Solar cell and manufacturing method therefor, and electric device and power generation device

Abstract

A solar cell and an electric device. The solar cell comprises an active layer, which comprises a light absorption layer, a hole transport layer and a passivation layer, wherein the hole transport layer comprises a transition metal oxide, and the passivation layer is located between the light absorption layer and the hole transport layer; and the passivation layer comprises an organic acid, and an acidic group in the organic acid is linked to a cyclic group in the organic acid. The solar cell has high photoelectric conversion efficiency and a long service life.

Description

Solar cell and manufacturing method thereof, power-consuming device and power generation device

[0001] Cross-references

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202410270982.X, filed on March 8, 2024, entitled “Solar Cells, Methods for Manufacturing Them, Electrical Equipment, and Power Generation Equipment,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present application relates to the technical field of solar cell devices, and in particular to a solar cell and a manufacturing method thereof, an electrical device and a power generation device. Background Art

[0004] With the large-scale development and utilization of non-renewable energy sources such as coal and oil, their storage capacity can no longer meet the development needs of various industries such as agriculture and industry. Therefore, recycled and renewable energy has gradually become an alternative to non-renewable energy sources to promote social and industrial development. Among them, solar cell devices are widely used due to their environmental friendliness and ability to output electricity when exposed to sunlight.

[0005] However, in the related art, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and service life of solar cell devices need to be further improved.

[0006] Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present application provides a solar cell and a manufacturing method thereof, an electrical device and a power generation device. The solar cell has high photoelectric conversion efficiency and service life.

[0008] In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a solar cell, which includes an active layer, the active layer including: a light absorbing layer, a hole transport layer and a passivation layer, the hole transport layer includes a transition metal oxide, and the passivation layer is located between the light absorbing layer and the hole transport layer, and the passivation layer includes an organic acid, the acidic group in the organic acid is connected to the cyclic group in the organic acid, and the cyclic group includes a single ring structure or a condensed ring structure.

[0009] The organic acid in the passivation layer can effectively combine with the transition metal oxide in the hole transport layer to achieve close connection, making it difficult for the transition metal ions in the hole transport layer to move freely, limiting its migration to the light absorbing layer, reducing its damage to the light absorbing material in the light absorbing layer, and achieving effective passivation of the hole transport layer. At the same time, the above-mentioned cyclic group in the organic acid has a small molecular structure compared to the chain group and the bridged ring structure, which is conducive to forming a dense film, so that the thickness of the passivation layer is reduced, and the resistance will not be greatly increased due to the addition of the passivation layer, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency decreases. In addition, the above-mentioned cyclic group in the organic acid generally has a conjugated effect or has a higher compatibility with the light absorbing layer, which is conducive to the improvement of carrier transport efficiency while passivating the hole layer. A passivation layer including the above-mentioned structure organic acid is provided between the light absorbing layer and the hole transport layer, which can reduce the damage of the transition metal ions in the passivation layer to the light absorbing material in the light absorbing layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and life of the solar cell.

[0010] In any embodiment, the organic acid comprises a compound represented by Formula I,

[0011] Wherein, M includes aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclic group or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each is independently unsubstituted or replaced by C 1-3 Alkyl, amino, -C 1-3 The alkylamino group is substituted, the heterocyclic group or the heteroaryl group independently contains 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; L includes an oxoacid group, and n≥1.

[0012] The above-mentioned compounds have small molecular volume and can form dense stacking after molding to prepare an ultra-thin passivation layer, which can not only effectively inhibit the side reactions of the light-absorbing layer and the hole transport layer, but also reduce the increase in the overall impedance of the battery, thereby increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency while increasing the life of the solar cell.

[0013] In any embodiment, M includes at least one of a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a piperazine group, a pyrrole group, and a piperidine group, wherein each is independently unsubstituted or replaced by C 1-3 Alkyl, amino, -C 1- 3 alkylamino substituted; L includes a carboxylic acid group, a phosphonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a hypophosphorous acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a boric acid group or a silicic acid group.

[0014] In any embodiment, M comprises phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is independently unsubstituted or substituted with methyl, ethyl, amino, aminomethyl, or aminoethyl, and L comprises carboxyl.

[0015] The above compounds have a high molecular orientation after deposition, which is beneficial to improving the transport of carriers and further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0016] In any embodiment, the compound represented by formula I includes one or more of benzoic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, phthalic acid, 4-ethylbenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, m-methylbenzoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, phenylphosphoric acid, pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid, and pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid.

[0017] In any embodiment, the thickness of the passivation layer is less than or equal to 10 nm.

[0018] In any embodiment, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm to 5 nm.

