be about 4. In some embodiments, the average DAR can be about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average DAR can be about 4.3. In some embodiments, the average DAR can be about 4.5. In some embodiments, the average DAR can be about 4.6. In some embodiments, the average DAR can be about 5. In some embodiments, the average DAR can be about 5.3. In some embodiments, the average DAR can be about 8.0.
[0275] For MMAE ADCs, such as those exemplified herein, a particularly preferred average DAR is about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, or about 5. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 2.8. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 3.6. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 4. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 4.3. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 5. In exemplary embodiments, the therapeutic moiety-linkers are conjugated to the cysteine residues of the reduced inter-chain disulfides. In some embodiments, the actual DAR for individual antibody molecules (e.g., the number of molecules of therapeutic moiety-linker molecules attached to an individual antibody molecule) in the population of ADC compounds is from 1 to 8, 1 to 4 or 1 to 2 with a predominant DAR of 4. In some embodiments, the average DAR of about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4 or about 5 is achieved via site specific conjugation techniques (e.g., engineered cysteines introduced to the antibody including at position 239, according to the EU Index numbering system) . A higher DAR can be achieved, for example, if, in addition to the interchain disulfides, drug-linker is conjugated to introduced cysteine residues (such as a cysteine residue introduced at position 239, according to the EU index)
[0276] For the MMAF ADCs, such as those exemplified herein, the average DAR can be about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, or about 5. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 2.8. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 3.6. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 4. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 4.3. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 5. In exemplary embodiments, the drug-linkers are conjugated to the cysteine residues of the reduced inter-chain disulfides. In some embodiments, the actual DAR for individual antibody molecules (e.g., the number of molecules of drug-linker molecules attached to an individual antibody molecule) in the population of ADC compounds is from 1 to 10 (or from 1 to 8 or from 1 to 6) with a predominant DAR of 4. In some embodiments, the average DAR of about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4 or about 5 is achieved via site specific conjugation techniques (e.g., engineered cysteines introduced to the antibody including at position 239, according to the EU Index numbering system) . A higher DAR can be achieved, for example, if, in addition to the interchain disulfides, drug-linker is conjugated to introduced cysteine residues (such as a cysteine residue introduced at position 239, according to the EU index) .
[0277] For the Dxd ADCs, such as those exemplified herein, a particularly preferred average DAR is about 5.3 or about 8. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 5.3. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 8.
[0278] For the SN-38 ADCs, such as those exemplified herein, a particularly preferred average DAR is about 4.5.
[0279] For the exatecan ADCs, such as those exemplified herein, a particularly preferred average DAR is about 4.2 or about 8. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average DAR is about 8.
[0280] For the eribulin ADCs, such as those exemplified herein, a particularly preferred average DAR is about 4.6.
[0281] In exemplary embodiments, the drug-linkers are conjugated to the cysteine residues of the reduced inter-chain disulfides. In some embodiments, the actual DAR for individual antibody molecules (e.g., the number of molecules of drug-linker molecules attached to an individual antibody molecule) in the population of ADC compounds is from 1 to 10 (or from 2 to 10 or from 2 to 8) with a predominant DAR of 8. In some embodiments, the average DAR of about 5.3 or about 8 is achieved via site specific conjugation techniques (e.g., engineered cysteines introduced to the antibody including at position 239, according to the EU Index numbering system) . A higher DAR can be achieved, for example, if, in addition to the interchain disulfides, drug-linker is conjugated to introduced cysteine residues (such as a cysteine residue introduced at position 239, according to the EU index) .
[0282] PEG (polyethylene glycol) can be introduced in the drug linker to form a PEGylated ADC. The PEG (polyethylene glycol) portion of the drug linker can range from 8 to 36, preferably 8 to 14, 8 to 12, 10 to 12 or 10 to 14, a PEG of 12 ethylene oxide units is particularly preferably. It is found that the incorporation of a polyethylene glycol polymer into a cleavable b-glucuronide provides OX40 targeting antibody drug-conjugates with decreased plasma clearance and increased antitumor activity in xenograft models as compared to a non-PEGylated control.
[0283] Polydisperse PEGs, monodisperse PEGs and discrete PEGs can be used to make the PEGylated ADCs disclosed herein. Polydisperse PEGs are a heterogenous mixture of sizes and molecular weights whereas monodisperse PEGs are typically purified from heterogenous mixtures and are therefore provide a single chain length and molecular weight. Preferred PEG Units are discrete PEGs, compounds that are synthesized in stepwise fashion and not via a polymerization process. Discrete PEGs provide a single molecule with defined and specified chain length.
[0284] In some embodiments, covalent attachment of the antibody to the drug-linker is accomplished through a sulfhydryl functional group of the antibody interacting with a maleimide functional group of a drug linker to form a thio-substituted succinimide. The sulfhydryl functional group can be present on the Ligand Unit in the Ligand’s natural state, for example, in a naturally occurring residue (inter-chain disulfide resides) , or can be introduced into the Ligand via chemical modification or by biological engineering, or a combination of the two. It will be understood that an antibody-substituted succinimide may exist in hydrolyzed form (s) . For example, in preferred embodiments, an ADC is comprised of a succinimide moiety that when bonded to the antibody is represented by the structure of: or is comprised of its corresponding acid-amide moiety that when bonded to the antibody is represented by the structure of: The wavy line indicates linkage to the remainder of the drug-linker.
[0285] In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody comprising a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively, is conjugated to MMAE via a linker forming an ADC having the structure: wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 16; preferably a number from 1 to 10; more preferably 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, or about 5. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 3.6. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.3. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 5. In some embodiments, a preferred stereochemistry for such ADC is In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0286] In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody comprising a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 39: , respectively, is conjugated to MMAE via a linker forming an ADC having the structure: wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 16; preferably a number from 1 to 10; more preferably 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, or about 5. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 3.6. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.3. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 5. In some embodiments, a preferred stereochemistry for such ADC is In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61.
[0287] In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody comprising a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs 40 and 41: , respectively, is conjugated to MMAE via a linker forming an ADC having the structure: wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 16; preferably a number from 1 to 10; more preferably 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, or about 5. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 3.6. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.3. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 5. In some embodiments, a preferred stereochemistry for such ADC is In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67.
[0288] In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody comprising a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively, is conjugated to MMAE via a linker forming an ADC having the structure: wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 16; preferably a number from 1 to 10; more preferably 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, or about 5. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 3.6. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.3. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 5. In some embodiments, a preferred stereochemistry for such ADC is In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64.
[0289] In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody comprising a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs 38 and 56: , respectively, is conjugated to MMAE via a linker forming an ADC having the structure: wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 16; preferably a number from 1 to 10; more preferably 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, or about 5. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 3.6. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.3. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 5. In some embodiments, a preferred stereochemistry for such ADC is In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60.
[0290] In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody comprising a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively, is conjugated to MMAF via a linker forming an ADC having the structure: wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 16; preferably a number from 1 to 10; more preferably 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, or about 5. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 3.6. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.3. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 5. In some embodiments, a preferred stereochemistry for such ADC is In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0291] In some embodiments, an antibody comprising a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively, is conjugated to Dxd via a linker forming an ADC having the structure: wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 16; preferably a number from 1 to 10; more preferably 8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 5.3 or about 8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 5.3. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 8. In some embodiments, a preferred stereochemistry for such ADC is In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0292] In some embodiments, an antibody comprising a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively, is conjugated to SN-38 via a linker forming an ADC having the structure: wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 16; preferably a number from 1 to 10; more preferably 4 or 5. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.5. In some embodiments, a preferred stereochemistry for such ADC is In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0293] In some embodiments, an antibody comprising a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively, is conjugated to exatecan via a linker forming an ADC having the structure: wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 16; preferably a number from 1 to 10; more preferably 4 or 8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.2 or about 8. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.2. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 8. In some embodiments, a preferred stereochemistry for such ADC is In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0294] In some embodiments, an antibody comprising a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively, is conjugated to eribulin via a linker forming an ADC having the structure: wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 16; preferably a number from 1 to 10; more preferably 4 or 5. In some embodiments, the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.6. In some embodiments, a preferred stereochemistry for such ADC is In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises a light chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27 and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0295] In some embodiments, ADCs described herein (e.g., HX111) do not block the OX40L binding to OX40. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein (e.g., HX111) exhibit efficient internalization by OX40 positive cells. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein (e.g., HX111) deplete OX40 positive cells (e.g., OX40 positive regulatory T-cells within TME) . In some embodiments, ADCs described herein (e.g., HX111) deplete OX40 positive cells and do not block the OX40L binding to OX40. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein (e.g., HX111) exhibit significant ADCC. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein (e.g., HX111) maintain the essential ADCC of the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) . In some embodiments, ADCs described herein (e.g., HX111) enhance the anti-tumor immune response. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein (e.g., HX111) reduce the immunosuppression of TME. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein (e.g., HX111) enhance immunological activities in TME. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein (e.g., HX111) turn a cold tumor into a hot tumor. In some embodiments, anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein (e.g., HX011) of the ADCs described herein are humanized antibodies or antigen-binding fragments.
