Retaining wall and method for making such

Abstract

Method for making retaining walls (1) comprising the steps of: - arranging at least one geocell block (10) comprising at least one geocell layer (11) defined by a plurality of geocells (12) laterally adjacent to each other, on a ground support surface, so that side walls (13) of the geocells (13) are arranged perpendicular to the ground support surface, - arranging at least a first section (20a) of a reinforcing strip (20) parallel to the ground support surface, - connecting at least one constraining accessory (30) to the side walls (13) of at least one geocell (12), said constraining accessory (30) being shaped so as to prevent the side walls (13) of the geocell (12) from approaching or receding from each other, - arranging a layer of mineral filler with a height at least equal to the height of the side walls (13) of the at least one geocell layer (11) on the ground support surface so that the geocell block (10) is embedded within the layer of mineral filler, - constraining at least a second section (20b) of the reinforcing strip (20) with the constraining accessory (30) so that the geocell block (10) is retained in the filler layer by the reinforcing strip (20), defining a retaining wall (1) adapted to confine the filler layer.

Description

[0001] RETAINING WALL AND METHOD FOR MAKING SUCH

[0002] DESCRIPTION

[0003] Technical field

[0004] The present invention relates to a method for making retaining walls.

[0005] In particular, the present invention relates to a method for making walls, i.e. vertical partitions or substantially vertical partitions or partitions that are transverse with respect to the horizontal, for retaining and reinforcing escarpments and earth embankments, for the geotechnical, building and construction sector.

[0006] In particular, the present invention refers to the construction of retaining walls for escarpments, mounds or terrain embankments that need to be supported, contained and reinforced to prevent them from subsiding or landsliding and to support the loads.

[0007] In particular, the present invention also refers to making retaining walls for new earthen structures or embankments built with mineral filler, whether excavated or backfilled material or other material other than the ground on which they are made.

[0008] The invention finds particular application in the construction of retaining walls and earth structures for reinforcing or constructing embankments, hydraulic works, road embankments, retaining works, drainage works, structures or sound barriers, flood barriers, guardrails or road boundary structures, animal barriers, etc.

[0009] State of the art

[0010] The Applicant pointed out that nowadays the use of wire mesh facings or precast concrete panels or blocks arranged vertically with respect to the ground, in which a geo-strip is fixed to the facing by means of a precast point connection or assembled on the facing, is widespread.

[0011] However, the Applicant has observed that this construction technology suffers from numerous disadvantages and drawbacks, including, for example, high manufacturing costs and long lead times, difficult logistics management of transport, storage, handling, installation of the components.

[0012] For the reinforced earth technique, there is also a technology known as “wraparound”, which basically provides for a structural reinforcement (with geogrid or geotextile) to be folded on a facing formed by a disposable metal formwork and then on the upper part, to prevent the reinforcement from slipping off.

[0013] However, the Applicant has observed that, in addition to the aforementioned disadvantages, in this case the reinforcement since it remains exposed to the outside is subject to potential vandalism or wear due to atmospheric agents.

[0014] The use of geocell blocks, i.e. flexible three-dimensional elements typically arranged as a honeycomb or symmetrical mesh, made by joining polymeric (for example ultrasonically welded HPDE tapes) or fabric planar elements, is also known for the creation of retaining walls.

[0015] These geocontainers with ground containment characteristics, which function by containing the mineral filler, limiting lateral expansion and increasing the rigidity of the surrounding ground, are made in the factory by assembling different panels or planar elements, to form containers or cells of different sizes that are very versatile in use, which, once on the construction site, can be filled with a variety of mineral fillers (gravel, earth, sand, recycled asphalt, etc.).

[0016] Geocells therefore function as ground confinement elements and are mainly laid on the plane and used for load-bearing applications (e.g. platforms, forecourts, roads) or for erosion control in escarpments.

[0017] The term geocell therefore refers to a cellular confinement system (CCS) widely used in construction for erosion control, soil stabilization on flat terrains and steep sides, channel protection, and structural reinforcement for load support and ground retention. Typical cell confinement systems, i.e. geocells, are typically geosynthetic made from strips of ultrasonically welded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polymeric alloys - and expanded on site to form a honeycomb structure, suitable to be filled with filler material (e.g. backfill ground, sand, earth, rock, gravel or concrete).

