Device for dispersion of agents in an aquatic ecosystem

Abstract

The present invention relates to a device and method for dispersion of nutrients into an aquatic ecosystem. More specifically, there is provided a device for dispersion of a beneficial agent from the device to an aquatic ecosystem, the device comprising a beneficial agent formulated for prolonged dispersion and within an elongate receptacle body of the device, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; and a securing means for securing the device in the aquatic ecosystem.

Description

Device for dispersion of agents in an aquatic ecosystemTechnical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a device and method for dispersion of nutrients into an aquatic ecosystem.Background

[0002] Environmental change, including climate change, has had a profound effect in changing the world’s ecosystems resulting in significant detriment to aquatic ecosystems and their organisms such as plants, grasses, corals, seaweeds, seagrasses, and mangroves.

[0003] Anthropogenic climate change has been shown to cause bleaching of sea coral, leading to mass mortality. Increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere have dissolved into oceans resulting in acidification of the oceans and decreasing coral calcification. Similarly, run-off from fertiliser and sewage has also caused nutrient pollution to aquatic ecosystems, such as rivers, oceans and lakes. For example, increased levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) impair symbiont photosynthesis, while increased nitrate causes increased levels of reactive species and oxidative damage and decreased rates of photosynthesis in plant organisms, and calcification of coral. Further, nitrate changes the balance of aquatic systems. This accelerates eutrophication in rivers and in combination with thermal stress, prolongs or exacerbates coral bleaching.

[0004] Nutrients such as ammonium, which is excreted by fish, can increase chlorophyll content, symbiont density, and photoprotective pigments in aquatic ecosystems. Ammonium has been shown to provide beneficial effects for coral, such as enhancing repair, preventing sea coral bleaching, and increasing the amount of carbon fixed by symbionts such as the Red Sea Coral, Stylophora pistillate. This results in increased levels of carbon within an ecosystem, which is beneficial to other organisms with the ecosystem.

[0005] It has also been observed that corals exposed to beneficial agents containing ammonium, nitrate, and phosphoric acid did not pale (lose its colour) during summergrowing. Conversely, controls in the absence of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphoric acid paled during summer growing.

[0006] In addition to ammonium, other nutrients including urea, bicarbonate, phosphate, iron, nickel, and manganese have been shown to provide benefit to other aquatic organisms such as seagrass, seaweeds, and mangroves. This provided improved growth rates and improved the health of the aquatic ecosystem.

[0007] WO 2008 / 103675 describes a device for fertilisation of sea water with iron. However, the device requires complicated components including expensive electronic componentry, power sources, cathodes and sacrificial anodes, which is not ideal in an aqueous ecosystem.

[0008] US 5,143,020 describes a flotation apparatus for delivery of minerals and nutrients in a pond ecosystem. However, such an apparatus requires dissolution of the minerals and nutrients in water and delivery of nutrients manually in one or more portions. Such a device and system would require frequent replacement and topping up of minerals and nutrients. Such methodology also provides for a spike in minerals and nutrients on addition. Rapid delivery of nutrients may also result in a detrimental effect to an aquatic ecosystem by overloading the ecosystem and disturbing the ecosystem’s balance causing further detriment and toxicity to the ecosystem.

[0009] JP 2011024443A describes a nutrient or mineral dispensing device for propagation of marine organisms by delivery of iron to the aquatic ecosystem. The device comprises a closed container having a plurality of holes on the side wall. The nutrient or mineral, which is derived from steel slag or granular iron, and is housed in a bag or container within the closed container, is dispersed by the flow of water though the plurality of holes. However, the container requires changing once a day, which requires high maintenance.

[0010] APC Aquatic Plant Central: “Fertilizer injection system using a soaker hose”, (https: / / www.aquaticplantcentral.com / threads / fertilizer-injection-system-using-a- soaker-hose.147549 / ) also describes a device for dispersion of a fertiliser formulation in an aquatic ecosystem. However, the entirety of any nutrient formulation comes into contact with water in the aquatic ecosystem, flooding the system with fertiliser formulation providing for a rapid spike in nutrients. Furthermore, this is also labourintensive requiring a connection to the water surface, and frequent and continual reapplication of the fertiliser formulation.

[0011] CONOR MACDONNELL: An Investigation of Physical and Nutrient Related Restoration Techniques in Subtropical Seagrass Ecosystems, pages 90-96 (https: / / original- ufdc^ufUb Ledu / UFEOO 57172 / 00001) describes application of fertiliser formulations to aquatic ecosystems comprising seagrass. The fertiliser formulations are placed in sediment tubes that biodegrade. However, biodegradation of the sediment tubes also floods the system with fertiliser formulation providing for a rapid spike in nutrients.

[0012] US 2023 / 0034365 describes a system involving active pumping of fertiliser into an aquatic environment. This requires connection to the water surface and the pumped fertiliser comes into contact with the water at the same time, flooding the system with fertiliser formulation resulting in a rapid spike in nutrients. Furthermore, this system requires active engagement with, and application of energy and time in order to work.