[0296] In some embodiments, ADCs described herein have antitumor activities. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein can specifically target and kill OX40-expressing cancer cells. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein can treat cancer. The cancer can be a liquid cancer or a solid tumor. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein can treat OX40+cancer. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein can treat Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL, e.g., adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) , angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) ) , or T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) . In some embodiments, ADCs described herein can treat solid tumors. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein can treat sarcoma, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , melanoma, or ovarian cancer. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein can treat an HPV+cancer or an EBV+cancer. In some embodiments, ADCs described herein can treat EBV+B cell lymphoma, Extra-nodal NK / T cell lymphoma (ENKTL; e.g., nasal type) , HPV16+head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) , EBV+Esophageal cancer or HPV18+cervical cancer.
[0297] In some embodiments, ADCs described herein can treat autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases. Without being bound by theory, ADCs provided herein can treat autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases at least partly by depleting pathological T cells. As such, In some embodiments, ADCs described herein can treat autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases with excessive T cell activation. In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease or inflammatory diseases are rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , inflammation bowl diseases (IBD) , Crohn's disease (CD) , graft-vs-host diseases (GvHD) , multiple sclerosis (MS) , type I diabetes, atopic dermatitis, asthma, psoriasis, syndrome (SS) , or idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) . 6.5 Methods of production
[0298] Provided herein are anti-OX40 antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof that include but are not limited to chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, human antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof. The anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments described herein can be produced by any method known in the art, including chemical synthesis and recombinant expression techniques. The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art.
[0299] In some embodiments, monoclonal antibodies are made using recombinant DNA techniques as known to one skilled in the art. Polynucleotides of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein can be prepared, manipulated, and / or expressed using any of the well-established techniques known and available in the art. In some embodiments, polynucleotides of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments provided herein can be prepared recombinantly. Many vectors can be used. Exemplary vectors include, without limitation, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, artificial chromosomes such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) , bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) , bacteriophages such as lambda phage or M13 phage, and animal viruses. Examples of categories of animal viruses useful as vectors include, without limitation, retrovirus (including lentivirus) , adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus (e.g., herpes simplex virus) , poxvirus, baculovirus, papillomavirus, and papovavirus (e.g., SV40) . Examples of expression vectors are pClneo vectors (Promega) for expression in mammalian cells; pLenti4 / V5-DESTTM, pLenti6 / V5-DESTTM, and pLenti6.2 / V5-GW / lacZ (Invitrogen) for lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells.
[0300] In some embodiments, a recombinant expression vector is used to express a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide described herein. For example, a recombinant expression vector can be a replicable DNA construct that includes synthetic or cDNA-derived DNA fragments encoding a polypeptide operatively linked to suitable transcriptional and / or translational regulatory elements derived from mammalian, microbial, viral or insect genes. In some embodiments, coding sequences of polypeptides disclosed herein can be ligated into such expression vectors for their expression in mammalian cells. In some embodiments, a viral vector is used. DNA regions are “operatively linked” when they are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence ifit controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation. In some embodiments, structural elements intended for use in yeast expression systems include a leader sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated protein by a host cell. In some embodiments, in situations where recombinant protein is expressed without a leader or transport sequence, apolypeptide can include an N-terminal methionine residue.
[0301] A wide variety of expression host / vector combinations can be employed. Suitable host cells for expression include prokaryotes, yeast cells, insect cells, or higher eukaryotic cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with bacterial, fungal, yeast, and mammalian cellular hosts, as well as methods of protein production, including antibody production are well-known in the art. Useful expression vectors for bacterial hosts include known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from E. coli, including pCR1, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, and wider host range plasmids, such as M13 and other filamentous single-stranded DNA phages.
[0302] Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’ or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art.
[0303] Peptides can also be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods (see, e.g., Caruthers (1980) . Nucleic Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215; Horn (1980) ; and Banga, A.K., THERAPEUTIC PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS, FORMULATION, PROCESSING AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS (1995) Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA) . Peptide synthesis can be performed using various solid phase techniques (see, e.g., Roberge, Science 269: 202 (1995) ; Merrifield, Methods. Enzymol. 289: 3 (1997) ) and automated synthesis may be achieved, e.g., using the ABI 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Peptides can also be synthesized using combinatorial methodologies. Synthetic residues and polypeptides can be synthesized using a variety of procedures and methodologies known in the art (see, e.g., ORGANIC SYNTHESES COLLECTIVE VOLUMES, Gilman, et al. (Eds) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY) . Modified peptides can be produced by chemical modification methods (see, for example, Belousov, Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3440 (1997) ; Frenkel, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19: 373 (1995) ; and Blommers, Biochemistry 33: 7886 (1994) ) . Peptide sequence variations, derivatives, substitutions and modifications can also be made using methods such as oligonucleotide-mediated (site-directed) mutagenesis, alanine scanning, and PCR based mutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis (Carter et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 13: 4331 (1986) ; Zoller et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 10: 6487 (1987) ) , cassette mutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene 34: 315 (1985) ) , restriction selection mutagenesis (Wells et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London SerA 317: 415 (1986) ) and other techniques can be performed on cloned DNA to produce peptide sequences, variants, fusions and chimeras, and variations, derivatives, substitutions and modifications thereof.
[0304] For in vivo use of antibodies in humans, it may be preferable to use human or humanized antibodies. Human antibodies can be made by a variety of methods known in the art including phage display methods using antibody libraries derived from human immunoglobulin sequences, including improvements to these techniques. See, also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,887 and 4,716,111; and PCT publications WO 98 / 46645, WO 98 / 50433, WO 98 / 24893, WO 98 / 16654, WO 96 / 34096, WO 96 / 33735, and WO 91 / 10741; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. A human antibody can also be an antibody wherein the heavy and light chains are encoded by a nucleotide sequence derived from one or more sources of human DNA. In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment. Human antibodies can be prepared using various techniques known in the art.
[0305] Alternatively, in some embodiments, a non-human antibody is humanized, where specific sequences or regions of the antibody are modified to increase similarity to an antibody naturally produced in a human. In some embodiments, the antigen binding domain portion is humanized. Various methods for generating humanized antibodies are known in the art, including but not limited to, CDR-grafting (see, e.g., European Patent No. EP 239, 400; International Publication No. WO 91 / 09967; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539, 5,530,101, and 5,585,089, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference) , veneering or resurfacing (see, e.g., European Patent Nos. EP 592, 106 and EP 519, 596; Padlan, 1991, Molecular Immunology, 28 (4 / 5) : 489-498; Studnicka et al., 1994, Protein Engineering, 7 (6) : 805-814; and Roguska et al., 1994, PNAS, 91: 969-973, each of which is incorporated herein by its entirety by reference) , chain shuffling (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference) , and techniques disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2005 / 0042664, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US2005 / 0048617, U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,213, U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,886, International Publication No. WO 93 / 17105, Tan et al., J. Immunol., 169: 1119-25 (2002) , Caldas et al., Protein Eng., 13 (5) : 353-60 (2000) , Morea et al., Methods, 20 (3) : 267-79 (2000) , Baca et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272 (16) : 10678-84 (1997) , Roguska et al., Protein Eng., 9 (10) : 895-904 (1996) , Couto et al., Cancer Res., 55 (23 Supp) : 5973s-5977s (1995) , Couto et al., Cancer Res., 55 (8) : 1717-22 (1995) , Sandhu J S, Gene, 150 (2) : 409-10 (1994) , and Pedersen et al., J. Mol. Biol., 235 (3) : 959-73 (1994) , each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Often, framework residues in the framework regions can be substituted with the corresponding residue from the CDR donor antibody to alter, preferably improve, antigen binding. These framework substitutions are identified by methods well-known in the art, e.g., by modeling of the interactions of the CDR and framework residues to identify framework residues important for antigen binding and sequence comparison to identify unusual framework residues at particular positions. (See, e.g., Queen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089; and Riechmann et al., 1988, Nature, 332: 323, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. )
[0306] A humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is nonhuman. These nonhuman amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Thus, humanized antibodies comprise one or more CDRs from nonhuman immunoglobulin molecules and framework regions from human. Humanization of antibodies is well-known in the art and can essentially be performed following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al., Nature, 321: 522-525 (1986) ; Riechmann et al., Nature, 332: 323-327 (1988) ; Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239: 1534-1536 (1988) ) , by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody, i.e., CDR-grafting (EP 239, 400; PCT Publication No. WO 91 / 09967; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,567; 6,331,415; 5,225,539; 5,530,101; 5,585,089; 6,548,640, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference herein in their entirety) . In such humanized chimeric antibodies, substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a nonhuman species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies. Humanization of antibodies can also be achieved by veneering or resurfacing (EP 592, 106; EP 519, 596; Padlan, 1991, Molecular Immunology, 28 (4 / 5) : 489-498; Studnicka et al., Protein Engineering, 7 (6) : 805-814 (1994) ; and Roguska et al., PNAS, 91: 969-973 (1994) ) or chain shuffling (U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332) , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference herein in their entirety.