[0018] A cellular confinement system, if filled with compacted ground, creates a new composite entity that possesses improved mechanical and geotechnical properties. When the ground contained in a CCS is subjected to pressure, as in the case of a load-bearing application, it causes lateral stresses on the perimeter walls of the cells. The three-dimensional confinement zone reduces the lateral movement of the ground particles, while the vertical load on the contained filler causes high lateral stresses and resistance to the cell-soil interface. These increase the shear strength of confined ground, which: creates a mat or rigid insole to distribute the load over a wider area, reduces soft ground drilling, increases shear strength and load-bearing capacity.

[0019] On the construction site, the geocells are fixed together and positioned directly on the surface of the subsoil. The units expand by a few tens of meters and are composed of hundreds of individual cells, depending on the section and sizes of the cell. They are then filled with various mineral fillers, such as earth, sand, aggregates or recycled materials, and then compacted with vibrating compactors. The surface layers can consist of asphalt or unalloyed gravelly materials.

[0020] The geocell blocks are easily transportable, as the structure is typically compact offering a minimum footprint and then openable like an accordion to be put in place.

[0021] The known technique for the creation of retaining walls with geocells involves the use of a horizontal reinforcement sheet (that is, arranged exclusively horizontally) interposed between the courses of geocells, that is, the geocell layers. In other words, between one row of geocells and the next (upper) one, a horizontal sheet is spread so that, once the filler layer has been cast to fill the geocells, the sheet generates a simple friction between the geocells. However, the Applicant has observed that this friction is not able to significantly reduce the risks on the integrity of the structure with the possibility of removal, detachment and overturning of the facing / facade and instability of the wall / embankment.

[0022] The use of the geocells for the creation of retaining walls or earths reinforced with reinforcements (typically geogrids or woven geotextiles) is very limited, as several problems have been encountered, including: poor connection between geocell facade and reinforcement due to simple overlap / interposition, deformations between courses of geocells (each course typically has a height equal to 20 cm) and the reinforcement is typically placed at intervals of maximum 60 cm, so not all courses are “linked” to each other, slippage between geocell blocks, as they are not vertically connected, differential subsidences due to the free facade.

[0023] Ob ject of the invention

[0024] In this context, the technical task underlying the present invention is to propose a retaining wall and a method for making retaining walls that overcome one or more of the drawbacks of the aforementioned prior art.

[0025] In particular, it is an object of the present invention to make available a method for making retaining walls that is effective and efficient and that allows to improve the level of safety and stability of the embankment that is to be supported.

[0026] A further object of the present invention is to propose a structurally simple retaining wall, which allows to define an efficient, economical, fast to use reinforcement system and which provides for the use of easily transportable and logistically simple elements to manage on the construction site.

[0027] The specified technical task and objects are substantially achieved by a method for making retaining walls, comprising the technical characteristics set forth in one or more of the appended claims.

[0028] In particular, in accordance with a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for making retaining walls comprising an initial step of arranging a geocell block comprising at least one geocell layer defined by a plurality of geocells laterally adjacent to each other, on a ground support surface, so that side walls of the geocells are arranged perpendicular to the ground support surface.

[0029] The method then comprises a step of arranging at least a first section of a reinforcing strip parallel to the ground support surface.

[0030] The method advantageously comprises a step of connecting at least one constraining accessory to the side walls of at least one geocell of the at least one geocell layer. In particular, the constraining accessory is shaped so as to prevent the side walls of said geocell from approaching or receding from each other.

[0031] The method comprises a step of arranging a layer of mineral filler with a height at least equal to the height of the side walls of the at least one geocell layer on the ground support surface so that the geocell block is embedded within the layer of mineral filler.

[0032] Advantageously, the method further comprises a step of constraining at least a second section of the reinforcing strip with the constraining accessory so that the geocell block is retained in the filler layer by the reinforcing strip defining a retaining wall adapted to confine the filler layer.

[0033] In other words, the reinforcing strip engaged, through the second section, with the accessory connected to the geocell block and, through the first section, with the filler layer, allows the geocell block to be retained and maintained in position within the filler layer, preventing the geocell block from any relative sliding with respect to the ground.

[0034] The method subject-matter of the present invention allows to make a retaining wall capable of efficiently confining the filler layer resulting in an effective structural reinforcement of the escarpment or embankment since all the elements are constrained to each other to make a connected and safe system, which avoids the problems described above in the prior art.

[0035] The method therefore makes it possible to make a resistant retaining wall durable over time that effectively integrates with the surrounding ground, preventing subsidences and shifts.

[0036] Thanks to the present invention, it is therefore possible to effectively make a retaining wall quickly and economically, using elements that are easy to move and implement.