[0013] There remains a need for an efficient and simple device to provide a means to disperse and diffuse nutrients and beneficial agents to an aquatic ecosystem. The also remains a need for a low maintenance method to provide nutrients and beneficial agents to an aquatic ecosystem.Summary of Invention

[0014] In a first aspect, there is provided a device for dispersion of a beneficial agent from the device to an aquatic ecosystem, the device comprising:- a beneficial agent formulated for prolonged dispersion and within an elongate receptacle body of the device, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; and- a securing means for securing the device in the aquatic ecosystem.

[0015] In a second aspect, there is provided a device for dispersion of a nutrient agar composition from the device to an aquatic ecosystem, the device comprising:- a nutrient agar composition within an elongate receptacle body of the device, the elongate receptacle body comprising a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; and- a securing means for securing the device in the aquatic ecosystem.

[0016] In a third aspect, there is provided a device for dispersion of a nutrient agar composition from the device to coral in an oceanic ecosystem, the device comprising:- a nutrient agar composition within an elongate receptacle body of the device, the elongate receptacle body comprising a width, and a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; and- a securing means for securing the device in the oceanic ecosystem.

[0017] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method for dispersion of a beneficial agent from a device to an aquatic ecosystem, the method comprising: providing a device comprising a beneficial agent formulated for prolonged dispersion within an elongate receptacle body, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end, to provide the device; submerging one or more devices in the aquatic ecosystem; securing the one or more devices in the aquatic ecosystem with one or more securing means; and wherein the beneficial agent is dispersed into the aquatic ecosystem by coming into contact with water from the aquatic ecosystem.

[0018] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a kit for dispersion of a beneficial agent from a device to an aquatic ecosystem, the kit comprising:- a device comprising an elongate receptacle body, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; the device being configured to receive and disperse a beneficial agent; and a securing means for securing the device in the aquatic ecosystem; and- instructions for use.

[0019] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a device for dispersion of a beneficial agent from the device to an aquatic ecosystem, the device consisting essentially of:- a beneficial agent formulated for prolonged dispersion and within an elongate receptacle body of the device, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; and- a securing means for securing the device in the aquatic ecosystem.

[0020] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a device for dispersion of a nutrient agar composition from the device to an aquatic ecosystem, the device consisting essentially of:- a nutrient agar composition within an elongate receptacle body of the device, the elongate receptacle body comprising a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; and- a securing means for securing the device in the aquatic ecosystem.

[0021] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a device for dispersion of a nutrient agar composition from the device to coral in an oceanic ecosystem, the device consisting essentially of:- a nutrient agar composition within an elongate receptacle body of he device, the elongate receptacle body comprising a width, and a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; and- a securing means for securing the device in the oceanic ecosystem.

[0022] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a method for dispersion of a beneficial agent from a device to an aquatic ecosystem, the method consisting essentially of:- providing a beneficial agent formulated for prolonged dispersion and within an elongate receptacle body of the device, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end;- submerging one or more devices in the aquatic ecosystem;- securing the one or more devices in the aquatic ecosystem with one or more securing means; and- wherein the beneficial agent is dispersed to the aquatic ecosystem by coming into contact with water from the aquatic ecosystem.

[0023] In a tenth aspect, there is provided a kit for dispersion of a beneficial agent from a device to an aquatic ecosystem, the kit consisting essentially of:- an elongate receptacle body, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end;- a securing means for securing the device in the aquatic ecosystem; and- instructions for use.Description of the Figures

[0024] Figure 1: shows ammonium ion concentration relative to distance from the device.

[0025] Figure 2: shows a top view of the elongate receptacle body configured in a helical arrangement.

[0026] Figure 3: shows a side view of the elongate receptacle body configured in a helical arrangement.

[0027] Figure 4: shows a data plot of ammonium release over a 12-hour from i) a commercially available liquid fertiliser; ii) commercially available slow release fertiliser (Osmocote™); and iii) the device and beneficial agent as described herein.

[0028] Figure 5: shows a comparative plot of ammonium release over a 3 week period between i) the device and beneficial agent as described herein and ii) a commercially available slow release fertiliser (Osmocote™).Definitions

[0029] The term “aquatic ecosystem” as used herein refers to an ecosystem found in, or around, a body of water. The ecosystem includes marine and / or freshwater ecosystems, and living organisms therein.

[0030] The term “beneficial agent” is any agent that confers an advantage to the health of an aquatic ecosystem including organisms in the aquatic ecosystem and may include a carrier. Such beneficial agents may restore balance and equilibrium to ecosystems in need. For example, aquatic ecosystems struggling under environmental change, which could be temporary or permanent environmental change. The environmental change could be a result of human activity or a result of natural activity. Beneficialagents, may for example, include one or more nutrients, one or more pesticides, or combinations thereof, and may include one or more carriers. A person of skill in the art would readily understand that each beneficial agent may be tailored to the particular needs of the aquatic ecosystem.