[0019] The passivation layer has an extremely thin thickness and can achieve single-molecule arrangement, reducing the increase in solar cell impedance caused by the addition of the passivation layer, which is beneficial to further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and life of the solar cell.

[0020] In any embodiment, the hole transport layer includes one or more of nickel oxide, cuprous oxide, and molybdenum oxide.

[0021] It has high hole transport efficiency and can be produced on a large scale, making it suitable for industrial applications in solar cells.

[0022] In any embodiment, the light absorbing layer includes a perovskite compound.

[0023] In any embodiment, the active layer further includes an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer is disposed on a side of the light absorbing layer away from the passivation layer.

[0024] In any embodiment, the electron transport layer includes at least one of [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), fullerene, tin dioxide (SnO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO).

[0025] In any embodiment, the solar cell further includes a first electrode and a second electrode respectively disposed on both sides of the surface of the active layer.

[0026] In any embodiment, the first electrode comprises a transparent electrode comprising at least one of fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, and gallium zinc oxide; and / or

[0027] The second electrode includes at least one of fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chromium, bismuth, platinum, magnesium, molybdenum, tungsten or alloys thereof, carbon, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

[0028] In any embodiment, the method comprises a first electrode, a hole transport layer, a passivation layer, a light absorbing layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode stacked in sequence, wherein the hole transport layer comprises nickel oxide, and the light absorbing layer comprises a perovskite compound.

[0029] The second aspect of the present application provides a method for preparing a solar cell, comprising: providing a first electrode layer; providing a hole transport layer on one side of the first electrode layer, the hole transport layer comprising a transition metal oxide; depositing a passivation layer on the hole transport layer, the passivation layer comprising an organic acid, the acidic group in the organic acid being connected to a cyclic group in the organic acid, the cyclic group comprising a single ring structure or a condensed ring structure; depositing a light absorbing layer on the passivation layer; and providing a second electrode layer on a side of the light absorbing layer away from the passivation layer.

[0030] A third aspect of the present application provides an electrical device, comprising the solar cell according to the first aspect of the present application or the solar cell prepared by the preparation method according to the second aspect.

[0031] The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of the present application. In order to more clearly understand the technical means of the present application, it can be implemented in accordance with the contents of the specification. In order to make the above and other purposes, features and advantages of the present application more obvious and easy to understand, the specific implementation methods of the present application are listed below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of the preferred embodiment below. The accompanying drawings are for illustration purposes only and are not to be considered as limiting the present application. The same reference numerals are used throughout the drawings to represent the same components. In the drawings:

[0033] FIG1 shows a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of the present application;

[0034] FIG2 shows a schematic cross-sectional structure diagram of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of the present application;

[0035] The accompanying drawings in the specific implementation manner are as follows:

[0036] Solar cells 1-1, 1-2;

[0037] a first electrode layer 10;

[0038] Active layers 11-1, 11-2, light absorbing layer 111, passivation layer 112, hole transport layer 113, electron transport layer 114;

[0039] Second electrode layers 12 , 12 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] The following embodiments of the technical solution of the present application will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of the present application and are therefore only examples and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present application.

[0041] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this application belongs; the terms used herein are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit this application; the terms "including" and "having" and any variations thereof in the specification and claims of this application and the above-mentioned figure descriptions are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions.

[0042] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the technical terms "first," "second," etc. are used only to distinguish different objects and should not be understood to indicate or imply relative importance or to implicitly indicate the quantity, specific order, or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of this application, the meaning of "plurality" is more than two, unless otherwise specifically defined.

[0043] References herein to "embodiments" mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments may be included in at least one embodiment of the present application. The appearance of this phrase in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor does it constitute an independent or alternative embodiment that is mutually exclusive of other embodiments. It is understood, both explicitly and implicitly, by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments.

[0044] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the term "and / or" is simply a description of the association relationship between associated objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent the following three situations: A exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the associated objects are in an "or" relationship.

[0045] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "multiple" refers to more than two (including two). Similarly, "multiple groups" refers to more than two groups (including two groups), and "multiple pieces" refers to more than two pieces (including two pieces).

[0046] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential", etc. indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the embodiments of the present application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be understood as limiting the embodiments of the present application.

[0047] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, technical terms such as "installed," "connected," "connected," and "fixed" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, they can refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integration; mechanical connections or electrical connections; direct connections or indirect connections through an intermediate medium; and internal connections between two components or interactions between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meanings of the above terms in the embodiments of the present application based on specific circumstances.