[0307] The choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be used in making the humanized antibodies is to reduce antigenicity. According to the so-called “best-fit” method, the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable-domain sequences. The human sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is then accepted as the human framework (FR) for the humanized antibody (Sims et al., J. Immunol., 151: 2296 (1993) ; Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol., 196: 901 (1987) , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference herein in their entirety) . Another method uses a particular framework derived from the consensus sequence of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains. The same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies (Carter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 4285 (1992) ; Presta et al., J. Immunol., 151: 2623 (1993) , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference herein in their entirety) .
[0308] Antibodies can be humanized with retention of high affinity for the target antigen and other favorable biological properties. For example, humanized antibodies can be prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind the target antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen, is achieved. In general, the CDR residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding.
[0309] A humanized antibody retains a similar antigenic specificity as the original antibody, for example, the ability to bind human OX40 antigen. However, using certain methods of humanization, the affinity and / or specificity of binding of the antibody for a particular antigen can be increased using methods of “directed evolution, ” as described by Wu et al., J. Mol. Biol., 294: 151 (1999) , the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference herein in their entirety.
[0310] A variety of methods are known in the art to purify anti-OX40 antibodies, such as affinity chromatography. Eluted IgG can be checked by gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography to ensure purity. The buffer solution can be exchanged, and the concentration can be determined. The monoclonal antibodies can be aliquoted and stored. s
[0311] Methods for analyzing binding affinity, cross-reactivity, and binding kinetics of various anti-OX40 antibodies include standard assays known in the art, for example, Western Blot, ELISA, and flow cytometry. Further methods available in the art include biolayer interferometry (BLI) using, for example, Gator system (Probe Life) or the Octet-96 system (Sartorius AG) , or BIACORETMsurface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis using a BIACORETM2000 SPR instrument (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden) .
[0312] Provided herein are also methods to prepare the anti-OX40 ADCs disclosed herein (e.g., HX111, i.e., HX011 conjugated with MC-VC-PAB-MMAE (CAS: 646502-53-6) ) comprising conjugating the anti-OX40 antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX011) with the therapeutic moiety. Techniques for conjugating therapeutic moieties to proteins, and in particular to antibodies, are well-known. (See, e.g., Arnon et al., “Monoclonal Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy, ” in MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND CANCER THERAPY (Reisfeld et al. eds., Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1985) ; Hellstrom et al., “Antibodies For Drug Delivery, ” in CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY (Robinson et al. eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2nd ed. 1987) ; Thorpe, “Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A Review, ” in MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES'84: BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS (Pinchera et al. eds., 1985) ; “Analysis, Results, and Future Prospective of the Therapeutic Use of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy, ” in MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR CANCER DETECTION AND THERAPY (Baldwin et al. eds., Academic Press, 1985) ; and Thorpe et al., 1982, Immunol. Rev. 62: 119-58. See also, e.g., PCT publication WO 89 / 12624. )
[0313] Any methods disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art can be used for the conjugation. In general, at least three categories of approaches are available and known in the art, including chemical conjugation, enzymatic conjugation, and click chemistry.
[0314] In some embodiments, methods provided herein include chemical conjugation. For example, the therapeutic moiety can be chemically coupled either to lysine or cysteine side chain of the antibody. In some embodiments, methods provided herein include Lys conjugation. Activated ester groups (such as NHS) can react with solvent accessible amino groups present on lysine residue side chains, resulting in a stable amide-bond formation. In some embodiments, methods provided herein include Cys conjugation. This synthetic process is also divided into two steps: an activation (reduction) step (e.g., using tris- (2-carboxyethyl) -phosphine (TCEP) ) followed by thiol-maleimide coupling.
[0315] Various approaches are known in the art and can be adopted to further improve the therapeutic characteristics of ADCs disclosed herein. To reduce the hydrophobicity of therapeutic moieties responsible for early clearance of ADC in vivo, the hydrophobic character of the therapeutic moiety can be masked with a hydrophilic linker containing PEG (Lyon et al. (2015) Biotechnol. 33 (7) : 733-5) . The XTEN platform can be used extend the half-life of highly-loaded ADCs (Podust et al. (2016) , J Control Release 240: 52-66) . XTEN is peptide linker consisting of alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, serine and threonine.
[0316] Additionally, cysteine rebridging can be used to prepare site-specific ADCs with relatively low DARs. The process requires relatively small molecular weight reductants (e.g., TCEP) and drug-linkers incorporating hydrophilic spacers. Bis-alkylating reagents, such as bromomethylene pyrrolones, dithiomaleimides, dibromopyridazinedione, arylenedipropiolonitrile and bis (vinylsulfonyl) piperazine are effective in site-specific conjugation reactions with antibodies.
[0317] Chemical conjugation utilizing affinity compounds (e.g., Z33 peptide, Z34 peptide, and Fc III derivative peptide) , termed affinity labeling, can also be used for the site-specific modification of antibodies. (Starovasnik et al. (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94 (19) : 10080-5; DeLano et al. (2000) , Science 287 (5456) : 1279-83; Shiraiwa et al. (2020) Cell Chem Biol. 27 (8) : 970-985. ) Photo affinity labeling can be used for the conjugation. An activated ester, (e.g., 4-fluorophenyl carbamate lysine (FPheK) or NHS esters) can also be used.
[0318] In some embodiments, methods provided herein include enzymatic conjugation. Several enzymes have been used to conjugate native or genetically engineered antibodies with various therapeutic moieties or to introduce suitable bio-orthogonal functional groups into antibodies. These enzymes modify antibodies in a site-specific manner, which generally allows for production of single occupancy ADCs with well-controlled DAR. Enzymes that can be used include, e.g., sortase A, trypsiligase, transglutaminase, formylglycine-generating enzyme, and tyrosinase.
[0319] In some embodiments, methods provided herein include using click chemistry. The representative reaction of click chemistry, which is azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) , can be used. Also, ADCs can be synthesized without using natural amino acid residues in the mAb. The two main types of AACs are copper-catalyzed AAC (CuAAC) and strainpromoted AAC (SPAAC) (VanBrunt et al. (2015) Bioconjug Chem 26 (11) : 2249–2260.; Chio and Bane (2020) , Methods Mol Biol 2078: 83–97) . CuAAC is synthesized by combining a linear alkyne with an azide catalyzed by copper to form a heterocycle (Li et al. (2014) Angew Chem 53 (28) : 7179–7182) . On the other hand, SPAAC is synthesized by the ring modification of cyclooctyne and can be used to get the homogenous ADC products (Tsuchikama and An (2018) Protein Cell, 9 (1) : 33–46. ) . CuAAC has been observed to oxidize certain amino acids in the antibodies owing to the presence of copper, and the oxidized proteins may be immunogenic (Van Geel et al. (2015) , Bioconjug Chem 26 (11) : 2233–2242. ) 6.6 Pharmaceutical compositions
[0320] Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions comprising the antibodies disclosed herein. Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions comprising the ADCs disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the antibodies disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the ADCs disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are useful in inhibiting tumor growth in a subject (e.g., a human patient) . In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are useful in treating cancer in a subject (e.g., a human patient) .
[0321] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise antibodies provided herein. The antibodies can be present at various concentrations. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise a soluble antibody provided herein at 1-1000 mg / ml. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise soluble antibodies provided herein at 10-500 mg / ml, 10-400 mg / ml, 10-300 mg / ml, 10-200 mg / ml, 10-100 mg / ml, 20-100 mg / ml, or 50-100 mg / ml. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise antibodies provided herein at about 10 mg / ml, about 20 mg / ml, about 30 mg / ml, about 40 mg / ml, about 50 mg / ml, about 60 mg / ml, about 70 mg / ml, about 80 mg / ml, about 90 mg / ml, about 100 mg / ml, about 120 mg / ml, about 150 mg / ml, about 180 mg / ml, about 200 mg / ml, about 300 mg / ml, about 500 mg / ml, about 800 mg / ml, or about 1000 mg / ml. Dosages can be readily adjusted by those skilled in the art; for example, a decrease in purity may require an increase in dosage.
[0322] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise ADCs provided herein. The ADCs can be present at various concentrations. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise a soluble ADC provided herein at 1-1000 mg / ml. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a soluble ADC provided herein at 10-500 mg / ml, 10-400 mg / ml, 10-300 mg / ml, 10-200 mg / ml, 10-100 mg / ml, 20-100 mg / ml, or 50-100 mg / ml. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise ADCs provided herein at about 10 mg / ml, about 20 mg / ml, about 30 mg / ml, about 40 mg / ml, about 50 mg / ml, about 60 mg / ml, about 70 mg / ml, about 80 mg / ml, about 90 mg / ml, about 100 mg / ml, about 120 mg / ml, about 150 mg / ml, about 180 mg / ml, about 200 mg / ml, about 300 mg / ml, about 500 mg / ml, about 800 mg / ml, or about 1000 mg / ml. Dosages can be readily adjusted by those skilled in the art; for example, a decrease in purity may require an increase in dosage.