[0031] "Nutrient” and "nutrient composition” as used herein may be used interchangeably, and relate to any nutrient and / or mineral (or combination) required by organisms for growth and health. The nutrient may be formulated with a carrier, Suitable nutrient compositions and carriers for aquatic ecosystems would be readily understood by a person of skill in the art. A person of skill in the art would readily understand that each nutrient composition may be tailored to the particular needs of the aquatic ecosystem.

[0032] “Pesticide” and “pesticidal composition” as used herein may be used interchangeably and relate to a agents used to control pests within an aquatic ecosystem. Pesticides may, for example, include algaecides, bactericides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, lousicides, miticides, molluscicides, nematicides, or slimicides. For example, a pesticidal composition that controls sea lice infestation in fish farms. Similarly, a pesticidal composition might control weeds within a rice paddy field.

[0033] Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the field.

[0034] As used herein, the term “about” is intended to mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. For example, when applied to a value, the term should be construed as including a deviation of ± 10% of the value.

[0035] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise”, “comprising” and the like, are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense, that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”.

[0036] The term “consisting” or "consisting essentially of” as used herein means the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention.

[0037] As used throughout the specification and appended claims, the singular forms “a,”“an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0038] Further aspects of the invention will become apparent with reference to the accompanying Figures and the following description, which is provided by way of nonlimiting example.Detailed Description

[0039] In one example, the device is configured for prolonged dispersion of the beneficial agent. Preferably, the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 7 days. Preferably, the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 14 days. Preferably, the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 21 days. Preferably, the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 1 month.

[0040] In another example, the beneficial agent is formulated for prolonged dispersion, or slow release. The beneficial agent confers an advantage to the health of an aquatic ecosystem including organisms in the aquatic ecosystem. Preferably, the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 7 days. Preferably, the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 14 days. Preferably, the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 21 days. Preferably, the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 1 month.

[0041] In one example, the beneficial agent may comprise, or is selected from: one or more of a nutrient composition, one or more of a pesticide composition, and one or more carriers, and a combination thereof. Suitable carriers would be readily apparent to one of skill in the art. Suitable carriers for example may include water-soluble gels, agar, gelatin, pectin, guar gum, zeolites, silica, and combinations thereof.

[0042] In one example, the carrier is selected from water-soluble gels, agar, gelatin, pectin, guar gum, zeolites, and silica, and combinations thereof.

[0043] In one example, the beneficial agent comprises an agar. In one example, the carrier is an agar.

[0044] In one example, the beneficial agent comprises a nutrient. In another example, the beneficial agent comprises a nutrient and a carrier. In another example, the beneficial agent may further comprise a pesticide.

[0045] In one example, the beneficial agent comprises a pesticide. In another example, the beneficial agent comprises a pesticide and a carrier.

[0046] In another example, the beneficial agent comprises: a nutrient, a pesticide, or a combination thereof.

[0047] In another example, the beneficial agent comprises: a nutrient, a pesticide, and a carrier.

[0048] In another example, the beneficial agent comprises one or more carriers, one or more nutrients, and one or more pesticides, or combinations thereof. It will be appreciated that nutrients and pesticide compositions improve health and / or growth of the aquatic ecosystem.

[0049] In one example, the beneficial agent is an agar composition comprising one or more nutrients.

[0050] In another example, the beneficial agent is an agar composition comprising a pesticide.

[0051] In another example, the beneficial agent is an agar composition comprising one or more nutrients and one or more pesticides.

[0052] In one example, the beneficial agent comprises one or more nutrients selected from: ammonium, urea, bicarbonate, phosphate, iron, nickel, nitrate, manganese, zinc, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the beneficial agent comprises nutrients selected from: ammonium and urea.

[0053] In one example, the beneficial agent further comprises a herbicide, or a combination of herbicides. Herbicides may find use in the control of pest plant species found in an aquatic ecosystem. For example, herbicides for the control of pest plant species found in rice paddy fields such as grasses, barnyard grass, silver top grass, watergrass;sedges; rushes, bulrush; arrowhead, water plantain, saggitaria, umbrella sedge, water couch, sprangletop.

[0054] In one example, the beneficial agent comprises a lousicide or a combination of lousicides. Lousicides may find use for example in the control of pest lice within an aquatic ecosystem. For example, for the control of sea lice within a fish farm aquatic ecosystem.

[0055] In one example, the beneficial agent fills the elongate receptacle body. The elongate receptacle body may be completely filled, substantially filled, or partially filled with the beneficial agent.

[0056] In one example, the beneficial agent is provided in a substantially single unit form. In another example, the beneficial agent is formulated into beads, rods, balls, sticks, blocks, cubes, particles, powders. In yet another example, the beneficial agent may be formulated into a gel.

[0057] In one example, the beneficial agent is dispersed by coming into contact with water currents within the aquatic ecosystem. In other examples, the beneficial agent is dispersed by diffusion into the water of the aquatic ecosystem. In one example, the beneficial agent is dispersed by coming to contact with water currents and by diffusion.

