1125 results about "Pork meat" patented technology

The invention discloses a pork quality grade lossless evaluation method based on hyperspectral imaging, and relates to the technical field of pork detection.The pork quality grade lossless evaluation method comprises the following steps that pork samples of different qualities are prepared, and standardization processing is conducted on the pork samples; performing chromatic aberration analysis on the pork samples with different qualities by using a colorimeter, and performing quality grade division on the pork samples with different qualities based on the analysis results of the muscle color, the fat color and the gloss of the pork. According to the pork quality grade lossless evaluation method based on hyperspectral imaging, reflection or transmission information of a pork sample in a plurality of continuous spectral wavebands is captured by using a hyperspectral imaging technology, accurate evaluation of the pork quality grade is realized by analyzing spectral data, higher-dimension data is provided, and the evaluation accuracy of the pork quality grade is improved. Meanwhile, rapid scanning can be achieved, the detection time is greatly shortened, the overall detection efficiency is improved, and pork quality monitoring is more efficient and timely.

The invention discloses a tumbling device for efficiently pickling pork, and belongs to the technical field of meat product processing, the tumbling device for efficiently pickling pork comprises a support, a tumbling bin, a driving tumbling roller, a rotation driving mechanism and a fixed seat, the periphery of the fixed seat is provided with a driven tumbling roller, and a tumbling channel is defined between the driving tumbling roller and the driven tumbling roller; the mounting mechanism is arranged at the top of the tumbling bin and used for hanging pork and driving the pork to move in the tumbling channel in an annular track when the rotation driving mechanism acts. According to the invention, pork rotates in the rolling and kneading channel according to an annular track, and in the rotating process, the driving kneading roller and the driven kneading roller can knead and press the pork, so that on one hand, the pork accumulation phenomenon is avoided, and the phenomenon that part of the pork is not fully rolled and kneaded is prevented, and on the other hand, in the moving process of the pork in the rolling and kneading channel, the pork is not fully kneaded. And the plurality of driving kneading rollers and the plurality of driven kneading rollers generate extrusion forces in different directions on pork, so that the rolling and kneading effect is better.

The invention relates to a molecular marker associated with pork intramuscular fat and application. The SNP is located at a single nucleotide Ggt occurring at the 6114468bp position of a first chromosome of a pig genome; the A polymorphic site is shown in the specification. A target sequence containing the mononucleotide mutation site is subjected to PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification by utilizing a primer, and the PRKN genotype can be quickly identified by sequencing an amplification product, so that the difference of pork quality is detected, and guidance is provided for breeding of pig varieties.

The invention belongs to the field of agricultural automation and intelligent equipment, and discloses a portable measuring method and device for pork intramuscular fat content. By screening the characteristic wave bands related to the fat content and selecting the corresponding narrow-band LEDs, the accuracy and effectiveness of the multispectral image are improved. And meanwhile, through multi-modal image fusion analysis, in combination with the RGB image, the black-and-white image and the multi-spectral image, the precision of target segmentation and content prediction is improved. And establishing an end-to-end content prediction model by adopting a mode of combining a CNN and an MLP network. Meanwhile, the FCNN network is used for processing the spectral data, the tedious spectral data preprocessing process is omitted, the advantages of the spectral data and the RGB image are fully played, and a new thought and method are provided for the field of spectral modeling. The technical scheme has the advantages of portability, high efficiency, accuracy and the like, provides powerful support for pork nutrition evaluation, and can provide reference for determination of the fat content of other livestock and poultry meat.

The invention discloses an SNP molecular marker related to an IMF character of a Ningxiang pig and application of the SNP molecular marker. The SNP molecular marker comprises at least one of an SNP1 site, an SNP2 site, an SNP3 site, an SNP4 site, an SNP5 site and an SNP6 site. According to the scheme, the SNP molecular marker related to the IMF character is provided, Ningxiang pig breeds with different IMF contents can be efficiently and accurately identified and screened out, and the SNP molecular marker has the advantages of being rapid, accurate and low in detection cost, can be used for detection and application of different Ningxiang pig breeds and has wide application prospects. And an indispensable important tool is provided for breeding Ningxiang pig breeds with high IMF content and excellent meat quality and improving the quality of Ningxiang pork.

