Method for operating a power device, control device for carrying out such a method, and power assembly comprising such a control device

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for operating a power device, wherein - in order to determine the value (23) for at least one manipulated variable for operating the power device, an optimization problem (25) is specified, - at an operating time, an operating mode (27) is determined using at least one value (29) for at least one operating parameter, - the optimization problem (25) is adapted using the selected operating mode (27), - the manipulated-variable value (23) is determined by means of the adapted optimization problem (31), and - the power device is operated on the basis of the manipulated variable value (23).

Description

[0001] DESCRIPTION

[0002] Method for operating a power device, control device for carrying out such a method and power arrangement with such a control device

[0003] The invention relates to a method for operating a power device, a control device for carrying out such a method, a power arrangement with such a control device and an internal combustion engine with such a control device.

[0004] It is known that to control an internal combustion engine, a specific, appropriate optimization problem is selected for each operating mode of the internal combustion engine to implement optimization-based control. For example, an optimization problem for an NTE (Not-To-Exceed) range involves regulating nitrogen oxide emissions in g / kWh. In contrast, during idle operation, nitrogen oxide emissions must be considered in g / h or ppm, since the internal combustion engine does not produce any power while idling.

[0005] Furthermore, it is known that there are separate parameter settings for an internal combustion engine controller for a variety of operating modes. This parameter setting determines, for example, which injection start time is to be specified for the respective operating point during normal operation and which one is to be specified for thermal management.

[0006] The invention is therefore based on the object of providing a method for operating a power device, a control device for carrying out such a method, a power arrangement with such a control device, and an internal combustion engine with such a control device, wherein the aforementioned disadvantages are at least reduced, preferably not occurring at all. This object is achieved by providing the present technical teaching, in particular the teaching of the independent claims and the preferred embodiments disclosed in the dependent claims and the description.

[0007] The object is achieved in particular by creating a method for operating a power device. In this method, an optimization problem is specified to determine a manipulated variable value of at least one manipulated variable for the operation of the power device. At an operating time, an operating mode is selected based on an operating parameter value of at least one operating parameter. The optimization problem is adapted based on the selected operating mode. The manipulated variable value is then determined using the adapted optimization problem, with the power device being operated based on the manipulated variable value. Advantageously, instead of a plurality of separate optimization problems, a uniform global optimization problem is used, which is adapted to the respectively applicable one of a plurality of operating modes. This simplifies and improves the operation and / or control of the power device.

[0008] In the context of the present technical teaching, a power device is understood in particular to mean a device configured to provide power, in particular electrical and / or mechanical power, or to convert or consume power. The power device can thus be designed as a power supply device or as a power conversion device. A power supply device is preferably understood to mean a device that provides power, for example electrical and / or mechanical power, using electrical, mechanical, chemical, or electrochemical energy—or another form of energy.A power conversion device is preferably understood to be a device that uses or consumes power, for example electrical or mechanical power, to convert or store energy, for example to provide chemical energy in the form of certain substances such as hydrogen or methanol, or electrochemical energy using electrical energy. The power device can be an internal combustion engine, a combined internal combustion engine-generator device, i.e. a genset, a fuel cell, an energy storage device, for example a battery, or an electrolyzer. However, the power device can also be a larger, complex system, for example comprising a plurality of the aforementioned devices, or in particular also a data center or a microgrid. The power device can also be a controllable or regulatable load on an electrical network.

[0009] In the context of the present technical teaching, a manipulated variable is preferably understood to be a variable that is suitable for controlling an actuator of the power device. In this case, it is possible for the manipulated variable to be directly suitable for controlling the actuator, for example because it is given as a specific voltage or current that can be directly switched to the actuator in order to control it; alternatively, it is possible for the manipulated variable to be suitable for deriving, in particular calculating, at least one further variable for directly controlling the actuator. For example, the manipulated variable can be a fuel mass to be introduced into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, which can be converted into at least one control variable for controlling an injector.

[0010] The at least one actuator can be an actuator or actuator of the power device. In particular, the actuator can be an actuator of an engine block of an internal combustion engine, for example, an injector, a valve, or a flap. However, the actuator can also be an actuator outside the power device, in particular outside an engine block, for example, an actuator provided for influencing an externally provided cooling circuit, for example, a valve, a pump, or the like, or an actuator of a transmission or an electrical device to which the power device is operatively connected.

[0011] In the context of the present technical teaching, a control value is preferably understood to mean a value of the control variable or of the plurality of control variables that is set and / or specified within a specific period of time or at a specific point in time. Furthermore, the control value is used independently of the number of control variables.

[0012] In the context of the present technical teaching, an operating parameter is preferably understood to be a variable that can be detected and / or measured by a sensor, or that can be calculated from a variable measured by at least one sensor. In one embodiment, the operating parameter value is detected by a sensor at the time of operation.

[0013] According to a further development of the invention, the at least one operating parameter is selected from a group consisting of a power device speed, an ambient air pressure, an ambient temperature, a particulate filter pressure gradient, and a combination of at least two of the aforementioned operating parameters. This advantageously ensures simple parameterization of the operating modes using a few intuitive operating parameters.

