Sensor communication systems for cold chain monitoring

Abstract

Described technologies include sensor communication systems for cold chain monitoring. monitoring of an item within a supply chain is initiated by activating a detector to collect sensor data from a sensor of the item. First sensor data indicative of a temperature change of the item is received, from the sensor. Second sensor data is received, from the sensor. A temperature change is determined, based on processing the first sensor data and the second sensor data. A condition breach is determined by comparing the one or more conditions to regulatory conditions corresponding to the item. A remedial action including a modification of a handling of the item within the supply chain is triggered.

Description

SENSOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR COLD CHAIN MONITORINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 559,741, filed on February 29, 2024; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 662,814, filed on June 21, 2024; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 662,848, filed on June 21, 2024; and each application is incorporated by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND

[0002] Standard track-and-trace compliance within the logistics industry is transparently provided to most or all participants in a supply chain. Tracking and tracing are generally based on item evaluation at a pickup and delivery point in the supply chain by utilizing radio frequency technology, machine-readable codes, the Global Positioning System (GPS), and / or other related information-based devices storing data about a shipment. The limited data collection can introduce errors in compliance evaluation.SUMMARY

[0003] The present disclosure describes sensor communication systems for cold chain monitoring.

[0004] In an implementation, a computer-implemented method includes: initiating monitoring of an item within a supply chain by activating a detector to collect sensor data from a sensor of the item, receiving, from the sensor, first sensor data indicative of a temperature change of the item, receiving, from the sensor, second sensor data, determining, based on processing the first sensor data and the second sensor data, a change of one or more conditions including the temperature change, determining a condition breach by comparing the one or more conditions to regulatory conditions corresponding to the item, and triggering a remedial action including a modification of a handling of the item within the supply chain.

[0005] The described subject matter can be implemented using a computer-implemented method; a non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions to perform the computer-implemented method; and / or a computer-implemented system comprising one or more computer memory devices interoperably coupled with one or more computers and having tangible, non-transitory, machine-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more computers, perform the computer-implemented method / the computer-readable instructions stored on the non-transitory, computer-readable medium.

[0006] The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented to realize one or more of the following advantages. The described approach integrates techniques for efficiently monitoring and accurately detecting physical conditions and movement of materials or a change in a state of materials relative to set control parameters using sensor communication systems. As an advantage, the described approach provides wireless data transmission tags (e.g., based on radio waves) that facilitate product safety, authenticity, and quality. The described surveillance techniques can use secure sensor capabilities to monitor, identify and authenticate supply chain goods traveling from producer to consumer in order to prevent the loss of food where possible and prevent the waste of food where possible. The described integrated techniques include any combination of: 1) battery-based, one-way, radio- frequency identification (RFID) technology with tag(s)-to-reader capabilities for monitoring the data of up to hundreds tags over several hundred feet; 2) battery-free, close-range near-field communications (NFC) for two-way communications with significantly more robust data capabilities using magnetic field interface in lieu of RFID orto further enhance RFID capabilities; 3) other short-range wireless networking technology standards such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE 802.1 lx standards), among other radio wave communications; and 4) other wireless communications (e.g., optical). As another advantage, the described combination of sensing techniques enables detection of both visible and covert information. As a further advantage, the described approach facilitates integration of security and authentication to verify the authenticity of the monitored object (e.g., a container) contents, reducing a risk of tampering, contamination, and counterfeiting. As another advantage, the described approach facilitates real-time continuous data collection for target monitoring and automatic triggering of condition adjustment (e.g., temperature control) to reduce risk of substance destruction due to temperature variation outside set temperature interval. As another advantage, selection of sensors, specifically incorporating irreversible sensors related to product safety and networked harvesting of data relating to any changes thereof, prevents penetration of unsafe products into the human or animal food chain. Moreover, the described approach permits multiplexing of sensors for verification (e.g., multiple sensors of the same type to confirm a reading), to convey further information (e.g., a color based sensor alerting a user to a thaw such that they can access another sensor that contains more information, such as an NFC tag), for the determination of more complex thaw information (e.g., how long a package has been above a given temperature or the highest temperature to which it has been raised), and can be overt (e.g., with the arrangement and location of sensors being clearly apparent) or covert (e.g., with the location and arrangement of sensors being hidden or not apparent).

[0007] The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter of this specification are set forth in the Detailed Description, the Claims, and the accompanying drawings. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the Detailed Description, the Claims, and the accompanying drawings.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0008] FIG. 1 shows an example of a sensor system for temperature tracking and authenticity of items according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

[0009] FIG. 2A illustrates an example system including an arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0010] FIG. 2B illustrates an example system including another arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0011] FIG. 2C illustrates an example system including another arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0012] FIG. 2D illustrates an example system including another arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 2E illustrates an example system including another arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0014] FIG. 2F illustrates an example system including another arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 2G illustrates an example chart of supply chain management system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 3 illustrates an example system using an analyte stimulus on a colorimetric sensor structure, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 4A illustrates an example system including a colorimetric sensor and quick response (QR) code, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 4B illustrates another example system including a colorimetric sensor and QR code, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 4C illustrates another example system including a colorimetric sensor and QR code, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 4D illustrates another example system including a colorimetric sensor and QR code, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 4E illustrates another example system including a colorimetric sensor and QR code, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 5 illustrates an example supply chain management monitoring system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 6 illustrates another example supply chain management monitoring system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 7 illustrates another example supply chain management monitoring system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 8A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example system including a smartphone detection of packages including near field communication (NFC) tags, foil strips, and visual thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 8B illustrates a schematic diagram of an example system including NFC tags, foil strips, and visual thaw sensors detectable by the smart phone of FIG. 8A, indicating a thawed state, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic diagram of a real-time location system (RTLS) using an ultra-wideband (UWB), according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 10 illustrates another example supply chain management monitoring system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 11 illustrates another example supply chain management monitoring system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 12 illustrates another example supply chain management monitoring system, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0031] FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computer-implemented system used to provide computational functionalities associated with described algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 14 illustrates an example process that can be used to execute implementations of the present disclosure.

[0033] Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] The following detailed description describes sensor communication systems for cold chain monitoring and is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the disclosed subject matter in the context of one or more particular implementations. Various modifications, alterations, and permutations of the disclosed implementations can be made and will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, and the general principles defined can be applied to other implementations and applications, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In some instances, one or more technical details that are unnecessary to obtain an understanding of the described subject matter and that are within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art may be omitted so as to not obscure one or more described implementations. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the described or illustrated implementations, but to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the described principles and features.

[0035] Worldwide, it is estimated that one-third of food produced is thrown away uneaten, and in the United States up to 40% of all food produced is wasted. This causes a significant environmental and humanitarian burden. In the US, it is estimated that about 95% of this discarded food ends up in landfills. Food waste occurs along the entire supply chain spectrum - from its point of origin (e.g., farm), to a processing production facility, to logistics distribution, to retailers, and to the consumer.

[0036] Reasons for food waste include losses from mold, pests, or inadequate climate control. Food waste is categorized differently based on where it occurs: 1) food “loss” occurs before a perishable item (or product) reaches the consumer as a result of issues in production, storage, processing, and distribution phase and 2) food “waste” refers to food that is fit for consumption, but consciously discarded at the retail or consumption phases.

[0037] When food spoils and / or is wasted, all inputs used in production, processing, transportation, preparation, and storage are also squandered. Therefore, food loss / waste can exacerbate the climate crisis with its significant greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint and wasted freshwater resources. Production, transportation, and handling of food generates significant Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions, and when food ends up in landfills, the landfills can generate methane gas, an even more potent GHG. Reducing and preventing food waste can increase food security, foster productivity, spur economic efficiency, promote resource and energy conservation, and help mitigate one or more factor believed to be involved in climate change

[0038] It is also estimated that 13% of food produced globally for human consumption was lost in 2023 between harvest and retail, while another 17% of total global food production was wasted in households, in the food service and in retail all together. Furthermore, it is estimated that food that is lost and wasted accounts for 38% of total energy usage in the global food system (e.g., due to ineffective refrigeration and inadequate cold chain management). In addition to food loss / waste, another damaging factor associated with deficient cold chain temperature continuity and associated food loss was that wasted energy consumption accounted for 4% of GHG.

[0039] Keeping an item (e.g., food and pharmaceuticals) at a required temperature range is critical to enhance overall supply chain resiliency, promote energy efficiency, regress climate change, and preserve freshwater resources in core food and pharmaceutical sectors (among others). In these core sectors, cold chain temperature variance can facilitate premature spoilage of an item, taint consumable items with toxins, and cause severe / harmful health effects.

[0040] A supply chain is a network of businesses, processes, and people that move a product from its raw materials to a customer. Supply chains include, but are not limited to, noncold chains and cold chains. A cold chain adds to a supply chain the use of temperature control, thermal packaging, sensors, tools, and data systems for gathering data, real-time temperature monitoring, and issue mitigation to maintain chilled / frozen / cryogenically frozen product integrity, regulatory compliance, and security. In some implementations, cold chain monitoring encompasses a range of colorimetric and other visible indicators for thaw sensing which utilize (among other materials) food safe and edible components for detection of thaw events in frozen items at any point in the cold chain. Described tools permit determination of whether an item’s package, or part thereof, has breached a given frozen temperature threshold (e.g., with a range from -90°C, or lower, to 0°C) and / or a given chilled temperature threshold (e.g., with a range from 0°C to 4°C) within the cold chain.

[0041] This disclosure is directed toward devices, methods, and procedures for supply chain monitoring, including, in some implementations and where appropriate, a cold chain ecosystem of a supply chain. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the disclosed devices, method, and procedures may be applicable to a supply chain, including noncold chains, cold chains, or other supply chain implementations consistent with this disclosure.

[0042] While the identity and location of packages can be tracked with great precision using both clear digital record keeping and direct tracing of loads, traditional monitoring systemrarely assess individualized product quality, during supply chain logistics. Using environmental supply chain data logger monitoring as a proxy is an option, but the approach has many gaps and inherent flaws with off-ramp and on-ramp movements of supply chain goods at several hubs during a supply chain delivery process. Current logistics lack the precision for maintaining individualized food (including pharmaceuticals) product surveillance in end-to-end supply chain monitoring. Some custom and expensive temperature sensors may selectively record safety of particular select sample products in a supply chain, being limited in providing track-and-trace of the quality of all packaged items handled and transported within a supply chain on a ubiquitous basis.

[0043] Traditional supply chain technology has many gaps and inherent flaws with offramp and on-ramp movements of supply chain goods at several hubs during a supply chain delivery process. The current logistics lack the precision for maintaining individualized food product surveillance in end-to-end supply chain monitoring. While particular custom and expensive temperature sensors may selectively record safety of particular select sample products in a supply chain, no commercial solution is currently available to track-and-trace a quality of all supply chain products on a ubiquitous basis. The ubiquitous product temperature monitoring on a fully integrated basis throughout an entire supply chain has yet to be fully realized in the food sector. The limitation is primarily due to the fact that implementation of such supply chain sensing is not cost effective (e.g., expensive), complex to deploy (e.g., requiring multiple communication network interfaces), and requires continuous power (e.g., batteries or available power connections) for wireless data logistics monitoring.

[0044] The described approach addresses limitations of such traditional supply chain monitoring system, by integrating temperature sensors with integrated quick response (QR) codes, bar codes, logistics security features (e.g., overt and covert QR codes, and / or bar codes) that use embedded wireless data transmission tags (e.g., based on radio waves) to help ensure product safety, authenticity and quality. The described surveillance techniques can use secure sensor capabilities to monitor, identify and authenticate supply chain goods traveling from producer to consumer in order to prevent the loss and / or waste of degradable materials (e.g., food) where possible. The integrated temperature sensors can detect unsuitable changes in storage conditions of an item or provide an indication that a product has likely changed in quality since leaving a point of origin. In general, the sensors have embedded codes that can include visual representations discernible by a human eye, or representations readable by a computer and / or mobile deviceinterfacing with a communication infrastructure for wireless data transmission based on, for example, radio waves.

[0045] The wireless data transmission backbone communications infrastructure includes, but is not limited to: 1) battery-based, one-way, radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology with tag(s)-to-reader capabilities for monitoring the data of up to hundreds tags over several hundred feet; 2) battery -free, close-range near-field communications (NFC) for two-way communications with significantly more robust data capabilities using magnetic field interface in lieu of RFID or to further enhance RFID capabilities; 3) other short-range wireless networking technology standards such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE 802.1 lx standards), among other radio wave communications; and 4) other wireless communications (e.g., optical).

[0046] In targeted supply chain implementations, specialized techniques include using sensors based upon properties of water, saline ices, and / or other cold solids or fluids (e.g., liquid nitrogen). In some cases, mixtures of organic acid or solvent mixtures can be used to tailor a melting point of a solution — e.g., to anywhere between 8°C and -90°C. In response to one or more sensors detecting a change in the properties of, for example, water and / or saline ices, an indication of an item warming beyond a specified temperature threshold can be generated. For example, water or saline ices can be generated to match a salinity or other properties of the item such that thawing of one indicates thawing of the other. In the described approach, sensor positions are not limited to being directly affixed to an item — thereby potentially preventing contamination or other harmful effects of the sensor on the item. In some implementations, indication of melting can be irreversible — e.g., if an item later refreezes, an indication of previous melting remains detectable. In response to determining that an item arrived at any point in the supply chain, generated indications can be used to verify that the item has remained at a set temperature or within a temperature range.

[0047] In other supply chain implementations, different volumes of water and / or concentrations of impurities can be used for sensing item characteristics. For example, by adjusting a volume of ice used, and by multiplexing different frozen solutions with sensors (of one or multiple types) including one or multiple detection mechanisms, both a temperature range and a temporal duration of exposure to a particular temperature can be determined. Furthermore, combinations of different water and / or salinity solutions and / or volumes can be coupled with secure codes to ensure authenticity and quality of a shipment of one or more items.

[0048] Temperature, safety, quality, and authentication verification can include an end-to- end data communications framework utilizing non-mobile data platforms, such as an NFC connectivity provisioning solution. In that case, the NFC solution can access one or more plain text messages of up to 160 characters each, also known as short message service (SMS), without using mobile data. SMS functions over: 1) a cellular network or 2) a voice over internet protocol (VoIP) enabled service with a broadband Internet connection. Furthermore, mobile device multimedia content messages (MMS) that utilize mobile data (e.g., an image, photograph / audio file, or even short video clip) over a cellular network.

[0049] MMS can be used in combination with SMS, or as an alternative to SMS. Both SMS and MMS can easily integrate with backend databases (e.g., MYSQL, MS ACCESS, MS SQL SERVER, POSTGRESQL, ORACLE, etc.) with off-the-shelf enabling software technology in real-time. In combination with the above, WiFi, Bluetooth and blockchain or other similar voice and / or data platforms can also be used as a communications backbone to transport sensor mobile data to backend databases.

[0050] In other more generalized, non-temperature implementations, integrated sensors with quality / authenticity capabilities can determine if supply chain shipments are authentic, and / or experienced degradation, and / or have been adulterated. For example, supply chain techniques for ore mining can determine mineralogical composition of ores for quality verification and / or authentication tracking, e.g., using a QR code in combination with an integrated sensor. For example, the sensor can be colorimetric, such as a hologram or other visible sensor. The type of sensor can trigger a complex secure marking in response to a known chemical stimulus. In the instances, a shipment can be authenticated using ore chemical composition makeup with sensor response and matching that response to a code.

[0051] The techniques described in the document can include a creation of a secure-coded sensor that encompasses a range of defined measurement features / functionalities for product measurements that include, but are not limited to, temperature to pH monitoring to safety to quality to authentication. The respective sensor may use a barcode, such as a QR code, that can optionally be integrated with a communications backbone, for such temperature and / or pH and / or safety and / or quality and / or authentication monitoring. As mentioned earlier, such sensor communications backbones can range from: 1) NFC short-range wireless technologies linked to a data logger operating with handling analog, digital, and other types of data variables with highresolution, high performance and high connectivity speed; 2) long-range radio communication (LoRa) solutions; 3) a blockchain code solutions; and / or 4) a variety of other similar end-to-end loT networked solution. In combination, the front-end sensors can include colorimetric information capabilities (e.g., such as a hologram and / or other non- holographic color-shift mechanism) As previously discussed, the colorimetric information capabilities include a color change activation to ensure such features / functionality including, but not limited to, business-to- business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) for a product’s unadulterated safety, authenticity, and tamper-proof security. The sensor’s target market application can include, but is not limited to, human consumption of food and pharmaceutical products for safety, supply chain waste reduction, and / or the curtailing of post-purchase product waste. Hence, the sensors can help improve the food and pharmaceutical industries by significantly reducing logistics waste and by creating physical-to-digital track-and-trace optimization at most or all stages throughout a product’s supply chain lifecycle.