The invention discloses an intelligent detection and traceability system and method for pig farm breeding data, relates to the technical field of pig farm monitoring, and aims to solve the technical problems that breeding risks are difficult to estimate and hidden dangers exist in pork quality safety due to the lack of a traceability method and a management system in current pig farm breeding. Comprising a multi-type sensor network, a video monitoring system, a wireless communication network, and data encryption and secure transmission. According to the invention, a traceability system for live pigs from breeding to slaughtering can be established, a convenient traceability query function is provided for consumers through a block chain traceability system and a decision support system, and targeted breeding decision support is provided for farmers. According to the invention, pig farm breeding data can be collected and analyzed comprehensively, accurately and intelligently, and stored and inquired through the block chain traceability platform; and real-time early warning and decision support can be provided for live pig production and breeding of farmers. According to the invention, the modernization and intelligence level of the pig breeding industry can be effectively improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of molecular biotechnology and molecular markers, and particularly relates to an SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) site related to pig intramuscular fat content, a related molecular marker and application of the SNP site. The SNP site corresponds to the 151330919bp site of a No.6 chromosome of an international pig reference genome version 11.1, the polymorphism of a base of the site affects the intramuscular fat content of the pig, the related index of a TT genotype is greater than that of a pig individual with TG and GG genotypes, and the related index of the TG genotype is greater than that of a pig individual with GG genotype. According to the invention, a molecular breeding means is utilized to solve the problem of improving the character expression of the intramuscular fat content of the pig, and by optimizing the dominant alleles of the SNP, the frequency of the dominant alleles can be increased generation by generation, the intramuscular fat content of the pig can be improved, the pork quality can be improved, the genetic modification breeding of the pig can be accelerated, and the economic benefit of a pig farm can be improved.

The invention provides a Jinhua pork quality improvement method and system based on data mining, and relates to the technical field of intelligent breeding, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining an original data set; performing data fusion according to the original data set, and obtaining a multi-modal association graph by constructing an entity-relation network topology structure; performing potential influence path extraction according to the multi-modal association map to obtain an influence path set; performing interaction effect modeling according to the influence path set to obtain a dynamic effect model; performing meat defect tracing according to the dynamic action model to obtain a defect driving factor set; and generating an optimization strategy according to the defect driving factor set to obtain a meat quality improvement decision scheme. According to the method, the multi-factor relation network is constructed by integrating Jinhua pig full-period multi-source data, the key conduction path and the dynamic interaction model influencing meat quality formation are accurately extracted, and the nonlinear antagonism relation between the leaf fat deposition tendency and intramuscular fat accumulation under the specific physiological mechanism of the Jinhua pigs is systematically quantified.

The invention relates to a method for constructing a pork water-retaining property prediction model based on a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technology. The method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing a sample; (2) sample low-field nuclear magnetic resonance signal acquisition and inversion; (3) measuring water-retaining property parameters of the sample; and (4) model construction and evaluation. According to the method, an LF-NMR instrument is used for analyzing and optimizing acquisition parameters of a pork sample, proper characteristic parameters are selected as input parameters, proper pork water-retaining property parameters are selected as output parameters, and a pork water-retaining property prediction model based on a neural network, support vector regression and a random forest is constructed. The prediction method provided by the invention provides a scientific basis for the water-retaining property change of the pork in the processing, storage and transportation processes, and also provides more efficient and accurate detection service for food quality and safety monitoring.

The invention discloses a pork quality evaluation method and system oriented to cold-chain transportation, and relates to the technical field of pork quality detection.The method comprises the following steps that multiple types of data reflecting pork quality changes in the whole cold-chain transportation process are collected, a unified time sequence list is established, and the data are stored in a database; correspondingly marking the fluctuation trend and temperature and humidity changes of each type of data to generate a dynamic data manuscript; and performing time difference sorting on the dynamic data manuscript, extracting synchronous change fragments of the pH value and the volatile basic nitrogen, and independently labeling and summarizing the fragments without synchronous characteristics to form a non-synchronous characteristic list. According to the method, the unified time sequence list of multiple types of data is established, so that dynamic association and continuous tracking of the physicochemical indexes and the environmental parameters are realized, and the real-time performance and accuracy of quality evaluation are improved; and through asynchronous feature recognition and a dynamic adjustment mechanism, an asynchronous phenomenon is self-adaptively repaired, so that freshness and corruption degree evaluation is kept stable and reliable under environmental fluctuation.