[0037] In accordance with a second aspect of the invention there is provided a retaining wall comprising: at least one geocell block comprising at least one geocell layer defined by a plurality of laterally adjacent geocells; at least one reinforcing strip; at least one constraining accessory connected or connectable to the side walls of at least one geocell of the at least one geocell layer, said constraining accessory being shaped so as to prevent the side walls of said geocell from approaching or receding from each other, a layer of mineral filler with a height at least equal to the height of the side walls of the at least one geocell layer and adapted to be arranged, in use, at least partially between the side walls of the geocells so that the geocell block is embedded within the layer of mineral filler.

[0038] Advantageously, at least a first section of the reinforcing strip is adapted to be arranged, in use, perpendicular with respect to the side walls of the geocell and parallel to a ground support surface on which said at least one geocell block is arranged.

[0039] Advantageously at least a second section of the reinforcing strip is adapted to be constrained, in use, with the constraining accessory so that the geocell block is retained in the filler layer by the reinforcing strip defining a retaining wall adapted to confine the filler layer.

[0040] Advantageously, the constraining accessory comprises: a central body having a retaining slot adapted to allow the passage of the reinforcing strip, and peripheral constraining portions, connected to the central body and shaped to be constrained with the side walls of the geocell.

[0041] The retaining wall subject-matter of the present invention therefore advantageously defines a structural reinforcement element integral with the filler layer that allows to obtain an efficient confinement system of the surrounding ground, for making retaining walls and reinforced earths with high performance in terms of stability and resistance to the loads.

[0042] Advantageously, the presence of the constraining accessory allows to keep the geocell “open”, that is, it prevents the side walls from approaching until the containment volume is exhausted, and it allows to define a constraining element between the geocell and the strip, thus preventing possible slippage of the strip from the ground and possible relative movements between the geocells and the ground.

[0043] The wall and the relative realization method subject-matter of the present invention therefore provide for the use of a connected reinforcement system that combines the containment capacity of the geocells with the strength of the reinforcing strips, in a practical and efficient way.

[0044] This innovative methodology proposes a new concept that guarantees design and construction flexibility and that provides an efficient and economical structure, with technical performance that can be tested and certified. In addition, in this case the reinforcement does not remain exposed to the outside and therefore is not subject to potential vandalism or wear due to atmospheric agents, as can happen in the wrap-around system or if the connection of the reinforcement is in the facade / facing.

[0045] The dependent claims herein incorporated for reference, correspond to different implementations and embodiments of the invention.

[0046] Further characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become clearer from the indicative, and therefore non-limiting, description of the preferred but not exclusive embodiments of a retaining wall and of a method for making retaining walls, as illustrated in the appended drawings.

[0047] Brief description of the drawings

[0048] Figure 1 is a partially sectioned schematic perspective view of a possible embodiment of a retaining wall subject-matter of the present invention, in which the surrounding ground and the mineral filler have been omitted for illustrative clarity.

[0049] Figure 2 is a schematic perspective view of a detail of the retaining wall in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the constraining accessory and of the reinforcing strip.

[0050] Figure 3 schematically illustrates the constraint between the longitudinal bar of the constraining accessory and the reinforcing strip illustrated in figure 2, while figure 4 schematically illustrates a variant embodiment of the constraint between the longitudinal bar of the constraining accessory and the reinforcing strip illustrated in figure 2.

[0051] Figure 5 is a schematic perspective view of a first alternative embodiment of the retaining wall subject-matter of the present invention, in which some parts have been omitted.

[0052] Figure 6 is a schematic perspective view of the constraining accessory of figure 5. Figure 7 is a schematic perspective view of a second alternative embodiment of the retaining wall subject-matter of the present invention, in which some parts have been omitted.

[0053] Figure 8 is a schematic perspective view of the constraining accessory of figure 7. Figure 9 is a schematic perspective view of a third alternative embodiment of the retaining wall subject-matter of the present invention, in which some parts have been omitted.

[0054] Figure 10 is a schematic perspective view of the constraining accessory of figure 9.

[0055] Figure 11 is a schematic representation of possible embodiments of retaining walls and of pairs of retaining walls opposite each other at opposite sides of the ground support surface, in which for the sake of simplicity only the geocells (in a continuous stretch) and the composite reinforcing strips (in hatching) are illustrated.

[0056] Figure 12 is a perspective sectional view of a possible embodiment of the reinforcing strip of the retaining wall subject-matter of the present invention.

[0057] Detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention

[0058] With reference to the appended figures, a retaining wall, from now on simply the wall 1, has been indicated overall with 1.