[0052] In some implementations, colorimetric sensors are used to detect changing characteristics of an item. For example, colorimetric sensors can include a range of chemistries that generate a visual response to stimuli such as, for example, changes in pH (for example, universal indicator paper), sugars (such as glucose), ions (such as nitrite), proteins, blood, bilirubin, ketones, particular gravity, and / or other parameters. For example, a color change sensor can detect predictive freshness for quality, spoilage, and perishable safety monitoring characteristics of an item based on solubilization of a compound such as a transition metal salt (e.g., changing color from anhydrous, to hydrated, to dissolved), an organic dye (e.g., changing from dry powder to a solubilized form permeating paper, fabric, cloth, thread, or any other medium), or even a hydrochromic paint. Color produced by the sensor can determine a presence of, or a concentration of, an analyte of interest. A holographic sensor and / or similar colorimetric sensor (not using holography) of the type used in the techniques described, which can include a colorimetric sensor with a visual element that includes a support medium, and an analyte disposed throughout the volume of the medium. The support medium can interact with the analyte causing a change in a physical property of that support medium. For example, the change can be of an optical characteristic of the sensor, such as its polarizability, reflectance, refraction, texture, or absorbance. If any changes occur as the sensor is being viewed and / or measured via incident directed, broad or narrow band light, then a color, intensity, or other change can be detected or observed.

[0053] By combining a colorimetric sensor with at least part of a QR code, bar code or similar feature, the particular change in color (converted to a numerical output) can be used as part of a secure code. Furthermore, one or more additional extra numerical elements can be added to the covert sensor code for enhanced sensor security. If incorporated alongside particular coding relating to the contents of shipment(s), material(s), or product(s), an extra level of security can be obtained. In some implementations, both a change in color, and / or the production of an image can be combined with data relating to the content of the secured material can be included in a secure code. In some instances, a holographic sensor can include pre-programmed decoys and multiple layered and angled keys to unlock its secure code, e.g., to facilitate information access and / or determine authentication and / or quality of an item. Without precise knowledge of the analyte(s) or analyte mix required to obtain the stated pre-programmed color shift, it is difficult or impossible to obtain the correct change / shift, and thus decrypt the secure code.

[0054] In general, some aspects of the subject matter described in the specification can be embodied in methods that include the actions of providing a sensor capable of changing a color characteristic responsive to an altered temperature; generating a secure code dependent on the color characteristic of the sensor; and attaching the secure code to a package such that, during shipping of the package, the altered temperature can cause the color characteristic of the sensor to change, thereby rendering the secure code inoperable. Further implementations include corresponding computer systems, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.

[0055] In additional implementations, techniques include providing security, e.g., by ensuring product authenticity either covertly or overtly. For example, authenticity can be ensured covertly if a color change indicating authenticity is unknown by a reading device interrogating at least a part of, or the entire color changing sensor. Authenticity can be ensured overtly by sharing such coded information with an end user though a preprogrammed visual color indicator (e.g., green color change), and / or the appearance of symbol(s) (e.g., “=”), and / or the appearance of word(s) (e.g., “safe”), and / or some combination thereof. A color change also can be converted into a numerical output, e.g., 0 or 1 for one or more colors of a sensor. The sensor’s color change(s) output(s) can be read independently with a mobile device, and / or with involving one or more integrated QR code(s), NFC chip(s) and / or other interrogated embedded data sources like magnetic NFC output(s). Surveillance from separate color change indicator(s), or combined with othersource(s), can be used to validate one or more of temperature storage condition(s) during logistics transport, confirm the identity of an item, certify the provenance of the item, and / or ascertain the temperature quality of the item inside the package.

[0056] The described implementations can each optionally include one or more of the following features, alone or in combination. In particular, some implementations include all the following features in combination. In some implementations, the sensor is provided adjacent to a frozen volume such that, when the frozen volume thaws in response to the altered temperature, the sensor is exposed, where the sensor includes at least one of: a colorimetric sensor such as a hologram.

[0057] In some implementations, the sensor includes a colorimetric sensor that is enzyme sensitive. In the instances, the changed color characteristic can include one or more of a presence or absence of a discernable color, a changed luminance level, or a change response to incident light of a particular wavelength. In yet another implementation, the secure code encodes embedded on the exterior of the package include at least one of the date of manufacture or product packaging, a location of manufacturing, the identity of the manufacturer, the date of product shipment, and the product’s temperature at packaging as well as its temperature at its beginning of its logistics shipment. In some implementations, the secure covert code includes at least one of, or multiple QR code(s), a bar code(s), or other covert colorimetric code(s). The security sensor framework and its pre-programmed capabilities are accessed by unlocking embedded covert code(s) generated by interacting with the sensor and / or its secure code subset(s). In another implementation, accessing the integrated covert secure code(s) includes at least reading the NFC data embedded within the sensor inside the package, reading the secure covert QR code on the exterior of the package, or accessing the NFC tag(s) inside and / or outside of the package.

[0058] In general, some aspects of the subject matter described in the specification can be embodied in methods that include the actions of obtaining data from one or more NFC sensors within the package or attached QR codes to the exterior of the package. One or more of the package sensors can include a temperature reading device; generating a temperature profile of the packaged good that includes the data from the one or more sensors within the interior of package; generating a temperature profile of the packaged good that includes the data from the one or more sensors attached to the exterior of the package; and transmitting the interior and exterior data from the package to a receiving system. Other implementations of the aspect include correspondingcomputer systems, mobile devices, apparatus, and computer programs recorded on one or more computer / mobile storage devices, each configured to perform the actions of the methods.

[0059] The foregoing and other related sensor implementations can each optionally include one or more of the following features, alone or in combination. In particular, some implementations include all the following sensor features in combination. For example, the temperature reading mobile device includes a color changing element that indicates when a temperature threshold has been reached on the exterior of the package. Some implementations include obtaining data from the one or more sensors, integrating sensor component(s) inside the package, and / or receiving signals from the one or more embedded NFC sensor(s) configured to communicate using a medium like SMS to interface with data logger systems.

[0060] The foregoing and other implementations can each optionally include one or more of the following features, alone or in combination. In particular, some implementations include all the following features in combination. In some implementations, the signal from the secure code includes an image of the secure code photographed by a mobile device camera. In some implementations, a secure code includes a color changing element that indicates when a temperature threshold has been reached. In some implementations, the signal from the secure code includes a SMS or RFID communications signal. In some implementations, the mobile device reader includes a smartphone.

[0061] Biosensors Enhancement Technology

[0062] In some implementations, training an algorithm (e.g., prediction model) based on images of a supply chain storage environment (e.g., a heavy motor vehicle for transporting goods, shipping containers, pallet containers or even a packaged shipment packages as a subset of a pallet or independent of a pallet, etc.) is a complex matter requiring a large volume of training data. The training data can be obtained for temperature-controlled thaw sensing systems and can be validated based on comparing supply chain sensor data (e.g., color changing sensor). The trained system can be adapted to be used in other (above freezing point) supply chain applications where food spoilage may have occurred.

[0063] Another application utilizes sensor including a classic microbial biosensor (e.g., a sensor that uses the growth or biochemical activity of a microbe) as a determinant. For instance, the microbial biosensing can be achieved using anaerobic or facultative anaerobic food-safe microorganisms such as Lactobacillus casei or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which may be packagedin dried form in sealed containers of chilled growth medium. By measuring concrete changes therein (e.g., increased turbidity, color changes created in classical determinative microbial growth media, etc.), a direct indication of the time that a shipment has spent above a temperature that facilitates their growth can be produced. By incorporating embedded microbial assays alongside other sensors for thaw detection (as described in the disclosure), a tool for determining the risk of microbial spoilage in a package and / or logistics shipment can be trained and utilized. Traditional methods such as most probable number (“MPN”) tools for microbial enumeration may be adapted to, for example, determine a matrix of thaw potential in a shipment. The data is compiled alongside temperature, humidity, and pH sensors as well as time-temperature data from existing tracking devices (also to potentially include other analyte-based biochemical data such as oxygen seepage into a sealed package) can be part of an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) learning tool for such applications in perishable food and pharmaceutical logistics safety, among others.

[0064] FIG. 1 shows an example of a sensor system 100 for temperature tracking and authenticity of items according to some implementations of the present disclosure.

[0065] The example sensor system 100 can be configured for temperature sensing and authentication of items 104a, 104b in a supply chain, including a point of origin 102 and a point of receipt 114. One or more items 104a, 104b can be included in a package 106, such that a transportation of the package 106 includes transportation of the item 104 from point-of-origin 102 to point-of-receipt 114. The example sensor system 100 can be used to facilitate product safety, quality, and authenticity of the item 104 during transport in a supply chain.

[0066] The example sensor system 100 includes the sensor 108 attached to the package 106 (shown at time T1 and a later time T2 with suffix “a” corresponding to T1 and suffix “b” corresponding to T2). The package 106 includes an item 104. The sensor 108 can include one or more techniques for sensing temperature as described in the document. For example, the sensor 108 can include color changing elements indicating when a preprogrammed temperature threshold has been reached. The sensor 108 can include one or more mechanical movements in response to a frozen volume thawing, such as a moving magnet, and / or NFC and / or NFC shielding device or feature(s).

[0067] The example sensor system 100 includes a receiving system 110 that is communicably connected to the sensor 108. The receiving example sensor system 100 can include one or more computers configured to read a signal of the sensor 108 either visually, using, forexample, a smartphone or via a transmitted signal sent by the sensor 108. In some implementations, the receiving example sensor system 100 can be connected to a server system 112 also within the system 100. In some implementations, the receiving system 110 uses SMS, WiFi, Bluetooth or LoRa to communicate with the sensor 108. For example, the sensors 108 can include an NFC chip that is configured to modulate a signal using SMS, WiFi, Bluetooth or LoRa and is received by the receiving system 100. The signal sent by the sensor 108 can indicate a quality or other information of the package 106, such as logistics information. Elements of the system 100 can be connected, e.g., over a mobile network, the Internet or other communication system.

[0068] By reading the sensor 108 over time, the receiving system 100 can determine if the safety, quality and / or authenticity of the package 106, or whether the corresponding item 104, satisfies one or more thresholds for a receiver. In some implementations, the sensor 108 can generate a covert or overt secure code that is readable by a receiver at the point of receipt 114. The secure code can facilitate the verification that the item 104 is of a quality or authenticity that satisfies one or more safety thresholds, e.g., has a temperature range or particular temperature been maintained throughout the supply chain transport of a product and / or shipment

[0069] The example sensor system 100 includes a mobile computing device 116, such as a smart phone for facilitating distribution of data collection that offers benefits including improved efficiency, reliability, and security, ultimately helping safeguard the quality and safety of perishable items 104 throughout the supply chain. The mobile computing device 116 includes a camera and one or more sensors to perform operations as described with reference to at least FIGS. 5-7, 8A- 8B, and 9-12.

[0070] The mobile computing device 116 can transmit collected data to remote server system, such as receiving system 110 including databases that can execute operations for identification of a status of the item 104 based on processing the collected data. In some implementations, the mobile computing device 116 can process collected images, sounds, and temperatures and transmit the processed data to support supply chain management. For example, by collecting images of transported foods, labels, and even of the frost crystals forming within a shipment, deconvolution of significant data about the storage, transport, and safety of products can be facilitated. By comparing images of perishable food sensor labels in different states and conditions, identification of unsafe or spoiled items is possible.

[0071] Sensor Reading Devices

[0072] In some implementations, a sensor reading device includes multiple sensors 108a, 108b for reading a multi -factored sensor. For example, a sensor reading device can include a mobile computing device 116, such as a smartphone. The mobile computing device 116 can include various sensors 118 including a camera 120. In some implementations, a sensor for supply chain management and quality assurance includes elements that can be sensed by one or more sensors of the sensor reading device. For example, the camera 120 can be used for analysis of color changing sensors or visual code (such as QR code) data. The smartphone’s GPS can be used for location data in combination with data encoded within NFC tags, QR codes or any other encoded package information attached to (an external surface of) the item 104. In some implementations, GPS data from the smartphone or an associated data logger can be combined with other smartphone activated sensor capabilities (e.g., acoustic, magnetic, pressure, temperature, etc.) utilized in thaw detection and can be accessed, e.g., within a single application (smartphone app), for supply chain management and quality assurance.

[0073] In some implementations, the sensor 108 includes a visual code and radio frequency (RF) element. For example, the sensor 108 can include a QR code and an NFC component. In some implementations, the visual code and RF element can be read by a single reading device, e.g., a single reading device with two or more sensors. Combining sensors 108 and sensing elements 118 in the mobile computing device 116 can improve efficiency of sensor reading and processing. Combined sensor reading can also help ensure authenticity of a read, e.g., by checking for simultaneous matching of sensors.

[0074] In some implementations, a software application, running on the mobile computing device 116, is configured to control the collection of data from the sensor 108. For example, an application can be configured to run on a smartphone with two or more sensors. The application can be configured to obtain data from the two or more sensors 108 that indicate a status of the item 104. The sensor 108 can include various elements, such as a RF element, a visual code, among others. Various elements of the sensor 108 can be combined to generate an integrated sensor. Elements of the integrated sensor can be read using the application running on the mobile computing device 116.

[0075] In another implementation, an application is used to collect or send data from one or more sensors. For example, an application interface can be used to collect and send data from one or more sensors configured to sense temperature or to track a shipment of items. Theapplication can send collected data to a central server. In some implementations, data is sent by the mobile computing device 116 running the application using one or more mobile networks, such as 3G, 4G, or 5G networks. In some implementations, the mobile computing device 116 running an application to collect or send data interfaces with an existing data logger, e.g., the mobile computing device 116 running the application can transform one or more distinct streams of data into a package that can be obtained or processed by a processing device that may be a legacy device with particular requirements for input data or other requirements.

[0076] In additional implementations, an application is used for processing of data. In general, processing of sensor data can be performed on the mobile computing device 116 running an application, such as the application described, or a connected processing device, e.g., a processing device located on a server side. The mobile computing device 116 can use one or more networks to transmit data to the processing device for processing. The data transmitted can include raw, partially processed, or fully processed data. In some implementations, the amount of data processed by the mobile computing device 116 can increase or decrease in response to processing demands by a central processing set of devices - e.g., the mobile computing device 116 increasing processing of data in response to central processing set of devices increasing or satisfying a threshold level of processing.

[0077] In further implementations, NFC tags are programmed to prompt the mobile computing device 116 to send SMS or another similar message in the event of thaw being detected. In some implementations, NFC tags can be programmed to cause the mobile computing device 116 to send messages based on a prior writing of data to the NFC tag configured to cause such an action in response to reading the NFC tag. NFC tags can be read by the mobile computing device 116 that is configured to, in response to reading the NFC tag, send a message. The message can be sent over a network, such as a mobile network for SMS, or other similar message(s). In some implementations, the mobile computing device 116 can be held within a communication range distance from an NFC tag. An option can be selected in an application to write records to the NFC tag. The mobile computing device 116 can send a signal configured to transform an element of the NFC tag that stores data. An action can be performed in response to reading data of an NFC tag based on the data included in the NFC tag. For an action of opening or sending a message, the mobile computing device 116 can obtain data from the NFC tag indicating parameters for the message and generate the message using the parameters. For example, an NFC tag can be writtenwith data indicating a number or message to be sent when read. In response to reading the NFC tag, the mobile computing device 116 can obtain data of the NFC tag and use the data to generate a message, e.g., generate a message to be sent to the specified number with specified message details. The message details can include details of a sensor or shipping item for which the sensor senses data. The message can be sent automatically or can be generated and sent after a confirmation or further selection by a user of the mobile computing device 116, e.g., using an interface of an application.

[0078] In some implementations, the writing can cause a permanent change in memory such that subsequent writing or manipulations of data on the NFC tag cannot remove data added by the mobile computing device 116. The is accomplished through the selection of ‘write once’ NFC tags, which are commonly employed. An audio signal can be used to indicate when data has been written to the NFC tag, e.g., the speaker of the mobile computing device 116 can play a sound, such as a beep, in response to the mobile computing device 116 writing data to the NFC tag.

