Methods of reducing foreign body response and encrustation of devices

Abstract

Disclosed herein are methods of reducing the foreign body response of implanted medical devices. Also disclosed herein are methods of reducing encrustation of implanted medical devices such as long term use catheters.

Description

METHODS OF REDUCING FOREIGN BODY RESPONSE AND ENCRUSTATION OF DEVICESCROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 556,302, filed on February 21, 2024, the contents of which are fully incorporated by reference herein.BACKGROUND

[0002] Biomaterial and medical implant surface properties play an important role in modulating the foreign body reaction, particularly in the first two to four weeks following implantation of a medical implant. Once a biomaterial is introduced into the body, a sequence of events occurs in the surrounding tissue and ultimately ends in the formation of foreign body giant cells at the tissue / material interface. The consequences of the reaction to the material surface can be devastating. Thus, there is a need to develop coating compositions for medical device implants to reduce and / or prevent negative effects of the foreign body response.SUMMARY

[0003] The present disclosure provides for a method of reducing foreign body response on a medical device comprising implanting or transplanting into a mammal a coated medical device, the coating comprising: i. a repeating unit of Formula (VII):Formula (VII) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl;each A1and A2is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1and B2is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, and Rl lcis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; ii. a repeating unit of Formula (VIII):D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl; each R6Cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substitutedC2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a;each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic; and iii. a repeating unit of Formula (IX):Formula (IX)A4is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B4is -O- or -NR3C-;Z4is -(CR6cR6d)k-;E is -CN, -OR9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R6C, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, R13a, R13b, and R13cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and k is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the medical device coating reduces at least one of: fibrotic encapsulation at the implantation or transplantation site and dense collagen formation at the implantation or transplantation site, thereby reducing a foreign body response in the mammal.

[0004] The present disclosure provides for a method of reducing encrustation on a catheter comprising implanting or transplanting into a mammal a catheter coated with (i) a repeating unit of Formula (VII), (ii) a repeating unit for Formula (VIII), (iii) a repeating unit of Formula (IX), wherein the catheter coating reduces encrustation.

[0005] The present disclosure provides for a method of reducing foreign body response for a coated medical device, the method comprising:(a) contacting a surface of a device with a mixture comprising a coating, the coating comprising i. a repeating unit of Formula (VII):Formula (VII) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci- Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1and A2is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1and B2is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-;each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, and Rl lcis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; ii. a repeating unit of Formula (VIII):Formula (VIII) wherein,A3is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B3is -O- or -NR3C-;D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl; each R6Cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substitutedC2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substitutedC1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic; and iii. a repeating unit of Formula (IX):Formula (IX)A4is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B4is -O- or -NR3C-;Z4is -(CR6cR6d)k-;E is -CN, -OR9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R6C, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substitutedC2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, R13a, R13b, and R13cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and k is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;(b) treating the surface of the device of step (a) with a heat source for a time sufficient to undergo thermografting of the copolymer onto the surface of the medical device, thereby making a coated medical device,(c)implanting said coated medical device into a mammal, and(d) reducing fibrotic encapsulation.

[0006] The present disclosure provides for a method of reducing foreign body response for a coated medical device, the method comprising:(a) coating a surface of a device with a coating, the coating comprising i. a repeating unit of Formula (VII):Formula (VII) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci- Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1and A2is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1and B2is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, and Rl lcis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; ii. a repeating unit of Formula (VIII):Formula (VIII) wherein,A3is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B3is -O- or -NR3C-;D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl; each R6Cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substitutedC2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substitutedC1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic; and iii. a repeating unit of Formula (IX):B4is -O- or -NR3C-;Z4is -(CR6cR6d)k-;E is -CN, -0R9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R6C, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, R13a, R13b, and R13cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and k is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;(b) implanting said coated medical device into a mammal,(c) reducing collagen density surrounding the coated medical device.

[0007] In some embodiments, each Rla, Rlb, R2a, and R2bis F. In some embodiments, A1is - S(=O)2- and each A2, A3, and A4is -C(=O)-. In some embodiments, each B1, B2, and B3is independently -O- or -NR3c-. In some embodiments, D is -S(=O)2O or -C(=O)O". In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbare H and each R2aand R2bis F.

[0008] In some embodiments, the medical device is selected from surgical drain, biopharma tubing, heart-valve repair device, continuous glucose monitoring device, hernia mesh, prosthetic heart valve , tracheobronchial stents, tracheostomy tube, intraocular lens, central venous catheter, midline catheter, port catheter, dialysis catheter, or a peripherally inserted central catheter, tissue expander, neural probes, rhinoplasty implant, fascial repair implant, implanted electrode arrays, bone plates and screws, abscess drain, nephrostomy tube, insulin pump cartridge, aortic graft, dialysis graft, a cochlear implant, a breast implant, a spinal implant, a catheter, and a pacemaker. In some embodiments, the medical device is selected from a central venous catheter, midline catheter, port catheter, dialysis catheter, or a peripherally inserted central catheter, a cochlear implant, a breast implant, a spinal implant, a catheter, and a pacemaker.

[0009] In some embodiments, the reduction of fibrotic encapsulation is measured by a reduction in collagen density. In some embodiments, collagen density is reduced by about 1 % to about 60 %. In some embodiments, collagen density is reduced by about 1 % to about 5 %, about 1 % to about 10 %, about 1 % to about 15 %, about 1 % to about 20 %, about 1 % to about 25 %, about 1 % to about 30 %, about 1 % to about 35 %, about 1 % to about 40 %, about 1 % to about 45 %, about 1 % toabout 50 %, about 1 % to about 60 %, about 5 % to about 10 %, about 5 % to about 15 %, about 5 % to about 20 %, about 5 % to about 25 %, about 5 % to about 30 %, about 5 % to about 35 %, about 5 % to about 40 %, about 5 % to about 45 %, about 5 % to about 50 %, about 5 % to about 60 %, about 10 % to about 15 %, about 10 % to about 20 %, about 10 % to about 25 %, about 10 % to about 30 %, about 10 % to about 35 %, about 10 % to about 40 %, about 10 % to about 45 %, about 10 % to about 50 %, about 10 % to about 60 %, about 15 % to about 20 %, about 15 % to about 25 %, about 15 % to about 30 %, about 15 % to about 35 %, about 15 % to about 40 %, about 15 % to about 45 %, about 15 % to about 50 %, about 15 % to about 60 %, about 20 % to about 25 %, about 20 % to about 30 %, about 20 % to about 35 %, about 20 % to about 40 %, about 20 % to about 45 %, about 20 % to about 50 %, about 20 % to about 60 %, about 25 % to about 30 %, about 25 % to about 35 %, about 25 % to about 40 %, about 25 % to about 45 %, about 25 % to about 50 %, about 25 % to about 60 %, about 30 % to about 35 %, about 30 % to about 40 %, about 30 % to about 45 %, about 30 % to about 50 %, about 30 % to about 60 %, about 35 % to about 40 %, about 35 % to about 45 %, about 35 % to about 50 %, about 35 % to about 60 %, about 40 % to about 45 %, about 40 % to about 50 %, about 40 % to about 60 %, about 45 % to about 50 %, about 45 % to about 60 %, or about 50 % to about 60 %. In some embodiments, collagen density is reduced by about 1 %, about 5 %, about 10 %, about 15 %, about 20 %, about 25 %, about 30 %, about 35 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, about 50 %, or about 60 %. In some embodiments, collagen density is reduced by at least about 1 %, about 5 %, about 10 %, about 15 %, about 20 %, about 25 %, about 30 %, about 35 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, or about 50 %. In some embodiments, collagen density is reduced by at most about 5 %, about 10 %, about 15 %, about 20 %, about 25 %, about 30 %, about 35 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, about 50 %, or about 60 %. In some embodiments, the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of about 1 to about 200 gm from the implant, the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of about 1 pm to about 200 pm. the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of about 1 pm to about 10 pm, about 1 pm to about 20 pm, about 1 pm to about 30 pm, about 1 pm to about 40 pm, about 1 pm to about 50 pm, about 1 pm to about 60 pm, about 1 pm to about 70 pm, about 1 pm to about 80 pm, about 1 pm to about 90 pm, about 1 pm to about 100 pm, about 1 pm to about 200 pm, about 10 pm to about 20 pm, about 10 pm to about 30 pm, about 10 pm to about 40 pm, about 10 pm to about 50 pm, about 10 pm to about 60 pm, about 10 pm to about 70 pm, about 10 pm to about 80 pm, about 10 pm to about 90 pm, about 10 pm to about 100 pm, about 10 pm to about 200 pm, about 20 pm to about 30 pm, about 20 pm to about 40 pm, about 20 pm to about 50 pm, about 20 pm to about 60 pm, about 20 pm to about 70 pm, about 20 pm to about 80 pm, about 20 pm to about 90 pm, about 20 pm to about 100 pm, about 20 pm to about 200 pm, about 30 pm to about 40 pm, about 30 pm to about 50 pm, about 30 pm to about 60 pm, about 30 pm to about 70 pm, about 30 pm to about 80 pm, about 30 pm to about 90 pm, about30 gm to about 100 gm, about 30 gm to about 200 gm, about 40 gm to about 50 gm, about 40 gm to about 60 gm, about 40 gm to about 70 gm, about 40 gm to about 80 gm, about 40 gm to about 90 gm, about 40 gm to about 100 gm, about 40 gm to about 200 gm, about 50 gm to about 60 gm, about 50 gm to about 70 gm, about 50 gm to about 80 gm, about 50 gm to about 90 gm, about 50 gm to about 100 gm, about 50 gm to about 200 gm, about 60 gm to about 70 gm, about 60 gm to about 80 gm, about 60 gm to about 90 gm, about 60 gm to about 100 gm, about 60 gm to about 200 gm, about 70 gm to about 80 gm, about 70 gm to about 90 gm, about 70 gm to about 100 gm, about 70 gm to about 200 gm, about 80 gm to about 90 gm, about 80 gm to about 100 gm, about 80 gm to about 200 gm, about 90 gm to about 100 gm, about 90 gm to about 200 gm, or about 100 gm to about 200 gm. the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of about 1 gm, about 10 gm, about 20 gm, about 30 gm, about 40 gm, about 50 gm, about 60 gm, about 70 gm, about 80 gm, about 90 gm, about 100 gm, or about 200 gm. the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of at least about 1 gm, about 10 gm, about 20 gm, about 30 gm, about 40 gm, about 50 gm, about 60 gm, about 70 gm, about 80 gm, about 90 gm, or about 100 gm. the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of at most about 10 gm, about 20 gm, about 30 gm, about 40 gm, about 50 gm, about 60 gm, about 70 gm, about 80 gm, about 90 gm, about 100 gm, or about 200 gm.

[0010] In some embodiments, the reduction of fibrotic encapsulation is measured by at least an about 20% reduction in collagen density. In some embodiments, the reduction of fibrotic encapsulation is measured by at least an about 30% reduction in collagen density. In some embodiments, the reduction of fibrotic encapsulation is measured by an about 20% to about 50% reduction in collagen density. In some embodiments, the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of about 0 to about 100 pm from the implant. In some embodiments, the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of about 30 pm to about 100 gm from the implant. In some embodiments, the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of at least about 30 gm from the implant.

[0011] In some embodiments, fibrotic encapsulation and dense collagen is decreased within a 100 gm radius after about 4 weeks post-implantation. In some embodiments, the capsule thickness is reduced by about 10 gm to about 300 gm. In some embodiments, the fibrotic encapsulation has a capsule thickness of at most about 100 gm. In some embodiments, the fibrotic encapsulation has a capsule thickness of at most about 80 gm. In some embodiments, the fibrotic encapsulation has a capsule thickness of at most about 50 gm.

[0012] In some embodiments, the coated device has a coating thickness of about 25 nm to about 100 gm. In some embodiments, the coated device has a coating thickness of at least about 25 nm. In some embodiments, the coated device has a coating thickness of at most about 100 gm. In some embodiments, the coated device has a smooth surface. In some embodiments, the coating is appliedevenly. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 15%. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 10%. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 5%. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 2%. In some embodiments, the coating is covalently attached to a surface of said device. In some embodiments, the coated device has a hydrophilic surface. In some embodiments, the coating does not degrade in vivo for at least about 3 months.

[0013] In some embodiments, greater blood vessel formation is observed after about 4 weeks postimplantation. In some embodiments, greater blood vessel formation is observed after about 8 weeks post-implantation. In some embodiments, said foreign body response is reduced within a time period of about 12 weeks. In some embodiments, said foreign body response is reduced compared to a same medical device without said coating.

[0014] The present disclosure provides for a method of reducing encrustation on a catheter comprising implanting or transplanting into a mammal a coated catheter, the coating comprising: i. a repeating unit of Formula (VII):Formula (VII) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1and A2is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1and B2is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl,optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, and Rl lcis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; ii. a repeating unit of Formula (VIII):B3is -O- or -NR3C-;D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl; each R6Cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substitutedC2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substitutedC1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic; and iii. a repeating unit of Formula (IX):Z4is -(CR6cR6d)k-;E is -CN, -OR9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R6C, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, R13a, R13b, and R13cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and k is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the catheter coating reduces encrustation.

[0015] In some embodiments, said encrustation is reduced within a time period of about 12 weeks. In some embodiments, said encrustation is reduced compared to a same medical device without said coating. In some embodiments, said encrustation comprises crystals of a magnesium salt. In some embodiments, said encrustation comprises crystals of a calcium salt.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0016] The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects and together with the description serve to explain and not to limit the scope of current disclosure.

[0017] FIGs. 1A-1C illustrates collagen density measurements following 12 weeks of implantation of the medical implant. FIG. 1A shows collagen density measurements at the upper surface of the medical implant. FIG. IB shows collagen density measurements at the deeper (e.g., lower) surface of the medical implant. FIG. 1C shows combined collagen density measurements of both upper and deeper surface of the medical implant.

[0018] FIG. 2 illustrates fibrotic capsule thickness following 12 weeks of implantation of the medical implant.

[0019] FIGs. 3A-3B illustrates histological images of tissue surrounding the medical implant following 12 weeks of implantation of non-coated medical implants (FIG. 3A) and coated medical implants (FIG. 3B).

[0020] Additional advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] When biomaterial and medical devices are implanted into the body, a series of molecular and cellular events known as a foreign body response (FBR) occur near the surrounding tissue at the site of implantation. The foreign surface often first acquires a protein coat comprised of fibrinogen, albumin, fibronectin, and other blood and interstitial-fluid proteins. Macrophages then bind to receptors on the proteins, join into multinucleated giant cells, and release transforming growth factor beta and other inflammatory cytokines. In response to these signals, quiescent fibroblasts are transformed into myofibroblasts, which synthesize procollagen via activation of Smad mediators. The procollagen becomes crosslinked after secretion into the extracellular space. Mature crosslinked collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins gradually contribute to formation of a hypocellular dense fibrous capsule that becomes impermeable or hypopermeable to many compounds. Porous substrates and angiogenic growth factors can stimulate formation of microvessels, which to some extent can maintain analyte delivery to implanted sensors. However, stimulation by vascular endothelial growth factor alone may lead to formation of leaky, thin-walled, immature vessels.Other growth factors are most probably needed to act upon these immature structures to create more robust vessels. During implantation of foreign bodies, the foreign-body response is difficult to overcome, and thousands of biomaterials have been tested. Biomimicry (i.e., creating membranes whose chemical structure mimics natural cellular compounds) may diminish the response, but it has not been possible to create a stealth material that circumvents the ability of the mammalian surveillance systems to distinguish foreign from self.

[0022] A FBR differs from biofouling, which can be characterized by protein sheathing. In contrast to biofouling, FBR occurs following a cascade of events including protein adsorption, acute inflammation, chronic inflammation, and collagen encapsulation. Although related processes, a reduction in biofouling does not necessarily lead to a reduction in inflammation and collagen encapsulation. Similarly, not all materials that reduce biofouling will reduce foreign body response. Even polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is known to have anti-fouling properties and widely used in biomedical applications, has been reported to induce FBR (Acta Biomater. 2019 Dec; 100: 105- 117). There remains a need to develop and deploy implantable materials that have a reduced FBR.

[0023] Encrustation of urethral catheters remain a major problem in the care of patients undergoing indwelling bladder catheterization. The use of long-term catheterization, where the catheter remains in place for a period >28 days remains common, and the care of these patients is often undermined by the acquisition of infections and formation of biofilms on catheter surfaces. Encrustation and blockage often lead to a range of serious clinical complications and emergency hospital referrals in long-term catheterized patients. Crystalline deposits obstruct the catheter lumen so that the urine is either retained in the bladder causing distension and reflux to the upper tract or leaks around the outside of the catheter. If these blocked catheters are not changed, serious symptomatic episodes of pyelonephritis, septicaemia and endotoxic shock can arise. The problem puts the health of many patients at risk as well as discomfort. Urease is a catalyst that generates crystals, hydrolyzing urea in the residual bladder urine to produce two molecules of ammonia to every molecule of carbon dioxide causing a rise in pH. As the urine becomes alkaline, crystallization of the magnesium and calcium phosphates is induced. In the meantime, the bacteria colonize the catheter surfaces forming bacterial biofilm. Aggregation of the crystalline material then occurs in the urine and in the developing catheter bacterial biofilm. This process continues until the accumulating crystalline deposits block the flow of urine through the catheter. Several species commonly found in catheter- associated urinary tract infections produce urease. In laboratory tests, the enzyme can be detected in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Proteus species together with some Providencia species, and in some strains of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulasenegative staphylococci. Of these, Proteus mirabilis is most commonly isolated from the urine ofpatients suffering from recurrent catheter encrustation and blockage. It is also the species most commonly recovered from patient's encrusted catheters.

[0024] Encrustation of ureteral stents also presents significant clinical challenges, as it can lead to obstruction, infection, and discomfort for patients. The accumulation of mineral deposits occurs when urine stagnates within and around the stent, often exacerbated by urinary tract infections and the presence of bacteria that facilitate crystal formation. This encrustation not only reduces the stent's lumen diameter, impeding urine flow and potentially causing hydronephrosis, but also increases the risk of stent failure and necessitates more frequent interventions or replacements. Additionally, the encrustation process can lead to increased patient morbidity, longer hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs due to the need for further procedures to manage complications. Therefore, addressing encrustation is crucial for improving patient outcomes and minimizing the burden of ureteral stenting.

[0025] Thus, there is a need to develop materials to prevent and / or reduce the foreign body response and / or encrustation that implanted medical devices produce. As such, the present disclosure provides for methods of reducing the foreign body response or encrustation through the use of a coated medical device. In some embodiments provided herein the coating comprises charged or zwitterionic compounds comprising phenyl-azide moieties. Zwitterions have the ability to chelate polyvalent cations to prevent / reduce their ability to nucleate into insoluble salts / crystals on surfaces. The equal positive / negative charged backbone of the zwitterion polymer interacts with these types of salts and can contribute to a reduction in encrustation. In some embodiments provided herein, the coating is covalently bound to a medical device. In some instances, medical grade silicone is used in medical devices. Medical grade silicone generally includes poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) fluids and elastomers. Due to superior chemical stability, matching mechanical properties with human tissues, and no-requirements for plasticizers, PDMS elastomers generally have excellent biocompatibility, and are used in medical devices and biomedical implants such as catheters and pacemakers. However, PDMS elastomers also have a low surface energy of about 20 mN / m. Bacteria, platelets, proteins, and other biomolecules tend to adhere to the hydrophobic surfaces of PDMS elastomers. Thus, having a coated composition covalently bound to a medical device (e.g., made of silicone) can circumvent such mismatches in the surface energy between the medical device and biomolecules while preserving biocompatibility.

[0026] In some embodiments, provided herein are coating compositions comprising charged or zwitterion compounds comprising phenyl-azide moieties that reduce and / or prevent the foreign body response or encrustation. In some embodiments, provided herein are coating compositions comprising charged or zwitterion compounds comprising phenyl-azide moieties that reduce and / or prevent foreign body response. In some embodiments, provided herein are coating compositionscomprising charged or zwitterion compounds comprising phenyl-azide moieties that reduce and / or prevent encrustation.