[0323] Provided herein are also kits for preparation of pharmaceutical compositions having the antibodies or ADCs disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the kit comprises the antibodies or ADCs disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in one or more containers. In some embodiments, the kits can comprise antibodies or ADCs disclosed herein for administration to a subject. In specific embodiments, the kits comprise instructions regarding the preparation and / or administration of the antibodies or ADCs disclosed herein.
[0324] In some embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibodies or ADCs disclosed herein wherein the composition is suitable for local administration. In some embodiments, local administration comprises intratumoral injection, peritumoral injection, juxtatumoral injection, intralesional injection and / or injection into a tumor draining lymph node, or essentially any tumor-targeted injection where the antitumor agent is expected to leak into primary lymph nodes adjacent to targeted solid tumor.
[0325] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that can be used in compositions provided herein include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. In some embodiments, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion) . Depending on the route of administration, the active ingredient (i.e., the antibodies or ADCs disclosed herein) , can be coated in a material to protect the active ingredient from the action of acids and other natural conditions that can inactivate the active ingredient.
[0326] Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions or formulations that improve the stability of the antibodies or ADCs disclosed herein to allow for their long-term storage. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation disclosed herein comprises: (a) antibodies disclosed herein disclosed herein; (b) a buffering agent; (c) a stabilizing agent; (d) a salt; (e) a bulking agent; and / or (f) a surfactant. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation is stable for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, at least 3 years, at least 5 years or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation disclosed herein comprises: (a) ADCs disclosed herein disclosed herein; (b) a buffering agent; (c) a stabilizing agent; (d) a salt; (e) a bulking agent; and / or (f) a surfactant. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation is stable for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, at least 3 years, at least 5 years or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation is stable when stored at 4℃, 25℃, or 40℃.
[0327] Buffering agents useful in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed herein can be a weak acid or base used to maintain the acidity (pH) of a solution near a chosen value after the addition of another acid or base. Suitable buffering agents can maximize the stability of the pharmaceutical formulations by maintaining pH control of the formulation. Suitable buffering agents can also ensure physiological compatibility or optimize solubility. Rheology, viscosity and other properties can also depend on the pH of the formulation. Common buffering agents include, but are not limited to, histidine, citrate, succinate, acetate and phosphate. In some embodiments, a buffering agent comprises histidine (e.g., L-histidine) with isotonicity agents and potentially pH adjustment with an acid or a base known in the art. In some embodiments, the buffering agent is L-histidine. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation is maintained between about 2 and about 10, or between about 4 and about 8.
[0328] Stabilizing agents are added to a pharmaceutical product to stabilize that product. Such agents can stabilize proteins in different ways. Common stabilizing agents include, but are not limited to, amino acids such as glycine, alanine, lysine, arginine, or threonine, carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, trehalose, rafftnose, or maltose, polyols such as glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, cyclodextrins or destrans of any kind and molecular weight, or PEG. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is chosen to maximize the stability of FIX polypeptide in lyophilized preparations. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is sucrose and / or arginine.
[0329] Bulking agents can be added to a pharmaceutical composition or formulation to add volume and mass to the product, thereby facilitating precise metering and handling thereof. Common bulking agents include, but are not limited to, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, calcium carbonate, or magnesium stearate.
[0330] Surfactants are amphipathic substances with lyophilic and lyophobic groups. A surfactant can be anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, or nonionic. Examples of nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkyl ethoxylate, nonylphenol ethoxylate, amine ethoxylate, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, fatty alcohols such as cetyl alcohol or oleyl alcohol, cocamide MEA, cocamide DEA, polysorbates, or dodecyl dimethylamine oxide. In some embodiments, the surfactant is polysorbate 20 or polysorbate 80.
[0331] The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can further comprise one or more of a buffer system, a preservative, a tonicity agent, a chelating agent, a stabilizer and / or a surfactant, as well as various combinations thereof. The use of preservatives, isotonic agents, chelating agents, stabilizers and surfactants in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. Reference may be made to Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th edition, 1995.
[0332] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous formulation. Such a formulation is typically a solution or a suspension, but can also include colloids, dispersions, emulsions, and multi-phase materials. The term “aqueous formulation” is defined as a formulation comprising at least 50%w / w water. Likewise, the term “aqueous solution” is defined as a solution comprising at least 50%w / w water, and the term “aqueous suspension” is defined as a suspension comprising at least 50%w / w water.
[0333] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are freeze-dried, to which the physician or the patient adds solvents and / or diluents prior to use.
[0334] Pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can also include a pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidant. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) , butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) , lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) , sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
[0335] Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that can be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations described herein include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like) , and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
[0336] These compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms can be ensured both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It can also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0337] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein is contemplated. A pharmaceutical composition or formulation can comprise a preservative or can be devoid of a preservative. Supplementary active compounds can be incorporated into the compositions.
[0338] Pharmaceutical compositions or formulations typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like) , and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In many cases, the compositions can include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
[0339] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated herein. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, some methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
[0340] The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed herein can vary. In some embodiments, the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material is the amount that produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.01 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, from about 0.1 percent to about 70 percent, or from about 1 percent to about 30 percent of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0341] The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can be prepared with carriers that protect the active ingredient against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and poly lactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See. e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J.R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978. 6.7 Methods of uses
[0342] The antibodies, compositions and methods described herein have numerous in vitro and in vivo utilities involving, for example, enhancement of immune response, such as by activating (or agonizing) OX40 signaling. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies described herein can be administered to human subjects, e.g., in vivo, to enhance immunity in a variety of diseases. Accordingly, provided herein are methods of modifying an immune response in a subject comprising administering to the subject an anti-OX40 antibody described herein, such that the immune response in the subject is modified. In some embodiments, the response is enhanced, stimulated or up-regulated.
[0343] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of inducing or stimulating immune cell (e.g., T cell) activation comprising contacting an immune cell with an effective amount of an anti-OX40 antibody described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of inducing or stimulating immune cell (e.g., T cells) proliferation comprising contacting an immune cell with an effective amount of an anti-OX40 antibody described herein.
[0344] Subjects suitable for the present methods include human patients in whom enhancement of an immune response would be desirable. The methods are particularly suitable for treating human patients having a disorder that can be treated by augmenting an immune response (e.g., a T-cell mediated immune response) . In some embodiments, the methods are particularly suitable for treatment of cancer in vivo. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of enhancing an immune response in a subject in need thereof comprising administer to the subject an effective amount of an anti-OX40 antibody described herein.
[0345] Given the ability of anti-OX40 antibodies or the described herein to stimulate or co-stimulate T cell responses, provided herein are in vitro and in vivo methods of using the anti-OX40 antibodies described herein to stimulate, enhance or upregulate anti-tumor T cell responses. Any suitable indicator of an antigen-specific T cell response can be used to measure the antigen-specific T cell response. Non-limiting examples of such suitable indicators include increased T cell proliferation in the presence of the antibody and / or increase cytokine production in the presence of the antibody. In some embodiments, interleukin-2 and / or interferon-γproduction by the activated T cell is stimulated.
[0346] Further encompassed are methods of stimulating an immune response in a subject comprising administering an anti-OX40 antibody described herein to the subject such that an immune response in the subject is stimulated. In some embodiments, the subject is a cancer patient and an immune response against the cancer is stimulated. A cancer can be a solid tumor or a liquid tumor, e.g., a hematological malignancy. In some embodiments, a tumor is an immunogenic tumor. In some embodiments, a tumor is non-immunogenic. In some embodiments, a tumor is PD-L1 positive. In some embodiments a tumor is PD-L1 negative. In some embodiments, a tumor is non-immunogenic. In some embodiments, a tumor is OX40 positive. A subject can also be a virus-bearing subject and an immune response against the virus is stimulated.
[0347] The present disclosure also provides methods of uses of the anti-OX40 antibodies, polynucleotides encoding such antibodies, vectors comprising such polynucleotides, ADCs or pharmaceutical compositions having such antibodies or ADCs disclosed herein in treating cancer.
[0348] Without being bound by theory, in some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies can enhance the antitumor immunity by activating OX40 signaling pathway, thereby promoting the activities of immune cells (e.g., T cells) in eliminating, lysing and / or killing cancer cells. As the anti-OX40 antibodies described herein do not block the interaction between OX40L and OX40, they do not interfere with the activation of the signaling mediated by the natural ligand OX40L, allowing the maximal activation of the signaling. Additionally, the anti-OX40 antibodies and ADCs can specifically target OX40 positive cancer cells in vivo, thereby delivering their therapeutic effect of eliminating, lysing and / or killing cancer cells.