[0079] RF Sensing Techniques

[0080] In some implementations, a RF emitting device is connected to a sensor 108 for thaw detection. For example, an NFC tag can be configured to be attached to a float that can have a variable position within a container relative to a temperature of the item 104. NFC tags have a limited range of detection. Range of detection limits can be adjusted by shielding with conductive materials in packaging. In some implementations, an RFID tag can be used instead of an NFC tag.

[0081] In some implementations, two NFC tags are used. For example, a first NFC tag can be attached to a floating device and the second NFC tag can be attached to a sinking device. The floating device can float when a frozen volume has thawed, and the sinking device can sink when the frozen volume thaws. By sensing one or both of the NFC tags, a sensor can determine if a frozen volume has thawed. For example, a sensor can detect an NFC, determine if the NFC tag indicates a tag that was configured to float or sink in response to thawing. In some implementations, an item 104 including NFC tags can also include accelerometers or inertia measuring devices that are used to determine if an NFC tag device has changed orientation such that the sinking device cannot sink or the floating device is prevented from floating, e.g., a tube including both has been inverted. The accelerometers or inertia measuring devices can generate a notification that is transmitted to the mobile computing device 116, indicating an error in the sensor 104 or an indication of a remedy to reactivate a functionality of the sensor 104, e.g., invert thesensor. In some implementations, a single NFC tag is used and, if detected, indicates a thawed volume that is associated with a temperature variation (e.g., temperature increase).

[0082] In some implementations, a sheet of metal foil is used to prevent reading of an NFC tag. For example, a sheet of metal foil can be placed close to a read plane of a tag coil using a spring, gravity, or other biasing means. The NFC tag can be shielded from an excitation field of a reader of a sensor, such that the tag becomes unreadable.

[0083] In other implementations, a bi-metal strip is used in a sensor for temperature detection. For example, a bi-metal strip can be designed to bend to a desired degree in response to a rise in temperature. The movement can be used for shielding an RF device similarly to the metal foil described in the document. In some implementations, the bi-metal strip can lack a reversible indication such that once a temperature threshold is reached, the indication can remain, e.g., until an item is received at a receiving place. In some implementations, an additional mechanical latch can provide a permanent indication, e.g., in implementations where the bi-metal strip is reversible. The mechanical latch, or other means, can be configured so that once triggered, a foil is incapable of further movement. In additional implementations, sensors can detect a presence (or absence, depending on design logic) of a valid read of a tag to confirm that a shielding effect is activated. In response, a sensor can generate an indication that the sensor has been exposed to a temperature that satisfies a threshold, e g., is above or below a temperature threshold.

[0084] In further implementations, NFC devices can be chosen to minimize cost of a sensor or maximize applicability of readers capable of reading the NFC. For example, “smart cards” and “tags” can be inexpensive but typically only those operating at 13.56MHz can interact with a smartphone. In some implementations, instead or in addition to altering NFC coil drivers, means of shielding an existing functional “tag” to deactivate a response.

[0085] In more advanced implementations, a pre-programmed “tag” can be configured such that its ability to be read depends on some external shielding principle. The shielding can depend on temperature. The shielding can include a means of bringing a sheet of metal foil into contact with the read plane of the coil or causing the coil to be submerged in a conducting solution, producing a shielding effect. A valid read can be used to confirm whether a shielding effect is activated, which depend on the temperature to which the apparatus has been exposed.

[0086] In some more implementations, active tags are excluded. Active tags emit heat during operation, e.g., through included power supplies. In general, active tags might not, ingeneral, be desirable within a supply chain container because the active tag can be a source of heat which can therefore damage or destroy an item targeted to be temperature sensed (e.g., without additional, costly insulation which can make the sensor economically unviable). Furthermore, such battery power sources can be less efficient at low temperatures.

[0087] To facilitate the use of economically viable sensors, data collection techniques are used to obtain detections from one or more sensors indicating characteristics of items. For example, electronic engineering can create a customized embedded processor attached to a temperature sensor within a “tag”, which can give an instantaneous temperature reading on interrogation. For techniques using passive tags, generating readings over time might require one or more read actions, such as interrogation using a tag reader, over time. Readings can be stored after a reading action is completed. In some implementations, an NFC short-range wireless technology, configured to sense characteristics of one or more items, can be linked to a data logger or LoRa system to read one or more sensors and provide information for item authentication or quality tracking.

[0088] In other implementations, one or more NFC tags are used to record characteristics of one or more items in a shipping package. Data relevant to each shipping package (for example those loaded into a refrigerated delivery truck) can be recorded in an NFC tag. Techniques described can include reading and collecting the data about all such packages in the shipment.

[0089] In additional implementations, another wireless communications system can be used to implement data collection from sensors. For example, another wireless communications system with greater range to implement data collection from packages within volume comprising a shipment container can collect data and provide that data to another system or transmit it to a central system for tracking of quality or authentication. In some implementations, the system includes LoRa.

[0090] For example, wireless communication systems that collect data and provide the collected data to another system or transmit it to a central system for tracking of quality or authentication can include a system using a LoRa protocol. LoRa chips are being manufactured by many semiconductor manufacturers making them relatively easy to obtain. LoRa is also an open standard the use of which can facilitate interoperability and data exchange among different products or services intended for widespread adoption.

[0091] Exchanging data from the sensor 108 to a sensor reading device (e.g., the mobile computing device 116), or from a sensor reading device to a processing device, includes inherent security. For example, inherent security can include techniques to decrease a likelihood of falsified data or data being exposed during transit.

[0092] Security can include data encryption. Security can include security techniques of data logger, LoRa or other wireless systems. In some implementations, a data logger stores identifiers of mobile computing devices 116 for transmitting item data to a preselected mobile computing device 116. For example, a data logger can assign a first mobile computing device 116 to read data of sensors 108 fixed to shipping containers 106 or items 104. The mobile computing device 116 can include data indicating one or more receivers for transmitting data. The data transmitted can include data obtained from a sensor fixed to a shipping container or item. The data can be transmitted using a LoRa system. A centralized data logger, for example in a lorry trailer, can communicate with LoRa transceivers on each shipping package using identifiers of transceivers stored or otherwise obtained by the data logger.

[0093] In other implementations, receivers in a system for quality or authenticity tracking of items, receiving devices relay messages within a network. For example, individual LoRa transceivers can be used to generate a mesh network. The mesh network can facilitate transceivers to relay messages, e.g., from a point of reading data from a shipping item to a second mobile computing device 116, and to a receiving system 110 for processing, such as a central server. The second mobile computing device 116 can be another sensor reading device or other device, such as a mobile device or digital equipment used for transmission along a supply chain. In some implementations, mobile phone systems, smartphone networks, or the Internet, is used for communicating data indicating quality and / or authentication tracking of an item. In some implementations, using existing networks, such as mobile phone systems, smartphone networks, or the Internet, can help reduce hardware costs, e.g., a mobile device such as a smartphone can act as a sensor reader and transmitter of data obtained from reading the sensor.

[0094] Sensor Communication & Data Integration

[0095] In some implementations, the sensor 104 includes elements for instantaneous, or near instantaneous, temperature readings. The sensor 104 can transmit information over NFC, or other network, to convert data, e.g., obtained from an item being shipped, forbackend supply chain collection monitoring. The sensor 104 can include a passive NFC device.

[0096] Example: Sensor Use Implementations for Supply chain Logistics

[0097] A wireless data technology, such as SMS or LoRa, can be used to relay temperature threshold detections or other data, such as NFC tag data, from one or sensors to a centralized data concentrator. The data collection point can be used with existing temperature communication infrastructure such as a data logger within a distribution supply chain. Temperature threshold, or other data, e.g., from an NFC tag, can be combined in a number of ways which can be of use to a manufacturer, distributor, or recipients of items moving through a supply chain, e.g., by providing a means of identifying a supply chain logistic location(s) or temperature timestamp(s). Data can be used to identify a cause if any perishable items are tainted, e.g., by temperature violations or spoilage during transit. Sensor readings can be transformed and transferred to other processing devices configured to receive and process input data, e.g., data of a particular type indicating particular information.

[0098] In some implementations, a sensor includes internal or external elements. An internal element of a sensor can indicate one or more conditions, e.g., a condition indicating fully readable or unreadable depending on temperature. During a process of thawing, before a thaw detection mechanism has risen sufficiently in temperature, there can be a period during which a read of a sensor can produce an indeterminate or corrupted output. The mobile computing device can determine an ongoing thawing processive receiving valid sensor data from another element, such as an external element of a sensor 104. The read data from an external element can be obtained and compared with the internal sensor read data. In some implementations, copies of data from the external and internal elements of a sensor are stored (in the reading device or at an off-site data hub) for comparison.