The invention discloses a preparation method of biological breeding pork rice, and belongs to the technical field of biological breeding meat. The preparation method of the biological breeding pork rice comprises a preparation method of pork breeding cereals, collagen incubation, pig myoblast inoculation, pig myoblast culture and pork rice harvesting. According to the technical scheme, the production process is mature and controllable, and stable product quality can be kept in large-scale production; the production process does not depend on a microcarrier, the production cost is reduced, the production process is simplified, and the whole production process is more efficient and economical; by using biological materials such as fish collagen protein and hyaluronic acid, the nutritional value and biocompatibility of the product are improved, so that the final product has higher market competitiveness; the production process is green, environment-friendly, safe, reliable and resource-saving; the cereal and new protein combined pork rice provides a new possibility for consumers to select in the food market.

The invention relates to the technical field of pig breeding, in particular to an SNP molecular marker for identifying pork quality, a primer and application of the SNP molecular marker, the nucleotide sequence of the molecular marker is shown as SEQ ID NO.1, N at the 140th site of the sequence is an SNP site, and the polymorphism is T or C; the unfreezing water loss rate and intramuscular fat content of the pork with the CC genotype are higher than those of the pork with the TT genotype and CT genotype, and the molecular marker can be used for detecting the difference of pork quality and is applied to continuous breeding of the Songhua black pigs and early breeding in production.

The invention discloses a pork quality index accurate determination method and system based on multi-modal spectrum fusion. Based on visible near-infrared imaging hyperspectrum, near-infrared imaging hyperspectrum and Raman spectrum data of a longissimus dorsi and waist muscle sample of a pig, accurate determination of key pork quality indexes of the pig is realized through a multi-modal fusion network SF-Net, a set of pork quality index accurate determination system is constructed, the system can automatically collect three modal spectrums of a pork sample, and the accuracy of the pork quality indexes is improved. Spectral features and frequency features of meat samples are analyzed and extracted, and feature fusion is performed by using a multi-modal fusion network, so that accurate measurement of the key meat quality indexes of the pigs is realized. Compared with the prior art, on the basis of realizing lossless and efficient determination of the pig key meat quality indexes, the accuracy of meat quality index determination is further improved. According to the method, the meat quality indexes can be accurately measured, meanwhile, the multiple meat quality indexes can be synchronously measured, and a new method is provided for online real-time intelligent evaluation of the meat quality.

The invention belongs to the technical field of nondestructive rapid detection, and particularly relates to a Raman spectrum technology detection method for the quality of minced pork gel treated by starch. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a minced pork sample containing starch; determining physical and chemical indexes of the minced pork sample; collecting a Raman spectrum of the minced pork sample, and preprocessing the spectrum; and finally, constructing a quantitative prediction model for the gel quality of the minced pork. According to the method, starch treatment and Raman spectrum technologies are creatively combined, complex information related to the quality of the minced pork gel can be efficiently captured and excavated, complex and nonlinear minced pork Raman spectrum data are linearly separable through the support vector machine model, and finally efficient, accurate and nondestructive detection of the quality of the minced pork is achieved. Wide application prospects are realized.

The invention belongs to the technical field of animal breeding, and particularly relates to application of a detection reagent of an SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) molecular marker related to pork tenderness. An SNP site exists at the 232bp position from the 5'end of the sequence, the polymorphism is G / A, three genotypes of GG, GA and AA are shown, G allele is dominant allele, and the meat tenderness of a GG type individual is obviously higher than that of an AA type individual. The invention further develops a reagent for detecting the SNP molecular marker, the reagent can be used for pig assisted breeding, pig breeding or pork tenderness identification, and a method for identifying the pork tenderness is developed, which is beneficial to accelerating genetic breeding and early-stage seed selection of boars with high-quality meat traits.