[0059] The wall 1 comprises: at least one geocell block 10, at least one reinforcing strip 20, at least one constraining accessory 30, and a layer of mineral filler (not illustrated in the appended figures). The geocell block 10 comprises at least one geocell layer 11 defined by a plurality of laterally adjacent geocells 12.

[0060] Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment example of geocell block 10 comprising three vertically stacked geocell layers 11, wherein each layer 11 is defined by a plurality of adjacent geocells 12 (thirteen geocells in the illustrated case).

[0061] Each geocell 12 has side walls 13. The side walls 13 of the respective geocells 12 are parallel to each other and are adapted to be arranged in use on a ground support surface (not illustrated), so that they are arranged perpendicular with respect to the ground support surface.

[0062] Between the side walls 13 of each geocell 12 there is defined a containment volume of the geocell 12, which extends between a first opening 14 and a second opening 15 opposite the first opening 14. In particular, the openings 14, 15 are defined at the peripheral edges of the side walls 13.

[0063] The term “strip” is intended to denote a substantially flat strip-like element having a length, measured along a longitudinal extension direction X of the strip 20, greater than the width of the strip 20, measured perpendicularly to the longitudinal extension direction X, and having a width much greater than the thickness of the strip 20, the latter being measured perpendicularly with respect to the longitudinal extension direction X and the width of the strip 20.

[0064] Preferably the strip 20 has a width comprised between 10 and 200 mm, even more preferably equal to 85 mm.

[0065] The strip 20 has two side ends 23 which are opposite with respect to the longitudinal extension direction X and two opposite terminal ends 25, extending perpendicularly to the longitudinal extension direction X. In other words, the length of the strip 20 is measurable between the terminal ends 25, while the width is measurable between the side ends 23.

[0066] With reference to the embodiment illustrated in figure 12, the strip 20 preferably comprises a cladding capsule 21, for example a polymer matrix (for example LLPDE), surrounding a plurality of longitudinal channels 22 extending parallel to the longitudinal extension direction X of the reinforcing strip 1 and arranged in sequence between the opposite side ends 23. In other words, the longitudinal channels 22 are arranged parallel adjacent to each other in sequence within the strip 20 and extend along the entire length A of the strip 20.

[0067] The strip 1 then preferably comprises a plurality of longitudinal reinforcing fibres 24 arranged inside the longitudinal channels 22. The strip 20 is therefore defined as a composite reinforcing strip.

[0068] In particular, “plurality of longitudinal reinforcing fibres” 24 is intended to denote a yam or a filament made from a plurality of fibres, threads, filaments or inserts with tensile strength characteristics juxtaposed longitudinally between them to define a longitudinally extending reinforcing element.

[0069] Preferably, the longitudinal reinforcing fibres 24 are made of synthetic or polymeric or bio-polymeric or natural or vegetable materials. Inserts of ferrous or metallic origin can also be provided.

[0070] It should therefore be noted that the term “longitudinal” is intended to denote that the plurality of fibres defines a yarn extending in a direction parallel to the longitudinal extension direction X of the strip 20.

[0071] According to a possible embodiment, not illustrated, furthermore the plurality of fibres can be defined by threads or yarns formed by mixed or combined structures to form a yam / hybrid structure (able to increase the final performance of the strip itself).

[0072] Preferably, each channel 22 has a width value, measured perpendicular with respect to the longitudinal extension direction X of the reinforcing strip 20 and parallel to the width of the reinforcing strip 20, ranging between 0.5 mm and 100 mm, even more preferably ranging between 2 mm and 10 mm.

[0073] Preferably the channel 22 has a thickness value, measured perpendicular with respect to the longitudinal extension direction X of the reinforcing strip 20 and parallel to the thickness of the reinforcing strip 1, ranging between 0.1 mm and 20 mm, even more preferably ranging between 1 mm and 5 mm.

[0074] Preferably the distance between consecutive longitudinal channels 22 is smaller than the width of the longitudinal channels 22.

[0075] Preferably the strip 20 is obtained by co-extrusion of a cladding capsule 21 in synthetic material containing a core in fibres, filaments, threads or inserts with tensile strength properties.

[0076] By using high-tenacity threads, yarns and fibres, it is in fact possible to obtain reinforcing strips able to offer the necessary support and strengths to loads and greater durability than ordinary structural construction methods and materials such as steel and concrete.

[0077] In accordance with a possible embodiment of the strip 20, not illustrated in the appended figures, the strip 20 could for example be made by cutting a longitudinal portion of a geogrid.