[0027] In additional embodiments, disclosed herein are coating compositions to be used to prepare coated devices of the disclosure as well as the coating composition themselves to be used within the methods disclosed herein.I. Methods of Use

[0028] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a method of reducing foreign body response on a medical device comprising implanting or transplanting into a mammal a coated medical device, the coating comprising: (i) a repeating unit of Formula (VII), (ii) a repeating unit of Formula (VIII) wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic, and (iii) a repeating unit of Formula (IX), wherein the medical device coating mitigates at least one of: fibrotic encapsulation at the implantation or transplantation site and dense collagen formation at the implantation or transplantation site, thereby reducing the foreign body response in the mammal.

[0029] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a method of reducing encrustation on a catheter comprising implanting or transplanting into a mammal a coated catheter, the coating comprising (i) a repeating unit of Formula (VII), (ii) a repeating unit of Formula (VIII) wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic, (iii) a repeating unit of Formula (IX), wherein the catheter coating reduces encrustation.

[0030] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a method of reducing foreign body response for a silicone implant comprising: (a) contacting a surface of a device with a mixture comprising a coating, the coating comprising (i) a repeating unit of Formula (VII), (ii) a repeating unit of Formula (VIII) wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic, (iii) a repeating unit of Formula (IX), (b) treating the surface of the device of step (a) with a heat source for a time sufficient to undergo thermografting of the coating composition onto the surface of the silicone implant, thereby making the silicone implant bio-fouling resistant and (c) implanting said device into a mammal; and (d) reducing fibrotic encapsulation.

[0031] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a method of reducing foreign body response for a silicone implant comprising: (a) coating a surface of a device with a mixture comprising a coating composition comprising (i) a repeating unit of Formula (VII), (ii) a repeating unit of Formula (VIII) wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic, (iii) a repeating unit of Formula (IX), (b) implanting said coated device into a mammal and (c) measuring dense collagen on one or more surfaces in closest contact with said coated device and (d) reducing fibrosis at the one or more surfaces in closest contact with said coated device.

[0032] In some embodiments, the closest contact is a distance of about 0 pm to about 100 pm from the implant. In some embodiments, the closest contact is a distance of about 0 um to about 120 um from the implant. In some embodiments, the closest contact is a distance of about 0 um to about 10 um, about 0 um to about 20 um, about 0 um to about 30 um, about 0 um to about 40 um, about 0 um to about 50 um, about 0 um to about 60 um, about 0 um to about 70 um, about 0 um to about 80 um, about 0 um to about 90 um, about 0 um to about 100 um, about 0 um to about 120 um, about 10 um to about 20 um, about 10 um to about 30 um, about 10 um to about 40 um, about 10 um to about 50 um, about 10 um to about 60 um, about 10 um to about 70 um, about 10 um to about 80 um, about 10 um to about 90 um, about 10 um to about 100 um, about 10 um to about 120 um, about 20 um to about 30 um, about 20 um to about 40 um, about 20 um to about 50 um, about 20 um to about 60 um, about 20 um to about 70 um, about 20 um to about 80 um, about 20 um to about 90 um, about 20 um to about 100 um, about 20 um to about 120 um, about 30 um to about 40 um, about 30 um to about 50 um, about 30 um to about 60 um, about 30 um to about 70 um, about 30 um to about 80 um, about 30 um to about 90 um, about 30 um to about 100 um, about 30 um to about 120 um, about 40 um to about 50 um, about 40 um to about 60 um, about 40 um to about 70 um, about 40 um to about 80 um, about 40 um to about 90 um, about 40 um to about 100 um, about 40 um to about 120 um, about 50 um to about 60 um, about 50 um to about 70 um, about 50 um to about 80 um, about 50 um to about 90 um, about 50 um to about 100 um, about 50 um to about 120 um, about 60 um to about 70 um, about 60 um to about 80 um, about 60 um to about 90 um, about 60 um to about 100 um, about 60 um to about 120 um, about 70 um to about 80 um, about 70 um to about 90 um, about 70 um to about 100 um, about 70 um to about 120 um, about 80 um to about 90 um, about 80 um to about 100 um, about 80 um to about 120 um, about 90 um to about 100 um, about 90 um to about 120 um, or about 100 um to about 120 um from the implant. In some embodiments, the closest contact is a distance of about 0 um, about 10 um, about 20 um, about 30 um, about 40 um, about 50 um, about 60 um, about 70 um, about 80 um, about 90 um, about 100 um, or about 120 um from the implant. In some embodiments, the closest contact is a distance of at least about 0 um, about 10 um, about 20 um, about 30 um, about 40 um, about 50 um, about 60 um, about 70 um, about 80 um, about 90 um, or about 100 um from the implant. In some embodiments, the closest contact is a distance of at most about 10 um, about 20 um, about 30 um, about 40 um, about 50 um, about 60 um, about 70 um, about 80 um, about 90 um, about 100 um, or about 120 um from the implant.

[0033] In some embodiments, the coating composition of the medical device reduces collagen density at a distance from the medical device. In some embodiments, the coating composition of the medical device reduces collagen density at a distance from the medical device compared to an uncoated medical device at the distance from the uncoated medical device. In some embodiments,the coating composition of the medical device reduces collagen density at a distance from an upper surface of the medical device compared to an uncoated medical device at the distance from an upper surface of the uncoated medical device. In some embodiments, the coating composition of the medical device reduces collagen density at a distance from a deeper surface of the medical device compared to an uncoated medical device at the distance from a deeper surface of the uncoated medical device. FIGS. 1A-1C show a greater reduction in collagen density for a medical device coated with the coating composition of the disclosure compared to an uncoated medical device.

[0034] the coating composition of the medical device reduces collagen density at a distance from the medical device. In some embodiments, the reduction of collagen density is about 5 % to about 50 %. In some embodiments, the reduction of collagen density is about 5 % to about 10 %, about 5 % to about 15 %, about 5 % to about 20 %, about 5 % to about 25 %, about 5 % to about 30 %, about 5 % to about 35 %, about 5 % to about 40 %, about 5 % to about 45 %, about 5 % to about 50 %, about 10 % to about 15 %, about 10 % to about 20 %, about 10 % to about 25 %, about 10 % to about 30 %, about 10 % to about 35 %, about 10 % to about 40 %, about 10 % to about 45 %, about 10 % to about 50 %, about 15 % to about 20 %, about 15 % to about 25 %, about 15 % to about 30 %, about 15 % to about 35 %, about 15 % to about 40 %, about 15 % to about 45 %, about 15 % to about 50 %, about 20 % to about 25 %, about 20 % to about 30 %, about 20 % to about 35 %, about 20 % to about 40 %, about 20 % to about 45 %, about 20 % to about 50 %, about 25 % to about 30 %, about 25 % to about 35 %, about 25 % to about 40 %, about 25 % to about 45 %, about 25 % to about 50 %, about 30 % to about 35 %, about 30 % to about 40 %, about 30 % to about 45 %, about 30 % to about 50 %, about 35 % to about 40 %, about 35 % to about 45 %, about 35 % to about 50 %, about 40 % to about 45 %, about 40 % to about 50 %, or about 45 % to about 50 %. In some embodiments, the reduction of collagen density is about 5 %, about 10 %, about 15 %, about 20 %, about 25 %, about 30 %, about 35 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, or about 50 %. In some embodiments, the reduction of collagen density is at least about 5 %, about 10 %, about 15 %, about 20 %, about 25 %, about 30 %, about 35 %, about 40 %, or about 45 %. In some embodiments, the reduction of collagen density is at most about 10 %, about 15 %, about 20 %, about 25 %, about 30 %, about 35 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, or about 50 %.

[0035] In some embodiments, the reduction in collagen density occurs at about 0 pm to about 100 pm. In some embodiments, the reduction in collagen density occurs at about 0 pm to about 10 pm, about 0 pm to about 20 pm, about 0 pm to about 30 pm, about 0 pm to about 40 pm, about 0 pm to about 50 pm, about 0 pm to about 60 pm, about 0 pm to about 70 pm, about 0 pm to about 80 pm, about 0 pm to about 90 pm, about 0 pm to about 100 pm, about 10 pm to about 20 pm, about 10 pm to about 30 pm, about 10 pm to about 40 pm, about 10 pm to about 50 pm, about 10 pm to about 60 pm, about 10 pm to about 70 pm, about 10 pm to about 80 pm, about 10 pm to about 90gm, about 10 gm to about 100 gm, about 20 gm to about 30 gm, about 20 gm to about 40 gm, about 20 gm to about 50 gm, about 20 gm to about 60 gm, about 20 gm to about 70 gm, about 20 gm to about 80 gm, about 20 gm to about 90 gm, about 20 gm to about 100 gm, about 30 gm to about 40 gm, about 30 gm to about 50 gm, about 30 gm to about 60 gm, about 30 gm to about 70 gm, about 30 gm to about 80 gm, about 30 gm to about 90 gm, about 30 gm to about 100 gm, about 40 gm to about 50 gm, about 40 gm to about 60 gm, about 40 gm to about 70 gm, about 40 gm to about 80 gm, about 40 gm to about 90 gm, about 40 gm to about 100 gm, about 50 gm to about 60 gm, about 50 gm to about 70 gm, about 50 gm to about 80 gm, about 50 gm to about 90 gm, about 50 gm to about 100 gm, about 60 gm to about 70 gm, about 60 gm to about 80 gm, about 60 gm to about 90 gm, about 60 gm to about 100 gm, about 70 gm to about 80 gm, about 70 gm to about 90 gm, about 70 gm to about 100 gm, about 80 gm to about 90 gm, about 80 gm to about 100 gm, or about 90 gm to about 100 gm. In some embodiments, the reduction in collagen density occurs at about 0 gm, about 10 gm, about 20 gm, about 30 gm, about 40 gm, about 50 gm, about 60 gm, about 70 gm, about 80 gm, about 90 gm, or about 100 gm. In some embodiments, the reduction in collagen density occurs at at least about 0 gm, about 10 gm, about 20 gm, about 30 gm, about 40 gm, about 50 gm, about 60 gm, about 70 gm, about 80 gm, or about 90 gm. In some embodiments, the reduction in collagen density occurs at at most about 10 gm, about 20 gm, about 30 gm, about 40 gm, about 50 gm, about 60 gm, about 70 gm, about 80 gm, about 90 gm, or about 100 gm.

[0036] In some embodiments, the coating composition on the medical device reduces fibrotic capsule formation. FIG. 2 depicts results showing significant reduction in fibrotic capsule thickness. FIGS. 3A-3B show histological images of the results of FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the coating composition on the medical device reduces fibrotic capsule thickness. In some embodiments, the coating composition on the medical device reduces fibrotic capsule thickness by at least a 2-fold difference compared to an uncoated medical device. In some embodiments, the coating composition on the medical device reduces fibrotic capsule thickness by at least a 3 -fold difference compared to an uncoated medical device. In some embodiments, the coating composition on the medical device reduces fibrotic capsule thickness on an upper surface of the coated medical device by at least a 2- fold difference compared to an upper surface of an uncoated medical device. In some embodiments, the coating composition on the medical device reduces fibrotic capsule thickness on an upper surface of the coated medical device by at least a 3 -fold difference compared to an upper surface of an uncoated medical device. In some embodiments, the coating composition on the medical device reduces fibrotic capsule thickness on an upper surface of the coated medical device by at least a 4- fold difference compared to an upper surface of an uncoated medical device. In some embodiments, the coating composition on the medical device reduces fibrotic capsule thickness on a deepersurface of the coated medical device by at least a 2-fold difference compared to a deeper surface of an uncoated medical device. In some embodiments, the coating composition on the medical device reduces fibrotic capsule thickness on a deeper surface of the coated medical device by at least a 5- fold difference compared to a deeper surface of an uncoated medical device. In some embodiments, the coating composition on the medical device reduces fibrotic capsule thickness on a deeper surface of the coated medical device by at least a 10-fold difference compared to a deeper surface of an uncoated medical device.

[0037] In some embodiments, capsule thickness is reduced by about 10 pm to about 300 pm. In some embodiments, capsule thickness is reduced by about 10 pm to about 30 pm, about 10 pm to about 70 pm, about 10 pm to about 100 pm, about 10 pm to about 120 pm, about 10 pm to about 140 pm, about 10 pm to about 160 pm, about 10 pm to about 180 pm, about 10 pm to about 200 pm, about 10 pm to about 220 pm, about 10 pm to about 250 pm, about 10 pm to about 300 pm, about 30 pm to about 70 pm, about 30 pm to about 100 pm, about 30 pm to about 120 pm, about 30 pm to about 140 pm, about 30 pm to about 160 pm, about 30 pm to about 180 pm, about 30 pm to about 200 pm, about 30 pm to about 220 pm, about 30 pm to about 250 pm, about 30 pm to about 300 pm, about 70 pm to about 100 pm, about 70 pm to about 120 pm, about 70 pm to about 140 pm, about 70 pm to about 160 pm, about 70 pm to about 180 pm, about 70 pm to about 200 pm, about 70 pm to about 220 pm, about 70 pm to about 250 pm, about 70 pm to about 300 pm, about 100 pm to about 120 pm, about 100 pm to about 140 pm, about 100 pm to about 160 pm, about 100 pm to about 180 pm, about 100 pm to about 200 pm, about 100 pm to about 220 pm, about 100 pm to about 250 pm, about 100 pm to about 300 pm, about 120 pm to about 140 pm, about 120 pm to about 160 pm, about 120 pm to about 180 pm, about 120 pm to about 200 pm, about 120 pm to about 220 pm, about 120 pm to about 250 pm, about 120 pm to about 300 pm, about 140 pm to about 160 pm, about 140 pm to about 180 pm, about 140 pm to about 200 pm, about 140 pm to about 220 pm, about 140 pm to about 250 pm, about 140 pm to about 300 pm, about 160 pm to about 180 pm, about 160 pm to about 200 pm, about 160 pm to about 220 pm, about 160 pm to about 250 pm, about 160 pm to about 300 pm, about 180 pm to about 200 pm, about 180 pm to about 220 pm, about 180 pm to about 250 pm, about 180 pm to about 300 pm, about 200 pm to about 220 pm, about 200 pm to about 250 pm, about 200 pm to about 300 pm, about 220 pm to about 250 pm, about 220 pm to about 300 pm, or about 250 pm to about 300 pm. In some embodiments, capsule thickness is reduced by about 10 pm, about 30 pm, about 70 pm, about 100 pm, about 120 pm, about 140 pm, about 160 pm, about 180 pm, about 200 pm, about 220 pm, about 250 pm, or about 300 pm. In some embodiments, capsule thickness is reduced by at least about 10 pm, about 30 pm, about 70 pm, about 100 pm, about 120 pm, about 140 pm, about 160 pm, about 180 pm, about 200 pm, about 220 pm, or about 250 pm. In some embodiments, capsulethickness is reduced by at most about 30 pm, about 70 pm, about 100 pm, about 120 pm, about 140 pm, about 160 pm, about 180 pm, about 200 pm, about 220 pm, about 250 pm, or about 300 pm.

[0038] In some embodiments, fibrotic encapsulation and dense collagen is decreased within a 100 pm radius after about 4 weeks post-implantation.

[0039] In some embodiments, the coated device has a coating thickness of about 25 nm to about 100 pm. In some embodiments, the coated device has a coating thickness of at least about or at most about 25 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, or 1000 nm. In some embodiments, the coated device has a coating thickness of at least about or at most about 10 pm, 20 pm, 30 pm, 40 pm, 50 pm, 60 pm, 70 pm, 80 pm, 90 pm, 100 pm, 150 pm, or 200 pm.

[0040] In some embodiments, the coated device has a smooth surface. In some embodiments, the coating is applied evenly.

[0041] In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 15%. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 10%. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 5%. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 2%. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 1 % to about 15 %. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 1 % to about 2 %, about 1 % to about 4 %, about 1 % to about 6 %, about 1 % to about 8 %, about 1 % to about 10 %, about 1 % to about 12 %, about 1 % to about 15 %, about 2 % to about 4 %, about 2 % to about 6 %, about 2 % to about 8 %, about 2 % to about 10 %, about 2 % to about 12 %, about 2 % to about 15 %, about 4 % to about 6 %, about 4 % to about 8 %, about 4 % to about 10 %, about 4 % to about 12 %, about 4 % to about 15 %, about 6 % to about 8 %, about 6 % to about 10 %, about 6 % to about 12 %, about 6 % to about 15 %, about 8 % to about 10 %, about 8 % to about 12 %, about 8 % to about 15 %, about 10 % to about 12 %, about 10 % to about 15 %, or about 12 % to about 15 %. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of about 1 %, about 2 %, about 4 %, about 6 %, about 8 %, about 10 %, about 12 %, or about 15 %. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of at least about 1 %, about 2 %, about 4 %, about 6 %, about 8 %, about 10 %, or about 12 %. In some embodiments, the coating is applied within a variance of at most about 2 %, about 4 %, about 6 %, about 8 %, about 10 %, about 12 %, or about 15 %.

[0042] In some embodiments, the coating is covalently attached to a surface of said device.

[0043] In some embodiments, the coated device has a hydrophilic surface. In some embodiments, the coated device has a zwitterionic surface. In some embodiments, the coated device has an amphiphilic surface.

[0044] In some embodiments, the coating does not degrade in vivo for at least about 3 months. In some embodiments, the coating does not degrade in vivo for at least about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 1 year, or more.

[0045] In some embodiments, greater blood vessel formation is observed after about 4 weeks postimplantation. In some embodiments, greater blood vessel formation is observed after about 8 weeks post-implantation. In some embodiments, greater blood vessel formation is observed after about 1 weeks to about 14 weeks post-implantation. In some embodiments, greater blood vessel formation is observed after about 1 weeks to about 2 weeks, about 1 weeks to about 3 weeks, about 1 weeks to about 4 weeks, about 1 weeks to about 5 weeks, about 1 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 1 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 1 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 1 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 1 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 1 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 1 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 3 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 4 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 5 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 4 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 5 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 3 weeks to about 12 weeks, about3 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 5 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 6 weeks, about4 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 14 weeks, about5 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 5 weeks to about 12 weeks, about5 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 7 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 8 weeks, about6 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 7 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 9 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 14 weeks, or about 12 weeks to about 14 weeks post-implantation. In some embodiments, greater blood vessel formation is observed after about 1 weeks, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 9 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, or about 14 weeks post-implantation. In some embodiments, greater blood vessel formation is observed after at least about 1 weeks, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 weeks, about 8 weeks,about 9 weeks, about 10 weeks, or about 12 weeks post-implantation. In some embodiments, greater blood vessel formation is observed after at most about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 5 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 7 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 9 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, or about 14 weeks post-implantation.

[0046] In some embodiments, said foreign body response is reduced within a time period of about 12 weeks. In some embodiments, said foreign body response is reduced within a time period of about 2 weeks to about 20 weeks. In some embodiments, said foreign body response is reduced within a time period of about 2 weeks to about 4 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 20 weeks, or about 18 weeks to about 20 weeks. In some embodiments, said foreign body response is reduced within a time period of about 2 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 18 weeks, or about 20 weeks. In some embodiments, said foreign body response is reduced within a time period of at least about 2 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 16 weeks, or about 18 weeks. In some embodiments, said foreign body response is reduced within a time period of at most about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 18 weeks, or about 20 weeks.

[0047] In some embodiments, said foreign body response is reduced compared to a same medical device without said coating.

[0048] In some embodiments, said encrustation is reduced within a time period of about 12 weeks. In some embodiments, said encrustation is reduced within a time period of about 2 weeks to about20 weeks. In some embodiments, said encrustation is reduced within a time period of about 2 weeks to about 4 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 10 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 10 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 20 weeks, or about 18 weeks to about 20 weeks. In some embodiments, said encrustation is reduced within a time period of about 2 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 18 weeks, or about 20 weeks. In some embodiments, said encrustation is reduced within a time period of at least about 2 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 16 weeks, or about 18 weeks. In some embodiments, said encrustation is reduced within a time period of at most about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 18 weeks, or about 20 weeks.

[0049] In some embodiments, said encrustation is reduced compared to a same medical device without said coating.

[0050] In some embodiments, said encrustation comprises crystals of a magnesium salt. In some embodiments, said encrustation comprises crystals of struvite. In some embodiments, said encrustation comprises magnesium ammonium phosphate.

[0051] In some embodiments, said encrustation comprises crystals of a calcium salt. In some embodiments, said encrustation comprises crystals of apatite. In some embodiments, said encrustation comprises hydroxyapatite.