[0058] In one example, dispersion of the beneficial agent occurs over a distance of about 0.5 m from the device. In one example, dispersion of the beneficial agent occurs over a distance of about 1 m from the device. In one example, dispersion of the beneficial agent occurs over a distance of about 1 m to about 5 m from the device. In one example, dispersion of the beneficial agent occurs over a distance of up to about 10 m from the device.

[0059] In one example, the elongate receptacle body may be further configured with a plurality of pores spaced along its length. The plurality of pores may be configured as holes or slits which allow for dispersion of the beneficial agent when it comes into contact with the water. Each pore of the plurality of pores may have diameter or length between about 20 mm to about 1 mm. More preferably, each pore of the plurality of pores has a diameter or length between about 15 mm to 5 mm. More preferably, eachpore of the plurality of pores has a diameter or length of between about 5 mm and about 1 mm.

[0060] Alternatively, each pore of the plurality of pores may have a diameter that is selected from between about 30% and about 0.1% of the elongate receptacle body width. Alternatively, the pores have a diameter selected from between about 30% and about 1%; between about 25% and about 2%; between about 20% and about 3%; between about 15% and about 4%; and between about 10% and about 5% of the elongate receptacle body width.

[0061] Alternatively, each pore of the plurality of pores has a diameter selected from about: 30%, 29%, 28%, 27%, 26%, 25%, 24%, 23%, 22%, 21%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11 %, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% and 1 % of the elongate receptacle body width.

[0062] In one example, the elongate receptacle body of the device comprises a lightweight material that is heat resistant and generally stable in aquatic environments. The elongate receptacle body may be made from plastic, or a flexible plastic material. The elongate receptacle body material may comprise a material selected from: polyethylene, nylon, silicone, LDPE, PVC, PTFE, or a combination of materials thereof. In another example, the receptable body may comprise tubing. The tubing may be polyethylene tubing, nylon tubing, silicone tubing, LDPE tubing, PTFE tubing, and PVC tubing. In one example, the elongate receptacle body material may comprise food grade tubing.

[0063] In one example, the elongate receptacle body is substantially translucent.

[0064] In another example, the device further comprises one or more partitioning means configured with the elongate receptacle body. The one or more partitioning means divides the elongate receptacle body into partitions to support dispersion of the beneficial agent. The one or more partitioning means may be a porous structure such as a membrane or filter. In another example, the membrane is a water-soluble membrane or a semi-permeable membrane. Suitable membranes would be readily apparent to a person of skill in the art.

[0065] In one example, the elongate receptacle body further comprises a second mouth positioned at a second end of the receptacle body.

[0066] In one example the first mouth, the second mouth, or both, are open when in use.

[0067] In another example, the first mouth or second mouth is closed when in use.

[0068] In one example, the beneficial agent confers an advantage to the health of an aquatic ecosystem including organisms in the aquatic ecosystem. In some examples, the organism is a plant organism, an algal organism, a marine vertebrate, or a marine invertebrate. Organisms comprise, or may be selected from: seaweed, kelp, seagrass, algae, mangroves, and plankton (phytoplankton), coral, molluscs, oysters, mussels, clams, and fish.

[0069] In one example, the aquatic ecosystem is selected from: an ocean, a coastal area, a sea floor, a coral reef; a river; a stream; a pond; a lake; a wetland; an estuary; a mangrove; a rice field / rice paddy; and a fish farm. Preferably, the aquatic ecosystem is an oceanic ecosystem. More preferably, the aquatic ecosystem is a coral reef.

[0070] In one example the device is configured in a completely, substantial, or partial helical arrangement. Configuration in a helical arrangement provides a coil or spiral structure to the device. More specifically, the elongate receptacle body is configured in a completely, substantial or partial helical arrangement. The helical arrangement may comprise at least one turn, at least two turns, at least three turns, at least 4 turns, at least 5 turns. In another example, the device may be configured into a completely, substantial or partial linear arrangement.

[0071] In one example, the device is positioned in an aquatic ecosystem. The device may be completely, substantially, partially, or intermittently submerged in the aquatic ecosystem. For example, intermittent submersion might occur in a tidal environment as result of high and low tides.

[0072] In one example, the device comprises one or more securing means to hold the device in place when it is positioned at a desired location, or to hold the device in a helical configuration. The one or more securing means may comprise: a weight, a clip, a tie, a stake, a chain, a lock, an anchor, and a combination thereof.

[0073] In another example, the one or more securing means may secure the device in the helical arrangement. The securing means may be the same or different to the securing means to hold the device when positioned at a desired location.

[0074] In another example, there is provided a device for dispersion of a beneficial agent from the device to an aquatic ecosystem, the device comprising:- a beneficial agent comprising an agar and nutrient configured within an elongate receptacle body, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; and- a securing means for securing the device in the aquatic ecosystem.

[0075] In one example, there is provided a device for dispersion of a beneficial agent from the device to an aquatic ecosystem, the device comprising:- a beneficial agent comprising an agar and ammonium configured within an elongate receptacle body, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; and- a securing means for securing the device in the aquatic ecosystem.

[0076] In one example, dispersion of the beneficial agent comprises dispersion over a distance of about 0.5 m from the device, about than 1 m from the device, of up to 10 m from the device.