[0349] In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can be used to target and treat tumors and cancers. In some embodiments, provided are methods for inhibiting growth of cancer cells in a subject comprising administering to the subject an anti-OX40 antibody described herein such that growth of the cancer is inhibited in the subject. Provided herein are also methods of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody disclosed herein. Provided herein are also uses of the antibodies disclosed herein as a medicament. Provided herein are also uses of the antibodies disclosed herein in treating cancer. Provided herein are also uses of the antibodies disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer.
[0350] In some embodiments, provided are methods for inhibiting growth of cancer cells in a subject comprising administering to the subject an anti-OX40 ADC described herein such that growth of the cancer is inhibited in the subject. Provided herein are also methods of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the ADCs disclosed herein. Provided herein are also uses of the ADCs disclosed herein as a medicament. Provided herein are also uses of the ADCs disclosed herein in treating cancer. Provided herein are also uses of the ADCs disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein in treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, the tumor or cancer to be treated by methods disclosed herein is OX40 positive.
[0351] Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients (i.e., the anti-OX40 antibodies or ADCs) described herein can be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions described herein, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and / or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and ADCs described herein can be administered at a dosage that provides a therapeutic benefit without causing high immune related adverse effect or hematoxicity (anemia and / or thrombocytopenia) .
[0352] The anti-OX40 antibodies and ADCs described herein can be administered as a sustained release formulation, in which case less frequent administration is required. Dosage and frequency vary depending on the half-life of the anti-OX40 antibodies and ADCs in the patient. In therapeutic applications, a relatively high dosage at relatively short intervals is sometimes required until progression of the disease is reduced or terminated, and until the patient shows partial or complete amelioration of symptoms of disease.
[0353] The anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered to a subject by any methods known in the art, including, but not limited to, pleural administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, intranodal administration, intratumoral administration, intramuscular administration, intradermal administration, intrathecal administration, intrapleural administration, intraperitoneal administration, intracranial administration, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion, or direct administration to the thymus. The phrase “parenteral administration” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrastemal injection and infusion. In some embodiments, subcutaneous administration is adopted. In some embodiments, intravenous administration is adopted. In some embodiments, oral administration is adopted. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies and ADCs provided herein can be administered to a subject by intratumoral injection, peritumoral injection, juxtatumoral injection, intralesional injection and / or injection into a tumor draining lymph node, or essentially any tumor-targeted injection where the antitumor agent is expected to leak into primary lymph nodes adjacent to targeted solid tumor. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein can be delivered regionally to a tumor using well known methods, including but not limited to, hepatic or aortic pump; limb, lung or liver perfusion; in the portal vein; through a venous shunt; in a cavity or in a vein that is nearby a tumor, and the like. In another embodiment, the antibodies provided herein can be administered systemically. In a preferred embodiment, the antibodies are administered regionally at the site of a tumor. The antibodies can also be administered intratumorally, for example, by direct injection of the cells at the site of a tumor and / or into the tumor vasculature. For example, in the case of malignant pleural disease, mesothelioma or lung cancer, administration is preferably by intrapleural administration (see Adusumilli et al., Science Translational Medicine 6 (261) : 261ra151 (2014) ) . One skilled in the art can select a suitable mode of administration based on the type of cancer and / or location of a tumor to be treated. The antibodies can be introduced by injection or catheter. In one embodiment, the antibodies are pleurally administered to the subject in need, for example, using an intrapleural catheter.
[0354] Cancers or tumors to be treated using the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise those typically responsive to immunotherapy and those that are not typically responsive to immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the cancer has a high degree of microsatellite instability. In some embodiments, the cancer is a metastatic cancer, refractory cancer, or recurrent cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is characterized by OX40+tumor infiltrating cells (TILs) .
[0355] In some embodiments, cancers that can be treated with the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are solid tumors. In some embodiments, cancers that can be treated with the anti-OX40 antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are liquid cancers, or hematological cancers. In some embodiments, the cancer is an OX40+cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is a liquid cancer. The liquid cancer can be an OX40+liquid cancer. In some embodiments, cancer that can be treated with the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is T cell leukemia or lymphoma. In some embodiments, cancer that can be treated with the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL, e.g., adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) , angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) ) or T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) . In some embodiments, the cancer can be ATL. In some embodiments, the cancer can be AITL. In some embodiments, the cancer can be PTCL. In some embodiments, the cancer can be T-ALL. In some embodiments, cancer that can be treated with the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is a solid tumor. The solid tumor can be OX40+solid tumor. In some embodiments, cancer that can be treated with the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is sarcoma, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , melanoma, or melanoma. In some embodiments, the cancer can be sarcoma. In some embodiments, the cancer can be breast cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer can be NSCLC. In some embodiments, the cancer can be melanoma. In some embodiments, the cancer can be melanoma. In some embodiments, cancer that can be treated with the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is a HPV+cancer or a EBV+cancer. In some embodiments, cancer that can be treated with the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is EBV+B cell lymphoma, Extra-nodal NK / T cell lymphoma (ENKTL; e.g., nasal type) , HPV16+head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) , EBV+Esophageal cancer or HPV18+cervical cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer can be EBV+B cell lymphoma. In some embodiments, the cancer can be Extra-nodal NK / T cell lymphoma (ENKTL; e.g., nasal type) . In some embodiments, the cancer can be HPV16+HNSCC. In some embodiments, the cancer can be EBV+Esophageal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer can be HPV18+cervical cancer.
[0356] For illustrative purposes, in some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating ATL in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-OX40 antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the anti-OX40 antibodies disclosed herein in the treatment of ATL. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the anti-OX40 antibodies provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of ATL. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating ATL in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-OX40 ADCs disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the anti-OX40 ADCs disclosed herein in the treatment of ATL. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the anti-OX40 ADCs provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of ATL. The ATL can be OX40+.
[0357] In some embodiments, an anti-OX40 antibody or ADC is administered to patients having a cancer that exhibited an inadequate response to, or progressed on, a prior treatment, e.g., a prior treatment with an immuno-oncology or immunotherapy drug, or patients having a cancer that is refractory or resistant, either intrinsically refractory or resistant, or a wherein the resistance or refractory state is acquired. For example, subjects who are not responsive or not sufficiently responsive to a first therapy or who see disease progression following treatment, can be treated by administration of an anti-OX40 antibody or ADC, alone or in combination with another therapy.
[0358] An anti-OX40 antibody or ADC can be administered with a standard of care treatment. An anti-OX40 antibody or ADC can be administered as a maintenance therapy, e.g., a therapy that is intended to prevent the occurrence or recurrence of tumors. An anti-OX40 antibody or ADC can be administered with another treatment, e.g., radiation, surgery, or chemotherapy. For example, an anti-OX40 antibody or ADC adjunctive therapy can be administered when there is a risk that micrometastases can be present and / or in order to reduce the risk of a relapse.
[0359] Combination therapy using agents with different mechanisms of action can result in additive or synergetic effects. Combination therapy can allow for a lower dose of each agent than is used in monotherapy, thereby reducing toxic side effects and / or increasing the therapeutic index of the agent disclosed herein. Combination therapy can decrease the likelihood that resistant cancer cells will develop. In some embodiments, the additional therapy results in an increase in the therapeutic index of the antibodies, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the additional therapy results in a decrease in the toxicity and / or side effects of the antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs or pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered in combination with an additional therapy. In some embodiments, the additional therapy can be surgical resection, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.
[0360] In some embodiments, the additional therapy can be an immune checkpoint inhibitor, such as antagonist of a protein that inhibits T cell activation, for example, CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, GITR, and LAG-3, Galectin 9, CEACAM-1, CEACAM-5, BTLA, CD69, Galectin-1, TIGIT, CD113, GPR56, VISTA, B7-H3, B7-H4, 2B4, CD48, GARP, PD1H, LAIR1, TIM-1, and TIM-4. In some embodiments, the additional therapy is an anti-PD-1 antibody. In some embodiments, the additional therapy is an anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some embodiments, the additional therapy is an anti-OX40 antibody that blocks OX40L binding to OX40. In some embodiments, provided herein are combination therapies of the anti-OX40 antibodies or ADCs provided herein (e.g., HX011 or HX111) with an anti-OX40 antibodies that blocks binding between OX40L and OX40. Synergist effects in cancer treatment are expected for such combination therapies.
[0361] The additional therapy can be administered prior to, concurrently with, or subsequent to administration of the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. Combined administration can include co-administration, either in a single pharmaceutical formulation or using separate formulations, or consecutive administration in either order but generally within a time period such that all active agents can exert their biological activities simultaneously. A person skilled in the art can readily determine appropriate regimens for administering a pharmaceutical composition described herein and an additional therapy in combination, including the timing and dosing of an additional agent to be used in a combination therapy, based on the needs of the subject being treated.