[0078] The method for making the wall 1 according to the present invention comprises a first step of arranging at least one geocell block 10 comprising at least one geocell layer 11 defined by a plurality of geocells 12 laterally adjacent to each other, on a ground support surface (not illustrated), so that side walls 13 of said geocells 12 are arranged perpendicular to the ground support surface.

[0079] For example, the ground support surface is horizontal and adjacent to an escarpment or relief that needs to be reinforced and contained.

[0080] The method then provides for a step of arranging at least a first section 20a of the reinforcing strip 20 parallel to the ground support surface. For example, the first section 20a illustrated in figure 1 is arranged below the first lower layer 11 of geocells 12 and is therefore arranged below with respect to the side walls 13 of the geocells 12. However, according to possible implementations and embodiments of the present invention, illustrated in figure 11, it is possible that the first section 20a is arranged above the geocell block 10.

[0081] The method then comprises a step of connecting at least one constraining accessory 30 to the side walls 13 of at least one geocell 12 of said at least one geocell layer 11. In particular, the constraining accessory 30, as will be clearer in the following description, is shaped so as to prevent the side walls 13 of the geocell 12 from approaching or receding from each other. In other words, the constraining accessory 30 allows to prevent the containment volume of the geocell 12 from collapsing due to the deformations of the mineral filler or of the surrounding ground compromising the stability of the structural reinforcement defined by the wall 1.

[0082] The method then in fact comprises a step of arranging the layer of mineral filler with a height at least equal to the height of the side walls 13 of the at least one geocell layer 11 on the ground support surface so that the geocell block 10 is embedded within the layer of mineral filler.

[0083] In other words, once the geocell block 10 is laid, the filler layer is cast from above so that the containment volumes of the geocells 12 are filled with mineral filler.

[0084] Advantageously, the method further comprises a step of constraining at least a second section 20b of the reinforcing strip 20 with the constraining accessory 30 so that the geocell block 10 is retained in the filler layer by the reinforcing strip 20 defining a retaining wall 1 adapted to confine the filler layer.

[0085] In other words, thanks to the constraint between the strip 20 and the accessory 30 (which in turn is constrained to the geocell 12) it is possible to make a highly stable retaining wall that guarantees a high structural solidity thanks to the interaction between the surrounding ground and the mineral filler, the latter being frictionally connected to the first section 20a of the strip 20 (which extends perpendicular to the side walls 13 typically beyond the geocell block 10), which is in turn constrained to the geocell block 10.

[0086] The effect that is generated is that of a retention of the geocell block 10 within the filler layer which therefore creates an action of confinement of the surrounding ground, for example of the adjacent escarpment or relief.

[0087] With reference to figure 2, preferably the constraining step can be achieved by folding the second section 20b of the strip 20 around a longitudinal bar 31 of the constraining accessory 30, in use arranged along a longitudinal axis Y parallel to the support surface and then constraining, preferably by welding, the terminal end of the second section 20b to the strip 20 itself (as illustrated in figure 3) so as to make a passage loop of said longitudinal bar 31, or by deflecting the second section 20b towards the first section 2a (figure 4).

[0088] The longitudinal bar 31 is therefore preferably insertable or inserted within the passage loop obtained by folding the terminal end of the second section 20b of strip 20 and welding it to the strip 20 itself. The constraining accessory 30 comprises a central body 32, having a retaining slot 33 adapted to allow the passage of the at least one strip 20, and peripheral constraining portions 34 connected to the central body 32 and shaped to be constrained with the side walls 13 of the geocell 12.

[0089] With particular reference to the embodiments of the constraining accessory 30 illustrated in figures 5-10, preferably the constraining portions 34 are defined by at least two guides, which are opposite with respect to the slot 33, within which respective opposite side walls 13 of the geocell 12 are slidably insertable.

[0090] In other words, the guides receive a terminal portion of the side walls 13 of the geocells 12 and keep the geocells 13 in position preventing their approaching or receding, i.e. preventing the collapse of the containment volumes in which the strips 20 are passing-through.

[0091] Furthermore, with particular reference to the embodiments of the constraining accessory 30 illustrated in figures 1 and 2, preferably the constraining portions 34 are defined by pins which can be inserted at least partially within holes made in the side walls of the geocell 12. In fact, the geocells 12 can be equipped with holes of variable size made in the side walls 13 for filtering or draining liquids present in the mineral filler or to allow ventilation of the material itself.

[0092] It should also be noted that the aforementioned longitudinal bar 31 can be made in one piece with a central body 32 of the constraining accessory 30 (in this case it is therefore connected to the constraining accessory 30), or be made as a separate piece (in this case it is therefore connectable to the constraining accessory 30), as in the embodiment example illustrated in figure 2.