[0099] Example: Supply chain Thaw Sensor Applications[000100] In some implementations, an NFC sensor tag (or multiple tags), or a magnetic based thaw sensor, can be deployed inside a supply chain product package to monitor temperature during supply chain shipment. Sensors 108 can be configured to respond, or not, when a temperature reading is attempted without opening a package, e.g., depending on whether a temperature satisfies a predetermined threshold. A reading of a sensor can demonstrate whether a temperature has been reached. If an NFC sensor is used or another sensor 108 linked to a QR code is employed it can be programmed with data, for example unique identifiers for a particular batch of items, or their origin, or destination. A sensor reading device, e.g., operating on a mobile device, can read a sensorand, by reading the sensor 108, obtain data programmed within the sensor 108, e.g., a code, unique identifiers, destination, among other information.[000101] In other implementations, sensors 108, e.g., for thaw detection, are placed inside or outside a package, or both inside and outside a particular package. A sensor outside a package can include or incorporate an NFC tag, for example a colorimetric sensor 108 may be attached to an NFC tag, or the sensor may itself be based upon an NFC tag. The sensor outside can indicate whether a temperature threshold has been satisfied. A sensor can be programmed with any desired data.[000102] Sensors inside or outside a package can include different or similar encoded data. In additional implementations, a system includes an internal sensor and an external sensor. In some implementations, the internal or external sensors can include visual codes, such as QR codes. In some implementations, the internal or external sensors can include color changing elements that indicate characteristics of an item, such as temperature. Sensors 108 can include elements described in the document. In some implementations, an external sensor is lacking a temperature sensing mechanism, e.g., the external sensor including a visual code, such as a QR code.[000103] In some implementations, an NFC tag, or other thaw sensing mechanism, can be included as an internal sensor inside a package and can determine whether or not a temperature threshold is satisfied. In some implementations, an internal sensor 108 can be read without opening the package. The internal sensor 108 can indicate data relating to a supply chain shipment, temperature batch subcomponents of one or more product packages within the shipment, among other data.[000104] In other implementations, an NFC tag can be included as or with an external sensor outside a package. The external sensor 108 can indicate data used as a reference point to determine whether a read of an internal element is valid or matches the external data. An internal element can be deemed valid in response to a sensor reading if the internal element matches the reading of the external element. By checking for internal and external matching, techniques described can prevent data read corruption from causing incorrect data reads. In some implementations, if both internal and external elements include NFC tags, a suitable distance can be maintained between the internal and external elements so that each can be independently read, and data reconciled. In additional implementations, a thaw sensor can be combined with a visual code, such as a QR code. A combined thaw sensor and visual code can be used for internal or external sensors. Thecombination can be a “hybrid” QR code in which a QR code is combined with one or more color spots or a pattern whose appearance can changes to indicate temperature. In further implementations, a system includes a communication system that relays data from one system to another. For example, an NFC, LoRa, or other communications system, can relay temperature or other data from one or more sensors into an integrated stream (e.g., a data logger for backend logistics information consolidation purposes). A device can be used to transform data which can include reconciliation of real-time sensor data, pre-set sensor tag temperature, or real-time macro environmental supply chain monitoring data from a communications device such as a data logger. [0001051 In some implementations, system combinations include an internal sensor indicating internal temperature, an internal sensor indicating temperature, or one or more NFC tags. For example, an NFC tag inside a package, such as an internal sensor can indicate an internal temperature threshold violation. The internal sensor can be read without opening a package. An internal sensor can include a QR code with one or more color spots visible from outside a package. The color spots visible outside the package can include an external sensor, which can indicate temperature.[000106] In some implementations, an internal sensor can include a QR code with color shifting spots. An internal sensor can be combined with an external sensor. The external sensor includes a visual code with color spots outside a package. The color spots can be checked by eye or a mobile device camera, such as a smartphone.[000107] In other implementations, an internal sensor can include an NFC tag inside a package. The internal sensor can be combined with an external sensor, e.g., an NFC tag outside a package. The sensors can be used to verify that a data read from an internal sensor has been read correctly, e.g., matches an external data read.[000108] Thaw sensing can be deployed in multiple ways depending on use implementations, e.g., of sensor customers. For example, deployment of visible sensors, with an associated QR code on an outside of a package can alert a manufacturer, shipper, or receiver of a package about a potential or scientifically documented thaw event. Upon receiving the information, a decision to test, e.g., using a magnetic or NFC based sensor inside a package, can be made. A test utilizing an external element can provide statistically correlated information based on visual or communications data indicating whether a temperature inside a package satisfies a temperature threshold. In response to a temperature satisfying a temperature threshold, an action can betriggered, e.g., performed by a sensor reading device. In some implementations, a pre-set temperature violation with a security code matching that on the outside of the package can be triggered. Depending on a nature of a shipment — e.g., value, risk associated with partial or complete thaw, among others — a user can decide to open a package to inspect contents to physically determine if a thaw event has occurred.[000109] FIG. 2A illustrates an example system 200a including an arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 2B illustrates an example system 200b including another arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 2C illustrates an example system 200c including another arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 2D illustrates an example system 200d including another arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 2E illustrates an example system 200e including another arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 2F illustrates an example system 200f including another arrangement of thaw sensors, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.[000110] The example systems 200a-200f include various arrangements and locations of thaw sensors 202a-202j are possible, examples of which are shown in FIGS. 2A-2F. In a supply chain ecosystem, if contents of a supply chain shipment satisfy a temperature threshold — e.g., have reached above a desired temperature threshold — the compliance with temperature requirements can be first discovered at the end of the supply chain if reported at all. Data from external, internal, or a combination of external and internal sensors 202a-202j, can provide continuous temperature measurements covering multiple temperature ranges, e.g., by facilitating real-time interventional logistics triage and a determination of an optimal environmental temperature state to be achieved to better stabilize or insulate packaged goods 204 from temperature variances during a distribution process as shown in FIG. 2G. FIG. 2G illustrates an example chart of supply chain management system 200g, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.[000111] The supply chain management system 200g can be configured for thaw sensing of packages 204 using one or more sensors 202a-202c. In an example of a shipment of packages 204 having low individual value, but high associated risk of thawing (e.g., protein patties or frozen fish), the supply chain management system 200g can be configured to reject a package 204 based upon first thaw data, e.g., from an external sensor 202a. Rejecting can be in response to receivingsecond data. The second data can be obtained instead of first thaw data from another sensor 202b or can be used to confirm prior sensor data received from the first sensor 202a. For example, second data can include data from an internal sensor 202b, 202c, e.g., located inside the package 204. For high value pallets (e.g., MRNA vaccines) with lower risk due to thawing, but higher value for each package subcomponents thereof, further reassurance can be provided by inclusion of multiple visible sensors 202a throughout an internal package. In some implementations, multiple sensors 202a-202c can be placed between layers of a packaged payload.[000112] In some implementations, data received from a first sensor 202a indicative of temperature violation is provided, by the mobile computing device 206, to a secondary system 208, e.g., central server system, a manufacturer system, a shipping system or a system of the receiver of items. For example, sensors 202a-202j can obtain quality or tracking information and provide such data to a secondary system. Sensors can include NFC tags or QR codes. In some implementations, sensors 202a-202j can require coupling with a color change as part of a numerical processing. The temperature violations can include an indication that a temperature of an item has remained within a set temperature range (e.g., below a threshold temperature).[000113] In some implementations, logistic codes of internal and external sensors match. For example, reconciliation of data can be used to ensure that data from internal and external sensors 202a-202c match. The data comparison and matching verification can provide a confirmation of product integrity or authenticity. In response to determining that at a point in a supply chain management system 200g, a sensor 202a detected that an external temperature outside a package has exceeded a threshold, e.g., indicated by the sensor 202a as an appearance of one, or more color spots on an external sensor - a trigger can be generated (for example by the mobile computing device 206) to prompt a logistics operator system 210 to read data from another sensor 202b, such as an internal sensor. Reading data of a secondary sensor can confirm that contents were maintained within a designated temperature range during handling and transportation throughout the supply chain. Exceeding a temperature threshold can prompt a logistics operator system 210 to open a package (e.g., in a supply chain environment) to check an internal sensor.[000114] In other implementations, advantageous implementations of techniques described include combining two or more sensors — such as internal and external sensors. In some implementations, only one sensor is used, e.g., within a package or outside a package. Data from one or more sensors 202a, 202b, 202c can be used to perform one or more actions. For example,in response to processing data from one or more sensors 202a, 202b, 202c, actions affecting one or more items in shipment, or prior to shipment, can be performed. Actions can include changes in shipment, changes to temperature during shipment, changes to delays between legs of transit, among other actions. An accumulation of data, e.g., supply chain temperature or other informational data — can facilitate intermittent, integrated sensor checks on environmental status of each logistics of the supply chain shipment and corresponding product packages 204. The temperature monitoring can occur during transit through a supply chain. Data collection using such low-cost sensors as described in the document can result in a dataset of sufficient size to facilitate statistical analysis from which actions or other information can be determined. For example, it can be determined how, where, when losses occur in one or more supply chain distribution shipment. The identification of temperature variations can be used to mitigate losses, e.g., by adjusting one or more aspects of a shipment (e g., activating cooling mechanisms within a system 210 to compensate for variation in external factors).[000115] In other implementations, data stored in a sensor can be used as an anticounterfeiting mechanism. For example, data stored in an integrated NFC tag or QR code sensors can be used as an anti-counterfeiting mechanism by determining whether a subset of data in one or more devices matches and, in response, determining that the items within the package 204 are genuine of a quality or authenticity that satisfies one or more thresholds including maintenance of package within a set temperature range.[000116] By collecting data of multiple packages 204 in multiple supply chain shipments including thaw status of packages 204 recorded at points in the supply chain, techniques described can create a record of points of risk (e.g., spatial or temporal) for: 1) supply chain shipments and 2) the respective payload products.[000117] Factors to achieve end-to-end sensor analysis can include determining where and when thaw occurs. For example, based on where or when thaw occurs, improvements to a supply chain can be performed. Such improvements can be iterative, e.g., based on iterative data accumulation from sensors 202a, 202b, 202c. In some implementations, multiple locations within shipment can be identified as contributing to thaw. Places or times can be identified as places or times where thaw is most likely to occur. Information collected at locations within item shipments can provide data feedback on product shipments and can facilitate actions for package handling and shipment improvement. The recommended improvements can be macro or microimprovement, e.g., based on sensor data analytics to improve supply chain management (such as indicating where to improve insulation, optimizing packing, and reducing the time that a shipment is exposed during its most problematic deliveries). In an industrial supply chain (e.g., food, pharmaceuticals, consumer products, core commodities such as chemicals, etc.) it is important to secure provenance, quality, and protect against substitution of lower-grade feedstocks and / or products. Fraud, criminal substitution of products / materials with lesser grade material or degradation of a products / materials in transit can lead to the exclusion of a product from the marketplace, due to ethical or legal requirements, or can result in a fall in value of the final product. [0001181 Ensuring that the feedstock and / or product that arrives from its point of origin to its final destination is (i) authentic / legitimate and / or (ii) has not degraded either due to poor storage or which has been modified by intentionally or unintentionally adding substitute products / materials while in transit is an issue of great concern. The described techniques include means to provide confidence in the identity, content and quality of such products / materials, and a means to both label and cross reference the stated content and quantifiable quality of such products / materials. The described techniques can provide accurate and reliable status identification at all stages of a supply chain. In some implementations, techniques can include a label, tag or code being generated at a point of system of a shipment, where the label, tag or code can be checked at any point between origin and destination to ensure the quality of the logistics load without necessarily revealing information about the cargo. The QR, or other code, can provide a practical and adaptable means to securely ensure shipment quality. The same code, or security feature, can be used at destination and through to point of sale to ensure the identity of products or components of package 204 thereof, providing relevant security at all points of the supply chain.[000119] In some implementations, techniques include generating or obtaining data relevant to a shipment or product in a security feature such as a QR, or other security code, linked to or composing of a hologram and / or similar colorimetric sensor. In some implementations, an analytical tool such as, for example, x-ray fluorescence or any other process including but not limited to spectroscopy, analytical chemistry, microbiology or any other chemical or physical tool is used to generate a numerical profile of a substance which is in turn encoded within the secure code such as a QR or bar code. The code may or may not be integrated into a blockchain platform and / or an alternative platform such as an NFC to LoRa solution and / or another similar communications platform solution. In some implementations, data relevant to chemical, biologicalor physical properties of the material may be encoded within the security feature, such that if the numerical code is substantially the same when analyzed again the numerical output of such analysis facilitates the unlocking of the secure code. If the sensor has changed from starting point, the code cannot be unlocked because the numerical analytical input has changed.[000120] In other implementations, a sensor 202a, 202b, 202c can include communications capabilities embedded to facilitate digital supply chain reconciliation via blockchain, NFC to LoRa or other integrated communications solution. Digital reconciliation can be a by-product benefit of a track-and-trace platform framework. Digital reconciliation can enhance supply chain feedback loops and any associated safety investigations for logistics compliance.[000121] The described techniques can include supply chain digital reconciliation using a web interface platform (e.g., AZURE) that can automatically be linked to a visual database that can confirm digital codes on a product packaging are valid. In some implementations, a real-time smartphone read can confirm that a product is or was at a required supply chain temperature or within a temperature range — e.g., the item is genuine or safe to consume. The date and / or location of products / materials included in packages 204 can be captured for immutable ledger purposes. The inherent reconciliation benefit can create a history and accurate information for a digital audit trail. Such an integrated blockchain, NFC to LoRa or other integrated communications solution can further leverage overt and covert codes as a binding between physical and digital world. The comprehensive security, authentication and reconciliation feedback loop can help manufacturers, logistic participants and end users to more quickly spot expired and counterfeit products, the exact location at which the unsafe product is detected and identify the supply chain parties involved.[000122] In additional implementations, the sensors 202a, 202b, 202c include colorimetric sensors or holograms. The sensors 202a, 202b, 202c can include off-the-shelf test strips, e.g., test strips that can be integrated into one or more sensors attached to or included in the package 204. The test strips, with up to 10 color changes, are inexpensive and widely available. In some implementations, a wet sample colorimetric sensor with a yes / no temperature-change melt-point monitoring can yield 124 combinations. With 6 different concentrations (or similar), combinations can reach 60,466,176 thus providing enhanced security by preventing unauthorized decryption. In some implementations, such colorimetric systems can be multiplexed to create numerous (e.g., billions) combinations. If a targeted end user system fails to find the right solution and the same color-code as part of unlocking the associated QR code, a third-party can be prevented fromauthorizing the code. In some implementations, a whole QR code can be made with colored spots from colorimetric sensors suffused with the same or different materials for compliance and authentication purposes.[000123] In further implementations, a colorimetric sensor changes color in response to a pre- specified analyte, such as water, water vapor, a solvent solution and / or any other analyte. Color change can be measured using a smartphone, digital camera, or any other spectrophotometric device, to determine any optical change. The numerical response can form part of a secure code. If the correct color change fails to be observed decoding can be prevented. In some implementations, it is possible to use either two sensors, one of which changes color, and measure the difference in response between the two as all or part of the security code. For example, upon adding a proprietary solution containing solvents or of a defined pH and ionic strength, the color change (measured as an RGB value, wavelength shift, etc.) of the agent can add a further level of authentication required to unlock the code. Effectively without knowledge of how to obtain the color change in the sensor, part of the numerical code needed to unlock the data can be unavailable. The supply chain management system 200g facilitates reading of the code based on providing prior information as to how to unlock the code with a secure material provided either by the product producer or receiver. The data from sensors 202a-202c can form all or part of the data about the load or shipment of items within one or more packages 204. For example, if the pH or bulk hydrophobicity of a load has changed, data from the sensors 202a-202c can become apparent and prevent unlocking the code or crypto code. For instance, sensors 202a-202c can display visible- light Bragg diffraction and monochromatic color corresponding to the angle of view with fully integrated capabilities. The sensors 202a-202c can be attached to a variety of material surfaces to produce a three-dimensional (3D) blockchain, NFC to LoRa or other integrated communications solution, crypto signatures, QR codes, barcodes, or 3D images such as corporate logos. The sensors 202a-202c can be combined with other authentication methods such as microprinting, security threads, intaglio printing, magnetic / color changing inks, taggants, and watermarks.[000124] In some implementations, a sensor 202a-202c created such that a permanent color change, or loss of color, is observed in use over time can be used to prevent the unauthorized reuse of a single use item. For example, a hologram sensitive to an enzyme such as amylase may be employed on the surface of a disposable face mask, a permanent change in that sensor marking that the mask has been used. Another example may be a water-soluble sensor. The change (or loss)of color can lead to the applied code indicating that the product within the package 204 has been used or compromised.[000125] The encoding of real substance data using a secure crypto code can provide a means of authentication of provenance throughout the supply chain, requiring (for authentication) that the same analytical tool is used to unlock the code at the other end. If the feedstock, substance, product, and / or good is (i) not authentic and / or (ii) has been adulterated or changed, then the numerical code generated by the analytical tool can be configured to prevent unlocking the code. For instance, the described techniques can be applicable for item monitoring in food manufacture and pharmaceutical manufacture, coal, mining, as well as many other industries.[000126] Any security feature generated using the data collected by sensors 202a-202c may be overt, or covert, and it is possible to create multiple features for a single load. For example, in the food industry, variability between systems means that if multiple systems are to be transported, it is possible to create multiple codes with a chemical fingerprint of each part thereof. The use of a secure code in the process can help ensure both the origin and quality of the product is as claimed. Replacing with a near identical material can be prevented by lack of access to the cryptology used to generate the code, and replacing with a material of a different system can be detected by lacking the correct constituents to unlock the code upon receipt. Both parts, the crypto code and the correct chemical fingerprint, can be required for unlocking a code, e.g., to determine data about an item. [000127] The numerical output from colorimetric sensors (either the initial color or wavelength, color or wavelength shift, or difference in color or wavelength between two sensors, the point on a sensor at a single angle, or the color response of any of a range of colorimetric sensors) can be used alongside other security features such as NFC tags or separate QR codes. For example, the use of a smart, analyte responsive color changing sensor can add multiple layers of security. In some implementations, the sensor containing a covert code may be invisible until an analyte (a safe solvent solution, or a one-use enzyme containing solution) is applied. For example, a QR code can be invisible until treated. In some implementations, a sensor containing such a code may change color when an analyte is applied, and the degree to which the sensor changes (measured either in reflectivity of a single wavelength or in number of nanometers wavelength shift) can provide part of the code. A reading device can be programmed to reject a code if it isn't the right color, or the degree of wavelength shift can be added to the equations required for unlocking the code.[000128] In other implementations, for enhanced security, sensor matrices can be constructed such that it is possible to create a device that displays different colors or wavelengths in different locations, meaning that the color changes across the surface can be monitored. The multicolor monitoring can effectively create third (color) and fourth (individual color changes) parameters for QR (or similar) code authentication.[000129] In some implementations, having a comprehensive sensor monitoring at point of production, throughout the supply chain, and up to consumer consumption can help optimize food production as well as improve food safety. It can reduce food waste and have a positive impact on lowering transportation and refrigeration carbon footprints.[000130] The supply chain management system 200g can include various color-change solutions and spectrophotometric tools for logistics fingerprinting of products produced (e.g., supply chain food and pharmaceutical) with individualized, targeted fingerprints associated with each batch of particular products. More detailed supply chain information, such as manufactured batch number, date, and timestamp of production as well as logistic shipment schedules can be incorporated into a secure sensor coding system. As part of the integrated security track-and-trace architecture, techniques can include using one or more smart tags on each product shipment, possibly multiple tags using a separate code (e.g., a QR code) for each segment of a shipment. Each tag can incorporate particular logistics information and product manufacturing data for each load. The supply chain fingerprint can be securely encoded, for example as part of an asymmetrical crypto code, within a tag, and the code attached to the shipment. Without both the appropriate cryptology tool and particular embedded informational / manufacturing data, replication of the code can be prevented or made impossible.[000131] Upon arrival to a receiver system, the integrated informational / manufacturing sensor 202a, 202b, 202c, can be used to extract data, a supply chain’s environmental conditions or a product’s provenance and origins for each particular shipment including a transported package 204. The receiver system can process the sensor data to effectively produce a numerical sequence that is required to unlock a code on the shipment. If the informational / manufacturing code encrypted in the QR code fails to match that read when the shipment is received, then the logistics shipment is known to have been adulterated or tampered with. The encoding of the data, for example, in a secure QR code can prevent false information being displayed that a second analysiscan confirm. The direct encoding of data can limit the unlocking functions to provide a level of assurance of authenticity and provenance.[000132] The supply chain management system 200g can facilitate suppliers to identify shipments that are unsafe for consumption, adulterated, and determine the system and point of contamination in the product’s supply chain. The described techniques can facilitate customers to be sure that the supplied products are safe and secure as warranted by the manufacturer.[000133] For instance, alongside a secure communication encoding solution (e.g., blockchain, an NFC to LoRa and / or other integrated crypto-code communications platform solution), use of a color changing sensor can facilitate addition of another level of physical security to the shipment. By using, for example, a hidden QR code only becoming visible upon addition of a defined solvent solution to the sensor, it can be possible to hide the code entirely.[000134] In some implementations, the degree of change of the sensor (e.g., the appearance or disappearance of color, change in brightness at a single angle or change in response at a single wavelength) can form part of the code read at either end. If an inadequate solvent solution was used, the sensor 202a can replace the integrity authentication color to facilitate identification that the shipment was compromised.[000135] The supply chain management system 200gcan include a blockchain, an NFC to data logger or LoRa and / or other integrated crypto code communications platform solutions. As a result of such flexible enterprise capabilities, the supply chain management system 200g can seamlessly interface with all supply chain and trading ecosystem participants as users, or with others that chose to use disparate technology infrastructures. In some implementations, the collected data can be selectively shared with a portion of the parties involved in the supply chain instead of providing full access to information about the content of a transportation load. For example, when dealing with cryogenically frozen food protein products such as hamburgers or vials of mRNA vaccines, the sensors facilitate for different shippers to have a full analysis thereof may actually facilitate intentional adulteration rather than prevent it. One shipper may claim that a borderline temperature-based product had already exceeded the tainted threshold at logistics handoff from the prior shipper. Therefore, it is proposed that at mid-points in food and pharmaceutical product shipments, a numerical key based on analytical data to unlock the secure code, without revealing that analytical data to the user. Thus, the shipment may be securely authenticated without compromising information about the shipment.