The invention relates to a molecular marker in a sixth intron of a porcine PRKN gene, a primer, a kit, a method and application. The molecular marker comprises a single nucleotide Agt generated at the 6447587bp position of a first chromosome of a pig genome; and C is a nucleotide sequence formed by mutation. A target sequence containing the mononucleotide mutation site is subjected to PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification by utilizing a primer, and the PRKN genotype can be quickly identified by sequencing an amplification product, so that the difference of pork quality is detected, and guidance is provided for breeding of pig varieties.

The utility model relates to the technical field of harmless treatment, in particular to a pig slaughtering line disease harmless treatment device which comprises a machine body, a rotary rod is fixedly sleeved with a roller, the surface of the roller is provided with an installation opening, and an opening cover is installed in one sliding groove in a sliding mode. A through opening communicating with one sliding groove is formed in the surface of the roller, a locking rod is slidably inserted into the through opening, a mounting block is fixedly mounted at the top end of the locking rod, the locking rod is sleeved with a telescopic spring, and the two ends of the telescopic spring are fixedly connected with the mounting block and the roller correspondingly; and a locking opening for inserting the end part of the locking rod is formed in the surface of the opening cover. The pork does not stand in the device for high-temperature treatment, but rolls in the roller along with the rotation of the roller, so that the contact surface between the pork and the pork can be in full contact with high-temperature steam, and the overall harmless treatment efficiency of the pork is improved.

The invention discloses a molecular marker related to pig intramuscular fat content and meat color character and application, and belongs to the technical field of molecular markers. A section of 2279bp insertion structure variation exists in a ninth exon region of the FMO3 gene, and polymorphism detection in a Beijing black pig population finds that three types of genotypes, namely homozygote insertion (AA), homozygote insertion-free (WW) and heterozygote (AW), exist on the locus. The three genotypes and Beijing black pig meat quality characters are subjected to correlation analysis, and the result shows that the intramuscular fat content of the WW genotype is remarkably higher than that of the AA genotype and the AW genotype; the meat color character of the AA genotype is obviously higher than that of the AW genotype. The invention provides a new thought for further researching the effect of the FMO3 gene on the pork quality character, and provides a theoretical reference for the breeding work related to the pork quality.

The invention relates to the technical field of pigs, in particular to a molecular marker associated with pork color and intramuscular fat content and application. The molecular marker is an SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) site of nucleotide at a position 7314350 of a chromosome 1 NC010443.5 of a pig reference genome GCF 000003025.6. The molecular marker is a molecular marker of a pig genome GCF 000003025.6 The molecular marker is closely associated with pork color and intramuscular fat content characters. The molecular marker can be applied to molecular-assisted selective breeding of high-quality pork quality characters.

The utility model relates to the technical field of raw pork cutting, and discloses a multifunctional raw pork cutting device which comprises a device body, the device body comprises a workbench, a through groove, a rotating roller and a cutting assembly, guide assemblies are fixedly installed on the two sides of the top end of the workbench, and each guide assembly comprises an installation base. The mounting bases are fixedly mounted on the two sides of the top end of the workbench, first air cylinders are fixedly mounted on the sides, close to each other, of the mounting bases, and mounting plates are fixedly mounted on the sides, close to each other, of the first air cylinders. According to the pork cutting device, the guide assembly is arranged, by means of the design, pork is placed between the two moving bases and is positioned through the clamp assembly, the motor works to drive the moving bases to move backwards, the pork in the positioning state can be driven to penetrate through a cutting disc on the cutting assembly, and pork cutting is achieved; in the cutting process, the pork does not need to be positioned and guided by the limbs of a worker.

The utility model relates to the technical field of pork processing, in particular to raw material cleaning equipment for pork product processing, which comprises a fixed base, a baffle plate, a placing table and a cleaning assembly, the cleaning assembly comprises a fixed bracket, a limiting bracket, a limiting sliding frame, a threaded seat, a connecting plate, an electric push rod, a mounting plate, a telescopic rod, a cleaning brush, a telescopic spring and a driving component, and the surface of the pork raw material on the placing table can be brushed by adjusting and moving the cleaning brush, so that the manual brushing process is avoided; and the consumption of manual labor force is reduced.