[0052] In some embodiments, said encrustation is catalyzed by a urease producing organism. In some embodiments, the urease producing organism is proteus, pseudomonas, and / or klebsiella.II. Coated Devices

[0053] In certain embodiments, provided herein are devices coated by one or more coating compositions described herein. In some embodiments, coating compositions are compounds. In some embodiments, the devices are medical devices. In some instances, provided herein are medical devices coated by one or more compounds described herein. In other instances, provided herein are non-medical devices coated by one or more compounds described herein. In additional instances, provided herein are devices coated by one or more compounds described herein in which the coated device reduces the potential for infection.

[0054] In some embodiments, the device comprises a polymer-based device. In some embodiments, the polymer-based device comprises a polyolefinic device. In some embodiments, the polyolefinic device comprises a device modified with polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprises a microporous device or a nonwoven device. In some embodiments, the device comprises a carbon-based device comprising a moiety capable of binding with a coating composition that has a structure of Formula (I), (II), or (III). In some embodiments, the device comprises a carbon-based device comprising a moiety capable of binding with a coating composition comprising a repeating unit of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX). In some embodiments, the carbon-based device comprises a polymer moiety. In some embodiments, the carbon-based device comprises a carbon-based polymer. In some embodiments, the carbon-based device comprises a polyolefin moiety. In some embodiments, the polyolefin moiety comprises a polyethylene (PE) moiety, a polypropylene (PP) moiety, a polyamide (PA) moiety, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) moiety, a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) moiety, or a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) moiety.

[0055] In some embodiments, the device comprises a carbon-based device. In some embodiments, the carbon-based device comprises a carbon-based polymer. In some embodiments, the carbonbased device comprises a polyolefin moiety. In some embodiments, the polyolefin moiety comprises polyethylene moiety, polypropylene moiety, polyvinyl chloride moiety, polyvinylidene fluoride moiety, polytetrafluoroethylene moiety, polychlorotrifluoroethylene moiety, or polystyrene moiety. In some embodiments, the carbon-based polymer comprises polyamide moiety, polyurethane moiety, phenol-formaldehyde resin moiety, polycarbonate moiety, polychloroprene moiety, polyacrylonitrile moiety, polyimide moiety, or polyester moiety. In some embodiments, the carbonbased polymer comprises nylon. In some embodiments, the carbon-based polymer comprises polyethylene terephthalate.

[0056] In some embodiments, the device comprises a silicon-based device. In some embodiments, the silicon-based device comprises a silicon-based polymer moiety. In some embodiments, thedevice comprises a silicon-based device comprising a moiety capable of binding with a coating composition that has a structure of Formula (I), (II), or (III). In some embodiments, the device comprises a silicon-based device comprising a moiety capable of binding with a coating composition comprising a repeating unit of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX). In some embodiments, the silicon-based device comprises a polymer moiety. In some embodiments, the silicon-based device comprises a siloxane polymer moiety, a sesquisiloxane polymer moiety, a siloxane-silarylene polymer moiety, a silalkylene polymer moiety, a polysilane moiety, a polysilylene moiety, or a polysilazane moiety.

[0057] In some embodiments, the silicon-based device comprises a siloxane polymer moiety. In some embodiments, the silicon-based device comprises silicone polymer. In some embodiments, the silicon-based device comprises a silicone-based device.

[0058] In some embodiments, the device comprises a carbon-based device or a silicon-based device.

[0059] In some embodiments, a device described herein coated by a coating composition described herein leads to a reduced potential for infection relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 10%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 20%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 30%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 40%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 50%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 60%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 70%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 80%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 90%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 95%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 99%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 99.5%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition. In some instances, the reduced potential for infection is by about 99.9%, or more relative to a device not coated by the coating composition.Medical Devices

[0060] In some embodiments, a device described herein is a medical device. In some cases, a medical device described herein comprises a dental instrument or a medical instrument. In some instances, a medical device comprises an implant, an IV, a prosthesis, a suturing material, a valve, a stent, a catheter, a rod, a shunt, a scope, a contact lens, a tubing, a wiring, an electrode, a clip, a fastener, a syringe, a container, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises an implant. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises an IV. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a prosthesis. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a suturing material. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a valve. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a stent. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a catheter. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a rod. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a shunt. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a scope. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a contact lens. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a tubing. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a wiring. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises an electrode. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a clip. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a fastener. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a syringe. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a container. In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a mesh. In some instances, a device described herein comprises a dental instrument or a medical instrument. In some instances, a device described herein comprises an implant, an IV, a prosthesis, a suturing material, a valve, a stent, a catheter, a rod, a shunt, a scope, a contact lens, a tubing, a wiring, an electrode, a clip, a fastener, a syringe, a container, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a device comprises an implant. In some embodiments, a device comprises an IV. In some embodiments, a device comprises a prosthesis. In some embodiments, a device comprises a suturing material. In some embodiments, a device comprises a valve. In some embodiments, a device comprises a stent. In some embodiments, a device comprises a catheter. In some embodiments, a device comprises a rod. In some embodiments, a device comprises a shunt. In some embodiments, a device comprises a scope. In some embodiments, a device comprises a contact lens. In some embodiments, a device comprises a tubing. In some embodiments, a device comprises a wiring. In some embodiments, a device comprises an electrode. In some embodiments, a device comprises a clip. In some embodiments, a device comprises a fastener. In some embodiments, a device comprises a syringe. In some embodiments, a device comprises a container.

[0061] In some embodiments, a medical device comprises a Surgical drain, biopharma tubing, heart-valve repair device, continuous glucose monitoring device, hernia mesh, prosthetic heart valve , tracheobronchial stents, tracheostomy tube, intraocular lens, central venous catheter, midlinecatheter, port catheter, dialysis catheter, or a peripherally inserted central catheter, tissue expander, neural probes, rhinoplasty implant, fascial repair implant, implanted electrode arrays, bone plates and screws, abscess drain, nephrostomy tube, insulin pump cartridge, aortic graft, or dialysis graft.

[0062] In some embodiments, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a medical device. In some instances, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a medical device to prevent and / or reduce foreign body response. In some instances, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a medical device to prevent and / or reduce encrustation. In some instances, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a dental instrument or a medical instrument to prevent and / or reduce foreign body response. In some instances, a coating composition described herein is coated onto an implant, an IV, a prosthesis, a suturing material, a valve, a stent, a catheter, a rod, a shunt, a scope, a contact lens, a tubing, a wiring, an electrode, a clip, a fastener, a syringe, a container, or a combination thereof to prevent and / or reduce foreign body response.

[0063] In some cases, a device described herein comprises a catheter. In some cases, a device described herein comprises a urethral catheter. In some cases, a catheter comprises an indwelling catheter. In some instances, a catheter comprises a permcath. In some instances, a catheter comprises a uretic catheter or a Foley catheter.

[0064] In some instances, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a catheter to prevent and / or reduce encrustation. In some instances, a coating composition described herein is coated onto an indwelling catheter to prevent and / or reduce encrustation. In some instances, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a permcath to prevent and / or reduce encrustation. In some instances, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a uretic catheter to prevent and / or reduce encrustation. In some instances, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a Foley catheter to prevent and / or reduce encrustation.

[0065] In some embodiments, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a catheter to reduce encrustation. In some embodiments, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a catheter to reduce crystallization of calcium and magnesium salts. In some embodiments, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a catheter to reduce crystallization of calcium phosphate and magnesium phosphate. In some embodiments, a coating composition described herein is coated onto a catheter to reduce a formation of a bacterial colony. Encrustation may occur either in a lumen of a catheter or extraluminally. The main cause of catheter encrustation is infection by urease-producing organisms which colonize the catheter and form a layer. The bacterial urease generates ammonia from the urea and the urine becomes alkaline. Crystals of calcium and magnesium phosphate are formed, and a crystalline layer develops. Catheter encrustation may cause a block of a flow of urine from the bladder. Additionally, or alternatively, infections may occur from contaminants.

[0066] In some instances, a device described herein comprises an implant. In some instances, an implant comprises a dental implant or an orthopedic implant. In some cases, a device described herein comprises a dental implant. In other cases, a device described herein comprises an orthopedic implant.

[0067] In some embodiments, a coating composition described herein is coated onto an implant and / or medical device to reduce foreign body response.

[0068] In some embodiments, a device described herein comprises a stent. In some instances, a stent is a small expandable tube used to the passageway of a blood vessel or duct remains open. In some cases, a stent comprises a coronary stent, a vascular stent, or a biliary stent. In some instances, a coronary stent is also referred to as a cardiac stent or a heart stent. In some embodiments, a device described herein comprises a coronary stent, a vascular stent, or a biliary stent. In some embodiments, a device described herein comprises a ureteral stent.

[0069] In some instances, a compound described herein is coated onto stent to prevent and / or reduce foreign body response. In some instances, a compound described herein is coated onto a coronary stent, a vascular stent, or a biliary stent to prevent and / or reduce foreign body response.

[0070] In some instances, a device described herein comprises shunt. In some instances, a shunt is a hole or a small passage which allows fluid movement from one part of a body to another. In some instances, a shunt differs from a stent in that a shunt connects two previously unconnected portions. In some instances, a shunt is an acquired shunt. In some cases, a shunt comprises a cardiac shunt, a cerebral shunt, a lumbar-peritoneal shunt, a peritoneovenous shunt, a pulmonary shunt, a portosystemic shunt (PSS), a portacaval shunt, or a vesico-amniotic shunt. In some cases, a cardiac shunt comprises a right-to-left, left-to-right, or bidirectional shunt. In some cases, a cerebral shunt comprises drainage of excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain into the chest or abdomen cavity. In some cases, a lumbar-peritoneal shunt comprises channeling cerebrospinal fluid from the lumbar thecal sac into the peritoneal cavity. In some instances, a peritoneovenous shunt (also referred to as Denver shunt) drains peritoneal fluid from the peritoneum into the veins. In some cases, a portosystemic shunt (PSS) is a liver shunt which allows bypass of the liver by the circulatory system. In some cases, a portacaval shunt connects the portal vein with the inferior vena cava, for treatment of high blood pressure in the liver. In some cases, a vesico-amniotic shunt is for drainage of excess fluid in a fetus bladder into the surrounding area. In some cases, a device described herein comprises a cardiac shunt, a cerebral shunt, a lumbar-peritoneal shunt, a peritoneovenous shunt, a pulmonary shunt, a portosystemic shunt (PSS), a portacaval shunt, or a vesico-amniotic shunt.

[0071] In some instances, a compound described herein is coated onto shunt to prevent and / or reduce foreign body response. In some instances, a compound described herein is coated onto a cardiac shunt, a cerebral shunt, a lumbar-peritoneal shunt, a peritoneovenous shunt, a pulmonaryshunt, a portosystemic shunt (PSS), a portacaval shunt, or a vesico-amniotic shunt to prevent and / or reduce foreign body response.

[0072] In some instances, a device described herein comprises a scope. In some cases, a scope is a medical instrument used in an image-guided surgery. In some cases, a scope comprises endoscope or laparoscope. Endoscopy is a medical procedure for examining the GI tract with the aid of an endoscope. In some cases, endoscopy further comprises sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. Laparoscopy is a diagnostic procedure for examining internal organs utilizing a laparoscope. In some instances, a device described herein comprises a scope used in endoscopy. In other instances, a device described herein comprises a scope used in laparoscopy.

[0073] In some embodiments, a device described herein comprises suturing material, valve, rod, tubing, wiring, electrode, clip, fastener, or a combination thereof. In some instances, a compound described herein is coated onto suturing material, valve, rod, tubing, wiring, electrode, clip, fastener, or a combination thereof to prevent and / or reduce foreign body response.

[0074] In some embodiments, a device described herein comprises a container, such as for storage of one or more medical devices. In some instances, a compound described herein is coated onto a container to prevent and / or reduce foreign body response.III. Coating Composition

[0075] In one aspect, described herein is a coating composition that has the structure of Formula (I) or a salt or solvate thereof:Formula (I), whereinA is selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and -S(=O)(-NR3)-;L is selected from -OQ, -NR3Q, and -N(R3)2Q+;Q is a structure represented by a formula:Z is selected from -CR6aR6b-, -C(=O)-, -C(=NH)-, and -C(=NH)NR7-; m is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl;each R3is independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X- optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and -X-optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R4a, R4b, R5a, R5c, R6a, and R6bis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, -NR8aR8b, -NR8aR8bR8c+, -S(=O)2O" -S(=O)2OR9, -C(=O)O" and -C(=O)OR9;R5bis -OR10b, -NR10aR10b, or -NR10aR10bR10c+; each R7, R8a, R8b, R8c, and R9is independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; each R10aand R10cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, - (optionally substituted Ci-C8alkylene)S(=O)2CF, - (optionally substituted Ci-C8alkylene)S(=O)2OH, -(optionally substituted Ci- C8alkylene)C(=O)CT, and -(optionally substituted Ci-C8alkylene)C(=O)OH; andR10bis -C(=O)-C2-C6alkenyl, -S(=O)-C2-C6alkenyl, or -S(=O)2-C2-C6alkenyl.

[0076] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) is not: N-(2-((4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)sulfonamido)ethyl)methacrylamide; N-(2-acrylamidoethyl)-4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzamide; or 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl 4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoate.

[0077] In some embodiments, N-(2-((4-azido-2, 3,5,6- tetrafluorophenyl)sulfonamido)ethyl)methacrylamide has a structure of:some embodiments, N-(2-acrylamidoethyl)-4-azido-2, 3,5,6- tetrafluorobenzamide has a structure of:some embodiments, N-(2-acrylamidoethyl)-4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzamide has a structure of:

[0078] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure selected from:

[0079] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has the structure selected from:

[0080] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has the following structure:

[0081] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure selected from:

[0082] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure selected from:

[0083] In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis independently halogen. In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis independently F or Cl. In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis F. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and -CF3. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from F, Cl, -CN, and -CF3. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently halogen. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis F. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis -CN. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis -CF3.

[0084] In some embodiments, each Rla, Rlb, R2a, and R2bis F.

[0085] In some embodiments, Z is selected from -CR6aR6b-, -C(=O)-, -C(=NH)-, and -C(=NH)NR7-. In some embodiments, Z is -CR6aR6b-. In some embodiments, Z is -C(=O)-. In some embodiments, Z is -C(=NH)-. In some embodiments, Z is -C(=NH)NR7-.

[0086] In some embodiments, each R3is independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and -X- optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R3is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R3is optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is -X-optionally substituted C1-C4alkyl. In some embodiments, R3is optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R3is -X- optionally substituted aryl.

[0087] In some embodiments, X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-. In some embodiments, X is - C(=O)-. In some embodiments, X is -S(=O)-. In some embodiments, X is -S(=O)2-.

[0088] In some embodiments, each R6aand R6bis hydrogen.

[0089] In some embodiments, m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, m is 0, 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, m is 3. In some embodiments, m is 4. In some embodiments, m is 5.

[0090] In some embodiments, R5ais hydrogen; R5bis -NR10aR10b; and R5cis hydrogen.

[0091] In some embodiments, R5ais hydrogen; R5bis -OR10b; and R5cis hydrogen.

[0092] In some embodiments, R4ais hydrogen and R4bis hydrogen.

[0093] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure of Formula (la):

[0094] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure of Formula (lb):

[0095] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure of Formula (Ic):

[0096] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure of Formula (Id):

[0097] In some embodiments, R10ais hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R10ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R10ais optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R10ais CH3. In some embodiments, R10ais CFhCFfe.In some embodiments, R10ais optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R10ais phenyl.

[0098] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure of Formula (le):

[0099] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure of Formula (If):

[0100] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure of Formula (IS):

[0101] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) has a structure of Formula (Ih):

[0102] In some embodiments, R10bis -C(=O)-C2-Cealkenyl, -S(=O)-C2-Cealkenyl, or -S(=O)2-C2- Cealkenyl. In some embodiments, R10bis -C(=O)-C2-Cealkenyl. In some embodiments, R10bis - (S=O)-C2-Cealkenyl. In some embodiments, R10bis -S(=O)2-C2-Cealkenyl.

[0103] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) is selected from:

[0104] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) is selected from:

[0105] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) is selected from:

[0106] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) is selected from:

[0108] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) is selected from:

[0109] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) is selected from:

[0110] In some embodiments, the coating composition of Formula (I) is selected from:

[0111] In another aspect, described herein is a coating composition that has the structure of Formula (II) or a salt or solvate thereof:Formula (II) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci- Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1, A2, and A3is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1, B2, and B3is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, Rl lc, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl;n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;0 < x < 1 ; and wherein the coating composition of Formula (II) is charged or zwitterionic.

[0112] In some embodiments, a coating composition of Formula (II) is not

[0113] In some embodiments, x in Formula (II) is not about 0.9434.

[0114] In some embodiments, a coating composition of Formula (II) is not obtained by using 2 g sulfobetaine methacrylate monomer and 156 mg perfluorophenylazide methacrylamide monomer.

[0115] In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis independently halogen. In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis independently F or Cl. In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis F. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and -CF3. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from F, Cl, -CN, and -CF3. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently halogen. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis F. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis -CN. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis -CF3.

[0116] In some embodiments, each Rla, Rlb, R2a, and R2bis F.

[0117] In some embodiments, A1is -S(=O)2-. In some embodiments, A1is -C(=O)-.

[0118] In some embodiments, A2is -S(=O)2-. In some embodiments, A2is -C(=O)-.

[0119] In some embodiments, A3is -S(=O)2-. In some embodiments, A3is -C(=O)-.

[0120] In some embodiments, each B1and B2is -NR3c-.

[0121] In some embodiments, each R3cis independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R3cis hydrogen. In some embodiments,R3Cis optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R3cis -CH3. In some embodiments, R3Cis optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R3cis optionally substituted phenyl.

[0122] In some embodiments, B3is -O-.

[0123] In some embodiments, D is -S(=O)2OR9aor -C(=O)OR9a. In some embodiments, D is - S(=O)2OR9a. In some embodiments, D is -C(=O)OR9a.

[0124] In some embodiments, R9ais hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, R9ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9ais -CH3.

[0125] In some embodiments, D is -S(=O)2O or -C(=O)O . In some embodiments, D is -S(=O)2O . In some embodiments, D is -C(=O)O .

[0126] In some embodiments, each R6cand R6dis hydrogen.

[0127] In some embodiments, each R3aand R3bis independently hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R3aand R3bis independently hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, each R3aand R3bis hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R3aand R3bis -CH3.

[0128] In some embodiments, each R4cand R4dis independently is hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, each R4cand R4dis hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R4cand R4dis -CH3. In some embodiments, R4cis hydrogen and R4dis -CH3.

[0129] In some embodiments, each R5dand R5eis independently is hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, each R5dand R5eis hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R5dand R5eis -CH3. In some embodiments, R5dis hydrogen and R5eis -CH3.

[0130] In some embodiments, Rl lais hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, Rl lais hydrogen. In some embodiments, Rl lais -CH3.

[0131] In some embodiments, R12ais hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, R12ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R12ais -CH3.

[0132] In some embodiments, each Rllb, Rllc, R12b, and R12cis hydrogen.

[0133] In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4. In some embodiments, n is 5.

[0134] In some embodiments, s is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, s is 1. In some embodiments, s is 2. In some embodiments, s is 3. In some embodiments, s is 4.

[0135] In some embodiments, t is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, t is 1. In some embodiments, t is 2. In some embodiments, t is 3. In some embodiments, t is 4.

[0136] In some embodiments, p is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is 2. In some embodiments, p is 3. In some embodiments, p is 4.

[0137] In some embodiments, x is more than 0. In some embodiments, x is less than 1. In some embodiments, x is 0.0000001-0.9999999. In some embodiments, x is 0.00001-0.99999. In someembodiments, x is 0.001-0.999. In some embodiments, x is 0.01-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.1-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.2-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.3-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.5-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.5-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.6- 0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.7-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.8-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.9-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.91-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.92- 0.99.

[0138] In some embodiments, x is at least 0.0000001, at least 0.00001, at least 0.001, at least 0.01, at least 0.02, at least 0.03, at least 0.04, at least 0.05, at least 0.07, at least 0.09, at least O. i l, at least 0.15, at least 0.20, at least 0.23, at least 0.28, at least 0.35, at least 0.42, at least 0.5, at least 0.53, at least 0.58, at least 0.63, at least 0.67, at least 0.71, at least 0.75, at least 0.78, at least 0.79, at least 0.80, at least 0.81, at least 0.82, at least 0.83, at least 0.84, at least 0.85, at least 0.86, at least 0.87, at least 0.88, at least 0.89, at least 0.9, at least 0.91, at least 0.92, at least 0.93, at least 0.94, at least 0.95, at least 0.96, at least 0.97, at least 0.98, or at least 0.99.