[0093] Preferably, the constraining step can also be achieved by folding the strip 20 inside the retaining slot 33 of the constraining accessory 30 (preferably made in the central body 32 of the constraining accessory 30) so as to create a first fold of the strip 20 between the first section 20a and the second section 20b.

[0094] In particular, the second section 20b extends in this case transversely to the support surface through the containment volume of the geocell 12 between the first opening 14 of the geocell 12, at which the constraining accessory 30 is arranged, and the second opening 15 of the geocell 12 opposite the first opening With particular reference to the embodiment example of figure 1, it should be noted that the second section 20b could extend through the containment volume of multiple geocells 12, for example three geocells 12.

[0095] Preferably, the method further comprises a step of connecting a further constraining accessory 30, as visible for example in figures 5-10, with the side walls 13 of the geocell 12 at the second opening 15, and a further step of constraining the second section 20b with the further constraining accessory 30.

[0096] In other words, the strip 20 is arranged for a first section 20a parallel to the ground support surface, then it is folded inside the first opening 14 of the geocell 12 to be inserted inside the retaining slot 33 of the constraining accessory 30, then extending for a second section 20b transversely to the support surface passing through the containment volume of the geocell 12 until it arrives at the second opening 15 of the geocell 12 where it is constrained with the further constraining accessory 30.

[0097] Even more preferably, with reference to the embodiments illustrated in figures 5- 10, the further constraining step is achieved by folding the strip 20 inside a respective retaining slot 33 of the further constraining accessory 30 so as to create a second fold of the strip 20 between the second section 20b and a folded section 20c of the strip 20 extending parallel to the first section 20a.

[0098] Furthermore, preferably, the further constraining step can be achieved by folding the second section 20b of the reinforcing strip 20 around a longitudinal bar 31 of the further constraining accessory 30, in use arranged along a longitudinal axis Y parallel to the support surface, and subsequently welding the terminal end of the second section 20b to the reinforcing strip 20 itself, or by folding the reinforcing strip 20 again into the retaining slot 33 of the further constraining accessory 30 to make a further second section 20b and a further first section 20a.

[0099] In particular, this type of constraint is advantageously usable when it is intended to use a single strip 20 in order to make two retaining walls 1, as will be clearer in the following description and as illustrated in some embodiments schematized in figure 12. In other words, the strip 20 is closed in a loop and substantially acts as a junction loop of the two opposite walls, in which some sections of the strip 20 can be arranged in overlap.

[0100] As illustrated in figure 1, advantageously the method according to the present invention may preferably comprise the steps of:

[0101] - arranging a geocell block 10 comprising a plurality of geocell layers 11 stacked on top of each other so that the respective side walls 13 of the geocells 12 are parallel, and

[0102] - connecting the respective constraining accessories 30 to the side walls 13 of at least one geocell 12 of each geocell layer 11, so that the second section 20b of strip 20 is through inside the respective retaining slots 33 of the respective constraining accessories 30 extending transversally through the containment volumes of the respective geocells 13 of each layer 11.

[0103] As anticipated, the method subject-matter of the present invention advantageously allows to make retaining walls 1 opposite each other at opposite sides of a ground support surface, so as to allow not only the structural reinforcement of existing escarpments, reliefs and mounds, but also to make walls or retaining walls from scratch that are structurally resistant, stable and safe.

[0104] The method may therefore preferably comprise a step of arranging a first block 10 of geocells 12 and a second block 10 of geocells 12 for making respective retaining walls 1 opposite each other at opposite sides of the ground support surface, so that respective first sections 20a of the composite reinforcing strips 20 are arranged parallel and the filler layer is interposed between the two geocell blocks 10.

[0105] Figure 12 schematically shows some examples of possible embodiments of pairs of retaining walls in accordance with the present invention.

[0106] It may preferably further comprise the step of constraining the respective second sections 20b of the composite reinforcing strips together.

[0107] Even more preferably, the method comprises the step of arranging a single reinforcing strip 20 constrained to both the first constraining accessory 30 of the first geocell block 10 and the second constraining accessory 30 of the second geocell block 10.

[0108] Even more preferably the reinforcing strip 20 can be folded around the respective longitudinal bars 31 of the two constraining accessories 30 and closed in a loop.

[0109] The present invention achieves the proposed objectives, overcoming the drawbacks complained of in the prior art and making available a method for making efficient, economical and effective retaining walls that allows making retaining walls that are durable over time and safe, as well as efficient from a performance point of view.