[0014] According to a further development of the invention, the operating mode is selected from a group consisting of an NTE range, a non-NTE range, an NTE thermal management range, a non-NTE thermal management range, a steady-state operation, a transient operation, an idle mode, an SCR dosing release range, and a standstill. This makes it easy to activate thermal management of the power device. Furthermore, the operation of the power device can be easily adapted to a variety of different situations.

[0015] Particularly preferably, the NTE range is selected as the operating mode when the power device speed is greater than a predetermined speed limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is less than a predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit. Alternatively or additionally, the NTE range is selected as the operating mode when the ambient air pressure is equal to or greater than a predetermined ambient air pressure limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is less than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit. Alternatively or additionally, the NTE range is selected as the operating mode when the ambient temperature is equal to or less than a predetermined ambient temperature limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is less than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit.

[0016] Furthermore, the non-NTE range is particularly preferably selected as the operating mode when the power device speed is equal to or less than the predetermined speed limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is less than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit. Alternatively, the non-NTE range is selected as the operating mode when the ambient air pressure is less than the predetermined ambient air pressure limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is less than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit. Alternatively, the non-NTE range is selected as the operating mode when the ambient temperature is greater than the predetermined ambient temperature limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is less than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit.

[0017] Furthermore, the NTE thermal management range is particularly preferably selected as the operating mode when the power device speed is greater than the predetermined speed limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is equal to or greater than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit. Alternatively or additionally, the NTE thermal management range is selected as the operating mode when the ambient air pressure is equal to or greater than the predetermined ambient air pressure limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is equal to or greater than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit.Alternatively or additionally, the NTE thermal management range is selected as the operating mode if the ambient temperature is equal to or less than the predetermined ambient temperature limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is equal to or greater than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit.

[0018] Furthermore, the non-NTE thermal management range is particularly preferably selected as the operating mode when the power device speed is equal to or less than the predetermined speed limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is equal to or greater than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit. Alternatively, the non-NTE thermal management range is selected as the operating mode when the ambient air pressure is less than the predetermined ambient air pressure limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is equal to or greater than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit.Alternatively, the non-NTE thermal management range is selected as the operating mode when the ambient temperature is greater than the predetermined ambient temperature limit and, in addition, the particulate filter pressure gradient is equal to or greater than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit. Preferably, the predetermined speed limit is typically 1.15 times idle speed.

[0019] Preferably, the predetermined ambient air pressure limit is typically 825.04 mbar.

[0020] Preferably, the predetermined ambient temperature limit is selected at least as a function of an altitude above sea level and / or an ambient air pressure. Typically, the ambient temperature limit is 38 °C (100 °F) at sea level and 30 °C at an altitude of 1700 m (5500 ft) above sea level.

[0021] (86 °F). Alternatively, the ambient temperature limit is 38 °C (100 °F) at a

[0022] Ambient air pressure of 1013.25 mbar and 30 °C (86 °F) at an ambient air pressure of 825.04 mbar. Particularly preferred is the predetermined ambient temperature

[0023] Limit value depending on the altitude above sea level or the ambient

[0024] Air pressure between 38 °C (100 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) is particularly linearly interpolated, where one of the equations

[0025] 8 °C

[0026] -5.07 °C + - — - p

[0027] 188.21 mbar (2) is used to determine the predetermined ambient temperature limit, where h is the altitude above sea level and p is the ambient air pressure.

[0028] Preferably, the predetermined particle filter pressure gradient limit value is, for example, from 50 mbar to 300 mbar.

[0029] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that an optimization problem with an objective function and at least one constraint is used as the optimization problem. In a preferred embodiment, the objective function has at least one objective variable or at least one objective function term dependent on the at least one objective variable. In addition, if the objective function has more than one objective function term, the objective function terms are summed, preferably the equation for the objective function Z. Alternatively, if the objective function has more than one objective function term, the objective function is represented as an objective function vector, preferably using the equation In equations (3) and (4) T t is the i-th objective function term of the objective function.

[0030] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the at least one target variable is selected from a group consisting of a target power device torque, a target nitrogen oxide emission, an absolute target nitrogen oxide emission, a target exhaust gas temperature, a consumption, an absolute consumption, and a combination of at least two of the aforementioned target variables. The target nitrogen oxide emission is specified in grams per kilowatt hour (g / kWh), the absolute target nitrogen oxide emission in grams (g), the consumption in grams per kilowatt hour (g / kWh), and the absolute consumption in grams (g).

[0031] Particularly preferably, the objective function has a first objective function term which is dependent on a difference between an actual power device torque and the target power device torque or is identical to this difference, wherein this difference can also be normalized with the target power device torque. Alternatively or additionally, the objective function has a second objective function term which is dependent on a difference between an actual nitrogen oxide emission and the target nitrogen oxide emission or is identical to this difference, wherein this difference can also be normalized with the target nitrogen oxide emission. Alternatively or additionally, the objective function has a third objective function term which is dependent on a difference between an absolute actual nitrogen oxide emission and the absolute target nitrogen oxide emission or is identical to this difference, wherein this difference can also be normalized with the absolute target nitrogen oxide emission.Alternatively or additionally, the objective function has a fourth objective function term which depends on a difference between an actual exhaust gas temperature and the target exhaust gas temperature or is identical to this difference, whereby this difference can also be normalized with the target exhaust gas temperature. Alternatively or additionally, the objective function has a fifth objective function term which depends on the consumption or is identical to this difference. Alternatively or additionally, the objective function has a sixth objective function term which depends on the absolute consumption or is identical to this difference. In addition, if the objective function has more than one objective function term, the objective function terms are summed, whereby preferably the equation for the objective function Z. Alternatively, if the objective function has more than one objective function term, the objective function is represented as an objective function vector, preferably using the equation In equations (5) and (6) T t is the i-th objective function term of the objective function.