[0139] In some embodiments, x is at most 0.9999999, at most 0.99999, at most 0.999, at most 0.99, at most 0.98, at most 0.97, at most 0.96, at most 0.95, at most 0.94, at most 0.93, at most 0.92, at most 0.91, at most 0.90, at most 0.89, at most 0.88, at most 0.87, at most 0.86, at most 0.85, at most 0.84, at most 0.83, at most 0.82, at most 0.81, at most 0.80, at most 0.79, at most 0.78, at most 0.77, at most 0.76, at most 0.75, at most 0.74, at most 0.70, at most 0.66, at most 0.62, at most 0.59, at most 0.56, at most 0.53, at most 0.50, at most 0.47, at most 0.43, at most 0.39, at most 0.34, at most 0.29, at most 0.25, at most 0.21, at most 0.18, at most 0.14, at most 0.10, at most 0.07, or at most 0.04.

[0140] In some embodiments, x is about 0.89 to about 0.999. In some embodiments, x is at least about 0.89. In some embodiments, x is at most about 0.999. In some embodiments, x is about 0.89 to about 0.9, about 0.89 to about 0.91, about 0.89 to about 0.92, about 0.89 to about 0.93, about 0.89 to about 0.94, about 0.89 to about 0.95, about 0.89 to about 0.96, about 0.89 to about 0.97, about 0.89 to about 0.98, about 0.89 to about 0.99, about 0.89 to about 0.999, about 0.9 to about 0.91, about 0.9 to about 0.92, about 0.9 to about 0.93, about 0.9 to about 0.94, about 0.9 to about 0.95, about 0.9 to about 0.96, about 0.9 to about 0.97, about 0.9 to about 0.98, about 0.9 to about 0.99, about 0.9 to about 0.999, about 0.91 to about 0.92, about 0.91 to about 0.93, about 0.91 to about 0.94, about 0.91 to about 0.95, about 0.91 to about 0.96, about 0.91 to about 0.97, about 0.91 to about 0.98, about 0.91 to about 0.99, about 0.91 to about 0.999, about 0.92 to about 0.93, about 0.92 to about 0.94, about 0.92 to about 0.95, about 0.92 to about 0.96, about 0.92 to about 0.97, about 0.92 to about 0.98, about 0.92 to about 0.99, about 0.92 to about 0.999, about 0.93 to about 0.94, about 0.93 to about 0.95, about 0.93 to about 0.96, about 0.93 to about 0.97, about 0.93 to about 0.98, about 0.93 to about 0.99, about 0.93 to about 0.999, about 0.94 to about 0.95, about 0.94 toabout 0.96, about 0.94 to about 0.97, about 0.94 to about 0.98, about 0.94 to about 0.99, about 0.94 to about 0.999, about 0.95 to about 0.96, about 0.95 to about 0.97, about 0.95 to about 0.98, about 0.95 to about 0.99, about 0.95 to about 0.999, about 0.96 to about 0.97, about 0.96 to about 0.98, about 0.96 to about 0.99, about 0.96 to about 0.999, about 0.97 to about 0.98, about 0.97 to about 0.99, about 0.97 to about 0.999, about 0.98 to about 0.99, about 0.98 to about 0.999, or about 0.99 to about 0.999. In some embodiments, x is about 0.89, about 0.9, about 0.91, about 0.92, about 0.93, about 0.94, about 0.95, about 0.96, about 0.97, about 0.98, about 0.99, or about 0.999.

[0141] In another aspect, described herein is a coating composition that has the structure of Formula (III) or a salt or solvate thereof:wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci- Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1, A2, and A3is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1, B2, and B3is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;E is -CN, -OR9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a;each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, Rl la, Rl lb, Rllc, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and 0 < x < 1.

[0142] In some embodiments, a coating composition of Formula (III) is charged or zwitterionic. In some embodiments, a coating composition of Formula (III) comprises a positively charged repeating unit. In some embodiments a coating composition of Formula (III) comprises a negatively charged repeating unit. In some embodiments, a coating composition of Formula (III) comprises positively charged repeating units and negatively charged repeating units. In some embodiments, the ratio of positively charged repeating units and negatively charged repeating units in a coating composition of Formula (III) is from about 10: 1 to about 1 : 10. In some embodiments, the ratio of positively charged repeating units and negatively charged repeating units in a coating composition of Formula (III) is from about 5:1 to about 1 :5 In some embodiments, the ratio of positively charged repeating units and negatively charged repeating units in a coating composition of Formula (III) is from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2. In some embodiments, the ratio of positively charged repeating units and negatively charged repeating units in a coating composition of Formula (III) is about 1 : 1.

[0143] In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis independently halogen. In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis independently F or Cl. In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis F. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and -CF3. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from F, Cl, -CN, and -CF3. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently halogen. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis F. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis -CN. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis -CF3.

[0144] In some embodiments, each Rla, Rlb, R2a, and R2bis F.

[0145] In some embodiments, A1is -S(=O)2-. In some embodiments, A1is -C(=O)-.

[0146] In some embodiments, A2is -S(=O)2-. In some embodiments, A2is -C(=O)-.

[0147] In some embodiments, A3is -S(=O)2-. In some embodiments, A3is -C(=O)-.

[0148] In some embodiments, each B1, B2, and B3is -NR3c-.

[0149] In some embodiments, each R3cis independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R3cis hydrogen. In some embodiments, R3Cis optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R3cis -CH3. In some embodiments, R3Cis optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R3cis optionally substituted phenyl.

[0150] In some embodiments, E is -NR9aR9bR9c+or -S(=O)2OR9a.

[0151] In some embodiments, E is -NR9aR9bR9c+. In some embodiments, each R9a, R9b, and R9cis independently hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R9a, R9b, and R9cis independently hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, R9ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9ais -CH3. In some embodiments, R9bis hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9bis -CH3. In some embodiments, R9cis hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9cis -CH3.

[0152] In some embodiments, E is -S(=O)2OR9a. In some embodiments, each R9ais hydrogen or - CH3. In some embodiments, R9ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9ais -CH3.

[0153] In some embodiments, E is -S(=O)2O or -C(=O)O . In some embodiments, E is -S(=O)2O . In some embodiments, E is -C(=O)O .

[0154] In some embodiments, each R6cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen and -CH3. In some embodiments, each R6cand R6dis hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R6cand R6dis - CH3.

[0155] In some embodiments, each R4cand R4dis independently hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, each R4cand R4dis hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R4cand R4dis -CH3. In some embodiments, R4cis hydrogen and R4dis -CH3.

[0156] In some embodiments, each R5dand R5eis independently hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, each R5dand R5eis hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R5dand R5eis -CH3. In some embodiments, R5dis hydrogen and R5eis -CH3.

[0157] In some embodiments, Rl lais hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, Rl lais hydrogen. In some embodiments, Rl lais -CH3.

[0158] In some embodiments, R12ais hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, R12ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R12ais -CH3.

[0159] In some embodiments, each Rllb, Rllc, R12b, and R12cis hydrogen.

[0160] In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4. In some embodiments, n is 5.

[0161] In some embodiments, s is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, s is 1. In some embodiments, s is 2. In some embodiments, s is 3. In some embodiments, s is 4.

[0162] In some embodiments, t is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, t is 1. In some embodiments, t is 2. In some embodiments, t is 3. In some embodiments, t is 4.

[0163] In some embodiments, x is more than 0. In some embodiments, x is less than 1. In some embodiments, x is 0.0000001-0.9999999. In some embodiments, x is 0.00001-0.99999. In some embodiments, x is 0.001-0.999. In some embodiments, x is 0.01-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.1-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.2-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.3-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.5-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.5-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.6- 0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.7-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.8-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.9-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.91-0.99. In some embodiments, x is 0.92- 0.99.

[0164] In some embodiments, x is at least 0.0000001, at least 0.00001, at least 0.001, at least 0.01, at least 0.02, at least 0.03, at least 0.04, at least 0.05, at least 0.07, at least 0.09, at least O. i l, at least 0.15, at least 0.20, at least 0.23, at least 0.28, at least 0.35, at least 0.42, at least 0.5, at least 0.53, at least 0.58, at least 0.63, at least 0.67, at least 0.71, at least 0.75, at least 0.78, at least 0.79, at least 0.80, at least 0.81, at least 0.82, at least 0.83, at least 0.84, at least 0.85, at least 0.86, at least 0.87, at least 0.88, at least 0.89, at least 0.9, at least 0.91, at least 0.92, at least 0.93, at least 0.94, at least 0.95, at least 0.96, at least 0.97, at least 0.98, or at least 0.99.

[0165] In some embodiments, x is at most 0.9999999, at most 0.99999, at most 0.999, at most 0.99, at most 0.98, at most 0.97, at most 0.96, at most 0.95, at most 0.94, at most 0.93, at most 0.92, at most 0.91, at most 0.90, at most 0.89, at most 0.88, at most 0.87, at most 0.86, at most 0.85, at most 0.84, at most 0.83, at most 0.82, at most 0.81, at most 0.80, at most 0.79, at most 0.78, at most 0.77, at most 0.76, at most 0.75, at most 0.74, at most 0.70, at most 0.66, at most 0.62, at most 0.59, at most 0.56, at most 0.53, at most 0.50, at most 0.47, at most 0.43, at most 0.39, at most 0.34, at most 0.29, at most 0.25, at most 0.21, at most 0.18, at most 0.14, at most 0.10, at most 0.07, or at most 0.04.

[0166] In some embodiments, x is about 0.89 to about 0.999. In some embodiments, x is at least about 0.89. In some embodiments, x is at most about 0.999. In some embodiments, x is about 0.89 to about 0.9, about 0.89 to about 0.91, about 0.89 to about 0.92, about 0.89 to about 0.93, about 0.89 to about 0.94, about 0.89 to about 0.95, about 0.89 to about 0.96, about 0.89 to about 0.97, about 0.89 to about 0.98, about 0.89 to about 0.99, about 0.89 to about 0.999, about 0.9 to about 0.91, about 0.9 to about 0.92, about 0.9 to about 0.93, about 0.9 to about 0.94, about 0.9 to about 0.95, about 0.9 to about 0.96, about 0.9 to about 0.97, about 0.9 to about 0.98, about 0.9 to about 0.99, about 0.9 to about 0.999, about 0.91 to about 0.92, about 0.91 to about 0.93, about 0.91 to about 0.94, about 0.91 to about 0.95, about 0.91 to about 0.96, about 0.91 to about 0.97, about 0.91 to about 0.98, about 0.91 to about 0.99, about 0.91 to about 0.999, about 0.92 to about 0.93, about 0.92to about 0.94, about 0.92 to about 0.95, about 0.92 to about 0.96, about 0.92 to about 0.97, about 0.92 to about 0.98, about 0.92 to about 0.99, about 0.92 to about 0.999, about 0.93 to about 0.94, about 0.93 to about 0.95, about 0.93 to about 0.96, about 0.93 to about 0.97, about 0.93 to about 0.98, about 0.93 to about 0.99, about 0.93 to about 0.999, about 0.94 to about 0.95, about 0.94 to about 0.96, about 0.94 to about 0.97, about 0.94 to about 0.98, about 0.94 to about 0.99, about 0.94 to about 0.999, about 0.95 to about 0.96, about 0.95 to about 0.97, about 0.95 to about 0.98, about 0.95 to about 0.99, about 0.95 to about 0.999, about 0.96 to about 0.97, about 0.96 to about 0.98, about 0.96 to about 0.99, about 0.96 to about 0.999, about 0.97 to about 0.98, about 0.97 to about 0.99, about 0.97 to about 0.999, about 0.98 to about 0.99, about 0.98 to about 0.999, or about 0.99 to about 0.999. In some embodiments, x is about 0.89, about 0.9, about 0.91, about 0.92, about 0.93, about 0.94, about 0.95, about 0.96, about 0.97, about 0.98, about 0.99, or about 0.999.

[0167] In another aspect, described herein is a coating composition comprising: a) a repeating unit of Formula (VII):Formula (VII) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1and A2is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and -S(=O)(=NR3c)-; each B1and B2is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X- optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=0)-, -S(=0)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, and Rl lcis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; b) a repeating unit of Formula (VIII):Formula (VIII) wherein,A3is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B3is -O- or -NR3C-;D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl; each R6Cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X- optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic; and c) a repeating unit of Formula (IX):Formula (IX)A4is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B4is -O- or -NR3C-;Z4is -(CR6cR6d)k-;E is -CN, -OR9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R6C, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X- optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, R13a, R13b, and R13cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and k is an integer selected from 1-10.

[0168] In some embodiments, the repeating unit of Formula (IX) is charged or zwitterionic.

[0169] In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis independently halogen. In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis independently F or Cl. In some embodiments, each Rlaand Rlbis F. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and -CF3. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently selected from F, Cl, -CN, and -CF3. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently halogen. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis F. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis -CN. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis independently Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, each R2aand R2bis -CF3. In some embodiments, each Rla, Rlb, R2a, and R2bis F.

[0170] In some embodiments, A1is -S(=O)2-. In some embodiments, A1is -C(=O)-. In some embodiments, A2is -S(=O)2-. In some embodiments, A2is -C(=O)-. In some embodiments, A3is - S(=O)2-. In some embodiments, A3is -C(=O)-. In some embodiments, A4is -S(=O)2-. In someembodiments, A4is -C(=O)-. In some embodiments, A1is -S(=O)2- and each A2, A3, and A4is - C(=O)-. In some embodiments, each A1, A2, A3, and A4is -C(=O)-.

[0171] In some embodiments, each B1, B2, and B3is independently -O-or -NR3c-.In some embodiments, B1is -O-. In some embodiments, B1is -NR3c-. In some embodiments, B2is -O-. In some embodiments, B2is -NR3c-. In some embodiments, B3is -O-. In some embodiments, B3is - NR3C-. In some embodiments, B4is -O-. In some embodiments, B4is -NR3c-.

[0172] In some embodiments, each R3cis independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R3cis hydrogen. In some embodiments, R3Cis optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, R3cis -CH3. In some embodiments, each R3Cis hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, R3cis optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R3cis optionally substituted phenyl.

[0173] In some embodiments, D is -S(=O)2OR9aor -C(=O)OR9a. In some embodiments, D is - S(=O)2OR9a. In some embodiments, D is -C(=O)OR9a. In some embodiments, R9ais hydrogen or - CH3. In some embodiments, R9ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9ais -CH3.

[0174] In some embodiments, D is -S(=O)2O or -C(=O)O . In some embodiments, D is -S(=O)2O . In some embodiments, D is -C(=O)O .

[0175] In some embodiments, E is -NR9aR9bR9c+or -S(=O)2OR9a. In some embodiments, E is -NR9aR9bR9c+or-C(=O)OR9a

[0176] In some embodiments, E is -NR9aR9bR9c+. In some embodiments, each R9a, R9b, and R9cis independently hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R9a, R9b, and R9cis independently hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, R9ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9ais -CH3. In some embodiments, R9bis hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9bis -CH3. In some embodiments, R9cis hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9cis -CH3.

[0177] In some embodiments, E is -S(=O)2OR9a. In some embodiments, E is -C(=O)OR9a. In some embodiments, each R9ais hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, R9ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R9ais -CH3.

[0178] In some embodiments, E is -S(=O)2O or -C(=O)O . In some embodiments, E is -S(=O)2O . In some embodiments, E is -C(=O)O .

[0179] In some embodiments, each R3aand R3bis independently hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl. In some embodiments, each R3aand R3bis independently hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, each R3aand R3bis hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R3aand R3bis -CH3.

[0180] In some embodiments, each R4cand R4dis independently selected from hydrogen and -CH3. In some embodiments, each R4cand R4dis hydrogen.

[0181] In some embodiments, each R5dand R5eis independently selected from hydrogen and -CH3. In some embodiments, each R5dand R5eis hydrogen.

[0182] In some embodiments, each R4c, R4d, R5d, and R5eis independently hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, each R4c, R4d, R5d, and R5eis hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R4c, R4d, R5d, and R5eis -CH3.

[0183] some embodiments, each R6cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen and -CH3. In some embodiments, each R6cand R6dis hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R6cand R6dis -CH3.

[0184] In some embodiments, each R3cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen and -CH3. In some embodiments, each R3cand R3dis hydrogen.

[0185] In some embodiments, each R3c, R3d, R6c, and R6dis independently hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, each R3c, R3d, R6c, and R6dis hydrogen. In some embodiments, each R3c, R3d, R6C, and R6dis -CH3.

[0186] In some embodiments, Rl lais hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, Rl lais hydrogen. In some embodiments, Rl lais -CH3.

[0187] In some embodiments, R12ais hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, R12ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R12ais -CH3.

[0188] In some embodiments, R13ais hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, R13ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, R13ais -CH3.

[0189] In some embodiments, each Rl la, R12a, and R13ais independently hydrogen or -CH3. In some embodiments, each Rl la, R12a, and R13ais hydrogen. In some embodiments, each Rl la, R12a, and R13ais -CH3.

[0190] In some embodiments, each Rl lb, Rllc, R12b, R12c, R13b, and R13cis hydrogen.

[0191] In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, n is 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4. In some embodiments, n is 5.

[0192] In some embodiments, s is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, s is 1. In some embodiments, s is 2. In some embodiments, s is 3. In some embodiments, s is 4.

[0193] In some embodiments, t is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, t is 1. In some embodiments, t is 2. In some embodiments, t is 3. In some embodiments, t is 4.

[0194] In some embodiments, p is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is 2. In some embodiments, p is 3. In some embodiments, p is 4.

[0195] In some embodiments, k is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In some embodiments, k is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, k is 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, k is 2 or 3. In some embodiments, k is 1. In some embodiments, k is 2. In some embodiments, k is 3. In some embodiments, k is 4.

[0196] In some embodiments, each s, t, p, and k is independently 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, each s, t, p, and k is independently 1 or 2. In some embodiments, each s, t, p, and k is independently 2 or 3.

[0197] In some embodiments, a repeating unit of Formula (IX) comprises a positively charged repeating unit of Formula (IX). In some embodiments, a repeating unit of Formula (IX) comprises a negatively charged repeating unit of Formula (IX). In some embodiments, a coating composition comprising repeating units of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) comprises a positively charged repeating unit of Formula (IX) and a negatively charged repeating unit of Formula (IX). In some embodiments, the ratio of positively charged repeating units of Formula (IX) and negatively charged repeating units of Formula (IX) in a coating composition comprising repeating units of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) is from about 10: 1 to about 1 : 10. In some embodiments, the ratio of positively charged repeating units of Formula (IX) and negatively charged repeating units of Formula (IX) in a coating composition comprising repeating units of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) is from about 5: 1 to about 1 :5. In some embodiments, the ratio of positively charged repeating units of Formula (IX) and negatively charged repeating units of Formula (IX) in a copolymer comprising repeating units of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) is from about 2: 1 to about 1 :2. In some embodiments, the ratio of positively charged repeating units of Formula (IX) and negatively charged repeating units of Formula (IX) in a coating composition comprising repeating units of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) is about 1 : 1.

[0198] In some embodiments, a coating composition comprising a repeating unit of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) comprises the following number of monomer units: [(Formula (VII))a(Formula (VIII))b (Formula (IX))c], wherein each number a, b, and c is independently selected from 1 to 1000. In some embodiments, each number a, b, and c is independently selected from 1 to 100.

[0199] In some embodiments, a is from 1 to 10. In some embodiments, a is from 5 to 10. In some embodiments, a is from 5 to 20. In some embodiments, a is at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 12, at least 15, or at least 20. In some embodiments, a is at most 1, at most 2, at most 3, at most 4, at most 5, at most 6, at most 7, at most 8, at most 9, at most 10, at most 12, at most 15, or at most 20.

[0200] In some embodiments, b is from 5 to 75. In some embodiments, b is from 10 to 100. In some embodiments, b is from 20 to 250. In some embodiments, b is from 50 to 500. In some embodiments, b is from 100 to 1000. In some embodiments, b is at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 25, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, or at least 1000. In some embodiments, b is at most 1, at most 5, at most 10, at most 25, at most 50, at most 100, at most 200, at most 300, at most 400, at most 500, at most 600, at most 700, at most 800, at most 900, or at most 1000.