[000136] The supply chain management system 200g can include analytical tools generating numerical data (including direct imaging, wet chemistry, microbiological testing, etc.) can be used alongside a crypto code to generate secure labels or tags for transit. Determining particular trace contents can be used to forensically examine the system and quality of shipments in particular perishable food products.[000137] In some implementations, the supply chain management system 200g can include the use of multiplexed color sensors 202a with other types of sensors (e.g., magnetic NFC, etc.) for a range of parameters and their applicability alongside a physical code in determining a shipment’s authenticity and quality. Holograms are a way of implementing the.[000138] Techniques can include sensors 202a, 202b, 202c that can detect if a frozen food product in a package 204 is thawed or was thawed and then subsequently refrozen. In some implementations, the sensor202a, 202b, 202c can indicate a detection using a color-shift — e.g., from blue-to-red if the item is refrozen.[000139] In other implementations, advantages of techniques include the low costs of sensors for sensing characteristics of an item, such as item thawing. Advantages can include robustness of the sensors 202a, 202b, 202c that can be operated under a broad range of conditions, in any foodchain relevant physical, chemical or biological conditions. Additionally, the sensors 202a, 202b, 202c can be sterilized in a number of different ways (UV, autoclaving, boiling, etc.) and work in any gaseous environment. The packaging food products in anoxic conditions can be a non-issue. In additional implementations, techniques can include applying enzyme-coated colorimetric sensors 202a, 202b, 202c to frozen product packaging. Sensor color change, generated by degrading the polymer can then be detectable as a result of the product being stored at a temperature at which the enzyme can work (e.g., above freezing point). The collected sensor data can include a quantitative indication of product degradation. The degree to which the sensor 202a, 202b, 202c has changed color is an indication of how long the food has been stored at the wrong temperature.[000140] In further implementations, additional analytical tools can be used with one or more sensing techniques discussed in the document. Analysis at varying lifecycle stages can include (i) sourcing of incoming raw materials, (ii) during the product production process, (iii) postproduction for supply chain and retail monitoring. All three facets are of vital importance including food manufacturers.[000141] FIG. 3 illustrates an example system 300 using an analyte stimulus on a colorimetric sensor structure, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The example system 300 can include a mobile computing device 302 that can include a camera 304 (or any other image acquisition system) that can be used to acquire and process images illustrating a chromatic effect 306a, 306b, 306c of analyte stimulus on a colorimetric sensor structure 308. For example, a first chromatic effect 306a including a first (initial) color code (e.g., blue) can be used to indicate that the sensor structure 308 is in a compliant state (e.g., maintenance of temperature within and acceptable temperature range). A second chromatic effect 306b including an intermediate color code (e.g., yellow) can be used to indicate that the sensor structure 308 was exposed to analyte fluid and / or vapor 310 indicative of risk of contamination and lack of compliance. A third chromatic effect 306c including a third color code (e.g., red) can represent a final unreversible color shift that can indicate confirmed failure to maintain regulatory conditions (e.g., exposure temperature was outside the acceptable temperature range, or a temperature threshold was exceeded) for the sensor structure 308.[000142] FIG. 4A illustrates an example system 400a including a colorimetric sensor and QR code, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 4B illustrates another example system 400b including a colorimetric sensor and QR code, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 4C illustrates another example system 400c including a colorimetric sensor and QR code, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 4D illustrates another example system 400d including a colorimetric sensor and QR code, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 4E illustrates another example system 400e including a colorimetric sensor and QR code, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.[000143] FIGS. 4A-4E show various examples systems 400a-400d including sensor multiplexing having possible configurations of colorimetric sensors 402a, 402b and QR codes 404. While the examples systems 400a-400d include QR codes, any similar visual coding that enables authentication can be used.[000144] FIG. 4A shows a QR code 404 printed alongside a colorimetric sensor 402a, facilitating color to be measured simultaneously with reading the QR code 404. FIG. 4B shows a QR code 404 with a single colorimetric sensor 402a (e.g., 3D chromatic structure) in a portion of the QR code 404 (e.g., upper right comer), which similarly, facilitates the colorimetric sensorwavelength to be determined simultaneously with reading the QR code 404. FIG. 4C shows a QR code 404 with two colorimetric sensors 402a, 402b that can be visualized by a camera. FIG. 4D shows a QR code 404 integrated with one or more colorimetric sensors 402a, 402b. FIG. 4E shows a QR code 404 printed or deposited on top of a colorimetric sensor. Any of the colorimetric sensors in the examples can be constructed such that they are sensitive to particular biomedical compositions - the colorimetric sensors can include, but not be limited to, analytes, such as water, solvents (for example alcohol), enzymes or small molecules (for example glucose), thus either the particular color of the sensor, the color of multiple sensors 402a, 402b on or proximal to the QR code 404 or the change in color of one or more of the sensors 402a, 402b relative to the respective starting color can be used as part of the verification of the product or material to which the examples systems 400a-400d is attached.[000145] RFID Tags in Integrated Sensor Communication Systems[000146] FIG. 5 illustrates an example supply chain management monitoring system 500, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The example supply chain management monitoring system 500 can include multiple RFID tags in an integrated sensor communications system.[000147] The example supply chain management monitoring system 500 can include integration of sensors 502a, 502b, 502c with tags in packages 504a, 504b, 504c and mobile computing devices 506 (e.g., tablets) utilizing radio frequency technology (e.g., RFID tags of various types, including high-frequency NFC, LoRa, and UWB), machine-readable codes (e.g., QR codes), the GPS, and other related information-based devices storing data about a shipment, or any part thereof. As an example, the example supply chain management monitoring system 500 can be implemented in the food (including pharmaceuticals) sector, to track-and-trace of pallets and individual packaged products from farm producers to production processors, and then to fork purchasers is thoroughly understood by all participants in the supply chain. The example supply chain management monitoring system 500 can be configured for the achievement of the level of granular, end-to-end integration requires a large / complex group of supply chain tools, analytics, and Internet of Things (loT) computing technologies.[000148] The identity and location of packages 504a, 504b, 504c can be tracked with accurate precision using both clear digital record keeping and direct tracing of loads, individualized product quality monitoring is rarely assessed, or even available, during supply chain logistics. Usingenvironmental supply chain data logger monitoring as a proxy can be an alternative option currently available for product quality monitoring.[000149] The example supply chain management monitoring system 500 can include NFC sensors 502a, 502b, 502c for supply chain management using no-power designs. The NFC sensors 502a, 502b, 502c provide for, among other things: 1) real-time track-and-trace of food shipments; 2) product temperature monitoring (including frozen-thaw and frozen-thaw-refrozen); 3) product freshness surveillance (e g., utilizing color shift sensor indicators for changes spanning power of hydrogen (pH), bacterial growth, alcohol content, and settling); 4) authenticity verification; and 5) tamper detection notification.[000150] The use of such sensors 502a, 502b, 502c can add value within a supply chain. A reassurance that the respective products are safe, of acceptable quality, unadulterated, and 100% authentic can be generated. A seamless end-to-end integration using supply chain temperature monitoring with a reconciliation management system can optimize supply chain production and logistics processes, and significantly curtail food loss / waste.[000151] The example supply chain management monitoring system 500 can provide a reliable method to monitor the temperature of pallets and sub-component packages 504a, 504b, 504c (and the respective contents) throughout a diffuse distribution process. The example supply chain management monitoring system 500 can provide continuous real-time individualized product monitoring to capture temperature fluctuations that include quality and safety of food products being transported.[000152] The example supply chain management monitoring system 500 can use data storage and communication devices 506, 508, 510, such as RFID tags, to assist in the track-and-trace of shipments by storing particular product identification data, which may include information about the location and time of production, as well as a meticulous custody process that includes varied transportation methods, ongoing logistics monitoring and precise delivery instructions. The example supply chain management monitoring system 500 can use a product identifier code that can be checked against online custody information. The sensors 502a, 502b, 502c can include wireless sensors, including those integrated with NFC tags which can monitor for temperature or other parameters, the customized track-and-trace solutions are of relatively high-cost and necessitate the use of batteries or other integrated power sources for continuous logistics surveillance.[000153] The mobile computing device 506 can include a camera that can read visual and other sensors (e.g., thaw sensors) 502a, 502b, 502c on packages 504a, 504b, 504c. The mobile computing device 506 can be configured for two-way communication / data logging with a computing configuration (that, e.g., may be facilitated by one or more remote servers) proving computing on location where the data is collected or used rather than sending the data back to a datacenter or cloud for processing. The mobile computing device 506 can perform continuous detection of a package 504a, 504b, 504c that was incorrectly handled (e.g., the package has reached an unacceptable temperature according to a visual and / or wireless thaw sensor).[000154] FIG. 6 illustrates another example supply chain management monitoring system 600, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The example supply chain management monitoring system 600cold includes a sensor platform permitting deployment of inexpensive, off-the-shelf RFID technology, such as NFC tags (or tags which use NFC in combination with other wireless networks such as BLUETOOTH, LoRa, or UWB), or other coded means of data storage such as QR codes (or barcodes). For example, in the example supply chain management monitoring system 600sensors 602a, 602b, 602c (e.g., camera, RFID, and magnetic) can be detected by or coupled to a mobile computing device 606 (e.g., a smartphone). For example, the mobile computing device 606 can be used read visual and other (e.g., NFC) sensors 602a, 602b, 602c (e.g., thaw sensors) in or on packages 604.[000155] The mobile computing device 606 can be configured for two-way communication / data logging with a remote server system 608 (that, e.g., may be part of a computing system) to collect and / or process sensor data. In some implementations, the visual data (e.g., images) and other sensor data can be processed to perform a track-and-trace solution that is independent of (or only minimally requires) the use of batteries or other integrated power sources for continuous surveillance. An implemented end-to-end supply chain track-and-trace includes a number of critical sensor applications (such as, for the supply chain detection of thaw or other parameters associated with shipment quality, identity, safety, and product value). The example supply chain management monitoring system 600 can provide a semi -automated response to temperature excursions (e.g., a deviation from a labelled storage condition of a product for any duration, whether during transportation or distribution) in storage conditions of shipments, changes in product quality, intentional or inadvertent adulteration of products, and attempts to falsify product identity.[000156] The example supply chain management monitoring system 600 can facilitate accurate monitoring parameters to be established for multiple logistic products and payloads to be continuously tracked, monitored, and traced / reconciled with granular, big-data reporting functions. The example supply chain management monitoring system 600 includes transportation from a point-of-origin (production) to multiple supply chain depot hops, to at least one distribution center, to multiple online / brick-and-mortar retailers, and finally to an end point for package monitoring and delivery. The result of the improved sensor platform includes optimized supply chain visibility; enhanced product quality; food safety; and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) efficiencies (including curtailed food loss and waste).[000157] By integrating the described improved sensor platform with supply chain monitoring, product particular sensing capabilities, supply chain track-and-trace logistics, food safety, and many other ESG benefits are automatically activated. The example supply chain management monitoring system 600 facilitates sensor data analysis for improved product quality, authentication, and more advantageous environmental conditions achieved as part of a continuously improved logistics trajectory.[000158] The example supply chain management monitoring system 600 includes continuous real-time sensor monitoring and proactive quality authentication measures directly into a supply chain process ensures that a journey of each product is safe, streamlined, and verifiable. Multiple sensor combinations of, for example, thaw detection and wireless communications are suggested to maximize beneficial outcomes of food and pharmaceutical supply chain logistics.[000159] The example supply chain management monitoring system 600 includes wireless communications networks that are both overt (e.g., visible to most computing devices and to which a user may be able to connect a computing device - such as, a smartphone, tablet, or laptop computer) and covert (e.g., detectable as a signal but not showing up as an available network) is nearly universal in both business and residential ecosystems. Even computing devices, such as WiFi routers, provide multiple communication channels, which can be set to visible or hidden, modes. [000160] The example supply chain management monitoring system 600 includes NFC (and other radio communication) tags as a means for providing access for a mobile computing device 606, such as a smartphone (or other computing device) to obtain information needed to connect to a network, either overtly or covertly. Once connected, the mobile computing device 606 can share the obtained data related to quality or identity of supply chain packages within a logistics shipment.[000161] The example supply chain management monitoring system 600 includes a single, or multiple, NFC device(s) to facilitate either an attachment to a covert Wi-Fi network, or to trigger a smartphone or other computing device to store or send a message using a network (e.g., cellular, Wi-Fi, or BLUETOOTH) can be used to relay information that a user may or may not be able to access. For example, if reading a particular location on a shipment in which 2 NFC tags are placed, one linked to a sensor relaying information “thawed” and the other “frozen” (each only readable if the stated condition has been met), then an identity of the tag recorded and sent using any such means of communication can also be shared with an operator of the reader computing device, or it can be shared covertly, such that the operator is not party to it. The permission-based logistics information depends on a means by which the information is relayed. The functionality may be achieved simply by storing a numerical code that is not shared with the operator, but which relays to another person / network that a package is either frozen or thawed. The functionality may be achieved by a more complex means of one or other of the tags connecting the user to a covert wireless network in order to share the information. If a colorimetric (potentially including a QR or bar code), magnetic, auditory, pressure, or any other parameter associated with a part of a supply chain shipment is read by a smartphone, that information can be stored on the smartphone, shared to another location, or written to an NFC or other radio contactable device within the shipment.[000162] FIG. 7 illustrates another example supply chain management monitoring system 700, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.[000163] The example supply chain management monitoring system 700 includes a supply chain management monitoring system enhanced by including sensors 702a, 702b, 702c that are part of a private local network which can collate data from all such packages 704a, 704b, 704c in a shipment and additionally act as a fault tolerant backup against inadvertent incorrect scanning or miscounting, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.[000164] For example, in the example supply chain management monitoring system 700, a mobile computing device 706 (e.g., a smartphone) can be used read visual identifiers (e.g., barcodes) and other (e.g., NFC) sensors (e.g., thaw sensors) 702a, 702b, 702c in or on packages 704a, 704b, 704c, which include identification and condition. Before shipping, a final collation of data related to packaged goods can be performed and stored. The mobile computing device 706 can be configured for two-way communi cation / data logging with a remote server (that, e.g., may be part of an computing system) to collect and / or process data. The two-way communication caninclude, for example, Wi-Fi or short message service (SMS). In the implementation, the visual and other sensors and implemented track-and-trace solution is of relatively low-cost and does not (or only minimally requires) the use of batteries or other integrated power sources for continuous surveillance. At the start of the distribution chain, packaged goods sensor readings obtained by a computing device (e.g., a smartphone using NFC, BLUETOOTH, and UWB) can be sent to the computing system to report identification and condition of the packaged goods.[000165] In an implementation, a sensor 702a, 702b, 702c performing, for example, a thaw detection function and containing data related to contents of a shipping package 704a, 704b, 704c to which it is attached can be enhanced by being part of a private local network which can collate the data from all such packages in a shipment and additionally act as a fault tolerant backup against inadvertent incorrect scanning or miscounting. The data transmission functionality can be implemented using combinations, such as BLUETOOTH and NFC, Wi-Fi, and NFC, or UWB and NFC. The data transmission functionality can also be achieved by using off-the-shelf devices with multiple functionalities (e.g., APPLE AIRTAG, SAMSUNG GALAXY SMARTAG 2, or other tags using UWB and other wireless protocols) or by using multiple cost-effective tags each carrying the same identifier (e.g., a QR code and an NFC tag both carrying the same code to identify as being associated with the same package).[000166] The example supply chain management monitoring system 700 can be configured to perform scanning during a loading procedure for a transporting system (e.g., 710 tractor trailer), which includes scanning an NFC tag on each package 704a, 704b, 704c with a reader device, such as the mobile computing device 706 for the registration of the package 704a, 704b, 704c. The registration can facilitate identification of whether the package 704a, 704b, 704c is inadvertently mishandled or if a discrepancy between an intended inventory list and a list attained by scanning during a loading operation exists. In some implementations, an extra multi-network device attached to a package in transit can provide a layer of data backup for the example situation. One option is to use UWB or LoRa wireless network hardware.[000167] FIG. 8A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example system 800a including a mobile computing device 806 (e.g., smartphone) for detection of packages 804 including sensors 802a (NFC tags), conductive material 810 (e.g., foil strips), and visual thaw sensors 802b, 802c, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. FIG. 8B illustrates a schematic diagram of an example system 800b including NFC tags 802a, conductive material 810, and visual thawsensors 802b, 802c detectable by the mobile computing device 806 of FIG. 8A, indicating a thawed state, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.[000168] of the example system 800a includes a conductive material alongside one or more NFC tags 802a to mask the NFC tags such that a smartphone or other reader device cannot access them, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 8, a conductive material 810 (e.g., aluminum or copper foil) can be used to mask NFC tags such that the mobile computing device 806 or other reader device cannot access them, that the example system 800a, 800b can include multiple NFC tags 802a and sensors 802b, 802c concealed by the conductive material 810, which can be removed by a user as a tear off, removable strip, facilitating the NFC tags 802a to be revealed one at a time.[000169] For example, in response to a thawing event sensors 802b, 802c (e.g., a thaw sensitive sensor) attached to a top layer of an NFC tag 802a indicates that the conductive material 810 can be removed. The example system 800a can be configured such that at particular points in a supply chain, the conductive material 810 can be removed to facilitate a new NFC tag to be read by the mobile computing device 806. The collected information can be either stored or relayed to a server system (as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 5-7) after each delivery. Concealed NFC tags 802a can be mediators of sensor data, indicative of whether thawing has occurred within the package 804.[000170] In some implementations, NFC tags 802a can include multiple layers (e.g., NFC, foil, visual sensor, NFC, foil, visual sensor), as shown in FIG. 8B. The example system 800a is configured for integration of smartphone-readable sensors 802a-802c and leveraging an ability of a smartphone to interact with supply chain location, tagging, and tracking technologies, a complete logistics solution encompassing product safety, enhanced quality (including food loss / waste), and authenticity verification is made available. By linking an identity of a product to each sensor 802a- 802c using a smartphone reading device and connection to a wider supply chain information technology (IT) ecosystem, a hierarchical communications framework for integrated supply chain management can be created.[000171] FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic diagram of a real-time location system (RTLS) 900 using UWB, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The RTLS 900 can perform detection of a sensor 902 attached to a package 904. The sensor 902 can include a visible colorimetric sensor on the outside of a package 904. The visible colorimetric sensor can include aQR code (or other barcode), to indicate a need to determine whether thawing has occurred inside the package. The sensor 902 can include an NFC tag inside or on the outside of the package 904 (or based on the visual appearance of a readable QR code) that can be used to initiate a response in a number of ways. The sensor 902 can provide a visual color shift that can inform an operator that the outside of the package 904 has exceeded a temperature threshold, prompting a scan of the NFC tag with a mobile computing device 906 (e.g., a smartphone). The NFC tag can be preprogrammed with data relating to the shipment or signifying that a temperature excursion has occurred. In the case of a temperature excursion, commands can cause the smartphone to store relevant data or send the relevant data to a central data hub or to another designated operative. [000172] The mobile computing device 906 can also detect NFC tags for either direct thaw sensing or for collecting NFC data in conjunction with other data collected from thaw sensors. For example, the mobile computing device 906 can use of UWB tags identifiable as belonging to the same package as an NFC or QR code linked temperature sensor to provide a precise identity and location of the package within a consignment.[000173] If an APPLE AIRTAG, a SAMSUNG GALAXY SMARTAG 2, or similar multinetwork device is used on the outside of each package 904, and the packages 904 are scanned using an NFC reader device during loading, any mis-scanning can be mitigated using the BLUETOOTH network. BLUETOOTH can also be used, for example, to connect a mobile computing device 906 used for scanning the NFC tags to a local data logger in a supply chain delivery truck 910.[000174] A selection of both sensing and tagging methods used, whether radio-based (e.g., NFC, UWB, or BLUETOOTH), color and pattern based (e g., colorimetric thaw sensors and / or QR codes), or any other form of sensing and information storage protocol, is dependent on collective sensing requirements, logistical data capabilities, and cost concerns. In some implementations, the RTLS 900 can include unpowered devices (e.g., colorimetric sensors and NFC tags) to monitor each individual package, with powered, battery powered tags (e.g., AIRTAGS, SAMSUNG GALAXY SMARTAG 2, or UWB) only used for whole shipments, or on a pallet. Furthermore, in applications where rapid breakdown of packaging 904 for recycling is of paramount importance, only compatible battery-free, NFC sensors 902 can be used.[000175] The RTLS 900 can use UWB (e.g., using UWB Receivers 908) to determine precise locations of tagged assets that can be included in a package 904, according to an implementationof the present disclosure. The RTLS 900 facilitates accurate track-and-trace locations of items in a global transportation. The wireless technologies, including UWB, can be used not just for communications, but as an RTLS to determine the precise location of tagged assets.[000176] Using a combination of triangulation, time-of-flight measurements, and signal strength, a location of a tag within a predefined area can be calculated. UWB is well-suited to the application due to an ability to provide accurate ranging measurements and to cope with multipath interference. Location can be calculated to an accuracy of several centimeters using such tags with advanced algorithms.[000177] The sensor 902 can include a complex array of sensing systems detectable by the mobile computing device 906. For example, the sensor 902 can include visible (e.g., camera detectable), Wi-Fi, radio (e.g., NFC, UWB, and BLUETOOTH), auditory (e.g., utilizing a smartphone built-in microphone), magnetic (e.g., using a magnetometer incorporated into most smartphones for directional sensing), pressure (e.g., using a barometric sensor within the smartphone that is used for determining altitude during navigation), or any other sensor to interact with an element on, in, or proximal to (on a pallet or shelf) of a package, facilitates smartphone networking capabilities to be utilized to store data, collate the data with an identity of the package within the shipment and its location, and to both store and send the data to other networked devices by overt and covert means.[000178] GPS Track-and-Trace Location Services using a Smartphone During Logistics[000179] The RTLS 900 can include a GPS device 912 that can be used to determine a precise location of tagged assets throughout an end-to-end supply chain of each individual package tagged with sensors and read using a smartphone (or similar computing device). Regardless of whether each individual package is not on a vehicle 910, but in transit in between being off-loaded / loaded from one supply chain environment / into another, respectively. GPS devices 912 can communicate with computer servers using a variety of methods, including cellular networks, satellite communications, and internet connections. Some GPS devices 912 have built-in cellular modems that facilitate transmission of location data directly to computer servers over the cellular network. Other GPS devices 912 can use satellite communications to relay data to computer servers. Additionally, GPS devices 912 can communicate with computer servers over the Internet, either through Wi-Fi connections or by connecting to a mobile computing device with Internet access.Once the GPS device 912 is connected to a network, the GPS device can transmit location and other data to computer servers for processing and storage.[000180] FIG. 10 illustrates another example supply chain management monitoring system 1000, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The example supply chain management monitoring system 1000 can include one or more sensors 1002a, 1002b, 1002c included or attached to a package 1004, a mobile computing device 1006, a remote server 1008, and a GPS system 1012 (including a GPS device 1012a and a GPS satellite network 1012b). The example supply chain management monitoring system 1000 can be configured to determine a precise location of tagged assets included in the package 1004, throughout an end-to-end supply chain. The example supply chain management monitoring system 1000 can monitor each individual package 1004 tagged with sensors 1002a, 1002b, 1002c and read using the mobile computing device 1006 (e.g., a smartphone), according to an implementation of the present disclosure.[000181] The example supply chain management monitoring system 1000 can be configured to determine a package’s precise location can be GPS activated and verified at the beginning of the supply chain journey while loading the package from the supply chain processing plant at the point of origin and onto an initial (external) mode of transport and / or throughout the package’s movement off and on different multi-modal transportation as the package moves from one supply chain mode of transportation and is reloaded (outside of a supply chain environment) onto another transport vehicle or mode of transportation (e.g., the also includes a package’s movement outside of a supply chain environment at a supply chain distribution hub).