[0032] Particularly preferably, the objective function for determining the manipulated variable value is minimized.

[0033] In a further preferred embodiment, the at least one secondary condition is selected from a group consisting of a dynamic gas path controller secondary condition, at least one manipulated variable secondary condition, a peak pressure secondary condition, a pressure gradient secondary condition, an exhaust gas temperature secondary condition, a combustion air ratio secondary condition, a particle emissions secondary condition, an absolute particle emissions secondary condition, an injection valve energization secondary condition, and a combination of at least two of the above-mentioned

[0034] N e x t i o n d e n t i o ns.

[0035] Particularly preferably, the dynamic gas path controller constraint takes into account a temporal relationship between at least two gas path parameters. Target values ​​of the at least two gas path parameters are specified to a subordinate gas path controller. The gas path controller dynamics then describe a dynamic temporal behavior of actual values ​​of the at least two gas path parameters and how the actual values ​​follow the target values. In a preferred embodiment, a boost pressure and an air mass flow are considered as the at least two gas path parameters.

[0036] Particularly preferably, the at least one manipulated variable constraint takes into account the mechanical and / or physical limits of the actuator assigned to the respective manipulated variable. The at least one manipulated variable constraint comprises a predetermined minimum manipulated variable value and a predetermined maximum manipulated variable value for the at least one manipulated variable, wherein the respective manipulated variable value may be equal to or greater than the predetermined minimum manipulated variable value and equal to or less than the predetermined maximum manipulated variable value. Thus, for n manipulated variables, a maximum of n manipulated variable constraints are taken into account, each with a predetermined minimum manipulated variable value and a predetermined maximum manipulated variable value for the respective manipulated variable.

[0037] Furthermore, the peak pressure constraint preferably takes into account a pressure in a component of the power device, in particular a combustion chamber pressure in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. The peak pressure constraint includes a predetermined maximum pressure value, in particular a predetermined maximum combustion chamber pressure value, wherein the pressure may be equal to or less than the predetermined maximum pressure value.

[0038] In addition, a pressure gradient in a component of the power device is preferably taken into account with the pressure gradient constraint. The pressure gradient constraint includes a predetermined maximum pressure gradient value, whereby the pressure gradient may be equal to or less than the predetermined maximum pressure gradient value.

[0039] Furthermore, the exhaust gas temperature constraint preferably takes into account an exhaust gas temperature of the power device. The exhaust gas temperature constraint includes a predetermined maximum exhaust gas temperature value, wherein the exhaust gas temperature may be equal to or less than the predetermined maximum exhaust gas temperature value.

[0040] Furthermore, a combustion air ratio is preferably taken into account with the combustion air ratio constraint. The combustion air ratio constraint includes a predetermined minimum combustion air ratio value, whereby the combustion air ratio may be equal to or greater than the predetermined minimum combustion air ratio value.

[0041] Furthermore, the particle emission constraint preferably takes into account particle emissions from the power device. The particle emission constraint includes a predetermined maximum particle emission value, whereby the particle emission may be equal to or less than the predetermined maximum particle emission value.

[0042] Furthermore, the absolute particle emission constraint preferably takes into account the absolute particle emission of the power device. The absolute particle emission constraint includes a predetermined maximum absolute particle emission value, whereby the absolute particle emission may be equal to or less than the predetermined maximum absolute particle emission value.

[0043] Furthermore, the feed valve energization constraint preferably takes into account the energization of an feed valve of the power device. The feed valve energization constraint includes a predetermined energization end time, wherein the feed valve is energized up to the energization end time and is then automatically closed.

[0044] According to a further development of the invention, the optimization problem is adapted based on at least one optimization parameter of the operating mode. Advantageously, the optimization problem can be easily adapted based on the at least one optimization parameter.

[0045] According to a further development of the invention, the at least one optimization parameter is selected from a group consisting of at least one objective function term weighting for the objective function, at least one constraint activation, and a combination of two of the aforementioned parameters. Advantageously, the optimization problem is thus adapted using a few intuitive optimization parameters. In one embodiment, the at least one objective function term weighting—in this case binary—assumes either the value zero or one, thereby deactivating or activating the at least one objective function term of the objective function.

[0046] In another embodiment, the at least one objective function term weighting is a rational or real number in the interval [0,co[ or in the interval [0,1],

[0047] In yet another embodiment, the at least one objective function weighting assumes either a first weighting value, a second weighting value, a third weighting value, or a fourth weighting value. The first weighting value is greater than the second weighting value, the second weighting value is also greater than the third weighting value, and the third weighting value is also greater than the fourth weighting value. Furthermore, the first weighting value, the second weighting value, and the third weighting value are greater than zero, and the fourth weighting value is preferably equal to zero.