[0201] In some embodiments, c is from 5 to 75. In some embodiments, c is from 10 to 100. In some embodiments, c is from 20 to 250. In some embodiments, c is from 50 to 500. In some embodiments, c is from 100 to 1000. In some embodiments, c is at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 25, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, or at least 1000. In some embodiments, c is at most 1, at most 5, at most 10, at most 25, at most 50, at most 100, at most 200, at most 300, at most 400, at most 500, at most 600, at most 700, at most 800, at most 900, or at most 1000.

[0202] In some embodiments, the ratio of (b+c) to a is from 1 : 1000 to 1000: 1. In some embodiments, the ratio of (b+c) to a is from 1 : 100 to 100: 1. In some embodiments, the ratio of (b+c) to a is from 1 :10 to 10:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of (b+c) to a is about 5: 1, about 10: 1, about 20: 1, about 30: 1, about 40: 1, about 50: 1, about 75: 1, about 100: 1, about 250: 1, about 500: 1, about 750: 1, or about 1000: 1.

[0203] In some embodiments, different variables of a coating composition of Formula (I), Formula (II), Formula (III), Formula (VII), Formula (VIII), and Formula (IX) as described above are applicable to the corresponding Formulas, compositions, membranes, devices, etc. disclosed throughout the application.

[0204] Any combination of the groups described above or below for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.Further Forms of Coating compositions

[0205] In one aspect, the coating composition of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), or (VI), or the coating composition comprising a repeating unit of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) possesses one or more stereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the R or S configuration. The coating compositions presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. The coating compositions and methods provided herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, coating compositions described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the coating composition with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric coating compositions / salts, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. In some embodiments, resolution of enantiomers is carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the coating compositions described herein. In another embodiment, diastereomers are separated by separation / resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. In other embodiments, separation of stereoisomers is performed by chromatography or by the formingdiastereomeric salts and separation by recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof. Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions”, John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981. In one aspect, stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.

[0206] In another embodiment, the coating compositions described herein are labeled isotopically (e.g. with a radioisotope) or by another other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.

[0207] Coating compositions described herein include isotopically-labeled coating compositions, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the present coating compositions include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, ,2H,3H,13C,14C,15N,18O,170,35S,18F,36C1. In one aspect, isotopically-labeled coating compositions described herein, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as3H and14C are incorporated, are useful in drug and / or substrate tissue distribution assays. In one aspect, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.

[0208] Coating compositions described herein might be formed as, and / or used as, salts. The type of salts, include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts, formed by reacting the free base form of the coating composition with: inorganic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with an organic acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-l-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4’-methylenebis-(3- hydroxy-2-ene-l -carboxylic acid), 3 -phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, butyric acid, phenylacetic acid, phenylbutyric acid, valproic acid, and the like; (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent coating composition is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion (e.g. lithium, sodium, potassium), an alkaline earth ion (e.g. magnesium, or calcium), or an aluminum ion. In some cases, coating compositions described herein may coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine,triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine. In other cases, coating compositions described herein may form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with coating compositions that include an acidic proton, include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like.

[0209] It should be understood that a reference to a salt includes the solvent addition forms, particularly solvates. Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of coating compositions described herein can be conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. In addition, the coating compositions provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the coating compositions and methods provided herein.Synthesis of Coating Compositions

[0210] Coating compositions described herein are synthesized using standard synthetic techniques or using methods known in the art in combination with methods described herein. In some embodiments, coating compositions are compounds.

[0211] Unless otherwise indicated, conventional methods of mass spectroscopy, NMR, HPLC, protein chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA techniques and pharmacology are employed.

[0212] Coating compositions are prepared using standard organic chemistry techniques such as those described in, for example, March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Alternative reaction conditions for the synthetic transformations described herein may be employed such as variation of solvent, reaction temperature, reaction time, as well as different chemical reagents and other reaction conditions. The starting materials are available from commercial sources or are readily prepared.

[0213] Coating compositions are prepared using standard polymer chemistry techniques known to a person of skill in the art. In some embodiments, a coating composition is a copolymer. In some embodiments, a coating composition as provided herein is synthesized via a polymerization reaction. In some embodiments, the polymerization reaction is addition polymerization, atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), coordination polymerization, free-radical polymerization, nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT), or ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). In some embodiments, the ionic polymerization is anionic polymerization or cationic polymerization. Insome embodiments, the polymerization reaction is reversible-deactivation polymerization (RDP). In some embodiments, the polymerization reaction is free-radical polymerization. In some embodiments, the polymerization reaction is atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).

[0214] Coating compositions as provided herein are coated on a surface of a medical device. In some embodiments, coating compositions comprising charged or zwitterion copolymers are grafted onto a polymer surface of a device under a UV exposure. In some other embodiments, coating compositions are grafted onto a silicone-comprising surface of a device under a UV exposure. In some embodiments, coating compositions are grafted onto a surface of a medical device under a UV exposure. In some other embodiments, coating compositions are grafted onto a silicone-comprising surface of a medical device under a UV exposure. In some embodiments, coating compositions are grafted onto a polymer surface of a medical device under a UV exposure. In some other embodiments, coating compositions are grafted onto a silicone-comprising polymer surface of a medical device under a UV exposure.

[0215] Suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, "Synthetic Organic Chemistry", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York; S. R. Sandler et al., "Organic Functional Group Preparations," 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1983; H. O. House, "Modern Synthetic Reactions", 2nd Ed., W. A. Benjamin, Inc. Menlo Park, Calif. 1972; T. L. Gilchrist, "Heterocyclic Chemistry", 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992; J. March, "Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure", 4th Ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1992. Additional suitable reference books and treatise that detail the synthesis of reactants useful in the preparation of compounds described herein, or provide references to articles that describe the preparation, include for example, Fuhrhop, J. and Penzlin G. "Organic Synthesis: Concepts, Methods, Starting Materials", Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition (1994) John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3 527-29074-5; Hoffman, R.V. "Organic Chemistry, An Intermediate Text" (1996) Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509618-5; Larock, R. C."Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations" 2nd Edition (1999) Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 0-471-19031-4; March, J. "Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure" 4th Edition (1992) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-60180-2; Otera, J. (editor) "Modern Carbonyl Chemistry" (2000) Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 3-527-29871-1; Patai, S. "Patai's 1992 Guide to the Chemistry of Functional Groups" (1992) Interscience ISBN: 0-471-93022-9; Solomons, T. W. G. "Organic Chemistry" 7th Edition (2000) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471- 19095-0; Stowell, J.C., "Intermediate Organic Chemistry" 2nd Edition (1993) Wiley-Interscience, ISBN: 0-471-57456-2; "Industrial Organic Chemicals: Starting Materials and Intermediates: An Ullmann's Encyclopedia" (1999) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 3-527-29645-X, in 8 volumes;"Organic Reactions" (1942-2000) John Wiley & Sons, in over 55 volumes; and "Chemistry of Functional Groups" John Wiley & Sons, in 73 volumes.

[0216] In the reactions described, it may be necessary to protect reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, imino, thio or carboxy groups, where these are desired in the final product, in order to avoid their unwanted participation in reactions. A detailed description of techniques applicable to the creation of protecting groups and their removal are described in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1999, and Kocienski, Protective Groups, Thieme Verlag, New York, NY, 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference for such disclosure).

[0217] In some embodiments, compounds are synthesized as described in the Examples section.Coated medical devices

[0218] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a coated medical device, wherein a surface of the medical device is coated with one or more compounds of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein having a number-average molecular weight of between about 10,000 and about 250,000. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a coated medical device, wherein a surface of the medical device is coated with one or more copolymers comprising repeating units of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) described herein having a number-average molecular weight of between about 10,000 and about 250,000.

[0219] In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of at least about 10,000, about 20,000, about 30,000, about 40,000, about 50,000, about 60,000, about 70,000, about 80,000, about 90,000, about 100,000, about 110,000, about 120,000, about 130,000, about 140,000, about 150,000, about 160,000, about 170,000, about 180,000, about 190,000, or about 200,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a numberaverage molecular weight of no more than about 10,000, about 20,000, about 30,000, about 40,000, about 50,000, about 60,000, about 70,000, about 80,000, about 90,000, about 100,000, about 110,000, about 120,000, about 130,000, about 140,000, about 150,000, about 160,000, about 170,000, about 180,000, about 190,000, or about 200,000.

[0220] In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 300,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 10,000 to about 40,000, about 10,000 to about 60,000, about 10,000 to about 80,000, about 10,000 to about 100,000, about 10,000 to about 125,000, about 10,000 to about 150,000, about 10,000 to about 175,000, about 10,000 to about 200,000, about 10,000 to about 250,000, about 10,000 to about 300,000, about 40,000 to about 60,000, about 40,000 to about 80,000, about 40,000 to about 100,000, about 40,000 to about125,000, about 40,000 to about 150,000, about 40,000 to about 175,000, about 40,000 to about 200,000, about 40,000 to about 250,000, about 40,000 to about 300,000, about 60,000 to about 80,000, about 60,000 to about 100,000, about 60,000 to about 125,000, about 60,000 to about 150,000, about 60,000 to about 175,000, about 60,000 to about 200,000, about 60,000 to about 250,000, about 60,000 to about 300,000, about 80,000 to about 100,000, about 80,000 to about 125,000, about 80,000 to about 150,000, about 80,000 to about 175,000, about 80,000 to about 200,000, about 80,000 to about 250,000, about 80,000 to about 300,000, about 100,000 to about 125,000, about 100,000 to about 150,000, about 100,000 to about 175,000, about 100,000 to about200,000, about 100,000 to about 250,000, about 100,000 to about 300,000, about 125,000 to about150,000, about 125,000 to about 175,000, about 125,000 to about 200,000, about 125,000 to about250,000, about 125,000 to about 300,000, about 150,000 to about 175,000, about 150,000 to about200,000, about 150,000 to about 250,000, about 150,000 to about 300,000, about 175,000 to about200,000, about 175,000 to about 250,000, about 175,000 to about 300,000, about 200,000 to about250,000, about 200,000 to about 300,000, or about 250,000 to about 300,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of about 10,000, about 40,000, about 60,000, about 80,000, about 100,000, about 125,000, about 150,000, about 175,000, about 200,000, about 250,000, or about 300,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of at least about 10,000, about 40,000, about 60,000, about 80,000, about 100,000, about 125,000, about 150,000, about 175,000, about 200,000, or about 250,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of at most about 40,000, about 60,000, about 80,000, about 100,000, about 125,000, about 150,000, about 175,000, about 200,000, about 250,000, or about 300,000.

[0221] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a coated medical device, wherein a surface of the medical device is coated with one or more compounds of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein having a number-average molecular weight of between about 14,000 and about 21,000. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a coated medical device, wherein a surface of the medical device is coated with one or more copolymers comprising repeating units of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) described herein having a number-average molecular weight of between about 14,000 and about 21,000.

[0222] In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 14,000 and about 15,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 14,000 and about 16,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 14,000 and about 17,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymerhas a number-average molecular weight of between about 14,000 and about 18,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 14,000 and about 19,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 14,000 and about 20,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 15,000 and about 16,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 15,000 and about 17,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 15,000 and about 18,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 15,000 and about 19,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 15,000 and about 20,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 15,000 and about 21,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 16,000 and about 17,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 16,000 and about 18,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 16,000 and about 19,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 16,000 and about 20,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 16,000 and about 21,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 17,000 and about 18,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 17,000 and about 19,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 17,000 and about 20,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 17,000 and about 21,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 18,000 and about 19,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 18,000 and about 20,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 18,000 and about 21,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 19,000 and about 20,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of between about 19,000 and about 21,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight ofbetween about 20,000 and about 21,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of about 14,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide- based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of about 15,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of about 16,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of about 17,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of about 18,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a numberaverage molecular weight of about 19,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of about 20,000. In some embodiments, the phenyl azide-based copolymer has a number-average molecular weight of about 21,000.

[0223] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a coated medical device, wherein a surface of the medical device is coated with one or more compounds of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1 and 1.5. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a coated medical device, wherein a surface of the medical device is coated with one or more copolymers comprising repeating units of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) described herein having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1 and 1.5.

[0224] In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of at least about 1, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, or about 1.5. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of no more than about 1, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, or about 1.5.

[0225] In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1 and 1.1. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1 and 1.2. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1 and 1.3. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1 and 1.4. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1 and 1.5. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1.1 and 1.2. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1.1 and 1.3. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1.1 and1.4. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1.1 and 1.5. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1.2 and 1.3. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a polydispersity index (PDI) of between about 1.2 and 1.4. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1.2 and1.5. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1.3 and 1.4. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1.3 and 1.5. In some embodiments, the surface of the medical device is coated with a phenyl azide-based copolymer having a poly dispersity index (PDI) of between about 1.4 and 1.5. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.1. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.2. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.3. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.4. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.5. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.11. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.12. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.13. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.14. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.15. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.16. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.17. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.18. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.19. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.21. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.22. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.23. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.24. In some embodiments, the PDI is about 1.25.

[0226] In some embodiments, the medical device comprises a dental instrument or a medical instrument. In some embodiments, the medical device comprises an implant, an IV, a prosthesis, a suturing material, a valve, a stent, a catheter, a rod, a shunt, a scope, a contact lens, a tubing, a wiring, an electrode, a clip, a fastener, a syringe, a container, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the medical device is a contact lens. In some embodiments, the medical device is a catheter. In some embodiments, the catheter is an indwelling catheter. In some embodiments, the catheter comprises a uretic catheter or a Foley catheter. In some embodiments, the medical device is a scope. In some embodiments, the scope comprises a scope utilized in an image-guided surgery. In some embodiments, the scope comprises a scope utilized in endoscopy or laparoscopy.

[0227] In some embodiments, the medical device comprises auditory prostheses, artificial larynx, dental implants, mammary implants, penile implants, cranio / facial tendons, tendons, ligaments, menisci, or disks. In some embodiments, the medical device comprises artificial bones, artificial joints, or artificial organs. In some embodiments, the artificial organs comprise artificial pancreas,artificial hearts, artificial limbs, or heart valves. In some embodiments, the medical device comprises a bandage or a patch.

[0228] In some embodiments, the copolymer comprises zwitterionic copolymer. In some embodiments, the zwitterionic copolymer comprises polysulfobetaine.

[0229] In some embodiments, the coated medical device reduces foreign body response. In some embodiments, the foreign body response is produced by a bacterium, a virus, and / or a fungus. Properties of Coating Compositions

[0230] In some embodiments, coating compositions disclosed herein have various properties that provide the superior function of the devices, including excellent flux, improved hydrophilicity, improved resistance to fouling, tunable surface charge properties, higher thermal stability, higher chemical stability, higher solvent stability, or a combination thereof. It is also understood that the coatings disclosed herein have other properties.

[0231] In some embodiments, a coating compositions composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 70°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 65°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 60°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 55°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 50°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 45°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 40°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 35°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 30°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 25°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 20°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 15°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 10°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of less than about 5°. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein has a water receding angle of about 0°. In certain embodiments, the devices provided herein, coated by one or more biofouling-resistant coatings described herein have a high resistance of fouling.

[0232] In a further aspect, a coating composition disclosed herein exhibits an improvement in at least one property selected from resistance to fouling, hydrophilicity, surface charge, salt rejection, and roughness. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein demonstrates animprovement in at least one property selected from resistance to fouling, salt rejection, and hydrophilicity. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein demonstrates an improvement in resistance to fouling. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein demonstrates an improvement in hydrophilicity. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein demonstrates an improvement in surface charge. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein demonstrates an improvement in roughness. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein demonstrates reduced surface roughness. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein demonstrates an improvement in salt rejection.

[0233] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein comprising one or more compounds of Formula (I), (II), or (III) described herein prevents and / or reduces encrustation and / or foreign body response. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein comprising one or more copolymers comprising repeating units of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) described herein prevents and / or reduces encrustation and / or foreign body response.Microfouling

[0234] Microfouling comprises formation of microorganism adhesion (e.g., bacteria adhesion) and / or biofilm. In some embodiments, foreign body response comprises microfouling. Biofilm is a group of microorganism which adheres to a surface. In some instances, the adhered microorganisms are further embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance, which comprises a polymeric conglomeration of extracellular DNA, protein, and polysaccharides. Macrofouling comprises attachment of larger organism. In some instances a coating composition disclosed herein prevents and / or reduces microfouling. In some instances, a coating composition disclosed herein prevents and / or reduces bacterial adhesion.

[0235] In some instances, microfouling is formed by bacteria or fungi. In some instances, microfouling is formed by bacteria. In some instances, a bacterium is a gram-positive bacterium or a gram-negative bacterium. In some cases, a bacterium is a marine bacterium.

[0236] In some instances, microfouling is formed by a gram-positive bacterium from the genus Actinomyces, Arlhrobacler , Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Listeria, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus, or Streptococcus. In some instances, microfouling is formed by a gram-positive bacterium: Actinomyces spp., Arthrobacter spp., Bacillus licheniformis, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium spp., Corynebacterium spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcus spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus spp., Mycobacterium spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Streptococcus pyogenes.

[0237] In some instances, a coating composition disclosed herein is resistant to fouling. In some instances, a coating composition disclosed herein prevents and / or reduces microfouling on one or more of its surfaces.

[0238] In some cases, microfouling comprises bacteria adhesion. In some instances, a coating composition disclosed herein prevents and / or reduces bacteria adhesion.

[0239] In some instances, microfouling is formed by a gram-negative bacterium from the genus Alteromonas, Aeromonas, Desulfovibrio, Escherichia, Fusobacterium, Geobacter, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Legionella, Porphyromonas, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Shigella, Salmonella, or Vibrio. In some instances, microfouling is formed by a gram-negative bacterium: Alter omonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Desulfovibrio spp., Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Geobacter spp., Haemophilus spp., Klebsiella spp., Legionella pneumophila, Porphyromonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus penner i, Serratia spp., Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella bongori, Salmonella enterica, or Vibrio Cholerae.

[0240] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein prevents and / or reduces microfouling formed by a fungus. In some cases, a coating composition disclosed herein prevents and / or reduces microfouling formed by Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida rugose, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida dubliniensis, or Hormoconis resinae.

[0241] In some instances, microfouling comprises bacteria adhesion. In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein prevents and / or reduces bacteria adhesion formed by a fungus. In some cases, a coating composition disclosed herein prevents and / or reduces bacteria adhesion formed by Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida rugose, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida dubliniensis, or Hormoconis resinae.

[0242] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein reduces foreign body response or encrustation of a surface. In some cases, the foreign body response on a surface of a device modified with a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) is reduced by about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some cases, the foreign body response or encrustation on a surface of a device modified with a copolymer comprising a repeating unit of Formula (VII), (VIII), and (IX) is reduced by about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the foreign body response or encrustation relative to the unmodified surface of a device is determined by comparing the amount of foreign body response or encrustation following a period of time ofstorage, use, and / or testing of the device(s). For example, the devices may be tested by exposing them to conditions conducive of foreign body response or encrustation (e.g., in vitro foreign body response or encrustation testing techniques known and practiced in the art). In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 10%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 20%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 30%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 40%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 50%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 60%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 70%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 80%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 90%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 95%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 99%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 99.5%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some instances, the formation of foreign body response or encrustation is reduced by about 99.9%, or more relative to the unmodified surface of a device. In some embodiments, the foreign body response is reduced by about 5 % to about 80 %. In some embodiments, the foreign body response is reduced by at least about 5 % to about 10 %, about 5 % to about 20 %, about 5 % to about 30 %, about 5 % to about 40 %, about 5 % to about 45 %, about 5 % to about 50 %, about 5 % to about 55 %, about 5 % to about 60 %, about 5 % to about 65 %, about 5 % to about 70 %, about 5 % to about 80 %, about 10 % to about 20 %, about 10 % to about 30 %, about 10 % to about 40 %, about 10 % to about 45 %, about 10 % to about 50 %, about 10 % to about 55 %, about 10 % to about 60 %, about 10 % to about 65 %, about 10 % to about 70 %, about 10 % to about 80 %, about 20 % to about 30 %, about 20 % to about 40 %, about 20 % to about 45 %, about 20 % to about 50 %, about 20 % to about 55 %, about 20 % to about 60 %, about 20 % to about 65 %, about 20 % to about 70 %, about 20 % to about 80 %, about 30 % to about 40 %, about 30 % to about 45 %, about 30 % to about 50 %, about 30 % to about 55 %, about 30 % to about 60 %, about 30 % to about 65 %, about30 % to about 70 %, about 30 % to about 80 %, about 40 % to about 45 %, about 40 % to about 50 %, about 40 % to about 55 %, about 40 % to about 60 %, about 40 % to about 65 %, about 40 % to about 70 %, about 40 % to about 80 %, about 45 % to about 50 %, about 45 % to about 55 %, about 45 % to about 60 %, about 45 % to about 65 %, about 45 % to about 70 %, about 45 % to about 80 %, about 50 % to about 55 %, about 50 % to about 60 %, about 50 % to about 65 %, about 50 % to about 70 %, about 50 % to about 80 %, about 55 % to about 60 %, about 55 % to about 65 %, about 55 % to about 70 %, about 55 % to about 80 %, about 60 % to about 65 %, about 60 % to about 70 %, about 60 % to about 80 %, about 65 % to about 70 %, about 65 % to about 80 %, or about 70 % to about 80 %. In some embodiments, the foreign body response is reduced by about 5 %, about 10 %, about 20 %, about 30 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, about 50 %, about 55 %, about 60 %, about 65 %, about 70 %, or about 80 %. In some embodiments, the foreign body response is reduced by at least about 5 %, about 10 %, about 20 %, about 30 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, about 50 %, about 55 %, about 60 %, about 65 %, or about 70 %. In some embodiments, the foreign body response is reduced by at most about 10 %, about 20 %, about 30 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, about 50 %, about 55 %, about 60 %, about 65 %, about 70 %, or about 80 %.