[0110] In particular, the presence of constraining accessories 30, especially for significant loads or for reinforced walls / earths of a higher category, is able to provide the system with numerous technical and performance benefits, including:

[0111] - the controlled alignment in the facade on the courses of geocells laid horizontally,

[0112] - the maintenance of the opening of the single geocell to favour the positioning of the geo-strip and therefore to favour the installation of the reinforcement,

[0113] - the possibility of obtaining a positive connection between the facade (geocells) and the reinforcement (strip),

[0114] - easy to produce accessories that can be made with 3D printing or injection moulding or other known techniques.

[0115] In addition, the proposed invention guarantees a lot of design flexibility and further economic advantages, especially for the reuse of non-traditional and cohesive materials for the creation of the embankment. In fact, the proposed concept applies to the reinforced earth technology but also to the “anchored earth” technology.

[0116] The “anchored earth” technology involves the use of so-called marginal terrains (clay or waste) that are typically not used for the creation of structures in the earth.

[0117] The proposed method for connecting the cladding units and the anchoring elements produces a greater potential capacity to resist the phenomena of differential subsidence settlement compared to conventional earth reinforcing techniques.

Claims

CLAIMS1. Method for making retaining walls (1) comprising the steps of: arranging at least one geocell block (10) comprising at least one geocell layer (11) defined by a plurality of geocells (12) laterally adjacent to each other, on a ground support surface, so that side walls (13) of said geocells (13) are arranged perpendicular to the ground support surface, arranging at least a first section (20a) of a reinforcing strip (20) parallel to the ground support surface; connecting at least one constraining accessory (30) to the side walls (13) of at least one geocell (12) of said at least one geocell layer (11), said constraining accessory (30) being shaped so as to prevent the side walls (13) of said geocell (12) from approaching or receding from each other, arranging a layer of mineral filler with a height at least equal to the height of the side walls (13) of the at least one geocell layer (11) on said ground support surface so that the geocell block (10) is embedded within said layer of mineral filler, constraining at least a second section (20b) of said reinforcing strip (20) with said constraining accessory (30) so that said geocell block (10) is retained in the filler layer by said reinforcing strip (20), defining a retaining wall (1) adapted to confine said filler layer.

2. Method according to claim 1, wherein said constraining step is achieved by folding the second section (20b) of the reinforcing strip (20) around a longitudinal bar (31) of the constraining accessory (30), in use arranged along a longitudinal axis (Y) parallel to the support surface and then constraining the terminal end of the second section (20b) to the reinforcing strip (20) itself so as to make a passage loop of said longitudinal bar (31), or by deflecting the second section (20b) towards the first section (20a).

3. Method according to claim 1, wherein said constraining step is achieved by folding the strip (20) inside a retaining slot (33) of the constraining accessory (30) so as to create a first fold of the strip (20) between the first section (20a) and the second section (20b), said second section (20b) extending transversally to the support surface through the containment volume of the at least one geocell (12) between a first opening (14) of the geocell (12), at which the constraining accessory (30) is arranged, and a second opening (15) of the geocell (12) opposite the first opening (14), said openings (14, 15) being defined between peripheral edges of the side walls (13) of the geocell (12).

4. Method according to claim 3, wherein said method further comprises a step of connecting a further constraining accessory (30) with the side walls (13) of said at least one geocell (12) at said second opening (15), and a further step of constraining said second section (20b) with said further constraining accessory (30).

5. Method according to claim 4, wherein said further constraining step is achieved by folding the reinforcing strip (20) inside a respective retaining slot (33) of the further constraining accessory (30) so as to create a second fold of the reinforcing strip (20) between the second section (20b) and a folded section (20c) of the strip extending parallel to the first section (20a).

6. Method according to claim 4, wherein said further constraining step is achieved by folding the second section (20b) of the reinforcing strip (20) around a longitudinal bar (31) of the further restraining accessory (30), in use arranged along a longitudinal axis (Y) parallel to the support surface, and subsequently welding the terminal end of the second section (20b) to the reinforcing strip (20) itself, or by folding the reinforcing strip (20) again into the retaining slot (33) of the further constraining accessory (30) to make a further second section (20b) and a further first section (20a).

7. Method according to one of claims 3-6, comprising the steps of: arranging a geocell block (10) comprising a plurality of geocell layers (11) stacked on top of each other so that the respective side walls (13) of the geocells (12) are parallel, connecting the respective constraining accessories (30) to the side walls (13) of at least one geocell (12) of each geocell layer (11), so that the second section (20) of strip (20) is through inside the respective retaining slots (33) of the respective constraining accessories (30) extending transversally through the containment volumes of the respective geocells (12) of each layer (11).