[0048] Using transition metal oxides as the hole transport layer of solar cells enables large-scale fabrication of the hole transport layer, effectively promoting the industrialization and application of solar cells. However, the transition metal ions in the transition metal oxides in the hole transport layer undergo redox reactions with the light-absorbing materials in the light-absorbing layer, such as perovskite compounds, causing degradation of the light-absorbing layer. This seriously affects the photovoltaic performance and service life of the solar cell, hindering the industrialization of perovskite solar cells.

[0049] Based on this, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, the first aspect of the present application provides a solar cell 1-1, 1-2, which includes active layers 11-1, 11-2, and the active layers 11-1, 11-2 include: a light absorption layer 111, a hole transport layer 113, and a passivation layer 112, the hole transport layer 113 includes a transition metal oxide, and the passivation layer 112 is located between the light absorption layer 111 and the hole transport layer 113, and the passivation layer 112 includes an organic acid, the acidic group in the organic acid is connected to the cyclic group in the organic acid, and the cyclic group includes a single ring structure or a condensed ring structure.

[0050] Herein, transition metal oxide refers to an oxide material containing transition metals. Transition metals include elements from 3 to 12, a total of ten groups.

[0051] In this context, an organic acid refers to an organic compound having acidity, the acidity of which is derived from an acidic group capable of ionizing hydrogen ions, such as a carboxylic acid group, a phosphonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a hypophosphorous acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a sulfuric acid group, a thiocarboxylic acid group, a boric acid group, or a silicic acid group.

[0052] A cyclic group refers to a molecular group with a closed structure, including but not limited to aryl groups, aliphatic heterocycles, and aromatic heterocycles. Monocyclic structures include monocyclic aromatic groups and monocyclic alkanes. A fused ring structure refers to a compound in which two or more benzene rings share two adjacent carbon atoms, including but not limited to naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene.

[0053] The composition of the passivation layer can be characterized by any method in the art. As an example, the cross-section of the solar cell can be tested by elemental and group analysis methods such as infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy spectrometer to analyze the composition of the passivation layer located between the hole transport layer and the light absorption layer.

[0054] The organic acid in the passivation layer can effectively combine with the transition metal oxide in the hole transport layer to achieve close connection, making it difficult for the transition metal ions in the hole transport layer to move freely, limiting its migration to the light absorbing layer, reducing its damage to the light absorbing material in the light absorbing layer, and achieving effective passivation of the hole transport layer. At the same time, the above-mentioned cyclic group in the organic acid has a small molecular structure compared to the chain group and the bridged ring structure, which is conducive to forming a dense film, so that the thickness of the passivation layer is reduced, and the resistance will not be greatly increased due to the addition of the passivation layer, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency decreases. In addition, the above-mentioned cyclic group in the organic acid generally has a conjugated effect or has a higher compatibility with the light absorbing layer, which is conducive to the improvement of carrier transport efficiency while passivating the hole layer. A passivation layer including the above-mentioned structure organic acid is provided between the light absorbing layer and the hole transport layer, which can reduce the damage of the transition metal ions in the passivation layer to the light absorbing material in the light absorbing layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and life of the solar cell.

[0055] In some embodiments, the organic acid comprises a compound of Formula I,

[0056] Wherein, M includes aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclic group or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each is independently unsubstituted or replaced by C 1-3 Alkyl, amino, -C 1-3 The alkylamino group is substituted, the heterocyclic group or the heteroaryl group independently contains 1-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; L includes an oxoacid group, and n≥1.

[0057] As used herein, the term "aryl" refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring. Examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl (e.g., naphthalene-1-yl, naphthalene-2-yl), anthracenyl (e.g., anthracen-1-yl, anthracen-9-yl), phenanthrenyl (e.g., phenanthren-1-yl, phenanthren-9-yl), biphenyl (e.g., biphenyl-2-yl, biphenyl-3-yl, biphenyl-4-yl), phenylnaphthyl (e.g., 1-phenylnaphthyl-2-yl, 2-phenylnaphthyl-1-yl), indanyl (e.g., indan-1-yl, indan-5-yl), indenyl (e.g., inden-1-yl, inden-5-yl), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl (e.g., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl-1-yl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-6-yl), 1,2-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl (e.g., 1,2-dihydronaphthalen-4-yl, 1,2-dihydronaphthalen-6-yl), fluorenyl (e.g., fluoren-1-yl, fluoren-4-yl, fluoren-9-yl), benzonorbornyl (e.g., benzonorbornyl-3-yl, benzonorbornyl-6-yl), 1,4-ethano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl (e.g., 1,4-ethano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-10-yl), and the like.