[0077] In one example, dispersion of the beneficial agent comprises submerging the device in the aquatic ecosystem. The device may be completely, substantially, partially, or intermittently submerged in the aquatic ecosystem. For example, intermittent submersion might occur in a tidal environment as result of high and low tides.

[0078] In one example, the device comprises the beneficial agent formulated as agar composition and ammonium. Preferably the device is positioned within an aquatic ecosystem for dispersion of ammonium to coral.

[0079] The present invention relates to a device 1 for the provision of a beneficial agent 8 to an aquatic ecosystem. The device 1 comprises a beneficial agent 8 configured within an elongate receptacle body 2; the elongate receptacle body 2 comprising a first mouth 3 positioned at a first end 4 of the elongate receptacle body 2, and a second end 7; and one or more securing means 5. A prototype is shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

[0080] The elongate receptacle body 2 may further comprise a second mouth 6 positioned at the second end 7 of the elongate receptacle body 2.

[0081] The beneficial agent 8 may be formulated for prolonged dispersion / slow release within an aquatic ecosystem, and configured within the elongate receptacle body 2 of device 1. The beneficial agent 8 is any agent that confers and advantage to the health of an aquatic ecosystem. Preferably, the beneficial agent is formulated to provide prolonged dispersion of one or more nutrients.

[0082] Such beneficial agents and prolonged dispersion may restore balance and equilibrium to ecosystems struggling under environmental change. This could be temporary or permanent environmental change resulting in a deficiency of an agent required for a healthy ecosystem, or resulting from the introduction of an agent detrimental to the ecosystem. Suitable beneficial agents comprise nutrients such as: ammonium, urea, bicarbonate, phosphate, iron, nickel, manganese, or a combination thereof.

[0083] The beneficial agent 8 may comprise a nutrient and / or pesticide composition formulated with a carrier such as an agar or other suitable carrier agent. For example, water-soluble gels, gelatin, pectin, guar gum, zeolite, silica, and combinations thereof would also be suitable carriers. Formulation with a carrier allows for the nutrient and / or pesticide compositions to be changed, providing for higher or lower concentrations as required. The beneficial agent 8 may completely, substantially, or partially fill the elongate receptacle body 2.

[0084] The device 1 may be configured in a helical / spiral / coil arrangement. Arrangement may be completely, substantially or partially helical. The device 1 may be configured in an alternative arrangement, for example completely, substantially or partially linear. More specifically, the elongate receptacle body 2 may be configured in a helical / spiral / coil arrangement. The elongate receptacle body 2 may be configured in the helical / spiral / coil arrangement by one or more securing means 5. The one or more securing means 5 may be the same or different to the one or more securing means 5 hold the device 1 in place once it has been placed into its desired location. The one or more securing means 5 may comprise: a weight, a clip, a tie, a stake, a chain, a lock, an anchor, and a combination thereof. Alternatively, the elongate receptacle body 2 may be configured in the helical / spiral / coil arrangement by a treatment method such as thermal bonding. The elongate receptacle body 2 may be configured before or after configuration with the beneficial agent 8.

[0085] The device 1 , may further comprise a plurality of pores 9 along the length of elongate receptacle body 2. The pores 9 may take the form of holes or slits and allow for prolonged dispersion of the beneficial agent 8 into the aquatic ecosystem.

[0086] Once placed into its desired location and completely, substantially, intermittently, or partially submerged in water. The one or more securing means 5 may be used to hold the device 1 in place. For example, placed within an oceanic ecosystem, a coastal area, a sea floor, a coral reef; a river; a stream; a pond; a lake; a wetland; an estuary; a mangrove; a rice field / rice paddy; and a fish farm. Suitable securing means 5 comprise for example a weight, a clip, a tie, a stake, a chain, a lock, an anchor, and a combination of these.

[0087] When in use after being placed in the aquatic ecosystem, water in the aquatic ecosystem moves around the device 1 as a result of water flow and currents, and comes into contact with the beneficial agent and carrier via any one of the first mouth 1 , the second mouth 2, the pores 9, or a combination thereof. Contact of the beneficial agent 8 with the water allows the diffusion of the beneficial agent 8 comprising nutrients and / pr pesticide into water, while movement of the water distributes and circulates the beneficial agent 8 throughout water in the aquatic ecosystem, thereby providing nutrients and fertilising the aquatic ecosystem. This may happen intermittently as a result of tidal waves and water currents. One example of this would be at high and low tides. The beneficial agent 8 may also circulate via diffusion when placed in the aquatic ecosystem.