8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a step of arranging a first geocell block (10) and a second geocell block (10) for making respective retaining walls (1) opposite each other at opposite sides of said ground support surface, so that respective first sections (20a) of the reinforcing strips (20) are arranged parallel and the filler layer is interposed between the two geocell blocks (10).

9. Method according to claim 8, comprising the step of constraining the respective second sections (20b) of the reinforcing strips (20) together.

10. Method according to claim 8, comprising the step of arranging a single reinforcing strip (20) constrained to both the first constraining accessory (30) of the first geocell block (10) and the second constraining accessory (30) of the second geocell block (10).

11. Method according to claim 10 when dependent on 2, wherein said reinforcing strip (20) is folded around the respective longitudinal bars (31) of the two constraining accessories (30) and closed in a loop.

12. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said constraining accessory (30) comprises: a central body (32), having a retaining slot (33) adapted to allow the passage of said at least one reinforcing strip (20), and peripheral constraining portions (34), connected to said central body (32) and shaped to be constrained with the side walls (13) of the geocell (12).

13. Method according to claim 12, wherein said constraining portions (34) are defined by at least two guides, which are opposite with respect to said retaining slot (33), within which respective opposite side walls (13) of the geocell (12) are slidably insertable.

14. Method according to claim 12, wherein said constraining portions (34) are defined by pins which can be inserted at least partially within holes made in the side walls (13) of the geocell (12).

15. Method according to claim 1, wherein said reinforcing strip (20) comprises a cladding capsule (21) surrounding a plurality of longitudinal channels (22) extending parallel to a longitudinal extension direction (X) of the reinforcing strip (20) and arranged in sequence between opposite side ends (23) of the strip (20), and a plurality of longitudinal reinforcing fibres (24) arranged within the longitudinal channels (22).

16. Retaining wall (1) comprising: at least one geocell block (10) comprising at least one geocell layer (11) defined by a plurality of laterally adjacent geocells (13); at least one reinforcing strip (20); at least one constraining accessory (30) connected or connectable to the side walls (13) of at least one geocell (13) of said at least one geocell layer (11), said constraining accessory (30) being shaped so asto prevent the side walls (13) of said geocell (12) from approaching or receding from each other, a layer of mineral filler with a height at least equal to the height of the side walls (13) of the at least one geocell layer (11), said layer of mineral filler being adapted to be arranged, in use, at least partially between the side walls (13) of the geocells (12) so that the geocell block (10) is embedded within said layer of mineral filler; wherein at least a first section (20a) of said reinforcing strip (20) is adapted to be arranged, in use, perpendicular with respect to said side walls (13) of the geocell (12) and parallel to a ground support surface on which said at least one geocell block (10) is arranged, and wherein at least a second section (20b) of said reinforcing strip (20) is adapted to be constrained, in use, with said constraining accessory (30) so that said geocell block (10) is retained in the filler layer by said reinforcing strip (20), defining a retaining wall (1) adapted to confine said filler layer; wherein said constraining accessory (30) comprises: a central body (32), having a retaining slot (33) adapted to allow the passage of said at least one reinforcing strip (20), and peripheral constraining portions (34), connected to said central body (32) and shaped to be constrained with the side walls (13) of the geocell (12).

17. Retaining wall (1) according to claim 16, wherein said constraining accessory (30) comprises a longitudinal bar (31) insertable or inserted within a passage loop obtained by folding a terminal end of the second section (20b) of the reinforcing strip (20) and welding it to the reinforcing strip (20) itself.

18. Retaining wall (1) according to claim 16 or 17, wherein said constraining accessory (30) is connected or connectable to said geocell (12) at a firstopening (14) of the geocell (12) or at a second opening (15) of the geocell (12) opposite the first opening (14), said openings (14, 15) being defined between respective peripheral edges of the side walls (13) of the geocell (12).

19. Retaining wall (1) according to one or more of claims 16-18, wherein said geocell block (10) comprises a plurality of geocell layers (11) stacked on top of each other so that the respective side walls (13) of the geocells (12) are parallel.

20. Retaining wall (1) according to claim 16, wherein said constraining portions (34) are defined by at least two guides, which are opposite with respect to said retaining slot (33), within which respective opposite side walls (13) of the geocell (12) are slidably insertable.

21. Retaining wall (1) according to claim 16, wherein said constraining portions (34) are defined by pins insertable at least partially within holes made in the side walls (13) of the geocell (12).

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