[0058] As used herein, the term "heterocyclic radical" refers to a saturated or partially saturated monocyclic or polycyclic ring containing carbon and at least one heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur (O, N and S), and the heterocyclic radical is not aromatic. The heterocyclic radical can be bonded via a carbon atom or a heteroatom. The term polycyclic encompasses bridged, fused and spirocyclic heterocyclic radicals. Heterocyclic radicals include but are not limited to piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, oxetanyl, azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, oxazolinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl etc.

[0059] As used herein, the term "heteroaryl" refers to a monocyclic heterocyclic aromatic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur (O, N, and S). Representative examples are pyrrolyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, carbazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, triazolyl (e.g., 1,2,4-triazolyl), oxadiazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl), thiadiazolyl (e.g., 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl), tetrazolyl, pyranyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and the like. It is understood that a 5-9 membered heteroaryl group includes 5-9 atoms in the ring backbone.

[0060] In this article, the term “C 1-3"Alkyl" refers to a hydrocarbon chain radical composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, with no unsaturated bonds in the radical, having from one to three carbon atoms, and attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond.

[0061] In some embodiments, n is an integer greater than 1. In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, or 3.

[0062] The above-mentioned compounds have small molecular volume and can form dense stacking after molding to prepare an ultra-thin passivation layer, which can not only effectively inhibit the side reactions of the light-absorbing layer and the hole transport layer, but also reduce the increase in the overall impedance of the battery, thereby increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency while increasing the life of the solar cell.

[0063] In some embodiments, M includes at least one of a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a piperazine group, a pyrrole group, and a piperidine group, each of which is independently unsubstituted or replaced by C 1-3 Alkyl, amino, -C 1- 3 alkylamino substituted; L includes a carboxylic acid group, a phosphonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a hypophosphorous acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a boric acid group or a silicic acid group.

[0064] In some embodiments, M comprises a conjugated group. For example, the conjugated group comprises one or more of a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a pyrrole group. A conjugated group refers to a group that exhibits a conjugation effect. The conjugation effect, also known as the delocalization effect, refers to an electronic effect in a conjugated system where the distribution of π electrons (or p electrons) within the system changes due to the interaction between atoms.

[0065] The conjugated groups in the organic acid utilize their conjugated effect to play a role in carrier transport, so that the passivation layer can play a passivation role without causing a significant attenuation of the carrier transport capacity of the solar cell.

[0066] In some embodiments, M includes at least one of a piperazine group and a piperidine group.

[0067] The light-absorbing layer often contains additives with the above-mentioned groups. By selecting organic substances with the above-mentioned groups, the compatibility between the passivation layer and the light-absorbing layer can be improved, the carrier transfer efficiency can be improved, and the light-absorbing layer can be further passivated through the above-mentioned groups, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and life of the solar cell.

[0068] In some embodiments, M comprises phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is independently unsubstituted or substituted with methyl, ethyl, amino, aminomethyl, or aminoethyl, and L comprises carboxyl.

[0069] The above compounds have a high degree of molecular orientation after deposition, which is beneficial to improving the transport of carriers. In addition, the carboxyl group can not only form a complex with the transition metal oxide, but also produce an oxidation-reduction reaction with the freely moving transition metal ions through the reducing property of the ketone group, thereby further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0070] In some embodiments, the compound represented by formula I includes one or more of benzoic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, phthalic acid, 4-ethylbenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, m-methylbenzoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, phenylphosphoric acid, pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid, and pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid.

[0071] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is less than or equal to 10 nm.

[0072] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer can be selected to be 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.8 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, or any range therebetween.

[0073] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm to 5 nm.

[0074] The passivation layer has an extremely thin thickness and can achieve single-molecule arrangement, reducing the increase in solar cell impedance caused by the addition of the passivation layer, which is beneficial to further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and life of the solar cell.

[0075] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes one or more of nickel oxide, cuprous oxide, and molybdenum oxide.

[0076] It is understood that nickel oxide refers to nickel oxide, and there is no restriction on the specific nickel-oxygen ratio. It has high hole transport efficiency and can be produced on a large scale, making it suitable for industrial applications in solar cells.

[0077] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer has a thickness of 20-50 nm.

[0078] In some embodiments, the thickness of the hole transport layer can be selected to be 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, or any range therebetween.

[0079] In some embodiments, the light absorbing layer 111 includes a perovskite compound, and the solar cell is a perovskite cell.