[0362] In cancer treatment, eliminating cancer or tumor cells in a subject can occur, but any clinical improvement constitutes a benefit. An anti-tumor effect can be manifested by a decrease in tumor volume, a decrease in the number of tumor cells, a decrease in the number of metastases, an increase in life expectancy, or amelioration of various physiological symptoms associated with the cancerous condition. An anti-tumor effect can also be manifested by the ability of the antibodies, or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in prevention of the occurrence of tumor in the first place. In some embodiments, an “anti-tumor effect” can be manifested by the reduction in cancer-induced immunosuppression. Clinical improvement comprises decreased risk or rate of progression or reduction in pathological consequences of the cancer or tumor. It is also understood that a method of treating cancer can include any effect that ameliorates a sign or symptom associated with cancer. Such signs or symptoms include, but are not limited to, reducing tumor burden, including inhibiting growth of a tumor, slowing the growth rate of a tumor, reducing the size of a tumor, reducing the number of tumors, eliminating a tumor, all of which can be measured using routine tumor imaging techniques well known in the art. Other signs or symptoms associated with cancer include, but are not limited to, fatigue, pain, weight loss, and other signs or symptoms associated with various cancers.
[0363] In some embodiments, the methods or uses provided herein can reduce tumor burden. Thus, administration of the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can reduce the number of tumor cells, reduce tumor size, and / or eradicate the tumor in the subject. Methods for monitoring patient response to administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are known in the art and can be employed in accordance with methods disclosed herein.
[0364] In some embodiments, treatments of subjects having cancer with an anti-OX40 antibody or ADC described herein can lead to prolonged survival, e.g., long-term durable response relative to the current standard of care; long term survival of at least 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or more years, or recurrence-free survival of at least 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 or more years. In some embodiments, treatment of a subject having cancer with an anti-OX40 antibody or ADC described herein prevents recurrence of cancer or delays recurrence of cancer by, e.g., 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 or more years. Treatment of a subject having cancer with an anti-OX40 antibody described herein can result in, e.g., stable disease, partial response, increased overall survival, increased disease-free survival, or enhanced progression free survival.
[0365] In the methods disclosed herein, a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-OX40 antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is administered to a subject in need of cancer treatment. The subject can be a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, these individuals have no clinically measurable tumor. However, they are suspected of being at risk for progression of the disease, either near the original tumor site, or by metastases. This group can be further subdivided into high-risk and low-risk individuals. The subdivision is made on the basis of features observed before or after the initial treatment. These features are known in the clinical arts and are suitably defined for different types of cancers. Features typical of high-risk subgroups are those in which the tumor has invaded neighboring tissues, or who show involvement of lymph nodes.
[0366] In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can also be used to treat autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Some autoimmune or inflammatory diseases are characterized by unwanted or excessive T cell activation. When T cells become overactivated, they release pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, that lead to inflammation and tissue damage. This excessive immune response can target various organs or tissues in the body, resulting in a wide range of autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. Without being bound by theory, the anti-OX40 antibodies and ADCs disclosed herein can be used to treat autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases, such as those charactered by excessive T cell activation, by, at least partly, depleting pathological T cells with unwanted activity.
[0367] In some embodiments, provided are methods for treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject an anti-OX40 antibody described herein such that excessive or unwanted immune activity or inflammation is reduced. In some embodiments, provided are methods for treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject an anti-OX40 antibody described herein. Provided herein are also uses of the antibodies disclosed herein in treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease. Provided herein are also uses of the antibodies disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease.
[0368] In some embodiments, provided are methods for treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject an anti-OX40 ADC described herein such that excessive or unwanted immune activity or inflammation is reduced. Provided herein are also methods of treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the ADCs disclosed herein. Provided herein are also uses of the ADCs disclosed herein in treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease. Provided herein are also uses of the ADCs disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease.
[0369] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory diseasein a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein in treatment of an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease to be treated by methods disclosed herein is characterized by excessive T cell activation.
[0370] In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease can be treated with the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , inflammation bowl diseases (IBD) , Crohn's disease (CD) , graft-vs-host diseases (GvHD) , multiple sclerosis (MS) , type I diabetes, atopic dermatitis, asthma, psoriasis, syndrome (SS) , or idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) .
[0371] Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is immunological disease frequently allogenic transplantation, where residual T-cells from donor were activated in the recipient host upon transplantation. Without effective control and management, GVHD can be divided into two categories, acute or chronic GVHD, which can be modeled by various experimental systems at the preclinical stage. In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can also be used to treat GvHD.
[0372] In subjects having rheumatoid arthritis, T cells in the joints become abnormally activated and invade the synovium, the lining of the joints, which triggers an immune response, causing inflammation, joint pain, and stiffness. The ongoing T cell activation leads to the destruction of cartilage and bone, further worsening joint damage. In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can also be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
[0373] In subjects having Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) , T cells in the gastrointestinal tract become overly activated, leading to chronic inflammation of the digestive system, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can also be used to treat IBD, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
[0374] In subjects having multiple sclerosis (MS) , activated T cells infiltrate the central nervous system and mistakenly attack myelin, which triggers inflammation and leads to the formation of scar tissue (sclerosis) , disrupting the transmission of electrical signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The inflammation and damage caused by T cell activation in MS can lead to a wide range of symptoms, including fatigue, muscle weakness, coordination problems, sensory disturbances, and cognitive impairment. In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can also be used to treat MS.
[0375] In subjects having type 1 diabetes, T cells become activated, infiltrate the pancreas, and mistakenly target and destroy the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, which contributes to the destruction of beta cells and the inflammation in the pancreatic islets. As the beta cell destruction progresses, the pancreas becomes unable to produce sufficient insulin, leading to an imbalance in blood sugar levels, the characteristic symptoms of Type 1 diabetes. In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can also be used to treat type 1 diabetes.
[0376] In subjects having psoriasis, activated T cells, particularly CD4+and CD8+T cells, infiltrate the skin and release cytokines that promote inflammation and the overproduction of skin cells. This immune response causes the rapid turnover of skin cells, leading to the characteristic psoriatic plaques and associated symptoms. In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can also be used to treat psoriasis.
[0377] In subjects having SLE, abnormal T cell activation and dysregulation lead to the production of cytokine and autoantibodies, and immune complex deposition, contributing to inflammation and tissue damage to multiple organs. In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can also be used to treat SLE.
[0378] In subjects having ankylosing spondylitis, T cells, particularly CD4+T cells, infiltrate the affectedjoints and release pro-inflammatory cytokines, promoting inflammation, leading to pain, stiffness, and fusion of the joints. In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can also be used to treat ankylosing spondylitis.
[0379] Combination therapy using agents with different mechanisms of action can result in additive or synergetic effects. Combination therapy can allow for a lower dose of each agent than is used in monotherapy, thereby reducing toxic side effects and / or increasing the therapeutic index of the agent disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the antibodies, ADCs, compositions and methods described herein can be used in combination with another therapy to treat the autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the additional therapy can be, for example, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) , orticosteroids, Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) , other biologic therapies, immunosuppressants, targeted therapies, or immunomodulatory agents. The additional therapy can be administered prior to, concurrently with, or subsequent to administration of the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. Combined administration can include co-administration, either in a single pharmaceutical formulation or using separate formulations, or consecutive administration in either order but generally within a time period such that all active agents can exert their biological activities simultaneously. A person skilled in the art can readily determine appropriate regimens for administering a pharmaceutical composition described herein and an additional therapy in combination, including the timing and dosing of an additional agent to be used in a combination therapy, based on the needs of the subject being treated.
[0380] In the methods disclosed herein, a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is administered to a subject in need of treatment for an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease. The subject can be a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0381] The anti-OX40 antibodies, ADCs, or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered with medical devices known in the art. For example, in some embodiments, aneedleless hypodermic injection device can be used, such as the devices disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,399,163; 5,383,851; 5,312,335; 5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824; or 4,596,556. Examples of well-known implants and modules for use described herein include: U.S. Patent No. 4,487,603, which discloses an implantable micro-infusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate; U.S. Patent No. 4,486,194, which discloses a therapeutic device for administering medicaments through the skin; U.S. Patent No. 4,447,233, which discloses a medication infusion pump for delivering medication at a precise infusion rate; U.S. Patent No. 4,447,224, which discloses a variable flow implantable infusion apparatus for continuous drug delivery; U.S. Patent No. 4,439,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system having multi-chamber compartments; and U.S. Patent No. 4,475,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system. These patents are incorporated herein by reference. Many other such implants, delivery systems, and modules are known to those skilled in the art. 6.8 Kits and device
[0382] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a variety of kits for conveniently and / or effectively carrying out methods of the present disclosure. Typically, kits will comprise sufficient amounts and / or numbers of components to allow a user to perform multiple treatments of a subject (s) and / or to perform multiple experiments.