[0048] In one embodiment, a target function term dependent on the target power device torque, preferably the first target function term, is multiplied by a first target function term weighting. Alternatively or additionally, a target function term dependent on the target nitrogen oxide emission, preferably the second target function term, is multiplied by a second target function term weighting. Alternatively or additionally, a target function term dependent on the absolute target nitrogen oxide emission, preferably the third target function term, is multiplied by a third target function term weighting. Alternatively or additionally, a target function term dependent on the target exhaust gas temperature, preferably the fourth target function term, is multiplied by a fourth target function term weighting.Alternatively or additionally, an objective function term dependent on consumption, preferably the fifth objective function term, is multiplied by a fifth objective function term weighting. Alternatively or additionally, an objective function term dependent on absolute consumption, preferably the sixth objective function term, is multiplied by a sixth objective function term weighting. Thus, equations (5) and (6) become: where gi denotes the i-th objective function term weight for the i-th objective function term.

[0049] In one embodiment, in the NTE region, the first objective function term weighting g4 is set to the first weighting value G4. In addition, the second objective function term weighting g2 is set to the second weighting value G2. Furthermore, the third objective function term weighting g3 is set to the fourth weighting value G4. In addition, the fourth objective function term weighting g4 is set to the fourth weighting value G4. Furthermore, the fifth objective function term weighting g is set to the third weighting value G3. Furthermore, the sixth objective function term weighting g6 is set to the fourth weighting value G4.

[0050] In one embodiment, in the non-NTE region, the first objective function term weight g4 is set to the first weighting value G4. Furthermore, the second objective function term weight g2 is set to the fourth weighting value G4. In addition, the third objective function term weight g3 is set to the second weighting value G2. In addition, the fourth objective function term weight g4 is set to the fourth weighting value G4. Furthermore, the fifth objective function term weight g is set to the fourth weighting value G4. Furthermore, the sixth objective function term weight g6 is set to the third weighting value G3.

[0051] In one embodiment, in the NTE thermal management region, the first objective function term weighting g4 is set to the first weighting value G4. In addition, the second objective function term weighting g2 is set to the second weighting value G2. Furthermore, the third objective function term weighting g3 is set to the fourth weighting value G4. In addition, the fourth objective function term weighting g4 is set to the third weighting value G3. Furthermore, the fifth objective function term weighting g is set to the fourth weighting value G4. Furthermore, the sixth objective function term weighting g6 is set to the fourth weighting value G4. In one embodiment, in the non-NTE thermal management region, the first objective function term weighting g4 is set to the first weighting value G4. Furthermore, the second objective function term weighting g2 is set to the fourth weighting value G4.In addition, the third objective function term weight g3 is set to the second weight value G2. In addition, the fourth objective function term weight g4 is set to the third weight value G3. Furthermore, the fifth objective function term weight g is set to the fourth weight value G4. Furthermore, the sixth objective function term weight g6 is set to the fourth weight value G4.

[0052] The following table summarizes the objective function term weights for the four domains mentioned above, where G4 denotes the first weight value, G2 the second weight value, and G3 the third weight value. Furthermore, the fourth weight value is set to zero.

[0053] In a further embodiment, the at least one secondary condition activation takes the value zero or one, wherein the secondary condition is deactivated at the value zero and the secondary condition is activated at the value one.

[0054] Preferably, a gas path controller activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the gas path controller activation activates and / or deactivates the dynamic gas path controller secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, a manipulated variable activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the manipulated variable activation activates and / or deactivates the manipulated variable secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, a peak pressure activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the peak pressure activation activates and / or deactivates the peak pressure secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, a pressure gradient activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the pressure gradient activation activates and / or deactivates the pressure gradient secondary condition.Alternatively or additionally, an exhaust gas temperature secondary condition activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the exhaust gas temperature secondary condition activation activates and / or deactivates the exhaust gas temperature secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, a combustion air ratio activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the combustion air ratio activation activates and / or deactivates the combustion air ratio secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, a particulate emissions activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the particulate emissions activation activates and / or deactivates the particulate emissions secondary condition.Alternatively or additionally, an absolute particulate emissions activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the absolute particulate emissions activation activates and / or deactivates the absolute particulate emissions secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, an introduction valve energization activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the introduction valve energization activation activates and / or deactivates the introduction valve energization secondary condition.

[0055] In one embodiment, the dynamic gas path controller constraint is activated in the NTE region, the non-NTE region, the NTE thermal management region, and the non-NTE thermal management region, with the gas path controller activation being set to the value one. In addition, the manipulated variable constraint is activated, with the manipulated variable activation being set to the value one. Furthermore, the peak pressure constraint is activated, with the peak pressure activation being set to the value one. In addition, the pressure gradient constraint is activated, with the pressure gradient activation being set to the value one. Furthermore, the exhaust gas temperature constraint is activated, with the exhaust gas temperature constraint activation being set to the value one. In addition, the combustion air ratio constraint is activated, with the combustion air ratio constraint activation being set to the value one.In addition, the injection valve energization constraint is activated, whereby the injection valve energization activation is set to the value one.