[0243] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein reduces encrustation of a surface. In embodiments, the methods disclosed herein reduces encrustation of a surface. In some cases, the encrustation on a surface of a device modified with a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III) is reduced by at least 50% compared to an unmodified surface of a device. In some embodiments, the encrustation is reduced by at least 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or more, compared to a medical device without said coating. In some embodiments, the encrustation mass is at most about 100 mg after 1 month of implantation or transplantation of the coated medical device. In some embodiments, the encrustation is reduced by at least about 5 % to about 80 %. In some embodiments, the encrustation is reduced by about 5 % to about 10 %, about 5 % to about 20 %, about 5 % to about 30 %, about 5 % to about 40 %, about 5 % to about 45 %, about 5 % to about 50 %, about 5 % to about 55 %, about 5 % to about 60 %, about 5 % to about 65 %, about 5 % to about 70 %, about 5 % to about 80 %, about 10 % to about 20 %, about 10 % to about 30 %, about 10 % to about 40 %, about 10 % to about 45 %, about 10 % to about 50 %, about 10 % to about 55 %, about 10 % to about 60 %, about 10 % to about 65 %, about 10 % to about 70 %, about 10 % to about 80 %, about 20 % to about 30 %, about 20 % to about 40 %, about 20 % to about 45 %, about 20 % to about 50 %, about 20 % to about 55 %, about 20 % to about 60 %, about 20 % to about 65 %, about 20 % to about 70 %, about 20 % to about 80 %, about 30 % to about 40 %, about 30 % to about 45 %, about 30 % to about 50 %, about 30 % to about 55 %, about 30 % to about 60 %, about 30 % to about 65 %, about 30 % to about 70 %, about 30 % to about 80 %, about 40 % to about 45 %, about 40 % to about 50 %, about 40 % to about 55 %, about 40 % to about 60 %, about 40 % toabout 65 %, about 40 % to about 70 %, about 40 % to about 80 %, about 45 % to about 50 %, about 45 % to about 55 %, about 45 % to about 60 %, about 45 % to about 65 %, about 45 % to about 70 %, about 45 % to about 80 %, about 50 % to about 55 %, about 50 % to about 60 %, about 50 % to about 65 %, about 50 % to about 70 %, about 50 % to about 80 %, about 55 % to about 60 %, about 55 % to about 65 %, about 55 % to about 70 %, about 55 % to about 80 %, about 60 % to about 65 %, about 60 % to about 70 %, about 60 % to about 80 %, about 65 % to about 70 %, about 65 % to about 80 %, or about 70 % to about 80 %. In some embodiments, the encrustation is reduced by about 5 %, about 10 %, about 20 %, about 30 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, about 50 %, about 55 %, about 60 %, about 65 %, about 70 %, or about 80 %. In some embodiments, the encrustation is reduced by at least about 5 %, about 10 %, about 20 %, about 30 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, about 50 %, about 55 %, about 60 %, about 65 %, or about 70 %. In some embodiments, the encrustation is reduced by at most about 10 %, about 20 %, about 30 %, about 40 %, about 45 %, about 50 %, about 55 %, about 60 %, about 65 %, about 70 %, or about 80 %.

[0244] In some embodiments, the encrustation mass is at most about 140 mg, 130 mg, 120 mg, 110 mg, 100 mg, 90 mg, 80 mg, 70 mg, 60 mg, 50 mg, 40 mg, 30 mg, 20 mg, or less, after about 1 month of implantation or transplantation of the coated medical device. In some embodiments, the encrustation mass is at least about 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, or more, after about 1 month of implantation or transplantation of the coated medical device. In some embodiments, the encrustation mass is about 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg, 80 mg, 90 mg, lOOmg, 110 mg, or 120 mg, after about 1 month of implantation or transplantation of the coated medical device. In some embodiments, the encrustation mass is measured after about 28 days following implantation or transplantation of the coated medical device. In some embodiments, the encrustation mass is measured after about 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 days, or more following implantation or transplantation of the coated medical device.

[0245] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein reduces an incidence of a urinary tract infection. In some cases, the methods disclosed herein reduces an incidence of a urinary tract infection. In some cases, the methods disclosed herein reduces an incidence of urinary tract infections compared to a medical device without said coating. In some cases, the incidence of urinary tract infection is reduced by at least about two-fold. In some cases, the incidence of urinary tract infection is reduced by at least about two-fold, three-fold, four-fold, five-fold, six-fold, or more. In some cases, the incidence of urinary tract infection is reduced by about two-fold, threefold, four-fold, five-fold, or six-fold. In some embodiments, urinary tract infection is reduced by about 1 % to about 30 %. In some embodiments, urinary tract infection is reduced by about 1 % to about 3 %, about 1 % to about 4 %, about 1 % to about 5 %, about 1 % to about 7 %, about 1 % to about 10 %, about 1 % to about 12 %, about 1 % to about 15 %, about 1 % to about 18 %, about 1 %to about 20 %, about 1 % to about 25 %, about 1 % to about 30 %, about 3 % to about 4 %, about 3 % to about 5 %, about 3 % to about 7 %, about 3 % to about 10 %, about 3 % to about 12 %, about 3 % to about 15 %, about 3 % to about 18 %, about 3 % to about 20 %, about 3 % to about 25 %, about 3 % to about 30 %, about 4 % to about 5 %, about 4 % to about 7 %, about 4 % to about 10 %, about 4 % to about 12 %, about 4 % to about 15 %, about 4 % to about 18 %, about 4 % to about 20 %, about 4 % to about 25 %, about 4 % to about 30 %, about 5 % to about 7 %, about 5 % to about 10 %, about 5 % to about 12 %, about 5 % to about 15 %, about 5 % to about 18 %, about 5 % to about 20 %, about 5 % to about 25 %, about 5 % to about 30 %, about 7 % to about 10 %, about 7 % to about 12 %, about 7 % to about 15 %, about 7 % to about 18 %, about 7 % to about 20 %, about 7 % to about 25 %, about 7 % to about 30 %, about 10 % to about 12 %, about 10 % to about 15 %, about 10 % to about 18 %, about 10 % to about 20 %, about 10 % to about 25 %, about 10 % to about 30 %, about 12 % to about 15 %, about 12 % to about 18 %, about 12 % to about 20 %, about 12 % to about 25 %, about 12 % to about 30 %, about 15 % to about 18 %, about 15 % to about 20 %, about 15 % to about 25 %, about 15 % to about 30 %, about 18 % to about 20 %, about 18 % to about 25 %, about 18 % to about 30 %, about 20 % to about 25 %, about 20 % to about 30 %, or about 25 % to about 30 %. In some embodiments, urinary tract infection is reduced by about 1 %, about 3 %, about 4 %, about 5 %, about 7 %, about 10 %, about 12 %, about 15 %, about 18 %, about 20 %, about 25 %, or about 30 %. In some embodiments, urinary tract infection is reduced by at least about 1 %, about 3 %, about 4 %, about 5 %, about 7 %, about 10 %, about 12 %, about 15 %, about 18 %, about 20 %, or about 25 %. In some embodiments, urinary tract infection is reduced by at most about 3 %, about 4 %, about 5 %, about 7 %, about 10 %, about 12 %, about 15 %, about 18 %, about 20 %, about 25 %, or about 30 %.

[0246] In some embodiments, the foreign body response of bladder tissue as a result of catheterization contribute to bacterial adhesion onto catheter surfaces. The “rubbing” of the rubber catheters against the bladder wall facilitates inflammation / foreign body response, which in turn secretes fibrinogen protein as part of the tissue recovery / healing process. With bare catheter surfaces, fibrinogen spontaneously deposits onto the catheter walls. Several strains of microbes have fibrinogen specific binging receptors that favors the adhesion of these microbes to the catheter surface, using fibrinogen as an “anchor” protein.

[0247] In some embodiments, a coating composition disclosed herein reduces biofilm formation. In some cases, the methods disclosed herein reduces biofilm formation. In some cases, the methods disclosed herein reduces biofilm formation on the coated medical device. In some cases, the biofilm formation is reduced by at least 50% compared to a medical device without said coating. In some cases, the biofilm formation is reduced by at least about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 120%, 150%, or more. In some cases, the biofilm formation is reduced by at most about 200%,180%, 160%, 150%, 120%, 100%, 80%, 60%, or less. In some cases, the biofilm formation is reduced by about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 120%, 150%, or more. In some embodiments, biofilm formation is reduced by about 30 % to about 200 %. In some embodiments, biofilm formation is reduced by about 30 % to about 40 %, about 30 % to about 50 %, about 30 % to about 60 %, about 30 % to about 70 %, about 30 % to about 80 %, about 30 % to about 90 %, about 30 % to about 100 %, about 30 % to about 125 %, about 30 % to about 150 %, about 30 % to about 175 %, about 30 % to about 200 %, about 40 % to about 50 %, about 40 % to about 60 %, about 40 % to about 70 %, about 40 % to about 80 %, about 40 % to about 90 %, about 40 % to about 100 %, about 40 % to about 125 %, about 40 % to about 150 %, about 40 % to about 175 %, about 40 % to about 200 %, about 50 % to about 60 %, about 50 % to about 70 %, about 50 % to about 80 %, about 50 % to about 90 %, about 50 % to about 100 %, about 50 % to about 125 %, about 50 % to about 150 %, about 50 % to about 175 %, about 50 % to about 200 %, about 60 % to about 70 %, about 60 % to about 80 %, about 60 % to about 90 %, about 60 % to about 100 %, about 60 % to about 125 %, about 60 % to about 150 %, about 60 % to about 175 %, about 60 % to about 200 %, about 70 % to about 80 %, about 70 % to about 90 %, about 70 % to about 100 %, about 70 % to about 125 %, about 70 % to about 150 %, about 70 % to about 175 %, about 70 % to about 200 %, about 80 % to about 90 %, about 80 % to about 100 %, about 80 % to about 125 %, about 80 % to about 150 %, about 80 % to about 175 %, about 80 % to about 200 %, about 90 % to about 100 %, about 90 % to about 125 %, about 90 % to about 150 %, about 90 % to about 175 %, about 90 % to about 200 %, about 100 % to about 125 %, about 100 % to about 150 %, about 100 % to about 175 %, about 100 % to about 200 %, about 125 % to about 150 %, about 125 % to about 175 %, about 125 % to about 200 %, about 150 % to about 175 %, about 150 % to about 200 %, or about 175 % to about 200 %. In some embodiments, biofilm formation is reduced by about 30 %, about 40 %, about 50 %, about 60 %, about 70 %, about 80 %, about 90 %, about 100 %, about 125 %, about 150 %, about 175 %, or about 200 %. In some embodiments, biofilm formation is reduced by at least about 30 %, about 40 %, about 50 %, about 60 %, about 70 %, about 80 %, about 90 %, about 100 %, about 125 %, about 150 %, or about 175 %. In some embodiments, biofilm formation is reduced by at most about 40 %, about 50 %, about 60 %, about 70 %, about 80 %, about 90 %, about 100 %, about 125 %, about 150 %, about 175 %, or about 200 %.

[0248] In some embodiments, a coated medical device disclosed herein is further coated with an additional agent. In some instances, the additional agent is an antimicrobial agent. Exemplary antimicrobial agent comprises quaternary ammonium salts or tertiary amines. In some instances, the additional agent is a chemical disinfectant. Exemplary chemical disinfectant comprises sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, and benzalkonium chloride.Definitions

[0249] As used herein, nomenclature for compounds, including organic compounds, can be given using common names, IUPAC, IUBMB, or CAS recommendations for nomenclature. When one or more stereochemical features are present, Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules for stereochemistry can be employed to designate stereochemical priority, E / Z specification, and the like. One of skill in the art can readily ascertain the structure of a compound if given a name, either by systemic reduction of the compound structure using naming conventions, or by commercially available software, such as CHEMDRAW™ (Cambridgesoft Corporation, U.S.A.).

[0250] As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a component," "a polymer," or "a particle" includes mixtures of two or more such components, polymers, or particles, and the like.

[0251] Ranges can be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and / or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent "about," it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as "about" that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value "10" is disclosed, then "about 10" is also disclosed. In some embodiments, the term “about” includes an amount that would be expected to be within experimental error. It is also understood that when a value is disclosed that "less than or equal to" the value, "greater than or equal to the value" and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if the value "10" is disclosed the "less than or equal to 10" as well as "greater than or equal to 10" is also disclosed. It is also understood that throughout the application, data is provided in a number of different formats and that this data represents endpoints and starting points, and ranges for any combination of the data points. For example, if a particular data point " 10" and a particular data point 15 are disclosed, it is understood that greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.

[0252] References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular element or component in a composition denotes the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part byweight is expressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound.

[0253] A weight percent (wt. %) of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.

[0254] As used herein, the terms "optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.

[0255] As used herein, the terms "effective amount" and "amount effective" refer to an amount that is sufficient to achieve the desired result or to have an effect on an undesired condition.

[0256] The term "stable", as used herein, refers to compositions that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain aspects, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.

[0257] As used herein, the term "polymer" refers to a relatively high molecular weight organic compound, natural or synthetic, whose structure can be represented by a repeated small unit, the monomer (e.g., polyethylene, rubber, cellulose). Synthetic polymers are typically formed by addition or condensation polymerization of monomers. Unless indicated otherwise, polymer molecular weights are given in Daltons.

[0258] As used herein, the term "homopolymer" refers to a polymer formed from a single type of repeating unit (monomer residue).

[0259] As used herein, the term "copolymer" refers to a polymer formed from two or more different repeating units (monomer residues). By way of example and without limitation, a copolymer can be an alternating copolymer, a random copolymer, a block copolymer, or a graft copolymer. It is also contemplated that, in certain aspects, various block segments of a block copolymer can themselves comprise copolymers. In some embodiments, the terms "copolymer" and "compound" are used interchangeably throughout the specification.

[0260] As used herein, the term "oligomer" refers to a relatively low molecular weight polymer in which the number of repeating units is between two and ten, for example, from two to eight, from two to six, or form two to four. In one aspect, a collection of oligomers can have an average number of repeating units of from about two to about ten, for example, from about two to about eight, from about two to about six, or form about two to about four.

[0261] As used herein, the term "cross-linked polymer" refers to a polymer having bonds linking one polymer chain to another.

[0262] As used herein, the term “porogen composition” or “porogen(s)” refers to any structured material that can be used to create a porous material.

[0263] “ Oxo” refers to the =0 substituent.

[0264] “Benzyl” refers to the -CH^CeHs) substituent.

[0265] “Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical, having from one to twenty carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. An alkyl comprising up to 10 carbon atoms is referred to as a Ci-Cio alkyl, likewise, for example, an alkyl comprising up to 6 carbon atoms is a Ci-Ce alkyl. Alkyls (and other moieties defined herein) comprising other numbers of carbon atoms are represented similarly. Alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, Ci-Cio alkyl, C1-C9 alkyl, Ci-C8alkyl, C1-C7 alkyl, Ci-C6alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl, C2-C8 alkyl, C3-C8 alkyl and C4-C8 alkyl. Representative alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1 -methylethyl (i -propyl), n-butyl, i- butyl, s-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1 -dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3 -methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, 1-ethyl-propyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkyl is methyl or ethyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl is - CH(CH3)2or - C(CH3)3. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below.

[0266] “Alkylene” or “alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group. In some embodiments, the alkylene is -CH2-, - CH2CH2-, or -CH2CH2CH2-. In some embodiments, the alkylene is -CH2-. In some embodiments, the alkylene is -CH2CH2-. In some embodiments, the alkylene is -CH2CH2CH2-. In some embodiments, the alkylene is -CH2C(CH3)CH2-.

[0267] “Alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula -OR where R is an alkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group may be optionally substituted as described below. Representative alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is methoxy. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is ethoxy.

[0268] “Alkenyl” refers to a type of alkyl group in which at least one carbon-carbon double bond is present. In one embodiment, an alkenyl group has the formula -C(Ra)=C(Ra)2, wherein each Rarefers to the remaining portions of the alkenyl group, which may be the same or different. In some embodiments, each Rais hydrogen or an alkyl group. In some embodiments, an alkenyl is selected from ethenyl (z.e., vinyl), propenyl (z.e., allyl), butenyl, pentenyl, pentadienyl, and the like. Nonlimiting examples of an alkenyl group include -CH=CH2, -C(CH3)=CH2, -CH=CHCH3, - C(CH3)=CHCH3, and -CH2CH=CH2.

[0269] “Heteroalkylene” refers to an alkyl radical as described above where one or more carbon atoms of the alkyl is replaced with a O, N or S atom. “Heteroalkylene” or “heteroalkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent heteroalkyl chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heteroalkyl or heteroalkylenegroup may be optionally substituted as described below. Representative heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to -OCIbOMe, -OCH2CH2OMe, or -OCH2CH2OCH2CH2NH2. Representative heteroalkylene groups include, but are not limited to -OCH2CH2O-, -OCH2CH2OCH2CH2O-, or - OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2O-.

[0270] “Alkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula -NHR or -NRR where each R is, independently, an alkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylamino group may be optionally substituted as described below.

[0271] The term “aromatic” refers to a planar ring having a delocalized 71-electron system containing 4n+2 71 electrons, where n is an integer. Aromatics can be optionally substituted. The term “aromatic” includes both aryl groups (e.g., phenyl, naphthalenyl) and heteroaryl groups (e.g., pyridinyl, quinolinyl).

[0272] “Aryl” refers to an aromatic ring wherein each of the atoms forming the ring is a carbon atom. Aryl groups can be optionally substituted. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to phenyl, and naphthyl. In some embodiments, the aryl is phenyl. Depending on the structure, an aryl group can be a monoradical or a diradical (i.e., an arylene group). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “aryl” or the prefix “ar-“ (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals that are optionally substituted.

[0273] “Carboxy” refers to -CO2H. In some embodiments, carboxy moieties may be replaced with a “carboxylic acid bioisostere”, which refers to a functional group or moiety that exhibits similar physical and / or chemical properties as a carboxylic acid moiety. A carboxylic acid bioisostere has similar biological properties to that of a carboxylic acid group. A compound with a carboxylic acid moiety can have the carboxylic acid moiety exchanged with a carboxylic acid bioisostere and have similar physical and / or biological properties when compared to the carboxylic acid-containing compound. For example, in one embodiment, a carboxylic acid bioisostere would ionize at physiological pH to roughly the same extent as a carboxylic acid group. Examples of bioisosteres of a carboxylic acid include, but are not limited to:

[0274] “Cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic non-aromatic radical, wherein each of the atoms forming the ring (i.e. skeletal atoms) is a carbon atom. Cycloalkyls may be saturated, or partially unsaturated. Cycloalkyls may be fused with an aromatic ring (in which case the cycloalkylis bonded through a non-aromatic ring carbon atom). Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms. Representative cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cycloalkyls having from three to ten carbon atoms, from three to eight carbon atoms, from three to six carbon atoms, or from three to five carbon atoms. Monocyclic cycloalkyl radicals include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. In some embodiments, the monocyclic cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, the monocyclic cycloalkyl is cyclopentyl. Polycyclic radicals include, for example, adamantyl, norbomyl, decalinyl, and 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-l(2H)-one. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

[0275] “Fluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom. In one aspect, a fluoroalkyl is a Ci-Ce fluoroalkyl. In some embodiments, a fluoroalkyl is selected from trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1- fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, and the like.