[0088] It will also be appreciated that the beneficial agent 8 may be dispersed at a substantially consistent rate. That is, without providing for spikes of any nutrient or pesticide that is damaging to the aquatic ecosystem. Without wishing to be bound by any theory and according to this disclosure, the beneficial agent 8 being dispersed at a low and constant rate reduces the risk of providing toxic levels of agent to the aquatic ecosystem. For example, current formulations in the art release nutrients rapidly resulting in spikes of nutrients, which can be at damaging concentrations. The present disclosure allows for stable concentration of nutrients over long time periods.Examples

[0089] The device comprises an elongate tube component made of silicone (hardness 40- 70A), having an inner diameter of 7 mm, an outer diameter of 10 mm, and open at both ends. The device is configured in a helical (coil or spiral) configuration having 5 rotations, providing an outer diameter of 150 mm. Suitable tubes would be readily known to those of skill in the art and include material such as silicone and plastics.General procedure for preparation of beneficial agent

[0090] 2 g of agar powder (supplied by Sigma) was added to 100 ml of deionised water, and heated in a microwave until the agar powder fully dissolved. The solution was allowed to cool slightly, before adding a composition comprising nutritional mineral, of desired concentration.Preparation of ammonium beneficial agent

[0091] 2 g of agar powder (supplied by Sigma) was added to 100 ml of deionised water, and heated in a microwave until the agar powder fully dissolved. The solution was allowed to cool before 10.7 g of ammonium chloride (supplied by Sigma) was added and stirred until it was dissolved, creating a 2M ammonium chloride solution.Loading of the device with beneficial agent

[0092] The first mouth of the silicon tube was placed in the beneficial agent and the second mouth was attached to a measuring pipette.

[0093] The beneficial agent was drawn through the elongate receptacle body and into the measuring pipette through the use of an electronic pipette filler. This resulted in the elongate receptacle body becoming filled with the beneficial agent. One mouth of the device was then sealed shut using a securing means and the device allowed to cool, allowing the beneficial nutritional agent to form a gel.

[0094] The device was then configured into a helical arrangement and secured in this configuration using cable ties.Securing of the device

[0095] The device was secured to the seafloor by securing means (such as cable ties) at a depth of about 2 m in a sheltered bay in Wellington, New Zealand during summertime.

[0096] Water samples were collected weekly at distances of 0 m, 0.5 m, and 1 m from the device, and another taken from over 10 m away to serve as a control. The water samples were then analysed using a Hanna ammonia Low-Range Checker to determine ammonium concentrations at the different distances. Results are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.Table 1

[0097] Result interpretation: Table 1 shows effective dispersion of ammonium from the device, and that a further distance from the device results in a lower concentration of the ammonium nutrient.Example 2

[0098] A commercially available liquid fertiliser (Miracle-Gro All Purpose Concentrated Liquid Plant food) was prepared in liquid form to provide 0.094 moles of ammoniacal nitrogen and placed in a PVC pipe in liquid form having about 10-15 mm slits / pores. This replicates APC Aquatic Plant Central: “Fertilizer injection system using a soaker hose”, (https: / / www.aquaticplantcentral.com / threads / fertilizer-injection-system-using-a- soaker-hose.147549 / ). The pipe and fertiliser solution was placed into a 40 L test tank having water and a pump to circulate the water.

[0099] Water samples were collected at 0 minutes, 5 minutes and 30 minutes and each sample was analysed using a Hanna ammonia Low-Range Checker to determine ammonium concentrations. The results are shown in Table 2 and Figure 4, together with data from Examples 3 and 4.

[0100] Result interpretation: The liquid fertiliser showed rapid release of the ammonium within 60 minutes. The liquid fertiliser reached the maximum concentration measurable in 30 mins (2.5 ppm = 138.63 pm), and raised the ammonium concentration of the tank by over 273 pm per hour (release rate of at a rate of 10,920 pmol per hour- estimated duration of 8.6 hours until empty). Such formulations are not suitable for slow controlled release of fertiliser in an aquatic system without risking damage to organisms.Example 3

[0101] Commercially available Osmocote™ Pro 1 kg Slow Release Fertiliser 17-9- 10+2MgO+TE, fertiliser was prepared to provide 0.094 moles of ammoniacal nitrogen and placed in a PVC pipe having about 1 cm slits / pores. The pipe and fertiliser solution was placed into a 40 L test tank having water and a pump to circulate the water.

[0102] Water samples were collected over 12 hours at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 720 minutes. Each sample was analysed using a Hanna ammonia Low- Range Checker to determine ammonium concentrations. The results are shown in Table 2 and Figure 4, together with data from Examples 2 and 4.

[0103] Result interpretation: The commercially available Osmocote™ Pro 1 kg Slow Release Fertiliser 17-9-10+2MgO+TE fertiliser raised the ammonium concentration of the tank by about 3.69 pm per hour as shown (release rate of 147.6 pmol per hour-estimated duration of 26.5 days until empty).Example 4

[0104] The beneficial agent and device described herein were prepared according to the general procedure to provide 0.094 moles of ammoniacal nitrogen and placed into a 40 L test tank having water and a pump to circulate the water.

[0105] Water samples were collected over 12 hours at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 720 minutes. Each sample was analysed using a Hanna ammonia Low- Range Checker to determine ammonium concentrations. The results are shown in Table 2 and Figure 4, together with data from Examples 2 and 5.