[000182] FIG. 11 illustrates another example supply chain management monitoring system 1100, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The example supply chain management monitoring system 1100 can include one or more sensors 1102a, 1102b, 1102c included or attached to a package 1104, a mobile computing device 1106, a remote server 1108, and a GPS system 1112 (including a GPS device 1112a and a GPS satellite network 1112b). The example supply chain management monitoring system 1100 can be configured to use of GPS sensor interaction to determine a precise location of tagged assets while on a vehicle 1110 moving from one logistics point to another within the supply chain.[000183] The example supply chain management monitoring system 1100 can include a camera attached to or included in a mobile computing device 1106 (e.g., a smartphone). Thecamera is used to read visual and other thaw sensors. GPS sensor information is used to determine precise location data that is coupled with information obtained by the reader device for tagged assets. The reader device can use a cellular, Wi-Fi, or other overt / covert networks to transmit data to a computing system 1108 for storage / processing.[000184] FIG. 12 illustrates another example supply chain management monitoring system 1200, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The example supply chain management monitoring system 1200 can include one or more sensors 1202a, 1202b, 1202c included or attached to a package 1204, a mobile computing device 1206, a remote server 1208, and a GPS system 1212 (including a GPS device 1212a and a GPS satellite network 1212b). The example supply chain management monitoring system 1200 can be configured to use a GPS sensor interaction using a smartphone to determine a precise location of a tagged asset when delivered to a final logistics terminal, according to an implementation of the present disclosure.[000185] The example supply chain management monitoring system 1200 can be configured to GPS sensor interaction using the mobile computing device 1206 (e.g., a smartphone) can be used to determine a precise location of the tagged asset once the tagged asset reaches a final logistics terminal (which can be verified as a supply chain storage environment using GPS) and also when offloaded from a transport vehicle to a final last-mile logistics endpoint. The mobile computing device 1206 (e.g., using a smartphone sensor / GPS location determination) can read sensors 1202a, 1202b, 1202c and NFC tags relating information about the package 1204. The mobile computing device 1206 can augment the data with GPS data, and transmit the data to an computing system for storage / processing.[000186] At a final supply chain endpoint, the GPS data can confirm that either: (i) a temperature violation has occurred during point-to-point movement in the supply chain (with exact location and timestamp) and where the temperature violation occurred, or (ii) verify that no temperature violation occurred during the point-to-point movement in the supply chain. In an implementation and as part of an endpoint data reconciliation process, external and internal package sensors 1202a, 1202b, 1202c can be deactivated, as each sensor 1202a, 1202b, 1202c can be pre-programmed with a precise GPS endpoint for each particular package to be accessed using smartphone interface(s) before each package departs from its point of origin.[000187] For any of the previously described sensor examples, at the end of a supply chain, a removal of the sensor 1202a, 1202b, 1202c as a “token” from the respective packaging 1204, cantrigger the exposure of a QR code or an NFC device that can act as a physical-to-digital verification receipt. For example, the token, when scanned with a smartphone, can direct a supply chain operative to a website (or a secure online location).[000188] The example supply chain management monitoring system 1200 can be configured to determine deployment of a hidden QR code or a foil-backed NFC tag sensor (e.g., that can only be read (and triggering digital access) when the foil removed ensures that the NFC tag sensor remains covert, dormant, and inactive if thawing has not occurred. Production cost of such a tokenized sensor for physical-to-digital token-based authentication and reconciliation purposes is negligible. Likewise, any of the other previously described implementations for thaw detection and package tracking through supply chains can be multiplexed using any combination of sensors described with reference to the figures in this description. The multiplexed sensors can include tokenized sensors. For example, the tokens can have secondary additional value as a potential currency for automatic digital consumer couponing linked to a smartphone wallet, seamless facilitation of digital consumer rebates or loyalty points, activating a consumer gaming sweepstakes, or even a consumer prize giveaway.[000189] As an example, by having the foil removed from a foil-backed NFC tag sensor, which is read by the mobile computing device 1206, the residual NFC tag can act as a token that triggers a consumer prize contest winner notification. The B2C physical-to-digital promotional framework has other related brand engagement benefits for consumer product authentication and other social media applications. In some implementations, the benefits can be facilitated by the consumer removing the NFC tag sensor token from its foil-based packaging and reading the token with a smartphone. The example supply chain management monitoring system 1200 can , for example, include novelty or brand related items, including an NFC that can add to part of a narrative story, facilitate access to information, or to confer a benefit in an online game. If brand- related, the NFC tag sensor token may have a different collectable value based upon whether or not the foil has been removed and the NFC exposed.[000190] In narrative gaming (such as collectable card games and many campaign-based online games), revelation of extra information using an NFC may add a new dimension to the game, whether by changing values or properties of a card or by providing updates based upon when the NFC was first read or when the tag is currently read. For example, the NFC may link to an online resource that is updatable and provide a reason to retain the item. In someimplementations, an NFC may also link to an online media source, such as a music download or video. An interaction can provide an original issuer of the card an opportunity to interact with the end user and collect user information, while also motivating the end user to interact with the sensor device. Similarly, a tokenized promotional contest winner or tokenized product coupon activation using a smartphone can also be achieved if a packaged item has a QR code (or an integrated hidden text code embedded in the sensor, that, like the prior NFC example, directs a retail consumer to a website (or a secure online location) for promotional notification purposes.[000191] Machine Learning[000192] The example supply chain management monitoring system 1200 can include a ML model that can be accessed by the mobile computing device 1206 to process sensor data and facilitate the identification of condition breach during item transportation in a supply chain. The ML models that can be effectively used to identify condition breaches throughout a supply chain can include anomaly detection models, predictive maintenance models, classification models, reinforcement learning models, cyber threat intelligence models, and hybrid models. The anomaly detection models can include isolation forests and one-class support vector machines (SVMs) designed to identify unusual patterns that do not conform to expected behavior. The anomaly detection models can be used to detect anomalies in supply chain data, such as temperature fluctuations or unexpected delays, based on multiplexed sensor data. The predictive maintenance models use techniques like regression analysis and time series forecasting, to predict when equipment or processes might fail, allowing for proactive maintenance and reducing the risk of condition breaches. The classification models like random forests, SVMs, and neural networks can classify different conditions within the supply chain based on multiplexed sensor data. For example, the classification models can classify whether a shipment is likely to be delayed or if a product is at risk of spoilage based on historical data and based on multiplexed sensor data. The reinforcement learning models can be used to optimize routing and scheduling based on multiplexed sensor data to minimize the risk of condition breaches. The cyber threat intelligence models can predict and mitigate cyber threats within the supply chain. The hybrid models can provide a comprehensive approach to identifying and mitigating risks in the supply chain based on multiplexed sensor data The increasingly optimized efficiency of many computing devices and sensors added to the panoply loT is a result of the use of employed ML models instead of utilizing fixed algorithms in computing devices used for sensing. In modern sensing and data handlingapplications, an advantage of ML models (e.g., tiny ML (TINYML)) provides a best-in-class flexibility for sensor-based solutions. Compiler driven processing capability of TINYML lends itself immediately to loT computing, whereby NFC sensor local data processing can be achieved in computing deployment architectures. An advantage of TINYML is its inherently efficient, software-defined, compiler driven footprint that can be integrated into an NFC-or applicationparticular integrated circuit (ASIC)-based sensor. With NFC sensors now being increasingly software defined, compact integration into even smaller TINYML devices is expected to occur without adding much weight or bulk and with significantly decreasing cost. Reduced power consumption has followed as another TINYML defining feature, and such sensors are now designed to operate with limited access to power, making them even more suitable for supply chain applications where NFC low-power efficiency is critical.[000193] Collection of datasets that integrate product quality information (e.g., thaw, pH changes, and bacterial contamination levels) with a location of packages within a shipment is a valuable tool for collecting timestamps on a position of any logistics shipment. Over multiple shipments, supply chain methodologies can be improved / enhanced by providing iterative improvements at all points in the logistics process flow, such as in providing information to understand an impact of where, when, and how packages are loaded and unloaded. The RTLS feedback improves supply chain quality and effectiveness of packaging materials and methods. Sensor-to-smartphone mediated, networked generation of massively parallel datasets (including qualitative and temporal AI / ML information and metadata analysis) is also extremely useful in supply chain production and logistics processes.[000194] It should be noted that the selection of sensors, whether based on visible changes or parameters that can only be measured using a mobile computing device (e.g., a smartphone or other device), can be based on specific use-case scenarios. A choice of a visible sensor on or near the outer surface of a package, along with sensors providing more information as to the contents thereof, can be made to aid in a rational choice of how to handle the package. For example, the presence of a sensor indicating that thaw has occurred on the outside of a package may prompt a user to use a smartphone to access a sensor for specific temperature violations therein based on the thaw facilitated movement of an NFC tag or magnet therein. The purpose of multiplexing sensors can be for verification (e.g., multiple sensors of the same type to confirm a reading), to convey further information (e.g., a color based sensor alerting a user to a thaw such that they can accessanother sensor that contains more information, such as an NFC tag), for the determination of more complex thaw information (e.g., how long a package has been above a given temperature or the highest temperature to which it has been raised), and can be overt (e.g., with the arrangement and location of sensors being clearly apparent) or covert (e.g., with the location and arrangement of sensors being hidden or not apparent). The distinct advantages of each sensor type (e.g., color changes being very simple to use and very visible, NFC’s and magnetic sensors being ideal for determining thaw events within unopened packages, etc.) have use case scenarios both individually and in combination.[0001951 Package security and thermal integrity with respect to the interior and exterior of a package can be ensured through the use of one or more of the described implementations. For example, one or more of the previously described temperature / thaw detection sensors can be arranged on one or more surfaces of a package as well as in different zones of the interior / contents of the package. In this way, temperatures of all surfaces of the exterior of a package can be determined to ensure consistent storage temperature for an entire package. Similarly, multiple sensors on the interior of a package can be used to ensure that all zones of the interior of a package have maintained expected temperatures (e.g., the product itself may be packed with dry ice or other cooling means and be at a lower temperature than the surrounding packing material in a package itself). The sensors can indicate thermal condition of a package (and interior / contents) with respect to a temperature range from frozen, to chilled, and to un-chilled. By using multiple sensors, package security can also be ensured. For example, contents of a package can have multiple sensors applied in particular known positions or in a particular order. If it is discovered when the package has been opened that sensor locations have been disturbed or that the sensors indicate unexpected temperatures, package security and / or thermal integrity can be questioned. Using one or more of the previously described sensors, color change, shape change, display of codes (e.g., QR codes and bar codes), RF signals, and / or other described indications can make determination of package security / thermal integrity efficient and obvious. Additionally, computer-based devices can be used to read / monitor a condition of sensors both on the exterior and in the interior of packages.[000196] FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computer-implemented system used to provide computational functionalities associated with described algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures, according to an implementation of thepresent disclosure. In the illustrated implementation, computer-implemented system includes a Computer 1302 and a Network 1330.[000197] The illustrated Computer 1302 is intended to encompass any computing device, such as a server, desktop computer, laptop / notebook computer, wireless data port, smart phone, personal data assistant (PDA), tablet computer, one or more processors within the devices, or a combination of computing devices, including physical or virtual instances of the computing device, or a combination of physical or virtual instances of the computing device. Additionally, the Computer 1302 can include an input device, such as a keypad, keyboard, or touch screen, or a combination of input devices that can accept user information, and an output device that conveys information associated with the operation of the Computer 1302, including digital data, visual, audio, another type of information, or a combination of types of information, on a graphical -type user interface (UI) (or GUI) or other UI.[000198] The Computer 1302 can serve in a role in a distributed computing system as, for example, a client, network component, a server, or a database or another persistency, or a combination of roles for performing the subject matter described in the present disclosure. The illustrated Computer 1302 is communicably coupled with a Network 1330. In some implementations, one or more components of the Computer 1302 can be configured to operate within an environment, or a combination of environments, including cloud-computing, local, or global.[000199] At a high level, the Computer 1302 is an electronic computing device operable to receive, transmit, process, store, or manage data and information associated with the described subject matter. According to some implementations, the Computer 1302 can also include or be communicably coupled with a server, such as an application server, e-mail server, web server, caching server, or streaming data server, or a combination of servers.[000200] The Computer 1302 can receive requests over Network 1330 (for example, from a client software application executing on another Computer 1302) and respond to the received requests by processing the received requests using a software application or a combination of software applications. In addition, requests can also be sent to the Computer 1302 from internal users (for example, from a command console or by another internal access method), external or third-parties, or other entities, individuals, systems, or computers.[000201] Each of the components of the Computer 1302 can communicate using a System Bus 1303. In some implementations, any, or all of the components of the Computer 1302, including hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software, can interface over the System Bus1303 using an application programming interface (API) 1312, a Service Layer 1313, or a combination of the API 1312 and Service Layer 1313. The API 1312 can include specifications for routines, data structures, and object classes. The API 1312 can be either computer-language independent or dependent and refer to a complete interface, a single function, or even a set of APIs. The Service Layer 1313 provides software services to the Computer 1302 or other components (whether illustrated or not) that are communicab ly coupled to the Computer 1302. The functionality of the Computer 1302 can be accessible for all service consumers using the Service Layer 1313. Software services, such as those provided by the Service Layer 1313, provide reusable, defined functionalities through a defined interface. For example, the interface can be software written in a computing language (for example JAVA or C++) or a combination of computing languages, and providing data in a particular format (for example, extensible markup language (XML)) or a combination of formats. While illustrated as an integrated component of the Computer 1302, alternative implementations can illustrate the API 1312 or the Service Layer 1313 as stand-alone components in relation to other components of the Computer 1302 or other components (whether illustrated or not) that are communicably coupled to the Computer 1302. Moreover, any or all parts of the API 1312 or the Service Layer 1313 can be implemented as a child or a sub-module of another software module, enterprise application, or hardware module without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.[000202] The Computer 1302 includes an Interface 1304. Although illustrated as a single Interface 1304, two or more Interfaces 1304 can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the Computer 1302. The Interface 1304 is used by the Computer 1302 for communicating with another computing system (whether illustrated or not) that is communicatively linked to the Network 1330 in a distributed environment. Generally, the Interface1304 is operable to communicate with the Network 1330 and includes logic encoded in software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. More specifically, the Interface 1304 can include software supporting one or more communication protocols associated with communications such that the Network 1330 or hardware of Interface 1304 is operable to communicate physical signals within and outside of the illustrated Computer 1302.[000203] The Computer 1302 includes a Processor 1305. Although illustrated as a single Processor 1305, two or more Processors 1305 can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the Computer 1302. Generally, the Processor 1305 executes instructions and manipulates data to perform the operations of the Computer 1302 and any algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures as described in the present disclosure.[000204] The Computer 1302 also includes a Database 1306 that can hold data for the Computer 1302, another component communicatively linked to the Network 1330 (whether illustrated or not), or a combination of the Computer 1302 and another component. For example, Database 1306 can be an in-memory or conventional database storing data consistent with the present disclosure. In some implementations, Database 1306 can be a combination of two or more different database types (for example, a hybrid in-memory and conventional database) according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the Computer 1302 and the described functionality. Although illustrated as a single Database 1306, two or more databases of similar or differing types can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the Computer 1302 and the described functionality. While Database 1306 is illustrated as an integral component of the Computer 1302, in alternative implementations, Database 1306 can be external to the Computer 1302. The Database 1306 can hold and operate on at least any data type mentioned or any data type consistent with the disclosure.[000205] The Computer 1302 also includes a Memory 1307 that can hold data for the Computer 1302, another component or components communicatively linked to the Network 1330 (whether illustrated or not), or a combination of the Computer 1302 and another component. Memory 1307 can store any data consistent with the present disclosure. In some implementations, Memory 1307 can be a combination of two or more different types of memory (for example, a combination of semiconductor and magnetic storage) according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the Computer 1302 and the described functionality. Although illustrated as a single Memory 1307, two or more Memories 1307 or similar or differing types can be used according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the Computer 1302 and the described functionality. While Memory 1307 is illustrated as an integral component of the Computer 1302, in alternative implementations, Memory 1307 can be external to the Computer 1302.[000206] The Application 1308 is an algorithmic software engine providing functionality according to particular needs, desires, or particular implementations of the Computer 1302, particularly with respect to functionality described in the present disclosure. For example, Application 1308 can serve as one or more components, modules, or applications. Further, although illustrated as a single Application 1308, the Application 1308 can be implemented as multiple Applications 1308 on the Computer 1302. In addition, although illustrated as integral to the Computer 1302, in alternative implementations, the Application 1308 can be external to the Computer 1302.[000207] The Computer 1302 can also include a Power Supply 1314. The Power Supply 1314 can include a rechargeable or non -rechargeable battery that can be configured to be either user- or non-user-replaceable. In some implementations, the Power Supply 1314 can include power conversion or management circuits (including recharging, standby, or another power management functionality). In some implementations, the Power Supply 1314 can include a power plug to facilitate the Computer 1302 to be plugged into a wall socket or another power source to, for example, power the Computer 1302 or recharge a rechargeable battery.[000208] There can be any number of Computers 1302 associated with, or external to, a computer system containing Computer 1302, each Computer 1302 communicating over Network 1330. Further, the term “client,” “user,” or other appropriate terminology can be used interchangeably, as appropriate, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the present disclosure contemplates that many users can use one Computer 1302, or that one user can use multiple computers 1302.[000209] FIG. 14 illustrates an example process 1400 that can be used to execute implementations of the present disclosure. Referring to FIGS. 1-13, the process 1400 can be performed by any components of the example systems 100-1300. Operations of the process 1400 are described below for illustration purposes only. Operations of the process 1400 can be performed by any appropriate device or system, e g., any appropriate data processing apparatus. Operations of the process 1400 can also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer readable medium which can be non- transitory. Execution of the instructions causes one or more data processing apparatus to perform operations of the process 1400.[000210] At 1402, authentication data is stored on an authentication component of an item. The authentication data includes a multidimensional code, a radio frequency identifier, or a long-range radio communication chip and the second sensor data comprises item authentication data. Storing the second sensor data on the authentication component can include encoding a secure code including at least one of: a data of manufacturing, a place of manufacturing, an identity of the manufacturer, a date of shipping, or a temperature at packaging. The authentication component can be a visible component (attached to an outside of the item container or packaging) or a covert component (within the item container or packaging).[000211] At 1404, monitoring of the item is initiated and performed continuously throughout a supply chain from a receipt point to a destination point. For example, a mobile computing device can be set to enable detection of sensor data in a proximity of an item being handled or transported. [000212] At 1406, first sensor data indicative of a temperature change is received. In some implementations, the sensor includes a colorimetric sensor, a near field communication (NFC) tag, a magnetic sensor or any other type of temperature sensor that can generate temperature measurement data indicative of a thawing condition of an item in a supply chain. The colorimetric sensor that includes an analyte specific sensor, a pH sensor, or an enzyme sensitive sensor. The colorimetric sensor displays multiple colors, one color at a time, each indicative of a respective condition or temperature range. The colorimetric sensor displays one of the plurality of colors as a sensor detectable color at a luminance level, wherein the sensor detectable color changes in response to incident light of a set wavelength. One or more sensors can be installed inside or outside a container including the item facilitating the continuous monitoring of the item as being handled and transported from one system to another in the supply chain (including a cold chain). For example, the sensor can be provided adjacent to a portion of a frozen fluid within the item, wherein thawing of the frozen volume fluid exposes the sensor, triggering a receipt of the first sensor data. The sensor can be configured to activate data collection and / or transmission according to a respective temperature shift. The sensor can be configured to collect data continuously (according to the respective schedule) or can have a set trigger that initiates data collection in response to detection of one or more conditions for data collection.[000213] At 1408, second sensor data is received. The second sensor data can include authentication data or validation data. The authentication data can be received from an authentication component corresponding to the item. The authentication component can be included in the sensor or can include the sensor. Any of the authentication component and the sensor can be covered by a conductive material deactivating transmission of any of the first sensordata and the second sensor data. The validation data can be data received from a second sensor having a different acquisition setting (e.g., different resolution) than the first sensor. The validation data can be used to assess the accuracy and reliability of the first sensor data to avoid errors.[000214] At 1410, condition changes are determined based on the first and second sensor data. Determining condition changes can include matching a consistency between the first sensor data and the second sensor data and quantifying the detected change (e g., as a temperature average or total variation). Determining condition changes can include verification of item authenticity.[000215] At 1412, it is determined whether conditions are breached. Determined whether conditions are breached can include determining based on the first sensor data and the second sensor data a condition breaching pattern within the supply chain and triggering the remedial action modifying the condition breaching pattern within the supply chain. Determining the condition breaching pattern within the supply chain can include providing the first sensor data and the second sensor data to a prediction model trained to identify condition breaching patterns within the supply chain. The prediction model can include a machine learning model trained to recognize condition breaching patterns with respect to phase (thawed / frozen) mixture composition and temperature. The machine learning model can include a machine learning model pre-trained and fine-tuned to identify matching sensor data to item phase and state (compromised or tempered) characterization. In some implementations, the machine learning model can be based on machine learning techniques related to a deep neural network (DNN). A deep neural network can be referred to as a network because it can be represented by connecting different functions. For example, a model of the DNN can be represented as a graph representing how the functions are connected from an input layer, through one or more hidden layers, and finally to an output layer, and each layer can have one or more nodes. In an example, the DNN of the subject technology generates a dynamic characterization of multiphase mixtures using the training data sets as templates, with low computational requirements. The DNN model can provide quantitative value for the match between of the recorded and simulated patterns using the labelled patterns of sensor data and temperature changes with respect to item phase and state. In one or more implementations, relationships between the received pattern data and simulated data can be determined during training of the DNN. The training step optimizes the weights and biases in the hidden and output layer such that the estimation error between the estimated condition breaches and observed condition breaches can be minimized. Estimation error can be root mean square deviation, or acomposite of root mean square deviation, cross-correlation, or a geoscience error metric. To avoid overfitting during training, regularization of the estimation error is performed based upon the norms of weights in the hidden layers that are added to the estimation error. An optimization process can include application of a stochastic gradient descent algorithm (or any other appropriate optimization algorithm), which can use one or more iterative optimization techniques and / or use a small subset of the training dataset or batch with training samples randomly selected at a time. The variances calculated based upon the horizontal and vertical semi-variograms are included in the input feature. The optimization process can optimize the weights and biases associated with the vertical and horizontal semi-variances, and other input features such that an error in the phase and state estimates relative to the observed phase and state of the item can be minimized. The process of training described here not only can minimize the error in condition breach pattern estimates, but also can incorporate changes with respect to temperature and supply chain (location and time) point. Following the completion of training that can be determined by the estimation error on the validation dataset falling below a cut-off value, the testing dataset can be used to determine the performance of the trained DNN on unseen data records that were not previously used for training. Although a DNN was discussed for the purposes of explanation, it is appreciated that the machine learning model can include other trainable machine learning techniques. Further, it is appreciated that other types of neural networks can be utilized by the subject technology. For example, a convolutional neural network, regulatory feedback network, radial basis function network, recurrent neural network, modular neural network, instantaneously trained neural network, spiking neural network, regulatory feedback network, dynamic neural network, neuro-fuzzy network, compositional pattern-producing network, memory network, and / or any other appropriate type of neural network can be utilized. In some implementations, determining the condition breach includes comparing the one or more conditions to regulatory conditions corresponding to the item comprises determining that the item fails to satisfy an authenticity or a quality threshold at one or more time points between a pickup point and a drop off point within the supply chain. The regulatory conditions corresponding to the item define a temperature range for safe handling and transportation of a perishable item type. Items can be included in a package including multiple items associated with the regulatory conditions for safe handling and transportation of the perishable item type.