[0056] In one embodiment, the particle emissions constraint is additionally activated in the NTE range, with the particle emissions activation being set to the value one. Furthermore, the absolute particle emissions constraint is deactivated, with the absolute particle emissions activation being set to the value zero.

[0057] In one embodiment, the particle emissions constraint is additionally deactivated in the non-NTE range, with the particle emissions activation being set to the value zero. Furthermore, the absolute particle emissions constraint is activated, with the absolute particle emissions activation being set to the value one.

[0058] In one embodiment, the particle emissions constraint is additionally activated in the NTE thermal management area, with the particle emissions activation being set to the value one. Furthermore, the absolute particle emissions constraint is deactivated, with the absolute particle emissions activation being set to the value zero.

[0059] In one embodiment, the particle emissions constraint is additionally deactivated in the non-NTE thermal management region, whereby the particle emissions activation is set to the value zero. Furthermore, the absolute particle emissions constraint is activated, whereby the absolute particle emissions activation is set to the value one.

[0060] The following table lists the constraint activations of the four areas for the previously mentioned configurations.

[0061]

[0062] According to a further development of the invention, the at least one control variable is selected from a group consisting of a target air mass flow, a target boost pressure, a main injection mass, an injection start, a wheel pressure, and a combination of at least two of the aforementioned control variables. Advantageously, the power device, in particular the internal combustion engine, is controlled and operated in a simple manner at least as a function of the aforementioned control variables.

[0063] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the manipulated variable value is determined by means of the adapted optimization problem for a prediction interval.

[0064] In the context of the present technical teaching, a prediction interval is a period of time from the operating time to a prediction time following the operating time.

[0065] According to a further development of the invention, the operating mode is determined cyclically, in particular at a frequency of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz, and the optimization problem is adapted when the operating mode changes. Advantageously, this makes it possible to react quickly to a change in the operating mode and to adapt the control and operation quickly and easily to the changed operating mode.

[0066] According to a further development of the invention, it is provided that the manipulated variable value is determined using a model predictive control method.

[0067] The object is also achieved by providing a control device configured to carry out a method according to the invention or a method according to one or more of the previously described embodiments. The control device is preferably designed as a computing device, particularly preferably as a computer, or as a control unit, preferably as a control unit of an internal combustion engine. In conjunction with the control device, the advantages already described above in connection with the method for operating the power device are realized in particular.

[0068] The control device is preferably configured to operate the power device. In one embodiment, the control device is configured to operate an internal combustion engine, an internal combustion engine-generator combination device, i.e., a genset, a fuel cell, an energy storage device, for example, a battery, an electrolyzer, a data center, or a microgrid, or another controllable or regulatable load on an electrical network.

[0069] In one embodiment, the control device is configured to operate, i.e. preferably control, the power device with a control value of the at least one control variable.

[0070] In one embodiment, the control device is configured to detect, determine or receive an operating parameter value of the at least one operating parameter.

[0071] The object is also achieved by providing a power arrangement comprising a power device, at least one sensor, at least one actuator, and a control device according to the invention or a control device according to one or more of the previously described embodiments. In connection with the power arrangement, the advantages already described above in connection with the method and the control device are realized in particular.

[0072] The control device is preferably operatively connected to the power device in order to control the power device. Furthermore, the control device is operatively connected to the at least one sensor and the at least one actuator.

[0073] Preferably, the at least one sensor is configured to measure the at least one operating parameter value of the at least one operating parameter and transmit it to the control device, wherein the control device is configured to detect the at least one operating parameter value. Alternatively or additionally, the at least one sensor is configured to measure a value correlating with the at least one operating parameter value and transmit it to the control device, wherein the control device is configured to determine the at least one operating parameter value from the transmitted value.

[0074] Preferably, the at least one actuator is configured to be controlled by means of the manipulated variable value of the at least one manipulated variable.

[0075] In one embodiment, it is provided that the power device is designed as an internal combustion engine, an internal combustion engine-generator combination device, i.e., a genset, a fuel cell, an energy storage device, for example, a battery, an electrolyzer, a data center or a microgrid, or as another controllable or regulatable load on an electrical network.

[0076] The object is also achieved by providing an internal combustion engine with at least one combustion chamber, at least one sensor, at least one actuator, and a control device according to the invention or a control device according to one or more of the previously described embodiments. In connection with the internal combustion engine, the advantages already described above in connection with the method and the control device are realized in particular.

[0077] The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing, in which: Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of an internal combustion engine,

[0078] Figure 2 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a method for

[0079] Operating a power device in the form of a flow chart,

[0080] Figure 3 is a schematic representation of a first detail of the method according to Figure 2, and

[0081] Figure 4 is a schematic representation of a second detail of the method according to Figure 2.

[0082] Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of an internal combustion engine 1 with at least one combustion chamber 3 and an embodiment of a control device 5.