[0106] Result interpretation: The device described herein increased the ammonium concentration of the tank at a much slower rate of 0.51 pm per hour (release rate of20.4 pmol per hour- estimated duration of 192 days until empty) compared to Example 3. Release rate was 7.2 times slower than Example 3, and 535 times slower than Example 2. Therefore, the device and beneficial agent described herein would be expected to last for 7 times longer than commercial slow release formulations, thereby providing for prolonged dispersion of the nutrients.Table 2Example 5

[0107] The beneficial agent and device described herein was compared in a side-by side comparison with commercially available Osmocote™ Pro 1 kg Slow Release Fertiliser 17-9-10+2MgO+TE .

[0108] Formulations were prepared to each provide 0.075 moles of ammoniacal nitrogen and placed into a 40 L test tank, having water and a pump to circulate the water. Each sample was analysed using a Hanna ammonia Low-Range Checker and a Hanna ammonia High-Range Checker to determine ammonium concentrations. Results are shown in Table 3 and Figure 5.Table 3

[0109] Result interpretation: the device described herein shows a much slower release rate compared to commercially available Osmocote™. The device described herein reached a stable concentration at around day 7, indicating that the concentration gradient decreased until equilibrium was reached between the agar and the water. This has two potential benefits: 1) this reduces any risk of reaching toxic levels of ammonium (safe ammonium concentrations in a closed aquatic ecosystem such as a tank are less than 0.5 ppm = Tl.l pm); and 2) indicates that as ammonium is used up by target organisms more ammonium would be released by the diffuser as the concentration gradient would then be higher. This allows for a stable concentration of ammonium over long time periods. Conversely, commercially available Osmocote™ quickly reached dangerously high levels of ammonium (above 2 ppm - 111 pm are harmful, and above 3 ppm - 166 pm are considered dangerous) under the same conditions.

[0110] The examples described herein are for purposes of illustrating embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments, methods, and types of analyses are within the capabilities of persons of ordinary skill in the art and need not be described in detail herein. Other embodiments within the spirit and scope of the art are considered to be part of this invention.

Claims

Claims1 . A device for dispersion of a beneficial agent from the device to an aquatic ecosystem, the device comprising: a beneficial agent formulated for prolonged dispersion, within an elongate receptacle body of the device, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end; and a securing means for securingthe device in the aquatic ecosystem.

2. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the device is configured for prolonged dispersion of the beneficial agent.

3. The device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 7 days.

4. The device according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 14 days.

5. The device according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 21 days.

6. The device according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 1 month.

7. The device according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 7 days.

8. The device according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 14 days.

9. The device according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 21 days.

10. The device according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 1 month.11 . The device according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the beneficial agent comprises a carrier and a nutrient composition.

12. The device according to claim 11 , further comprising a pesticide.

13. The device according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the beneficial agent comprises a carrier and a pesticide composition.

14. The device according to any one of claims 11- 13, wherein the carrier is selected from: water-soluble gels, agar, gelatin, pectin, guar gum, zeolites, and silica, and combinations thereof.

15. The device according to any one of claims 11- 14, wherein the carrier is an agar.

16. The device according to any one of claims 11- 15, wherein the nutrient composition comprises: ammonium, urea, bicarbonate, phosphate, iron, nickel, nitrate, manganese, zinc, or a combination thereof.

17. The device according to any one of claims 11 - 16, wherein the nutrient composition comprises ammonium.

18. The device according to any one of claims 1 - 11 , wherein the beneficial agent consists essentially of an agar and ammonium.

19. The device according to any one of claims 1-18, wherein the beneficial agent completely fills, substantially fills, or partially fills the elongate receptacle body.

20. The device according to any one of claims 1-19, wherein the device is configured in a completely, substantially or partially helical arrangement.21 . The device according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein the elongate receptacle body is configured with a plurality of pores spaced along its length.

22. The device according to any one of claims 1-21 , wherein the elongate receptacle body comprises a lightweight material that is heat resistant and generally stable in aquatic environments.

23. The device according to claim 22, wherein the material may comprise: polyethylene, nylon, silicone, LDPE, PVC, and PTFE.

24. The device according to any one of claims 1-23, wherein the elongate receptacle body is substantially translucent.

25. The device according to any one of claims 1-24, wherein the elongate receptacle body is configured with one or more partitioning means.

26. The device according to any one of claims 1-25, wherein the first mouth is open when in use.

27. The device according to any one of claims 1-26, further comprising a second mouth positioned at the second end of the elongate receptacle member.

28. The device according to claim 27, wherein the first mouth and the second mouth are open when in use.

29. The device according to any one of claims 1-28, wherein the aquatic ecosystem is selected from: an ocean, a coastal area, a sea floor, a coral reef; a river; a stream; a pond; a lake; a wetland; an estuary; mangroves; rice fields / rice paddies; and fish farms.

30. The device according to any one of claims 1-29, wherein the securing means comprise: weights, clips, ties, stakes, chains, locks, and a combination thereof.31 . The device according to any one of claims 1-30, wherein the device is submerged completely, substantially, partially, or intermittently in the aquatic ecosystem.