[000216] At 1414, an alert is generated and remedial operations are activated. Triggering the remedial action can include activating a cooling cycle of a refrigerator system to adjust a temperature of the item. The refrigerator system can be included in a vehicle transporting the item. Activating the cooling cycle can include an automatic adjustment of an equipment setting based on the determined temperature variation. The adjustment of an equipment setting can include a control operation of the equipment to regulate a temperature (e.g., prevent thawing). For example, the determined item temperature can be compared to a maximum temperature for safe handling and transportation of the item and the comparison can be used to modify settings of the refrigerator system to decrease a risk of item contamination due to thawing. For example, the adjustment of the refrigerator setting can include a modification of system component operations for adjusting pressure, temperature, and / or air volume, for example by cooling system and / or pump control. The adjustment of an equipment setting can be transmitted to be displayed by a graphical user interface. [000217] The example process 1400 allows the monitoring of items throughout a supply chain using one or more sensors. The example process 1400 can be scheduled and automated, being initiated by condition changes (e.g., onset of thawing). The example process 1400 provides accurate and consistent assessment results, by accounting for various temperatures and salinity levels by incorporation of an empirical relationship of salinity / temperature with conductivity, advantageously facilitating an accurate prediction of condition breaches. The example process 1400 helps to optimize the monitoring of items throughout a supply chain without needing any expensive data collection, with great potential for industrial and pharmaceutical applications. The data generated during the example process 1400 is displayed on a user-friendly interface including various dashboards and reports, enabling comprehensive monitoring of items throughout a supply chain. The data generated during the example process 1400 can automatically update equipment settings for maintaining safe handling and transportation of items.[000218] A first feature, combinable with any of the following features, a computer- implemented method, comprising: initiating monitoring of an item within a supply chain by activating a detector to collect sensor data from a sensor of the item; receiving, from the sensor, first sensor data indicative of a temperature change of the item; receiving, from the sensor, second sensor data; determining, based on processing the first sensor data and the second sensor data, a change of one or more conditions comprising the temperature change; determining a condition breach by comparing the one or more conditions to regulatory conditions corresponding to theitem; and triggering a remedial action comprising a modification of a handling of the item within the supply chain.[000219] A second feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the sensor comprises any of a colorimetric sensor, a near field communication (NFC) tag, and a magnetic sensor.[000220] A third feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the colorimetric sensor that comprises an analyte specific sensor, a pH sensor, or an enzyme sensitive sensor.[000221] A fourth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the colorimetric sensor displays a plurality of colors, each indicative of a respective condition or temperature range.[000222] A fifth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the colorimetric sensor displays one of the plurality of colors as a sensor detectable color at a luminance level, wherein the sensor detectable color changes in response to incident light of a set wavelength.[000223] A sixth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the sensor is provided adjacent to a portion of a frozen fluid within the item, wherein thawing of the frozen volume fluid exposes the sensor, triggering a receipt of the first sensor data.[000224] A seventh feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the item comprises an authentication component comprising a multidimensional code, a radio frequency identifier, or a long-range radio communication chip and the second sensor data comprises item authentication data.[000225] An eighth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, comprising: storing the second sensor data on the authentication component by encoding a secure code comprising at least one of a data of manufacturing, a place of manufacturing, an identity of the manufacturer, a date of shipping, or a temperature at packaging.[000226] A nineth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the authentication component is a visible component or a covert component.[000227] A tenth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the authentication component is included in the sensor or comprises the sensor.[000228] An eleventh feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein any of the authentication component and the sensor is covered by a conductive material deactivating transmission of any of the first sensor data and the second sensor data.[000229] A twelfth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, comprising: determining based on the first sensor data and the second sensor data a condition breaching pattern within the supply chain; and triggering the remedial action modifying the condition breaching pattern within the supply chain.[000230] A thirteenth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein determining the condition breaching pattern within the supply chain comprises providing the first sensor data and the second sensor data to a machine learning model trained to identify condition breaching patterns within the supply chain.[000231] A fourteenth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein determining the condition breach by comparing the one or more conditions to regulatory conditions corresponding to the item comprises determining that the item fails to satisfy an authenticity or a quality threshold at one or more time points between a pickup point and a drop off point within the supply chain.[000232] A fifteenth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein triggering the remedial action comprises activating a cooling cycle of a refrigerator system to adjust a temperature of the item.[000233] A sixteenth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the refrigerator system is included in a vehicle transporting the item.[000234] A seventeenth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the regulatory conditions corresponding to the item define a temperature range for safe handling and transportation of a perishable item type.[000235] An eighteenth feature, combinable with any of the previous or following features, wherein the item in included in a package comprising a plurality of items associated with the regulatory conditions for safe handling and transportation of the perishable item type.[000236] A nineteenth feature, includes one or more non -transitory computer storage media encoded with instructions that, when executed by one or more computers, cause the one or more computers to perform the computer-implemented method of any of the preceding features.[000237] A twentieth feature, includes a system comprising one or more computers and one or more storage devices on which are stored instructions that are operable, when executed by the one or more computers, to cause the one or more computers to perform the computer-implemented method of any of the first feature through the eighteenth feature.[000238] Implementations of the subject matter and the functional operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, in tangibly embodied computer software or firmware, in computer hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Software implementations of the described subject matter can be implemented as one or more computer programs, that is, one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, a computer or computer-implemented system. Alternatively, or additionally, the program instructions can be encoded in / on an artificially generated propagated signal, for example, a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal that is generated to encode information for transmission to a receiver apparatus for execution by a computer or computer- implemented system. The computer- storage medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory device, or a combination of computer-storage mediums. Configuring one or more computers means that the one or more computers have installed hardware, firmware, or software (or combinations of hardware, firmware, and software) so that when the software is executed by the one or more computers, particular computing operations are performed. The computer storage medium is not, however, a propagated signal.[000239] The term “real-time,” “real time,” “realtime,” “real (fast) time (RFT),” “near(ly) real-time (NRT),” “quasi real-time,” or similar terms (as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art), means that an action and a response are temporally proximate such that an individual perceives the action and the response occurring substantially simultaneously. For example, the time difference for a response to display (or for an initiation of a display) of data following the individual’s action to access the data can be less than 1 millisecond (ms), less than 1 second (s), or less than 5 s. While the requested data need not be displayed (or initiated for display) instantaneously, it is displayed (or initiated for display) without any intentional delay, taking into account processing limitations of a described computing system and time required to, for example,gather, accurately measure, analyze, process, store, or transmit the data.[000240] The terms “data processing apparatus,” “computer,” “computing device,” or “electronic computer device” (or an equivalent term as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art) refer to data processing hardware and encompass all kinds of apparatuses, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example, a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The computer can also be, or further include special-purpose logic circuitry, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a field- programmable gate array (FPGA), or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In some implementations, the computer or computer-implemented system or special-purpose logic circuitry (or a combination of the computer or computer-implemented system and special-purpose logic circuitry) can be hardware- or software-based (or a combination of both hardware- and software-based). The computer can optionally include code that creates an execution environment for computer programs, for example, code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of execution environments. The present disclosure contemplates the use of a computer or computer-implemented system with an operating system, for example LINUX, UNIX, WINDOWS, MAC OS, ANDROID, or IOS, or a combination of operating systems.[000241] A computer program, which can also be referred to or described as a program, software, a software application, a unit, a module, a software module, a script, code, or other component can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, or declarative or procedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including, for example, as a stand-alone program, module, component, or subroutine, for use in a computing environment. A computer program can, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data, for example, one or more scripts stored in a markup language document, in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files, for example, files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.[000242] While portions of the programs illustrated in the various figures can be illustrated as individual components, such as units or modules, that implement described features andfunctionality using various objects, methods, or other processes, the programs can instead include a number of sub-units, sub-modules, third-party services, components, libraries, and other components, as appropriate. Conversely, the features and functionality of various components can be combined into single components, as appropriate. Thresholds used to make computational determinations can be statically, dynamically, or both statically and dynamically determined.[000243] Described methods, processes, or logic flows represent one or more examples of functionality consistent with the present disclosure and are not intended to limit the disclosure to the described or illustrated implementations, but to be accorded the widest scope consistent with described principles and features. The described methods, processes, or logic flows can be performed by one or more programmable computers executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output data. The methods, processes, or logic flows can also be performed by, and computers can also be implemented as, specialpurpose logic circuitry, for example, a CPU, an FPGA, or an ASIC.[000244] Computers for the execution of a computer program can be based on general or special-purpose microprocessors, both, or another type of CPU. Generally, a CPU can receive instructions and data from and write to a memory. The essential elements of a computer are a CPU, for performing or executing instructions, and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer can also include, or be operatively coupled to, receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, for example, magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, for example, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or video player, a game console, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, or a portable memory storage device, for example, a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive, to name just a few.[000245] Non-transitory computer-readable media for storing computer program instructions and data can include all forms of permanent / non-permanent or volatile / non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, for example, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), phase change memory (PRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable readonly memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices; magnetic devices, for example, tape,cartridges, cassettes, internal / removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and optical memory devices, for example, digital versatile / video disc (DVD), compact disc (CD)-ROM, DVD+ / -R, DVD-RAM, DVD-ROM, high-definition / density (HD)-DVD, and BLU-RAY / BLU-RAY DISC (BD), and other optical memory technologies. The memory can store various objects or data, including caches, classes, frameworks, applications, modules, backup data, jobs, web pages, web page templates, data structures, database tables, repositories storing dynamic information, or other appropriate information including any parameters, variables, algorithms, instructions, rules, constraints, or references. Additionally, the memory can include other appropriate data, such as logs, policies, security or access data, or reporting fdes. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special-purpose logic circuitry.[000246] To provide for interaction with a user, implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented on a computer having a display device, for example, a cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED), or plasma monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, for example, a mouse, trackball, or trackpad by which the user can provide input to the computer. Input can also be provided to the computer using a touchscreen, such as a tablet computer surface with pressure sensitivity or a multi-touch screen using capacitive or electric sensing. Other types of devices can be used to interact with the user. For example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback (such as, visual, auditory, tactile, or a combination of feedback types). Input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with the user by sending documents to and receiving documents from a client computing device that is used by the user (for example, by sending web pages to a web browser on a user’s mobile computing device in response to requests received from the web browser).[000247] The term “graphical user interface (GUI) can be used in the singular or the plural to describe one or more graphical user interfaces and each of the displays of a particular graphical user interface. Therefore, a GUI can represent any graphical user interface, including but not limited to, a web browser, a touch screen, or a command line interface (CLI) that processes information and efficiently presents the information results to the user. In general, a GUI can include a number of user interface (UI) elements, some or all associated with a web browser, such as interactive fields, pull-down lists, and buttons. These and other UI elements can be related to orrepresent the functions of the web browser.[000248] Implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, for example, as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, for example, an application server, or that includes a front-end component, for example, a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described in this specification, or any combination of one or more such back-end, middleware, or front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of wireline or wireless digital data communication (or a combination of data communication), for example, a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN), a radio access network (RAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a wide area network (WAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX), a wireless local area network (WLAN) using, for example, 802.1 lx or other protocols, all or a portion of the Internet, another communication network, or a combination of communication networks. The communication network can communicate with, for example, Internet Protocol (IP) packets, frame relay frames, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cells, voice, video, data, or other information between network nodes.[000249] The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.[000250] While this specification contains many particular implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any inventive concept or on the scope of what can be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that can be specific to particular implementations of particular inventive concepts. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented, in combination, in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations, separately, or in any sub-combination. Moreover, although previously described features can be described as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some implementations, be excised from the combination, and the claimedcombination can be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.[000251] Particular implementations of the subject matter have been described. Other implementations, alterations, and permutations of the described implementations are within the scope of the following claims as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. While operations, steps, or actions are depicted in the drawings or claims in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations, steps, or actions be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations, steps, or actions be performed (some operations, steps, or actions can be considered optional), to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking or parallel processing (or a combination of multitasking and parallel processing) can be advantageous and performed as deemed appropriate.[000252] The separation or integration of various components and / or system modules in the previously described implementations should not be understood as requiring such separation or integration in all implementations. In some implementations, described components and system modules can be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.[000253] Accordingly, the previously described example implementations do not define or constrain the present disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and alterations are also possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.[000254] Furthermore, any claimed implementation may be applicable to a computer- implemented method; a non-transitory, computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions to perform the computer-implemented method; and / or a computer system comprising a computer memory interoperably coupled with a hardware processor configured to perform the computer-implemented method or the instructions stored on the non-transitory, computer-readable medium.[000255] In view of the above-described implementations of subject matter this application discloses the following list of embodiments, wherein one feature of an embodiment in isolation or more than one feature of said embodiment taken in combination and, optionally, in combination with one or more features of one or more further embodiments are further embodiments also falling within the disclosure of this application.[000256] Embodiment 1 : A method comprising: providing a sensor capable of changing a color characteristic responsive to an altered temperature; generating a secure code dependent onthe color characteristic of the sensor; and attaching the secure code to a package such that, during shipping of the package, the altered temperature can cause the color characteristic of the sensor to change, thereby rendering the secure code inoperable.[000257] Embodiment 2: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the sensor is provided adjacent to a frozen volume such that, when the frozen volume thaws in response to the altered temperature, the sensor is exposed, wherein the sensor comprises at least one of a colorimetric sensor or a hologram.[000258] Embodiment 3: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the sensor comprises a colorimetric sensor that is enzyme sensitive.[000259] Embodiment 4: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the changed color characteristic comprises one or more of: a presence or absence of a discernable color, a changed luminance level, or a change response to incident light of a given wavelength.[000260] Embodiment 5: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the secure code encodes at least one of a data of manufacturing, a place of manufacturing, an identity of the manufacturer, a date of shipping, or a temperature at packaging.[000261] Embodiment 6: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the secure code comprises at least one of: a QR code, a bar code, or a covert code.[000262] Embodiment 7: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the secure code is generated by including the sensor in the secure code, or by presenting the sensor alongside the secure code.[000263] Embodiment 8: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein attaching the secure code comprises at least one of: enclosing the secure code inside the package, printing the secure code on the package, and tagging the secure code outside the package.[000264] Embodiment 9: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the package is a food product package.[000265] Embodiment 10: One or more non-transitory computer storage media encoded with instructions that, when executed by one or more computers, cause the one or more computers to perform the method of any preceding claim.[000266] Embodiment 11 : A system comprising one or more computers and one or more storage devices on which are stored instructions that are operable, when executed by the one or more computers, to cause the one or more computers to perform the method of any of the precedingembodiments.[000267] Embodiment 12: A method comprising: obtaining data from one or more sensors attached to a package, the one or more sensors including a temperature reading device; generating a data package that includes the data from the one or more sensors attached to the package; and transmitting the data package to a receiving system.[000268] Embodiment 13: The method of the preceding embodiment, wherein the temperature reading device comprises a color changing element that indicates when a temperature threshold has been reached.[000269] Embodiment 14: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein obtaining the data from the one or more sensors attached to the package comprises: receiving signals from the one or more sensors, wherein the one or more sensors include near-field communication (NFC) systems configured to communicate using LoRa wireless modulation.[000270] Embodiment 15: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, comprising: encrypting the data package prior to transmitting the encrypted data package to the receiving system.[000271] Embodiment 16: One or more non-transitory computer storage media encoded with instructions that, when executed by one or more computers, cause the one or more computers to perform the method of any of the preceding embodiments.[000272] Embodiment 17: A system comprising one or more computers and one or more storage devices on which are stored instructions that are operable, when executed by the one or more computers, to cause the one or more computers to perform the method of any of the preceding embodiments.[000273] Embodiment 18: The method of the preceding embodiment, further comprising generating a biochemical change in response to a temperature change using biochemical or microbiological agents.[000274] Embodiment 19: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein biochemical or microbiological agents comprises enzymes or microbial cells.[000275] Embodiment 20: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein agents such as enzymes or microbial cells are utilized to generate a biochemical change in response to a temperature change, this being visualized or detected by a chemical color change or a change in turbidity.[000276] Embodiment 21 : The method of any of the preceding embodiments, further comprising edge computing using a mobile-device application.[000277] Embodiment 22: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein a smartphone includes the mobile-device application.[000278] Embodiment 23: A method comprising: obtaining, using a reader, a signal from a secure code attached to a package, wherein the secure code comprises (i) a first portion indicating shipping information of the package and (ii) a second portion indicating quality information of the package; and determining, using the signal from the secure code, whether the package satisfies an authenticity or quality threshold.[000279] Embodiment 24: The method of the preceding embodiment, wherein the signal from the secure code comprises an image of the secure code taken by a camera of the reader.[000280] Embodiment 25: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the second portion of the secure code comprises a color changing element that indicates when a temperature threshold has been reached.[000281] Embodiment 26: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the signal from the secure code comprises a radio frequency signal.[000282] Embodiment 27: The method of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the reader comprises a smartphone.[000283] Embodiment 28: One or more non-transitory computer storage media encoded with instructions that, when executed by one or more computers, cause the one or more computers to perform the method of any of the preceding embodiments.[000284] Embodiment 29: A system comprising one or more computers and one or more storage devices on which are stored instructions that are operable, when executed by the one or more computers, to cause the one or more computers to perform the method of any of the preceding embodiments.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A computer-implemented method, comprising: initiating monitoring of an item within a supply chain by activating a detector to collect sensor data from a sensor of the item; receiving, from the sensor, first sensor data indicative of a temperature change of the item; receiving, from the sensor, second sensor data; determining, based on processing the first sensor data and the second sensor data, a change of one or more conditions comprising the temperature change; determining a condition breach by comparing the one or more conditions to regulatory conditions corresponding to the item; and triggering a remedial action comprising a modification of a handling of the item within the supply chain.