The invention provides a pork processing full-chain traceability information visualization method based on RFID and a two-dimensional code, and the method comprises the steps: firstly, setting a key control point under the guidance of an HACCP system, and determining possible hazard links in a pork traceability whole process; secondly, an image acquisition device is used, the electronic tag is used as a traceability information carrier, and traceability picture information is written into a storage area of the electronic tag; finally, paper two-dimensional codes are adopted for marking information of pork at all parts after pork segmentation, and consumers inquire pork traceability information by scanning the two-dimensional codes. According to the method, the HACCP system is used as guidance, the harm in the whole process is analyzed, key control points are set, and links which are prone to problems in the live pig product production process are determined. For the links, pictures of field operation are shot and stored in the traceability system, so that the authenticity and the accuracy of traceability information are improved, and the credibility of consumers on pork quality is improved.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of pork processing, and particularly relates to an efficient raw material slitting device which comprises a machine frame, and the upper surface of the machine frame is fixedly connected with the bottom ends of two installation frames at the same time. A third fixing frame is arranged above a blade, and a brush plate and a spray pipe are arranged on the third fixing frame, so that a user can control a first electric push rod to extend to drive the third fixing frame to descend through a controller after a large piece of pork is cut by using the cutting mechanism; the brush plates on the left side and the right side and the spray pipe are located on the two sides of the blade correspondingly, at the moment, the opposite faces of the two brush plates make contact with the two side faces of the blade correspondingly, then cleaning water is sprayed to the side faces of the blade through the flow dividing pipe, the second telescopic hose and the spray pipe, and the blade is controlled to rotate to be comprehensively cleaned through the brush plates and the spray pipe. Therefore, minced meat residues attached to the blades are removed, pollution to subsequent fresh meat blocks is avoided, and sanitation and safety of pork production and processing are guaranteed.

The invention discloses a production process of grain amaranth fermented feed, and belongs to the technical field of livestock breeding. The method comprises the following steps of raw material preparation, raw material pretreatment, ingredient mixing, fermentation inoculant inoculation, sealed fermentation, fermentation post-treatment and effect verification optimization, by optimizing the production process of the grain amaranth fermented feed, the nutritional value and palatability of the feed are improved, it is ensured that antinutritional factors of grain amaranth are effectively degraded, and the yield of the grain amaranth is improved. Key nutritional ingredients in the raw materials are fully reserved and efficiently absorbed by pigs, the feed intake, the weight gain rate and the feed conversion rate of the pigs are remarkably increased, the content of crude fibers is reduced, the availability of nutrient substances is enhanced, the flavor and the texture of pork are improved, lactic acid bacteria are efficiently utilized and fermentation conditions are accurately controlled in the fermentation process, and the production cost is reduced. The residues of undigested protein and cellulose in the pig manure are reduced, the emission of harmful gases such as ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide is reduced, and the air quality and sanitary conditions of a farm are improved.

The invention provides application of pediococcus pentosaceus in preparation of a product for improving pork quality and intestinal flora, and relates to the technical field of animal feeding. The pediococcus pentosaceus disclosed by the invention is pediococcus pentosaceus LL2018368, is separated from the digestive tract of a Diqing Tibetan pig and is preserved in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC), and the preservation number is CGMCC No.18709. The pediococcus pentosaceus disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the pediococcus pentosaceus can be used for preparing the pediococcus pentosaceus; the pediococcus pentosaceus LL2018368 is added into drinking water of the Du-Si pigs, the influence of the pediococcus pentosaceus LL2018368 on archaea, meat quality, tissue fat-soluble vitamins and excrement metabolite composition in the excrement of the Du-Si pigs is studied, and the result shows that the pediococcus pentosaceus LL2018368 enables the species of the archaea in the excrement to tend to be consistent, so that the content of the archaea in the excrement of the Du-Si pigs in the excrement of the Du-Si pigs in the excrement of the Du-Si pigs is increased. The contents of vitamin A and all-trans-retinol in kidney tissues are increased, and the probiotic functions of amino acid and fat metabolism related bacteria and enzymes are improved.