32. The device according to any one of claims 1-31 , wherein the beneficial agent is dispersed by coming into contact with water currents.

33. The device according to any one of claims 1-32, wherein the beneficial agent is dispersed by diffusion.

34. The device according to any one of claims 1-33, wherein dispersion of the beneficial agent occurs over a distance of about 0.5m from the device.

35. The device according to any one of claims 1-33, wherein dispersion of the beneficial agent occurs over a distance of about 1 m from the device.

36. The device according to any one of claims 1-33, wherein dispersion of the beneficial agent occurs over a distance of up to 10m from the device.

37. A method for dispersion of a beneficial agent from a device to an aquatic ecosystem, the method comprising: providing a device comprising a beneficial agent formulated for prolonged dispersion within an elongate receptacle body of the device, the elongate receptacle body comprising: a width, a first mouth positioned at a first end of the elongate body, and a second end, to provide the device; submerging one or more of the devices in the aquatic ecosystem; securing the one or more devices in the aquatic ecosystem with one or more securing means; and wherein the beneficial agent is dispersed into the aquatic ecosystem by coming into contact with water from the aquatic ecosystem.

38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the device is submerged completely, substantially, partially, or intermittently in the aquatic ecosystem.

39. The method according to claim 37 or 38, wherein the beneficial agent is dispersed by coming into contact with water currents.

40. The method according to any one of claims 37-39, wherein the beneficial agent is dispersed by diffusion.41 . The method according to any one of claims 37-40, wherein dispersion of the beneficial agent occurs over a distance of about 0.5m from the device.

42. The method according to any one of claims 37-40, wherein dispersion of the beneficial agent occurs over a distance of about 1 m from the device.

43. The method according to any one of claims 37-40, wherein dispersion of the beneficial agent occurs over a distance of up to 10m from the device.

44. The method according to any one of claims 37-43, wherein the device is configured for prolonged dispersion of the beneficial agent.

45. The method according to any one of claims 37-44, wherein the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 7 days.

46. The method according to any one of claims 37-45, wherein the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 14 days.

47. The method according to any one of claims 37-46, wherein the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 21 days.

48. The method according to any one of claims 37-47, wherein the device is configured for dispersion of the beneficial agent over a period of at least 1 month.

49. The method according to any one of claims 37-48, wherein the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 7 days.

50. The method according to any one of claims 37-49, wherein the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 14 days.51 . The method according to any one of claims 37-50, wherein the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 21 days.

52. The method according to any one of claims 37-51 , wherein the beneficial agent is formulated for dispersion over a period of at least 1 month.

53. The method according to any one of claims 37-52, wherein the beneficial agent comprises a carrier and a nutrient composition.

54. The method according to claim 53, further comprising a pesticide.

55. The method according to any one of claims 37-51 , wherein the beneficial agent comprises a carrier and a pesticide composition.

56. The method according to any one of claims 53-55, wherein the carrier is selected from: water-soluble gels, agar, gelatin, pectin, guar gum, zeolites, and silica, or combinations thereof.

57. The method according to claim any one of claims 53-56, wherein the carrier is an agar.

58. The method according to any one of claims 53-57, wherein the nutrient composition comprises: ammonium, urea, bicarbonate, phosphate, iron, nickel, nitrate, manganese, zinc, or a combination thereof.

59. The method according to any one of claims 53-58, wherein the nutrient composition comprises ammonium.

60. The method according to any one of claims 37-52, wherein the beneficial agent consists essentially of agar and ammonium.61 . The method according to any one of claims 37-60, wherein the beneficial agent completely fills, substantially fills, or partially fills the elongate receptacle body.

62. The method according to any one of claims 37-61 , wherein the device is configured in a completely, substantial or partial helical arrangement.

63. The method according to any one of claims 37-62, wherein the elongate receptacle body is configured with pores spaced along its length.

64. The method according to any one of claims 37-63, wherein the elongate receptacle body comprises a lightweight material that is heat resistant and generally stable in aquatic environments.

65. The method according to claim 64, wherein the material may comprise a material selected from: polyethylene, nylon, silicone, LDPE, PVC, and PTFE.

66. The method according to any one of claims 37-65, wherein elongate receptacle body is substantially translucent.

67. The method according to any one of claims 37-66, wherein the elongate receptacle body is configured with one or more partitioning means.

68. The method according to claim any one of claims 37-67, wherein the first mouth is open when in use.

69. The method according to any one of claims 37-68, further comprising a second mouth positioned at the second end of the elongate receptacle member.

70. The method according to any one of claims 37-69, wherein the first mouth and the second mouth are open when in use.71 . The method according to any one of claims 37-70, wherein the aquatic ecosystem is selected from: an ocean, a coastal area, a sea floor, a coral reef; a river; a stream; a pond; a lake; a wetland; an estuary; a mangrove; a rice field / rice paddy; and a fish farm.

72. The method according to any one of claims 37-71 , wherein securing means comprises a weight, a clip, a tie, a stake, a chain, a lock, an anchor, or a combination thereof.

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