[0083] The internal combustion engine 1 additionally has a fuel valve 7, an intake valve 9.1, an exhaust valve 9.2, and at least one sensor 11. The fuel valve 7 is arranged in a combustion air path 13—also called a charge air path—along a combustion air flow direction 15—also called a charge air flow direction—fluctually upstream of the intake valve 9.1. The fuel valve 7, the intake valve 9.1, and the exhaust valve 9.2 are designed as actuators.

[0084] Furthermore, the internal combustion engine 1 also has a particle filter 17, wherein the particle filter 17 is arranged in an exhaust gas path 19 along an exhaust gas flow direction 21 fluidically behind the exhaust valve 9.2.

[0085] The control device 5 is preferably configured to operate the internal combustion engine at a power device speed and / or a power device torque. Alternatively or additionally, the control device 5 is configured to operate the internal combustion engine with a target air mass flow and / or a target boost pressure. Alternatively or additionally, the control device 5 is operatively connected to the fuel valve 7 in a manner not explicitly shown and configured to control it in order to set a main injection mass, an injection start, an injection valve current supply, and / or a wheel pressure.

[0086] Particularly preferably, the at least one sensor 11 is selected from a group consisting of an ambient temperature sensor 11.1, an ambient air pressure sensor 11.2, a particle filter pressure gradient sensor 11.3, a peak pressure sensor 11.4, an exhaust gas temperature sensor 11.5, a particle sensor 11.6, a lambda probe 11.7, and a combination of at least two of the aforementioned sensors 11.

[0087] The control device 5 is connected to the ambient temperature sensor 11.1 in a manner not explicitly shown such that an ambient temperature measured and / or determined by the ambient temperature sensor 11.1 can be transmitted from the ambient temperature sensor 11.1 to the control device 5 or evaluated by the control device 5 based on a signal from the ambient temperature sensor 11.1. Alternatively or additionally, the control device 5 is connected to the ambient air pressure sensor 11.2 in a manner not explicitly shown such that an ambient air pressure measured and / or determined by the ambient air pressure sensor 11.2 can be transmitted from the ambient air pressure sensor 11.2 to the control device 5 or evaluated by the control device 5 based on a signal from the ambient air pressure sensor 11.2.Alternatively or additionally, the control device 5 is connected to the particle filter pressure gradient sensor 11.3 in a manner not explicitly shown in such a way that a particle filter pressure gradient measured and / or determined by the particle filter pressure gradient sensor 11.3 can be transmitted via the particle filter 17 from the particle filter pressure gradient sensor 11.3 to the control device 5 or can be evaluated by the control device 5 based on a signal from the particle filter pressure gradient sensor 11.3. Alternatively or additionally, the control device 5 is connected to the peak pressure sensor 11.4 in a manner not explicitly shown in such a way that a combustion chamber pressure measured and / or determined by the peak pressure sensor 11.4 can be transmitted from the peak pressure sensor 11.4 to the control device 5 or can be evaluated by the control device 5 based on a signal from the peak pressure sensor 11.4.Alternatively or additionally, the control device 5 is connected to the exhaust gas temperature sensor 11.5 in a manner not explicitly shown in such a way that an exhaust gas temperature measured and / or determined by the exhaust gas temperature sensor 11.5 can be transmitted from the exhaust gas temperature sensor 11.5 to the control device 5 or evaluated by the control device 5 based on a signal from the exhaust gas temperature sensor 11.5. Alternatively or additionally, the control device 5 is connected to the particle sensor 11.6 in a manner not explicitly shown in such a way that a particle emission measured and / or determined by the particle sensor 11.6 can be transmitted from the particle sensor 11.6 to the control device 5 or evaluated by the control device 5 based on a signal from the particle sensor 11.6. Alternatively or additionally, the control device 5 is connected to the lambda probe 11.7 in a manner not explicitly shown in such a way that a particle emission measured and / or determined by the lambda probe 11.6 can be transmitted from the particle sensor 11.6 to the control device 5 or evaluated by the control device 5 based on a signal from the particle sensor 11.6.7 measured and / or determined combustion air ratio can be transmitted from the lambda probe 11.7 to the control device 5 or evaluated by the control device 5 based on a signal from the lambda probe 11.7.

[0088] Particularly preferably, the lambda probe 11.7 is designed as a broadband lambda probe.

[0089] Furthermore, the control device 5 is configured to perform a method for operating the power arrangement 1. The method is illustrated in flowcharts in Figs. 2 to 4.

[0090] Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a method for operating a power device, for example the internal combustion engine 1, in the form of a flow chart.

[0091] Identical and functionally identical elements are provided with the same reference numerals in all figures, so that reference is made to the previous description.

[0092] In a step S1, an optimization problem 25 is specified to determine a manipulated variable value 23 of at least one manipulated variable for the operation of the power device—in particular, the internal combustion engine 1. The optimization problem 25 preferably has an objective function and at least one constraint.

[0093] In particular, the at least one control variable 23 is selected from a group consisting of a target air mass flow, a target boost pressure, a main injection mass, an injection start, a wheel pressure, and a combination of at least two of the said control variables.