2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises any of a colorimetric sensor, a near field communication (NFC) tag, and a magnetic sensor.

3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the colorimetric sensor that comprises an analyte specific sensor, a pH sensor, or an enzyme sensitive sensor.

4. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the colorimetric sensor displays a plurality of colors, each indicative of a respective condition or temperature range.

5. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the colorimetric sensor displays one of the plurality of colors as a sensor detectable color at a luminance level, wherein the sensor detectable color changes in response to incident light of a set wavelength.

6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the sensor is provided adjacent to a portion of a frozen fluid within the item, wherein thawing of the frozen volume fluid exposes the sensor, triggering a receipt of the first sensor data.

7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the item comprises an authentication component comprising a multidimensional code, a radio frequency identifier, or a long-range radio communication chip and the second sensor data comprises item authentication data.

8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, comprising: storing the second sensor data on the authentication component by encoding a secure code comprising at least one of: a data of manufacturing, a place of manufacturing, an identity of the manufacturer, a date of shipping, or a temperature at packaging.

9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the authentication component is a visible component or a covert component.

10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the authentication component is included in the sensor or comprises the sensor.

11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein any of the authentication component and the sensor is covered by a conductive material deactivating transmission of any of the first sensor data and the second sensor data.

12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, comprising: determining based on the first sensor data and the second sensor data a condition breaching pattern within the supply chain; and triggering the remedial action modifying the condition breaching pattern within the supply chain.

13. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein determining the condition breaching pattern within the supply chain comprises providing the first sensor data and the second sensor data to a machine learning model trained to identify condition breaching patterns within thesupply chain.

14. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein determining the condition breach by comparing the one or more conditions to regulatory conditions corresponding to the item comprises determining that the item fails to satisfy an authenticity or a quality threshold at one or more time points between a pick up point and a drop off point within the supply chain.

15. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein triggering the remedial action comprises activating a cooling cycle of a refrigerator system to adjust a temperature of the item.

16. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the refrigerator system is included in a vehicle transporting the item.

17. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the regulatory conditions corresponding to the item define a temperature range for safe handling and transportation of a perishable item type.

18. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the item in included in a package comprising a plurality of items associated with the regulatory conditions for safe handling and transportation of the perishable item type.

19. One or more non-transitory computer storage media encoded with instructions that, when executed by one or more computers, cause the one or more computers to perform the computer- implemented method of any of the preceding claims.

20. A system comprising one or more computers and one or more storage devices on which are stored instructions that are operable, when executed by the one or more computers, to cause the one or more computers to perform the computer-implemented method of any of claims 1-18.

Images