[0276] “Fused” refers to any ring structure described herein which is fused to an existing ring structure. When the fused ring is a heterocyclyl ring or a heteroaryl ring, any carbon atom on the existing ring structure which becomes part of the fused heterocyclyl ring or the fused heteroaryl ring may be replaced with a nitrogen atom.

[0277] “Halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo.

[0278] “Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluorom ethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl,2.2.2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

[0279] “Haloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, tri chloromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 1,2-difluoroethoxy, 3 -bromo-2 -fluoropropoxy,1.2-dibromoethoxy, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkoxy group may be optionally substituted.

[0280] “Heterocycloalkyl” or “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic ring” refers to a stable 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic ring radical comprising 2 to 10 carbon atoms and from one to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocycloalkyl radical may be a monocyclic, or bicyclic ring system, which may include fused (when fused with an aryl or a heteroaryl ring, the heterocycloalkyl is bonded through a non-aromatic ring atom) or bridged ring systems. The nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized. Thenitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. The heterocycloalkyl radical is partially or fully saturated. Examples of such heterocycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[l,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. The term heterocycloalkyl also includes all ring forms of carbohydrates, including but not limited to monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides. Unless otherwise noted, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 8 carbons in the ring. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 8 carbons in the ring and 1 or 2 N atoms. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons, 0-2 N atoms, 0-2 O atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons, 1-2 N atoms, 0-1 O atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. It is understood that when referring to the number of carbon atoms in a heterocycloalkyl, the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycloalkyl is not the same as the total number of atoms (including the heteroatoms) that make up the heterocycloalkyl (i.e. skeletal atoms of the heterocycloalkyl ring). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

[0281] “Heteroaryl” refers to an aryl group that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The heteroaryl is monocyclic or bicyclic. Illustrative examples of monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, indolizine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8-naphthyridine, and pteridine. Illustrative examples of monocyclic heteroaryls include pyridinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and furazanyl. Illustrative examples of bicyclic heteroaryls include indolizine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indazole, benzimidazole, purine, quinolizine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8-naphthyridine, and pteridine. In some embodiments, heteroaryl is pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thiadiazolyl or furyl. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 N atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 0-4 N atoms, 0-1 0 atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl contains 1-4 Natoms, 0-1 O atoms, and 0-1 S atoms in the ring. In some embodiments, heteroaryl is a Cl- C9heteroaryl. In some embodiments, monocyclic heteroaryl is a Cl-C 5 heteroaryl. In some embodiments, monocyclic heteroaryl is a 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, a bicyclic heteroaryl is a C6-C9heteroaryl.

[0282] The term “optionally substituted” or “substituted” means that the referenced group may be substituted with one or more additional group(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, -OH, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylsulfoxide, arylsulfoxide, alkylsulfone, arylsulfone, -CN, alkyne, Ci-Cealkylalkyne, halogen, acyl, acyloxy, -CO2H, -CO2alkyl, nitro, and amino, including mono- and di-substituted amino groups (e.g. -NH2, -NHR, -N(R)2), and the protected derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, optional substituents are independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, halogen, - CN, -NH2, -NH(CH3), -N(CH3)2, -OH, -CO2H, and -CO2alkyl. In some embodiments, optional substituents are independently selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CF3, - OCH3, and -OCF3. In some embodiments, substituted groups are substituted with one or two of the preceding groups. In some embodiments, an optional substituent on an aliphatic carbon atom (acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon atoms, excluding aromatic carbon atoms) includes oxo (=0). Compounds described herein can contain one or more double bonds and, thus, potentially give rise to cis / trans (E / Z) isomers, as well as other conformational isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, the compounds disclosed herein include all such possible isomers, as well as mixtures of such isomers.

[0283] In some embodiments, PSB and PFPA-PSB are used interchangeably and refer to poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate-co-perfluorophenylazide methacrylate).

[0284] Certain materials, compounds, compositions, and components disclosed herein can be obtained commercially or readily synthesized using techniques generally known to those of skill in the art. For example, the starting materials and reagents used in preparing the disclosed compounds and compositions are either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.), Acros Organics (Morris Plains, N.J.), Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pa.), or Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.) or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1- 5 and Supplemental volumes (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition); and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989).

[0285] In some embodiments, the term “reduction in foreign body response” refers to a reduction in the fibrotic encapsulation of an implanted medical device. In some embodiments, the reduction inthe fibrotic encapsulation is measured in capsule thickness. In some embodiments, the term “reduction in foreign body response” refers to a reduction of collagen density. In some embodiments, the collagen density decreases more rapidly as the distance from the implant increases as compared to an implant that is uncoated.

[0286] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including: matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow; plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation; and the number or type of embodiments described in the specification.EXAMPLES

[0287] The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims provided herein. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for.Materials

[0288] a-Bromoisobutyryl bromide, N-Boc-ethanolamine, Trifluoroacetic acid, 1,1,4,7,10,10- Hexam ethyltri ethylenetetramine (97%), [2-(Methacryloyloxy) ethyl]dimethyl-(3- sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium chloride, and cupper(I) chloride are used as received from Sigma Aldrich. Sodium bicarbonate, methylene chloride, magnesium sulfate, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol are purchased from Alfa Aesar. Sylgard 184 kit (Dow Coming) is obtained from Fisher Chemical.

[0289] The zwitterionic polymer, polysulfobetaine (PSB), is selected as an antifouling component of the coating. By adsorbing water electrostatically, PSB coatings form a thin hydration barrier that prevents organic material from adhering to its surface. Commonly used approaches to attach PSB coatings to surfaces such as radical-initiated graft polymerizations of PSB-methacrylate necessitate the use of oxygen-free conditions, preconditioning steps, or long reaction times that do not meet the scalability requirements. To circumvent the use of air-free graft polymerizations, we employ perfluorophenylazide (PFPA) as a molecular anchor to graft the PSB coating to the surface of polymeric materials under ambient conditions. When triggered with UV-light, PFPA moieties generate a highly reactive nitrene that forms covalent bonds with materials containing amines, C=C double bonds, and C-H bonds. With this method, it is surprisingly found that PSB is rapidly coatedto a variety of substrates using UV light under ambient conditions with no preconditioning steps needed. In addition, it is unexpectedly found that water provides an optimal solvent for photografting of PFPA-PSB coating and that photografting of PFPA-PSB does not proceed well in the presence of organic solvents.Example 1. Synthesis of ATRP initiator 2-aminoethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate

[0290] ATRP initiator 2-aminoethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate is synthesized according to the following procedure. 5 g of 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide is added to a solution of 3.8 g of t-Boc-aminoethyl alcohol and 2.5 g of triethylamine in 12 ml methylene chloride in an ice bath. After 16 h, the salts are filtered off and the filtrate is extracted with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. Methylene chloride phase is dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated. The resulting t-Boc-aminoethyl 2- bromoisobutyrate is treated by 15 ml trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) for 2 h and crystallized upon addition of ethyl ether.Example 2. Synthesis0°C -> Room Temp.3-4 hours2. Excess NaN3R = H, CH3Room Temp. Overnight

[0291] 2-Aminoethyl methacrylate / acrylate hydrochloride is dissolved in DI Water at a concentration of 0.56M. 2 equivalents of sodium bicarbonate is added dropwise to the solution. In a separate vial, 1 equivalent of pentafluorobenzene sulfonyl chloride is dissolved in acetone at a concentration of 0.186M. Both solutions are cooled to 4°C. The solution containing 2-aminoethyl methacrylate / acrylate and sodium bicarbonate is added to the pentafluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride solution dropwise on ice. The reaction is stirred and gradually warmed up to room temperature. After 3 hours, 3 equivalents of sodium azide is added to the solution and the reaction is stirred for another 18 hours at room temperature. After, the acetone is removed under reduced pressure. Three times the reaction volume of methyl tert-butyl ether is added to the crude mixture and poured into a separatory funnel. DI water is added three times to wash the organic layer. The methyl tert-butyl ether is removed under reduced pressure to give the desired product.Example 3. Synthesis of PFP

[0292] 4-azidotetrafluorobenzoic acid was prepared according a published procedure by Keana et al. (J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55(11), 3640-7). To prepare the PFPAA-methacrylate: N-3- aminopropylmethacrylate hydrochloride and triethylamine are dissolved in dichloromethane to a concentration of 0.3 IM each. This solution is allowed to stir for 3 hours. The 4- azidotetrafluorobenzoic acid is then dissolved at a concentration of 0.235M. 4- dimethylaminopyridine is then added to the solution containing the 4-azidotetrafluorobenzoic acid (0.26M). A second portion of triethylamine is added so that the final concentration of triethylamine in the reaction is 0.56M. The reaction is then stirred for 48 hours, washed 3x with DI water, and the organic layer evaporated under reduced pressure to give the desired product. This procedure is used to prepare different PFPA amide - methacrylate / methacrylamide / acrylate / acrylamide compounds.Example 4. Synthesis of PFPAE-methacrylate / methacrylamide / acrylate / acrylamide

[0293] 4-azidotetrafluorobenzoic acid was prepared according a published procedure by Keana et al. (J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55(11), 3640-7). To prepare the PFPAE-methacrylamide: 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylamide and triethylamine are dissolved in dichloromethane to a concentration of 0.3 IM each. This solution is allowed to stir for 3 hours. The 4-azidotetrafluorobenzoic acid is then dissolved at a concentration of 0.235M. 4-dimethylaminopyridine is then added to the solution containing the 4-azidotetrafluorobenzoic acid (0.26M). A second portion of triethylamine is added so that the final concentration of triethylamine in the reaction is 0.56M. The reaction is then stirred for 48 hours, washed 3X with DI water, and the organic layer evaporated under reduced pressure to give the desired product. This procedure is used to prepare different PFPA ester - methacrylate / methacrylamide / acrylate / acrylamide compounds.Example 5. Copolymer formation by polymerization of sulfobetaine methacrylate and perfluorophenylazideeach A1and A2is -C(=O)-; and each B1and B2is independently -O- or -NH-

[0294] The copolymer is synthesized as follows: 2 g sulfobetaine methacrylate monomer 5-1, 100 mg, 150 mg, or 200 mg of perfluorophenylazide monomer 5-2, and 2 g tetrabutylammonium chloride are dissolved in 30 mL trifluoroethanol in a Schlenk flask and undergo two vacuum-argon cycles. Then, 14 mg Cu(I)Cl and 76 pL 1,1, 4, 7, 10,10-hexam ethyltri ethylenetetramine are added. The Schlenk flask is sealed with a rubber septum and another two vacuum-argon cycles are performed. Finally, 44 mg TFA protected 2-aminoethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate as ATRP initiator is dissolved in a small amount of trifluoroethanol (~0.5 mL) and syringe-injected into the Schlenk flask, followed by two additional vacuum-argon cycles. Polymerization is carried out at 60 °C under argon. After 24 h, the reaction mixture is cooled down to room temperature and the copolymer is purified by performing membrane dialysis using a membrane with cut off molecular weight of 1000 Dalton. The resulting copolymer is freeze-dried before further use.

[0295] NMR spectra are recorded on a Bruker DPX300 spectrometer. Chemical shifts are calibrated to residual solvent signals. Molecular weights and dispersities are measured by gel permeation chromatography on a Shimadzu HPLC system with a refractive index detector S3 RID- 10 A, one Tosoh TSKGel guard column, and one Tosoh TSKGel G4000PW column. Eluent is 0.1 M NaNCL + 20 mM phosphate buffer pH 7 + 20% MeCN at 25 °C (flow rate 0.7 mL / min). Calibration is performed using near-m onodi sperse PEG standards from Polymer Laboratories. Light scattering is used to obtain the absolute molecular weight.Example 6. Synthesis of mixed charged copolymers

[0296] Monomers 6-2, 6-3, and 6-4 are dissolved in different molar ratios in a solution of 4: 1 TFE:DMF at a total concentration of 0.37M. 6-1 is added at a concentration of 0.022M and the radical initiator (AIBN) is added at a concentration of 0.0037M. The reaction is performed protected under argon gas using common Schlenk line technique. The oxygen is removed under reduced pressure and back-filled with argon gas three times. The reaction is stirred by mechanical stir bar and is heated to 60 °C using oil bath. After 72h, the reaction solvent is removed under reduced pressure with a rotary evaporator to l / 4thof the original reaction volume. Once concentrated, the polymer crude mixture is diluted with 10 times its volume with DI water. Residual monomers and oligomers are removed by pipetting the crude polymer reaction mixture into cellulose dialysis bags, with a 10,000 Dalton molecular weight cut-off, and placing the filled dialysis bag into a large water bath. The water bath is replenished with fresh deionized water continuously over 7 days. The purified polymer solution, now dispersed in water inside the dialysis bags, are freeze-dried to remove the water to yield a white powder. To synthesize mixed charged copolymers of different isoelectric points, the molar ratios of 6-2, 6-3, and 6-4 can be modified.Example 7. Synthesis of mixed charged copolymers

[0297] Monomers 6-3 and 6-4 are dissolved in different molar ratios in a solution of 4: 1 TFE:DMF at a total concentration of 0.37M. 6-1 is added at a concentration of 0.022M and the radical initiator (AIBN) is added at a concentration of 0.0037M. The reaction is performed protected under argon gas using common Schlenk line technique. The oxygen is removed under reduced pressure and back-filled with argon gas three times. The reaction is stirred by mechanical stir bar and is heated to 60 °C using oil bath. After 72h, the reaction solvent is removed under reduced pressure with a rotary evaporator to l / 4thof the original reaction volume. Once concentrated, the polymer crude mixture is diluted with 10 times its volume with DI water. Residual monomers and oligomers are removed by pipetting the crude polymer reaction mixture into cellulose dialysis bags, with a 10,000 Dalton molecular weight cut-off, and placing the filled dialysis bag into a large water bath. The water bath is replenished with fresh deionized water continuously over 7 days. The purified polymer solution, now dispersed in water inside the dialysis bags, are freeze-dried to remove the water to yield a white powder. To synthesize mixed charged copolymers of different isoelectric points, the molar ratios of 6-3 and 6-4 can be modified.Example 8. Synthesis of PFPA-positive and PFPA-negative charged copolymers

[0298] A surface containing a 1 : 1 molar ratio of positive and negative moieties is hypothesized to possess great antifouling properties. To achieve the 1 : 1 molar ratio of positive and negative moieties on the surface, two separate copolymers can be polymerized, each copolymer containing either positive charged moieties or negative charged moieties, and then blending them together in a 1 : 1 molar ratio in solution. An example of this is demonstrated below.

[0299] To synthesize a negatively charged PFPA-sulfonic acid copolymer, monomer 6-3 is dissolved in a solution of 4:1 TFE:DMF at a concentration of 0.37M. 6-1 is added at a concentration of 0.022M and the radical initiator (AIBN) is added at a concentration of 0.0037M. The reaction is performed protected under argon gas using common Schlenk line technique. The oxygen is removed under reduced pressure and back-filled with argon gas three times. The reaction is stirred by mechanical stir bar and is heated to 60 °C using oil bath. After 72h, the reaction solvent is removed under reduced pressure with a rotary evaporator to l / 4th of the original reaction volume. Once concentrated, the polymer crude mixture is diluted with 10 times its volume with Deionized water. Residual monomers and oligomers are removed by pipetting the crude polymer reaction mixture into cellulose dialysis bags, with a 10,000 Dalton molecular weight cut-off, and placing the filled dialysis bag into a large water bath. The water bath is replenished with fresh deionized water continuously over 7 days. The purified polymer solution, now dispersed in water inside the dialysis bags, are freeze-dried to remove the water to yield a white powder.each R is independently H or CH3; each X is independently -O- or -NH-; andZ is C or S(=O)

[0300] To synthesize a positively charged PFPA-quatemary ammonium copolymer, monomer 6-4 is dissolved in a solution of 4: 1 TFE:DMF at a concentration of 0.37M. 6-1 is added at a concentration of 0.022M and the radical initiator (AIBN) is added at a concentration of 0.0037M. The reaction is performed protected under argon gas using common Schlenk line technique. The oxygen is removedunder reduced pressure and back-filled with argon gas three times. The reaction is stirred by mechanical stir bar and is heated to 60 °C using oil bath. After 72h, the reaction solvent is removed under reduced pressure with a rotary evaporator to l / 4th of the original reaction volume. Once concentrated, the polymer crude mixture is diluted with 10 times its volume with Deionized water. Residual monomers and oligomers are removed by pipetting the crude polymer reaction mixture into cellulose dialysis bags, with a 10,000 Dalton molecular weight cut-off, and placing the filled dialysis bag into a large water bath. The water bath is replenished with fresh deionized water continuously over 7 days. The purified polymer solution, now dispersed in water inside the dialysis bags, are freeze-dried to remove the water to yield a white powder.

[0301] Once powders of each of the positively charged copolymer and negatively charged copolymer are obtained, they can be each added into a suitable solvent (H2O, DMF, 2,2,2- trifluoroethanole, DMSO, DMAc, etc) to make a 1 : 1 molar ratio of sulfonic acid moieties and quaternary ammonium moieties. The resulting mixture is used to modify a surface.Example 9. UV light silicone surface modification and characterization

[0302] Copolymer of Example 5 or 6 is dissolved or suspended in DI water to prepare 2-20 mg / mL aqueous mixture. Silicone elastomer films are prepared by mixing 10: 1 (by weight) base: crosslinker (Sylgard 184), followed by degassing under vacuum and subsequently crosslinking at 70 °C for 8 h. For anti -biofouling experiments, 2 mg / mL of copolymer aqueous mixture is spread onto a cured silicone elastomer surface and exposed to 254 nm UV light irradiation for 10 mins. Then the silicone elastomer surface is rinsed with large amounts of DI water to remove unreacted and physically adsorbed copolymer molecules from the surface and stored underneath a layer of water before further use.

[0303] Contact angles of deionized water (18 MQ / cm, Millipore) on polymer coatings are measured using a rame-hart Model 590 goniometer. Advancing angles (Oadv) are measured as water is supplied via a syringe, while receding angles (0rec) are measured as water is removed via a syringe. The total drop volume is about 5 pL, and the pump dispensing speed is about 0.2 pL / s. Measurements are taken over three or more different locations on each surface, and the reported values are in the format of average ± standard deviation.

[0304] For surface modification, the following photoreaction takes place. First, PFPA decomposes by releasing N2 to give the singlet phenylnitrene upon activation of the compound by UV light. The singlet phenylnitrene further undergoes C-H or N-H insertion, and C=C addition reactions which contributes to the covalent bond formation with the target surfaces (Liu, L.-H. et al. Perfluorophenyl azides: new applications in surface functionalization and nanomaterial synthesis. Accounts of Chemical Research 2010, 43 (11), 1434-1443). In this process, “the singlet phenylnitrene” reactionintermediate is a strong nucleophile and its stability is not affected by the existence of oxygen and water molecules.Example 10. Silicone surface heat modification and characterization

[0305] Four 2 cm segments of a catheter (16fr) were immersed in a lOmg / mL solution of PFPA- PSB copolymer dissolved in DI water in a sealed flask and subjected to a Ih heating period at various temperatures (80 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C, 140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C, 200 °C, or 220 °C). The catheter segments were then removed from the solution and rinsed by slowly dipping twice in fresh DI water and blotted on a paper towel to remove any liquid from the interior lumens of the samples. The catheters were then allowed to dry.

[0306] A dye solution of 3mg / mL Crystal Violet-HCl solution in DI water was stirred overnight. The modified catheter segments and an analogous set of unmodified catheter segments were immersed individually in the crystal violet solution for 1 minute and then rinsed by dipping twice in fresh DI water blotted on a paper towel to remove any liquid from the interior lumens of the samples. The catheter segments were then placed into scintillation vials.