[0094] In a preferred embodiment, the target function has at least one target variable selected from a group consisting of a target power device torque, a target nitrogen oxide emission, an absolute target nitrogen oxide emission, a target exhaust gas temperature, a consumption, an absolute consumption, and a combination of at least two of the aforementioned target variables. The target nitrogen oxide emission is specified in grams per kilowatt-hour (g / kWh), the absolute target nitrogen oxide emission in grams (g), the consumption in grams per kilowatt-hour (g / kWh), and the absolute consumption in grams (g).

[0095] In a further preferred embodiment, the at least one secondary condition is selected from a group consisting of a dynamic gas path controller secondary condition, at least one manipulated variable secondary condition, a peak pressure secondary condition, a pressure gradient secondary condition, an exhaust gas temperature secondary condition, a combustion air ratio secondary condition, a particle emissions secondary condition, an absolute particle emissions secondary condition, an injection valve energization secondary condition, and a combination of at least two of the said secondary conditions.

[0096] In a step S2, an operating mode 27 is selected at an operating time based on an operating parameter value 29 of at least one operating parameter. Optionally, the operating mode 27 is determined cyclically, in particular with a frequency of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz.

[0097] In one embodiment, the operating mode is selected from a group consisting of an NTE area 27.1, a non-NTE area 27.2, an NTE thermal management area 27.3 and a non-NTE thermal management area 27.4.

[0098] In a step S3, the optimization problem 25 is adapted based on the selected operating mode 27, thereby obtaining an adapted optimization problem 31. Particularly preferably, the optimization problem 25 is adapted when the operating mode 27 determined in step S2 changes.

[0099] In a step S4, the manipulated variable value 23 is determined using the adapted optimization problem 31. Particularly preferably, the manipulated variable value 23 is determined for a prediction interval.

[0100] In a step S5, the power device is operated based on the manipulated variable value 23. Optionally, in a step S6, the operating parameter value 29 is detected at the operating time by means of the at least one sensor 11.

[0101] Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation of step S2 of the method according to the embodiment of Fig. 2.

[0102] Particularly preferably, the at least one operating parameter 29 is selected from a group consisting of a power device speed 33, an ambient air pressure 35, an ambient temperature 37, a particulate filter pressure gradient 39, and a combination of at least two of the aforementioned operating parameters.

[0103] In an optional step S2.1, the power device speed 33 is compared with a predetermined speed limit 43. Preferably, the predetermined speed limit 43 is set to 1.15 times an idle speed.

[0104] In an optional step S2.2, the ambient air pressure 35 is compared with a predetermined ambient air pressure limit value 45. Preferably, a value of 825.04 mbar is set for the predetermined ambient air pressure limit value 45.

[0105] In an optional step S2.3, the ambient temperature 37 is compared with a predetermined ambient temperature limit value 47. Preferably, the predetermined ambient temperature limit value 47 is set at least as a function of an altitude above sea level and / or the ambient air pressure 35. Particularly preferably, the predetermined ambient temperature limit value 47 is selected according to equation (1) or (2).

[0106] By way of example, steps S2.1 and S2.2 in this illustration are coupled such that, if in step S2.1 the power device speed 33 is greater than the predetermined speed limit 43, in step S2.2 the ambient air pressure 35 is next compared with the predetermined ambient air pressure limit 45. Furthermore, in this illustration, steps S2.2 and S2.3 are coupled such that, if in step S2.2 the ambient air pressure 35 is equal to or greater than the predetermined ambient air pressure limit 45, in step S2.3 the ambient temperature 37 is next compared with the predetermined ambient temperature limit 47. Alternatively, it is also possible for steps S2.1, S2.2 and S2.3 to be carried out in an order selected from a group consisting of S2. l-S2.3-S2.2, S2.2-S2. l-S2.3, S2.2-S2.3-S2.1, S2.3-S2.l-S2.2, and S2.3-S2.2-S2.1, are performed. Step S2.3 is coupled to step S2.1 or step S2.2 such that, if in step S2.3 the ambient temperature 37 is equal to or less than the predetermined ambient temperature limit value 47, step S2.1 or step S2.2 is carried out.

[0107] Overall, if in step S2.1 the power device speed 33 is greater than the predetermined speed limit 43, and in step S2.2 the ambient air pressure 35 is equal to or greater than the predetermined ambient air pressure limit 45, and in step S2.3 the ambient temperature 37 is equal to or less than the predetermined ambient temperature limit 47, in a step S2.4 the particulate filter pressure gradient 39 is compared with a predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit 49. Preferably, a value of 50 mbar to 300 mbar is set for the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit 49.

[0108] If in step S2.4 the particle filter pressure gradient 39 is equal to or less than the predetermined particle filter pressure gradient limit value 49, the NTE range 27.1 is selected as the operating mode 27.

[0109] If in step S2.4 the particle filter pressure gradient 39 is greater than the predetermined particle filter pressure gradient limit value 49, the NTE thermal management range 27.3 is selected as operating mode 27.

[0110] Overall, if in step S2.1 the power device speed 33 is equal to or less than the predetermined speed limit 43, or in step S2.2 the ambient air pressure 35 is less than the predetermined ambient air pressure limit 45, or in step S2.3 the ambient temperature 37 is greater than the predetermined ambient temperature limit 47, in a step S2.5 - analogous to step S2.4 - the particulate filter pressure gradient 39 is compared with the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit 49. If in step S2.5 the particulate filter pressure gradient 39 is equal to or less than the predetermined particulate filter pressure gradient limit 49, the non-NTE range 27.2 is selected as operating mode 27.