[0383] Any of the pharmaceutical compositions or vectors of the present disclosure may be comprised in a kit. In some embodiments, kits can further include reagents and / or instructions for creating and / or synthesizing compounds and / or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, kits can also include one or more buffers. In some embodiments, kits of the disclosure can include components for making protein or nucleic acid arrays or libraries and thus, may include, for example, solid supports.
[0384] In some embodiments, kit components can be packaged either in aqueous media or in lyophilized form. The container means of the kits will generally include at least one vial, test tube, flask, bottle, syringe or other container means, into which a component can be placed, and suitably aliquoted. Where there is more than one kit component, (labeling reagent and label may be packaged together) , kits can also generally contain second, third or other additional containers into which additional components may be separately placed. In some embodiments, kits can also comprise a second container means for containing sterile, pharmaceutically acceptable buffers and / or other diluents. In some embodiments, various combinations of components can be comprised in one or more vials. Kits of the present disclosure can also typically include means for containing compounds and / or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure, e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, and any other reagent containers in close confinement for commercial sale. Such containers can include injection or blow-molded plastic containers into which desired vials are retained.
[0385] In some embodiments, kit components are provided in one and / or more liquid solutions. In some embodiments, liquid solutions are aqueous solutions, with sterile aqueous solutions being particularly used. In some embodiments, kit components can be provided as dried powder (s) . When reagents and / or components are provided as dry powders, such powders can be reconstituted by the addition of suitable volumes of solvent. In some embodiments, it is envisioned that solvents can also be provided in another container means.
[0386] In some embodiments, kits can include instructions for employing kit components as well the use of any other reagent not included in the kit. Instructions can include variations that may be implemented. 6.9 Exemplified Embodiments
[0387] Embodiment 1. An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to human OX40, comprising: (a) a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or (b) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0388] Embodiment 2. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 1, wherein: (a) the VL CDR1, VL CDR2, VL CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or (b) the VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11 and 12, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.
[0389] Embodiment 3. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 1, comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, VL CDR3, VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 and 12, respectively.
[0390] Embodiment 4. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 3 that is humanized.
[0391] Embodiment 5. The humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 4, comprising: (a) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; and / or (b) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0392] Embodiment 6. The humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 5 comprising a VL and a VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively.
[0393] Embodiment 7. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6 that is a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0394] Embodiment 8. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 7 that is selected from the group consisting of a Fab, a Fab’, a F (ab’) 2, a Fv, a scFv, a (scFv) 2, a single domain antibody (sdAb) , and a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) .
[0395] Embodiment 9. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 7 that is an IgG1 antibody, an IgG2 antibody, an IgG3 antibody, or an IgG4 antibody.
[0396] Embodiment 10. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 9, further comprising: a light chain constant (CL) region and a heavy chain constant (CH) region.
[0397] Embodiment 11. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 10, wherein the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 19) or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 20) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions.
[0398] Embodiment 12. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of Embodiment 10 or 11, wherein the CH region is IgG1 CH (SEQ ID NO: 21) , IgG2 CH (SEQ ID NO: 22) , IgG3 CH (SEQ ID NO: 23) , or IgG4 CH (SEQ ID NO: 24) , or a variant of any of the above having up to ten amino acids substitutions.
[0399] Embodiment 13. The antibody of Embodiment 9 that is an IgG1 antibody.
[0400] Embodiment 14. The antibody of Embodiment 13 comprising a light chain having an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27; and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 or SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0401] Embodiment 15. The antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the antibody (1) does not block the OX40L binding to OX40; (2) exhibits efficient internalization by OX40 positive cells; (3) depletes OX40 positive cells; (4) depletes OX40 positive regulatory T-cells within TME; (5) exhibits significant ADCC; (6) enhances the anti-tumor immune response; (7) reduces the immunosuppression of TME; or (8) enhances immunological activities in TME; or any combination of (1) to (8) .
[0402] Embodiment 16. A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15.
[0403] Embodiment 17. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of Embodiment 16.
[0404] Embodiment 18. A host cell comprising the polynucleotide of Embodiment 16, or the vector of Embodiment 17.
[0405] Embodiment 19. A method of producing an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds human OX40, comprising culturing the cell of Embodiment 18 under conditions suitable for expression of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0406] Embodiment 20. The method of Embodiment 19 that comprises isolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment from the culture.
[0407] Embodiment 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0408] Embodiment 22. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15.
[0409] Embodiment 23. The method of Embodiment 22, wherein the subject is a human.
[0410] Embodiment 24. Use of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15 in treating cancer.
[0411] Embodiment 25. Use of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15 for the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer.
[0412] Embodiment 26. The method or use of any one of Embodiments 22 to 25, wherein the cancer has OX40+tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) .
[0413] Embodiment 27. The method or use of any one of Embodiments 22 to 26, wherein the cancer is an OX40+cancer.
[0414] Embodiment 28. The method or use of any one of Embodiments 22 to 27, wherein the cancer is a liquid cancer.
[0415] Embodiment 29. The method or use of Embodiment 28, wherein the cancer is T cell leukemia or lymphoma.
[0416] Embodiment 30. The method or use of Embodiment 29, wherein the cancer is Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL, e.g., adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) , angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) or T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) .
[0417] Embodiment 31. The method or use of any one of Embodiments 22 to 27, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.
[0418] Embodiment 32. The method or use of Embodiment 31, wherein the cancer is sarcoma, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , melanoma, or ovarian cancer.
[0419] Embodiment 33. The method or use of any one of Embodiments 22 to 27, wherein the cancer is an HPV+cancer or an EBV+cancer.
[0420] Embodiment 34. The method of Embodiment 33, wherein the cancer is EBV+B cell lymphoma, Extra-nodal NK / T cell lymphoma (ENKTL; e.g., nasal type) , HPV16+head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) , EBV+Esophageal cancer, or HPV18+cervical cancer.
[0421] Embodiment 35. A method of treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15.
[0422] Embodiment 36. The method of Embodiment 35, wherein the subject is a human.
[0423] Embodiment 37. Use of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15 in treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease.
[0424] Embodiment 38. Use of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of Embodiments 1 to 15 for the preparation of a medicament for treating an inflammatory disease or an inflammatory disease.
[0425] Embodiment 39. The method of use of any one of Embodiments 35 to 38, wherein the inflammatory disease or an inflammatory disease is characterized by excessive T cell activation.
[0426] Embodiment 40. The method of use of Embodiment 39, wherein the autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , inflammation bowl diseases (IBD) , Crohn's disease (CD) , graft-vs-host diseases ...