[0307] lOmL of a 2:1 solution of DI Water: Acetic Acid was then added to each vial. Each vial was shaken vigorously for 30 seconds to remove all adsorbed crystal violet from the catheters. 2mL of solution was removed from each tube, placed into a cuvette, and the absorbance at 580nm was taken. Because the initial readings were too high, each solution was then diluted by a factor of 2. The absorbance measurement at 580 nm for the unmodified (control) and modified catheters by thermal treatment at different temperatures are listed in Table E-10 below.Table E-10Example 11: Reduction in foreign body response

[0308] To investigate the foreign body response of the zwitterionic surface treatment, we utilized a murine model with subcutaneously implanted coated and non-coated medical grade silicone discs(e.g., 12mm x 8mm). The coated and non-coated discs were implanted for a specified time period (e.g., 1, 4, or 12 weeks). Each specified time period had mice (n=3) and each mouse was implanted with duplicate discs (n = 6). After the specified time period had passed, the discs were explanted. The discs were formalin fixed, paraffin embedded, and treated with a Mason’s tri chrome stain to analyze histological features.

[0309] The coated silicone discs showed significantly less fibrotic encapsulation and dense collagen within a 100pm radius after 4 and 12 weeks of incubation. Additionally, dense collagen was independently measured on the upper and deep surface of the discs, meaning the surface in closest contact to the skin as well as the surface nearest the inner body. FIGS. 1A-1C show the collagen density measurements of the upper (FIG. 1A) and deep (FIG. IB) surfaces of the discs. FIG. 1C shows the averaged values between the upper and deep surfaces of the discs. Further, capsule formation and thickness are measured (FIG. 2). The coated discs demonstrated significantly reduced capsule formation within 100pm on both the upper and deep surfaces after 4 and 12 weeks. The uncoated discs showed an average of about 90 um capsule thickness of the upper surface of the disc and about 250 um capsule thickness of the deep surface of the disc.

[0310] FIGS. 3A-3B show histological images and analysis of the discs. Collagen is stained and the tissue in contact with the disc is undergoing fibrosis. FIG. 3B shows healthy underlying tissue as evidenced by the white / clear sections. FIG. 3A, however, shows a large amount of fibrotic tissue. Furthermore, greater blood vessel formation was observed after four weeks surrounding the coated discs indicating a more rapid acute healing response. Overall the coated discs showed a reduced foreign body response and tissue reaction.Example 12: Clinical Study of Coated Catheter to Reduce Catheter Associated Complications

[0311] Objective: To assess the ability of a 2-Way Foley Catheter coated with the compounds disclosed herein to reduce catheter associated complications in subjects that require a long-term indwelling Foley catheter when compared to other commercially available Foley catheters. A prospective, randomized, multi -center, post-market study in subjects that require a long-term indwelling Foley catheter.

[0312] Protocol: Neurogenic bladder is commonly managed with indwelling catheters (urethral or suprapubic). Indwelling catheters are associated with multiple complications, including recurrent urinary tract infections and catheter obstruction. A randomly assigned catheter was inserted using standard techniques. The assigned catheters were either the 100% Silicone 2-Way Foley Catheter coated with the coating compositions disclosed herein or the current standard of care catheter. Subjects continued to use the assigned catheter for a period of approximately 3 months following regular standard of care. Subjects were then be assigned the alternative catheter for an additional 3 month period after which they were exited from the study

[0313] The purpose of the study is to compare the incidence of catheter-related complications between the coated catheter and the current standard of care catheter(s). Because these complications lead to more frequent interventions and associated treatment costs, the study also calculated the economic impact of the use of coated catheters compared to standard of care catheters. Patient-reported outcomes were measured via questionnaires upon each study visit. Explanted catheter samples were sent to a core lab for quantification of the calcification present on the catheter surface.

[0314] Inclusion Criteria: a. At least 18 years old b. Requirement of a 14 Fr, 16Fr, or 18Fr indwelling urethral or suprapubic urinary catheter (for at least 6 months) for bladder drainage. c. Able and willing to comply with study procedures d. Able and willing to give informed consent.

[0315] Exclusion Criteria: a. History of reconstructive bladder surgery such as bladder augmentation or continent catheterizable stoma. b. Cognitive deficit limiting the ability to respond to clinical questionnaires. c. Allergy or sensitivity to any catheter material used in this study.

[0316] Study Plan Arms

[0317] Active Comparator: Coated catheter (e.g., 100% Silicone 2-Way Foley Catheter coating with a coating composition disclosed herein): Subjects in this arm received the coated catheter for approximately the first 3 month period of enrollment. In a subsequent period of approximately 3 months subjects in this arm received their current standard of care catheter.

[0318] Active Comparator: Standard of Care Catheter: Subjects in this arm received their current Standard of Care Catheter for the first 3 month period of enrollment. In a subsequent period of approximately 3 months subjects in this arm received the coated catheter.

[0319] Primary Outcome Measure a. Number of Catheter related complications. Catheter related complications can be classified as i. Symptomatic Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection ii. Catheter Blockage iii. General Premature Interventions: Patient sought care for a catheter- related issue prior to their scheduled catheter exchange. Measured over a time frame of 6 months.

[0320] Secondary Outcome Measuresa. Catheter related complication treatment costs - All data related to complications and associated treatments were tabulated. Corresponding treatment costs for each complication were tabulated. Measured over a time frame of 6 months. b. Catheter encrustation - Quantitative chemical and gravimetric analysis of encrustation of removed catheters Measured over a time frame of 6 months. c. Patient preference - During the first exchange after the crossover, subjects were asked which catheter they would prefer to continue to use. Measured over a time frame of 4 months. d. Patient satisfaction - Pain and discomfort was assessed upon each foley catheter removal using a 5 point scale. A score of 1 indicates no pain or discomfort and a score of 5 indicates severe pain or discomfort. Measured over a time frame of 6 months.

[0321] Results: 79 subjects were enrolled. 34 out of 36 subjects that had a preference chose the coated catheter disclosed herein over standard of care catheter. 7 subjects had no preference.

[0322] The study results show that the standard of care exhibited an average UTI rate of 21.5% per explant with the standard of care catheters. The coated catheters of the disclosure exhibited an average UTI rate of approximately 4.9% per explant. The average encrustation mass was reduced by approximately 66.1%. In some embodiments, the standard of care catheter is Rusch Gold, Bardex IC, Lubricath, Dover silicone, or Dover latex, among others.Example 13: Evaluation of Coated Catheter in Patients with Chronic Urinary Retention

[0323] Objective: To assess the ability of a 2-Way Foley Catheter coated with the compounds disclosed herein to reduce biofilm formation in subjects that require a long-term indwelling Foley catheter when compared to other commercially available urinary catheters. A prospective, randomized, multi -center, post-market study in subjects that require a long-term indwelling Foley catheter.

[0324] A randomly assigned catheter was inserted using standard techniques. Non-surgical subjects rated the level of pain associated with the insertion procedure using the visual analog scale (VAS). A urine sample was collected immediately after catheter insertion, in order to generate a baseline urinalysis and urine culture.

[0325] Follow-up visits were performed on Day 28, or upon catheter removal, whichever occurs first. The catheter wase removed on Day 28 or earlier if clinically indicated. The removed catheter was processed and sent to the core laboratory for analysis. Urine was collected immediately prior to catheter removal in order to conduct urinalysis and urine culture. Subject rated level of pain associated with the removal procedure using the VAS. The subject filled out a questionnaire about their experience with the catheterization immediately after catheter removal. Subjects are then exited from the study.

[0326] Inclusion Criteria: a. Male or female age > 18 years old b. Requirement indwelling 16Fr Foley catheter for at least 7 days; c. Able and willing to comply with study procedures d. Able and willing to give informed consent.

[0327] Exclusion Criteria: a. Allergy or sensitivity to any catheter material used in this study; b. Known urethral stricture which, in the opinion of the investigator, could influence the subject's evaluation of the catheter; c. Planned Prophylactic use of antibiotics for CAUTI or any other infection beyond day 1 of the study (catheter implantation); d. Symptomatic UTI being treated with antibiotics (as determined by the study PI, including at least one of the following: fever, chills, headache, burning sensation, burning of urethra or genital area, blood in urine, foul smelling urine and > 10,000 cfu / mL); e. Any other infection being treated with antibiotics at the time of catheter implantation; f. Subjects requiring bladder irrigation during the study (an active voiding trial in surgical subjects prior to catheter removal is allowed); g. Currently enrolled in another interventional clinical trial; h. Any other condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, precludes study participation or poses a significant hazard in case of study participation; and i. Females who are pregnant or breastfeeding or who plan to become pregnant during the study.

[0328] Study Plan Arms

[0329] Active Comparator: Coated catheter (e.g., 100% Silicone 2-Way Foley Catheter coating with a coating composition disclosed herein): Subjects in this arm received the coated catheter for up to 28 days.

[0330] Active Comparator: Standard of Care Catheter (e.g., Silver-coated Latex 2-Way Foley Catheter): Subjects in this arm received the coated catheter for up to 28 days.

[0331] Active Comparator: Standard of Care Catheter (e.g., Silicone-coated Latex 2-Way Foley catheter): Subjects in this arm received the coated catheter for up to 28 days.

[0332] Primary Outcome Measure a. Biofilm formation: A core lab used a BacTiter-Glo Microbial Cell Viability Assay, a well characterized method for quantifying active biomass and biofilm, to determine biofilm formation on explanted catheter samples.

[0333] Results: The study was conducted at 8 sites across the United States. Biofilm on catheter surfaces was quantified upon explant in long-term catheterized subjects. Coated catheter disclosed herein was compared against two widely used catheters: silicone-coated latex and silver-hydrogel infection control catheters. Coated catheter disclosed herein demonstrated >60% reduction in biofilm compared to standard latex and Bardex IC.

[0334] While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the disclosure. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the disclosure described herein may be employed in practicing the disclosure. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the disclosure and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

CLAIMSWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of reducing foreign body response on a medical device comprising implanting or transplanting into a mammal a coated medical device, the coating comprising: i. a repeating unit of Formula (VII):Formula (VII) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci- Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1and A2is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1and B2is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O", -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O", and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, and Rl lcis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5;11. a repeating unit of Formula (VIII):Formula (VIII) wherein,A3is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B3is -O- or -NR3C-;D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl; each R6Cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substitutedC2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substitutedC1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic; and iii. a repeating unit of Formula (IX):Formula (IX)Z4is -(CR6cR6d)k-;E is -CN, -OR9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R6C, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, R13a, R13b, and R13cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and k is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the medical device coating reduces at least one of: fibrotic encapsulation at the implantation or transplantation site and dense collagen formation at the implantation or transplantation site, thereby reducing a foreign body response in the mammal. A method of reducing foreign body response for a coated medical device, the method comprising: a. contacting a surface of a device with a mixture comprising a coating, the coating comprising: i. a repeating unit of Formula (VII):Formula (VII) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen;each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci- Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1and A2is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1and B2is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, and Rl lcis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; ii. a repeating unit of Formula (VIII):D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl;each R6Cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic; and iii. a repeating unit of Formula (IX):Formula (IX)A4is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B4is -O- or -NR3C-;Z4is -(CR6cR6d)k-;E is -CN, -OR9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R6C, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substitutedC2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, R13a, R13b, and R13cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and k is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; andb. treating the surface of the device of step a) with a heat source for a time sufficient to undergo thermografting of the copolymer onto the surface of the medical device, thereby making a coated medical device; c. implanting said coated medical device into a mammal; and d. reducing fibrotic encapsulation.

3. A method of reducing foreign body response for a coated medical device, the method comprising: a. coating a surface of a device with a coating, the coating comprising: i. a repeating unit of Formula (VII):Formula (VII) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci- Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1and A2is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1and B2is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-;each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, and Rl lcis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; ii. a repeating unit of Formula (VIII):Formula (VIII) wherein,A3is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B3is -O- or -NR3C-;D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl; each R6Cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substitutedC2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substitutedC1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic; and iii. a repeating unit of Formula (IX):Formula (IX)A4is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B4is -O- or -NR3C-;Z4is -(CR6cR6d)k-;E is -CN, -OR9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R6C, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, R13a, R13b, and R13cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and k is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; thereby making a coated medical device and b. implanting said coated medical device into a mammal; and c. reducing collagen density surrounding the coated medical device.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein each Rla, Rlb, R2a, and R2bis F.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein each Rlaand Rlbare H and each R2aand R2bis F.

6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein A1is -S(=O)2- and each A2, A3, and A4is - C(=O)-.

7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein each B1, B2, and B3is independently -O- or - NR3C-.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein D is -S(=O)2O or -C(=O)O".

9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the medical device is selected from surgical drain, biopharma tubing, heart-valve repair device, continuous glucose monitoring device, hernia mesh, prosthetic heart valve , tracheobronchial stents, tracheostomy tube, intraocular lens, central venous catheter, midline catheter, port catheter, dialysis catheter, or aperipherally inserted central catheter, tissue expander, neural probes, rhinoplasty implant, fascial repair implant, implanted electrode arrays, bone plates and screws, abscess drain, nephrostomy tube, insulin pump cartridge, aortic graft, dialysis graft, a cochlear implant, a breast implant, a spinal implant, a catheter, and a pacemaker.

10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the medical device is selected from a central venous catheter, midline catheter, port catheter, dialysis catheter, or a peripherally inserted central catheter, a cochlear implant, a breast implant, a spinal implant, a catheter, and a pacemaker.

11. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the reduction of fibrotic encapsulation is measured by at least about 20% reduction in collagen density.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the reduction of fibrotic encapsulation is measured by at least about 30% reduction in collagen density.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the reduction of fibrotic encapsulation is measured by about 20% to about 50% reduction in collagen density.

14. The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of about 0 to about 100 pm from the implant.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of about 30 pm to about 100 pm from the implant.

16. The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the reduction in collagen density is at a distance of at least about 30 pm from the implant.

17. The method of any one of claims 1-16, wherein fibrotic encapsulation and dense collagen is decreased within a 100 pm radius after about 4 weeks post-implantation.

18. The method of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the capsule thickness is reduced by about 10 pm to about 300 pm.

19. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the fibrotic encapsulation has a capsule thickness of at most about 100 pm.

20. The method of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the fibrotic encapsulation has a capsule thickness of at most about 80 pm.

21. The method of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the fibrotic encapsulation has a capsule thickness of at most about 50 pm.

22. The method of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the coated device has a coating thickness of about 25 nm to about 100 pm.

23. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the coated device has a coating thickness of at least about 25 nm.

24. The method of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the coated device has a coating thickness of at most about 100 gm.

25. The method of any one of claims 1-24, wherein the coated device has a smooth surface.

26. The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the coating is applied evenly.

27. The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the coating is applied within a variance of about 15%.

28. The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the coating is applied within a variance of about 10%.

29. The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the coating is applied within a variance of about 5%.

30. The method of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the coating is applied within a variance of about 2%.

31. The method of any one of claims 1-30, wherein the coating is covalently attached to a surface of said device.

32. The method of any one of claims 1-31, wherein the coated device has a hydrophilic surface.

33. The method of any one of claims 1-32, wherein the coating does not degrade in vivo for at least about 3 months.

34. The method of any one of claims 1-33, wherein greater blood vessel formation is observed after about 4 weeks post-implantation.

35. The method of any one of claims 1-33, wherein greater blood vessel formation is observed after about 8 weeks post-implantation.

36. The method of any one of claims 1-35, wherein said foreign body response is reduced within a time period of about 12 weeks.

37. The method of any one of claims 1-36, wherein said foreign body response is reduced compared to a same medical device without said coating.

38. A method of reducing encrustation on a catheter comprising implanting or transplanting into a mammal a coated catheter, the coating comprising: i. a repeating unit of Formula (VII):Formula (VII) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci- Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1and A2is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1and B2is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, and Rl lcis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; ii. a repeating unit of Formula (VIII):Formula (VIII) wherein,A3is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B3is -O- or -NR3C-;D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl; each R6Cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substitutedC2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substitutedC1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic; and iii. a repeating unit of Formula (IX):B4is -O- or -NR3C-;Z4is -(CR6cR6d)k-;E is -CN, -OR9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R6C, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, R13a, R13b, and R13cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and k is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the catheter coating reduces encrustation.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein said encrustation is reduced within a time period of about 12 weeks.

40. The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein said encrustation is reduced compared to a same medical device without said coating.

41. The method of any one of claims 38-40, wherein said encrustation comprises crystals of a magnesium salt.

42. The method of any one of claims 38-41, wherein said encrustation comprises crystals of a calcium salt.

43. The method of any one of claims 38-42, wherein said encrustation is reduced by at least 50% compared to a medical device without said coating.

44. The method of any one of claims 38-42, wherein said encrustation mass is at most 100 mg after about 1 month of implantation or transplantation of the coated medical device.

45. The method of any one of claims 38-42, wherein the method reduces an incidence of urinary tract infections compared to a medical device without said coating.

46. The method of any one of claims 1-45, wherein the method reduces biofilm formation on the coated medical device.

47. The method of any one of claims 1-45, wherein biofilm formation is reduced by at least 50% compared to a medical device without said coating.

48. The method of any one of claims 1-47, wherein the coated medical device is a coated catheter.

49. The method of any one of claims 1-47, wherein the coated medical device is a coated ureteral stent.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the blockage of the ureteral stent is reduced.

51. A method of reducing urinary tract infections in a mammal, wherein the mammal has been treated with or is currently being treated with a coated urethral catheter or a coated ureteral stent, the method comprising implanting or transplanting into mammal the coated urethral catheter or the coated ureteral stent, the coating comprising: i. a repeating unit of Formula (VII):Formula (VII) wherein each Rlaand Rlbis independently selected from hydrogen and halogen; each R2aand R2bis independently selected from halogen, -CN, and optionally substituted Ci- Ce fluoroalkyl; each A1and A2is independently selected from -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, and - S(=O)(=NR3C)-; each B1and B2is independently selected from -O- and -NR3c-;Z1is -(CR6cR6d)s-; each R4C, R4d, R5d, R5e, R6c, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-;each R9a, Rlla, Rl lb, and Rl lcis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; n is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and s is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; ii. a repeating unit of Formula (VIII):Formula (VIII) wherein,A3is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B3is -O- or -NR3C-;D is -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a;Z2is -(CR6cR6d)t-;Z3is -(CR6cR6d)p-; each R3aand R3bis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted benzyl; each R6Cand R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substitutedC2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R12a, R12b, and R12cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substitutedC1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; t is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; p is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the repeating unit of Formula (VIII) is charged or zwitterionic; and iii. a repeating unit of Formula (IX):Formula (IX)A4is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, or -S(=O)(=NR3c)-;B4is -O- or -NR3C-;Z4is -(CR6cR6d)k-;E is -CN, -OR9a, -NR9aR9b, -NR9aR9bR9c+, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted Ci-C6fluoroalkyl, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , or -C(=O)OR9a; each R6C, and R6dis independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, -CN, -OR9a, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C4 fluoroalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C6alkenyl, -NR3cR3d, -S(=O)2O , -S(=O)2OR9a, -C(=O)O , and -C(=O)OR9a; each R3Cand R3dis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, -X-optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-Ce alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl;X is -C(=O)-, -S(=O)-, or -S(=O)2-; each R9a, R9b, R9c, R13a, R13b, and R13cis independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and k is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and wherein the rate of urinary tract infections is reduced as compared to the standard of care.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein the rate of urinary tract infection is reduced by 5% or more.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the rate of urinary tract infection is reduced by 10% or more.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the rate of urinary tract infection is reduced by 15% or more.

55. The method of claim 51, wherein the rate of urinary tract infection is less than 20% per catheter explant.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the rate of urinary tract infection is less than 15% per catheter explant.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein the rate of urinary tract infection is less than 10% per catheter explant.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein the rate of urinary tract infection is less than 5% per catheter explant.

59. The method of any one of claims 51 to 58, wherein the rate of urinary tract infection is reduced within a time period of about 12 weeks.

60. The method of any one of claims 51 to 58, wherein the rate of urinary tract infection is reduced within a time period of about 3 months.

61. The method of any one of claims 51 to 58, wherein the rate of urinary tract infection is reduced within a time period of about 6 months.

62. The method of any one of claims 51 to 61, wherein the blockage of the ureteral stent or catheter is reduced.

63. The method of any one of claims 51 to 62, wherein encrustation is reduced.

64. The method of claim 63, wherein said encrustation is reduced by at least 10% compared to a medical device without said coating.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein said encrustation is reduced by at least 30% compared to a medical device without said coating.

66. The method of claim 65, wherein said encrustation is reduced by at least 50% compared to a medical device without said coating.

67. The method of claim 63, wherein said encrustation mass is at most 100 mg after about 1 month of implantation or transplantation of the coated medical device.

68. The method of any one of claims 51 to 67, wherein the foreign body response is reduced.

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