The utility model discloses pork processing and slitting equipment, and belongs to the technical field of pork processing. Comprising a slitting equipment body, an adjusting assembly is arranged at the top end of the slitting equipment body, a control panel is arranged on one side of the slitting equipment body, and a cutting assembly is connected to the bottom end of the adjusting assembly. A first electric push rod is started, a moving plate stably drives a cutting assembly to vertically adjust the cutting depth and control the cutting thickness, a second electric push rod is started, a sliding plate horizontally moves to cut pork, large pork blocks can be horizontally cut into strips, and a first driving motor is started to drive a cutting piece to stably rotate to cut the pork into strips; pork is prevented from adhering to the blades.

The invention provides a shredding device for pork food preprocessing, and relates to the technical field of food processing, the shredding device comprises a support base, a pork shredding mechanism, an elastic support mechanism, a control mechanism, a pork positioning mechanism and an anti-sticking mechanism; the pork shredding mechanism is mounted on the supporting frame; the elastic supporting mechanism is mounted on the supporting base, and the shredded pork collecting box is mounted on the elastic supporting mechanism; the control mechanism is mounted on the supporting base; the pork positioning mechanism is mounted on the supporting frame; the anti-sticking mechanism is mounted on the pork positioning mechanism; a row of transverse cutting blades A and a row of longitudinal cutting blades automatically move downwards, automatic shredding of pork in a pork positioning frame is achieved, the shredding efficiency is improved, and the shredding quality is further guaranteed; the problems that pork shredding processing needs to be carried out in two steps, pork is firstly sliced, then pork slices are shredded, the pork cannot be directly shredded, the working efficiency is reduced, and the defective rate is high are solved.

The invention relates to application of a molecular marker related to pork flavor. The molecular marker is related to the content of alpha-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD < + >) in longissimus dorsi of a pig. The invention discloses a method for identifying pork flavor and a breeding method for breeding pigs with better pork flavor. According to the method, the 131363728th nucleotide site of a pig to be detected on a chromosome 8 of a pig reference genome Sscrofa11.1 and GCF000003025.6 is detected, the genotype of the pig is judged, the pork flavor is identified, the content of alpha-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) in longissimus dorsi muscle of a TT genotype at the site is higher than that of a pig individual of a CT genotype, and the content of the pig of the CT genotype is higher than that of a pig individual of a CC genotype. In actual breeding work, to-be-detected pigs with the 131363728 site genotype being TT can be selected as parents for breeding, and the method has important significance on breeding pigs with better pork flavor.

The invention discloses an SNP molecular marker related to a pork quality character gene NRG2, a primer pair and application of the SNP molecular marker and the primer pair, and relates to the technical field of pig molecular markers. Wherein the meat quality character is an intramuscular fat content character; the molecular marker is located in a first intron of an NRG2 gene of a second chromosome of a pig, the nucleotide sequence of the molecular marker is shown as SEQ ID NO.1 in a sequence table, and g.86Cgt exists at the 86bp position of the sequence; the T basic group is mutated. The invention also provides a primer pair for amplifying the molecular marker and a method for breeding by using the molecular marker. According to the invention, the correlation between one SNP molecular marker in the pig NRG2 gene and the intramuscular fat content character of the pig is explored for the first time, so that the SNP molecular marker can be used for marker-assisted selective breeding of the pig, namely a new application of the SNP molecular marker in the pig NRG2 gene in marker-assisted breeding of the pork quality character is provided, the early screening of the breeding character of the pig is realized, and the breeding efficiency of the pig is improved. The screening method is simple and rapid.

The utility model relates to a rotary cutting device for pork processing, which comprises a base, a box body fixedly connected to the top of the base, a first rotary cutting mechanism arranged in the box body and a controller fixedly mounted on the front surface of the box body, and a cleaning mechanism extending into the box body is arranged outside the box body. The cleaning mechanism comprises a water tank fixedly mounted at the top of the base, a booster pump fixedly mounted outside the box body and a mounting pipe fixedly mounted on the inner top wall of the box body, and the bottom of the mounting pipe fixedly communicates with a plurality of spray heads. According to the rotary cutting device for pork processing, a booster pump is started to work through a controller, the booster pump works to convey water in a water tank into a mounting pipe through a conveying pipe and a connecting pipe, and finally, the water is sprayed out through a spray head, so that minced meat and bone scraps generated after pork is cut in the box body are conveniently cleaned, and finally, waste water is discharged through a discharging opening; the advantage of being convenient to clean is achieved.