Claims
1.An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to human OX40, comprising:(a) a light chain variable region (VL) comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or(b) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.2.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 1, wherein:(a) the VL CDR1, VL CDR2, VL CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or(b) the VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11 and 12, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.3.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 1, comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, VL CDR3, VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 and 12, respectively.4.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 3 that is humanized.5.The humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 4, comprising:(a) a VL having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; and / or(b) a VH having at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.6.The humanized antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 5 comprising a VL and a VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively.7.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 6 that is a monoclonal antibody or antigen-binding fragment.8.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 7 that is selected from the group consisting of a Fab, a Fab’, a F (ab’) 2, a Fv, a scFv, a (scFv) 2, a single domain antibody (sdAb) , and a heavy chain antibody (HCAb) .9.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 7 that is an IgG1 antibody, an IgG2 antibody, an IgG3 antibody, or an IgG4 antibody.10.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising: a light chain constant (CL) region and a heavy chain constant (CH) region.11.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 10, wherein the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 19) or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 20) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions.12.The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 10 or 11, wherein the CH region is IgG1 CH (SEQ ID NO: 21) , IgG2 CH (SEQ ID NO: 22) , IgG3 CH (SEQ ID NO: 23) , or IgG4 CH (SEQ ID NO: 24) , or a variant of any of the above having up to ten amino acids substitutions.13.The antibody of claim 9 that is an IgG1 antibody.14.The antibody of claim 13 comprising a light chain having an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27; and a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28 or SEQ ID NO: 29.15.The antibody of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the antibody (1) does not block the OX40L binding to OX40; (2) exhibits efficient internalization by OX40 positive cells; (3) depletes OX40 positive cells; (4) depletes OX40 positive regulatory T-cells within TME; (5) exhibits significant ADCC; (6) enhances the anti-tumor immune response; (7) reduces the immunosuppression of TME; or (8) enhances immunological activities in TME; or any combination of (1) to (8) .16.A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 15.17.A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 16.18.A host cell comprising the polynucleotide of claim 16, or the vector of claim 17.19.A method of producing an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds human OX40, comprising culturing the cell of claim 18 under conditions suitable for expression of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment.20.The method of claim 19 that comprises isolating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment from the culture.21.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 15, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.22.A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 15.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the subject is a human.24.Use of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 15 in treating cancer.25.Use of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 15 for the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer.26.The method or use of any one of claims 22 to 25, wherein the cancer has OX40+tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) .27.The method or use of any one of claims 22 to 26, wherein the cancer is an OX40+cancer.28.The method or use of any one of claims 22 to 27, wherein the cancer is a liquid cancer.29.The method or use of claim 28, wherein the cancer is T cell leukemia or lymphoma.30.The method or use of claim 29, wherein the cancer is Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL, e.g., adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) , angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) or T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) .31.The method or use of any one of claims 22 to 27, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.32.The method or use of claim 31, wherein the cancer is sarcoma, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , melanoma, or ovarian cancer.33.The method or use of any one of claims 22 to 27, wherein the cancer is an HPV+cancer or an EBV+cancer.34.The method of claim 33, wherein the cancer is EBV+B cell lymphoma, Extra-nodal NK / T cell lymphoma (ENKTL; e.g., nasal type) , HPV16+head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) , EBV+Esophageal cancer, or HPV18+cervical cancer.35.A method of treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 15.36.The method of claim 35, wherein the subject is a human.37.Use of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 15 in treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease.38.Use of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 15 for the preparation of a medicament for treating an inflammatory disease or an inflammatory disease.39.The method of use of any one of claims 35 to 38, wherein the inflammatory disease or an inflammatory disease is characterized by excessive T cell activation.40.The method of use of claim 39, wherein the autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , inflammation bowl diseases (IBD) , Crohn's disease (CD) , graft-vs-host diseases (GvHD) , multiple sclerosis (MS) , type I diabetes, atopic dermatitis, asthma, psoriasis, syndrome (SS) , or idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) .41.The method of any one of claims 22 to 40, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is administered in combination with an additional therapy.42.A kit comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 15.43.An antibody-drug conjugate ( “ADC” ) comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds human OX40 and comprises:(a) a VL comprising VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 42, SEQ ID NO: 44, SEQ ID NO: 46, SEQ ID NO: 50 or SEQ ID NO: 52; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs; and / or(b) a VH comprising VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47, SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 53, or SEQ ID NO: 56; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs.44.The ADC of claim 43, wherein the VL and VH have amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to (1) SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 39, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 40 and 41, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 44 and 45, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 46 and 47, respectively; (6) SEQ ID NOs: 50 and 51, respectively; (7) SEQ ID NOs: 52 and 53, respectively; or (8) SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 56, respectively.45.The ADC of claim 43 or 44, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain and a heavy chain having amino acid sequences that are independently at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to (1) SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 60, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 59 and 61, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 63, respectively; (4) SEQ ID NOs: 62 and 64, respectively; (5) SEQ ID NOs: 65 and 66, respectively; or (6) SEQ ID NOs: 65 and 67, respectively.46.An ADC comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof conjugated to a therapeutic moiety, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds human OX40 and does not block OX40L binding to OX40.47.The ADC of claim 46, comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of any one of claims 1 to 15.48.The ADC of any one of claims 43 to 47, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is conjugated to the therapeutic moiety via a linker.49.The ADC of claim 48, wherein the linker is 50.The ADC of claim 49, wherein the linker is 51.The ADC of any one of claims 43 to 50, wherein the therapeutic moiety is monomethyl auristatin.52.The ADC of claim 51, wherein the monomethyl auristatin is monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) .53.The ADC of claim 51, having the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number ranging from 1 to 16.54.The ADC of claim 53, wherein p is number from 1 to 10.55.The ADC of claim 53, wherein p is about 4.56.The ADC of claim 53, wherein the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, or about 5.57.The ADC of any one of claims 53 to 56, having the structure: 58.The ADC of claim 51, wherein the monomethyl auristatin is monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) .59.The ADC of claim 51, having the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number from 1 to 16.60.The ADC of claim 59, wherein p is from 1 to 10.61.The ADC of claim 59, wherein p is about 4.62.The ADC of claim 59, wherein the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 2.8, about 3.6, about 4, about 4.2, about 4.3, or about 5.63.The ADC of any one of claims 59 to 62, having the structure: 64.The ADC of any one of claims 43 to 50, wherein the therapeutic moiety is a topoisomerase I inhibitor.65.The ADC of claim 64, wherein the topoisomerase I inhibitor is camptothecin, Dxd, SN-38 or exatecan (DX-8951) .66.The ADC of claim 64, wherein the topoisomerase I inhibitor is Dxd.67.The ADC of claim 64, having the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number from 1 to 16.68.The ADC of claim 67, wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 10.69.The ADC of claim 67, wherein p is about 8.70.The ADC of claim 67, wherein the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 5.3 or about 8.71.The ADC of any one of claims 67 to 70, having the structure: 72.The ADC of claim 64, wherein the topoisomerase I inhibitor is SN-38.73.The ADC of claim 64, having the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number from 1 to 16.74.The ADC of claim 73, wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 10.75.The ADC of claim 73, wherein p is about 4 or 5.76.The ADC of claim 73, wherein the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.5.77.The ADC of any one of claims 73 to 76, having the structure: 78.The ADC of claim 64, wherein the topoisomerase I inhibitor is exatecan.79.The ADC of claim 64, having the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number from 1 to 16.80.The ADC of claim 79, wherein p denotes a number from 1 to 10.81.The ADC of claim 79, wherein p is about 4 or 8.82.The ADC of claim 79, wherein the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.2 or about 8.83.The ADC of any one of claims 79 to 82, having the structure: 84.The ADC of any one of claims 43 to 50, wherein the therapeutic moiety is a derivative of halichondrin B.85.The ADC of claim 84, wherein therapeutic moiety is eribulin.86.The ADC of claim 84, having the structure: wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, and p denotes a number ranging from 1 to 16.87.The ADC of claim 86, wherein p is number from 1 to 10.88.The ADC of claim 86, wherein p is about 4 or 5.89.The ADC of claim 86, wherein the average value of p in a population of the ADC is about 4.6.90.The ADC of any one of claims 86 to 89, having the structure: 91.An ADC comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof conjugated to a therapeutic moiety; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds human OX40 and has(1) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs;(2) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs;(3) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs;(4) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs; or(5) VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 from a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VL CDRs, and VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 from a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56; or a variant thereof having up to about 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, and / or deletions in the VH CDRs;and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin.92.An ADC comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof conjugated to a therapeutic moiety; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment specifically binds human OX40 and has a VL and VH having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16, respectively; and wherein the therapeutic moiety is MMAE, MMAF, Dxd, SN-38, exatecan, or eribulin.93.The ADC of any one of claims 43 to 92, wherein the ADC (1) does not block the OX40L binding to OX40; (2) exhibits efficient internalization by OX40 positive cells; (3) depletes OX40 positive cells; (4) depletes OX40 positive regulatory T-cells within TME; (5) exhibits significant ADCC; (6) maintains the essential ADCC of the anti-OX40 antibodies or antigen-binding fragments; (7) enhances the anti-tumor immune response; (8) reduces the immunosuppression of TME; or (9) enhances immunological activities in TME; or any combination of (1) to (9) .94.A method of producing the ADC of any one of claims 43 to 93 comprising conjugating the antibody or antigen-binding fragment to the therapeutic moiety.95.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the ADC of any one of claims 43 to 93, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.96.A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the ADC of any one of claims 43 to 93.97.The method of claim 96, wherein the subject is a human.98.Use of the ADC of any one of claims 43 to 93 in treating cancer.99.Use of the ADC of any one of claims 43 to 93 for the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer.100.The method or use of any one of claims 96 to 99, wherein the cancer is an OX40+cancer.101.The method or use of any one of claims 96 to 100, wherein the cancer is a liquid cancer.102.The method or use of claim 101, wherein the cancer is T cell leukemia or lymphoma.103.The method or use of claim 102, wherein the cancer is Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma (PTCL, e.g., adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) , angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) ) , or T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) .104.The method or use of any one of claims 96 to 100, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.105.The method or use of claim 104, wherein the cancer is sarcoma, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , melanoma, or ovarian cancer.106.The method or use of any one of claims 96 to 100, wherein the cancer is an HPV+cancer or an EBV+cancer.107.The method of claim 106, wherein the cancer is EBV+B cell lymphoma, Extra-nodal NK / T cell lymphoma (ENKTL; e.g., nasal type) , HPV16+head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) , EBV+Esophageal cancer, or HPV18+cervical cancer.108.A method of treating an autoimmune disease or an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the ADC of any one of claims 43 to 93.109.The method of claim 108, wherein the subject is a human.110.Use of the ADC of any one of claims 43 to 93 in treating an inflammatory disease or an inflammatory disease.111.Use of the ADC of any one of claims 43 to 93 for the preparation of a medicament for treating an inflammatory disease or an inflammatory disease.112.The method or use of any one of claims 108 to 111, wherein the autoimmune disease or inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , inflammation bowl diseases (IBD) , Crohn's disease (CD) , graft-vs-host diseases (GvHD) , multiple sclerosis (MS) , type I diabetes, atopic dermatitis, asthma, psoriasis, syndrome (SS) , or idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) .113.The method or use of any one of claims 96 to 112, wherein the ADC is administered in combination with an additional therapy.114.A kit comprising the ADC of any one of claims 43 to 93.
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