[0111] If in step S2.5 the particle filter pressure gradient 39 is greater than the predetermined particle filter pressure gradient limit value 49, the non-NTE thermal management range 27.4 is selected as operating mode 27.

[0112] Fig. 4 shows a schematic representation of step S3 of the method according to Fig. 2.

[0113] In an optional step S3.1, at least one optimization parameter 53 is selected based on the operating mode 27.

[0114] Preferably, the at least one optimization parameter 53 is selected from a group consisting of at least one objective function term weighting, at least one constraint activation, and a combination of said parameters.

[0115] Preferably, a first objective function term weighting g is used as the at least one objective function term weighting. Alternatively or additionally, a second objective function term weighting g2 is used as the at least one objective function term weighting. Alternatively or additionally, a third objective function term weighting g3 is used as the at least one objective function term weighting. Alternatively or additionally, a fourth objective function term weighting g^ is used as the at least one objective function term weighting. Alternatively or additionally, a fifth objective function term weighting g is used as the at least one objective function term weighting. Alternatively or additionally, a sixth objective function term weighting g is used as the at least one objective function term weighting.

[0116] The following table summarizes the objective function term weightings for four operating modes 27, where G denotes the first weighting value, G2 the second weighting value, and G3 the third weighting value. The first weighting value G is greater than the second weighting value G2, and the second weighting value G2 is greater than the third weighting value G3, and all weighting values ​​G are greater than zero. Furthermore, at a value of zero, the objective function term is deactivated, and at a weighting value of G, the objective function term is activated.

[0117] Preferably, a gas path controller activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the gas path controller activation activates and / or deactivates the dynamic gas path controller secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, a manipulated variable activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the manipulated variable activation activates and / or deactivates the manipulated variable secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, a peak pressure activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the peak pressure activation activates and / or deactivates the peak pressure secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, a pressure gradient activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the pressure gradient activation activates and / or deactivates the pressure gradient secondary condition.Alternatively or additionally, an exhaust gas temperature secondary condition activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the exhaust gas temperature secondary condition activation activates and / or deactivates the exhaust gas temperature secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, a combustion air ratio activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the combustion air ratio activation activates and / or deactivates the combustion air ratio secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, a particulate emissions activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the particulate emissions activation activates and / or deactivates the particulate emissions secondary condition.Alternatively or additionally, an absolute particulate emissions activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the absolute particulate emissions activation activates and / or deactivates the absolute particulate emissions secondary condition. Alternatively or additionally, an introduction valve energization activation is used as the at least one secondary condition activation, wherein the introduction valve energization activation activates and / or deactivates the introduction valve energization secondary condition.

[0118] The following table lists the constraint activation for four operating modes 27, where the value zero deactivates the constraint and the value one activates the constraint.

[0119] In an optional step S3.2, the optimization problem 25 is adapted based on the at least one optimization parameter 53 of the operating mode 27, whereby the adapted optimization problem 31 is obtained.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A method for operating a power device, wherein - an optimization problem (25) is specified to determine a manipulated variable value (23) of at least one manipulated variable for the operation of the power device, wherein - at an operating time, an operating mode (27) is selected based on at least one operating parameter value (29) of at least one operating parameter, wherein the optimization problem (25) is adapted based on the selected operating mode (27), wherein the manipulated variable value (23) is determined by means of the adapted optimization problem (31), wherein the power device is operated based on the manipulated variable value (23).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one operating parameter is selected from a group consisting of a power device speed (33), an ambient air pressure (35), an ambient temperature (37), a particulate filter pressure gradient (39), and a combination of at least two of said operating parameters.

3. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the operating mode (27) is selected from a group consisting of an NTE range (27.1), a non-NTE range (27.2), an NTE thermal management range (27.3), a non-NTE thermal management range (27.4), a steady-state operation, a transient operation, an idle, an SCR dosing release range, and a standstill.

4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein an optimization problem (25) with a target function and at least one constraint is used as the optimization problem (25).

5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the optimization problem (25) is adapted based on at least one optimization parameter (53) of the operating mode (27).

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the at least one optimization parameter (53) is selected from a group consisting of at least one objective function weighting, at least one constraint activation, and a combination of said parameters.

7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one manipulated variable is selected from a group consisting of a desired air mass flow, a desired boost pressure, a main injection mass, an injection start, a wheel pressure, and a combination of at least two of said manipulated variables.

8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the manipulated variable value (23) is determined by means of the adapted optimization problem (31) for a prediction interval.

9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the operating mode (27) is determined cyclically, in particular with a frequency of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz, and wherein the optimization problem (25) is adapted when the operating mode (27) changes.

10. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the manipulated variable value (23) is determined using a model predictive control method.

11. Control device (7) configured to carry out a method according to one of the preceding claims.

12. Power arrangement with a power device with a control device (7) according to claim 11.

13. Internal combustion engine (1) with at least one combustion chamber (3) and a control device (7) according to claim 11.

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