[0080] In some embodiments, the perovskite compound comprises a perovskite metal halide; the chemical formula of the perovskite metal halide is ABX3; wherein A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent cation, and X is a monovalent anion. In some embodiments, A comprises Cs+ , K + , Rb + , one or more of monovalent amine cations and monovalent amidino cations. Non-limiting examples of monovalent amine cations include CH3NH3 + (Methylamine, MA + ), ammonium (NH4 + ). Non-limiting examples of monovalent amidinium cations include NH2CH=NH2 + (Formamidine, can be written as FA + ). In some embodiments, B includes Pb 2+ 、Sn 2+ 、Fe 2+ 、Mn 2+ 、Ni 2+ 、Ge 2+ 、Co 2+ and Sb 2+ In some embodiments, X comprises a halogen anion. In some embodiments, X comprises Cl - Br - , I - At least one of .

[0081] In some embodiments, the thickness of the light absorbing layer 111 is 400 nm to 1000 nm. For example, the thickness of the light absorbing layer can be 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, or any range thereof. In some embodiments, the thickness of the light absorbing layer 111 is 500 nm to 900 nm.

[0082] In some embodiments, the band gap of the perovskite compound is 1.20 eV to 2.30 eV. For example, the band gap of the perovskite compound can be 1.20 eV, 1.50 eV, 2.00 eV, 2.30 eV, or any range thereof.

[0083] 1 and 2 , in some embodiments, the active layers 11 - 1 and 11 - 2 further include an electron transport layer 114 , which is disposed on a side of the light absorbing layer 111 away from the passivation layer 112 .

[0084] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer includes at least one of [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), fullerene, tin dioxide (SnO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO). It is understood that the active layer of the solar cell may also include any other functional layer. For example, a hole blocking layer may be provided on the side of the electron transport layer facing away from the light absorbing layer. The hole blocking layer may include any hole blocking material, such as bathocuproin and tin dioxide.

[0085] Continuing to refer to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 , in some embodiments, the solar cells 1 - 1 and 1 - 2 further include a first electrode 10 and a second electrode 12 disposed on both sides of the surfaces of the active layers 11 - 1 and 11 - 2 , respectively.

[0086] In some embodiments, the first electrode comprises a transparent electrode including at least one of fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, and gallium zinc oxide.

[0087] In some embodiments, the second electrode comprises at least one of fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chromium, bismuth, platinum, magnesium, molybdenum, tungsten, or alloys thereof, carbon, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

[0088] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first electrode 10 is 200 nm to 1000 nm. For example, the thickness of the transparent conductive layer can be 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, or any range thereof.

[0089] In some embodiments, the thickness of the second electrode layer 12 is 20 nm to 200 nm. For example, the thickness of the back electrode layer can be 20 nm, 40 nm, 60 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 120 nm, 140 nm, 160 nm, 180 nm, 200 nm, or any range thereof.

[0090] In some embodiments, the solar cell 1-1 is an inverted pin perovskite cell, comprising a first electrode 10, a hole transport layer 113, a passivation layer 112, a light absorption layer 111, an electron transport layer 114, and a second electrode 12 stacked in sequence, the hole transport layer 113 comprises nickel oxide, and the light absorption layer 111 comprises a perovskite compound.

[0091] Inverted solar cells have better prospects for industrial application. Compared with the passivation layer prepared by organic macromolecules, the deposition of the passivation layer provided by the embodiment of the present application on the hole transport layer is conducive to improving the wettability with the perovskite compound precursor solution, reducing the interface impedance, and further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. The second aspect of the present application provides a method for preparing a solar cell, comprising: providing a first electrode layer; providing a hole transport layer on one side of the first electrode layer, the hole transport layer comprising a transition metal oxide; depositing a passivation layer on the hole transport layer, the passivation layer comprising an organic acid, the acidic group in the organic acid being connected to the cyclic group in the organic acid, the cyclic group comprising a single ring structure or a condensed ring structure; depositing a light absorbing layer on the passivation layer; and providing a second electrode layer on the side of the light absorbing layer away from the passivation layer.

[0092] A third aspect of the present application provides an electrical device, including a solar cell according to any embodiment or a solar cell prepared by a preparation method according to any embodiment.

[0093] A fourth aspect of the present application provides a power generation device, comprising a solar cell according to any embodiment or a solar cell prepared by a preparation method according to any embodiment.

[0094] In some embodiments, a solar cell or solar cell module can be used as a power generation device for an electrical device. The type of power generation device may include but is not limited to integrated power generation.

[0095] The electrical devices may include, but are not limited to, mobile devices such as mobile phones, tablet computers, laptop computers, calculators, watches, cars, electric trains, ships, satellites, power generation systems, etc.

[0096] The location of the power generation device may include but is not limited to the roof, back panel, etc. of the car.

[0097] The following examples describe the present disclosure in more detail and are intended to be illustrative only, as various modifications and variations within the scope of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts, percentages, and ratios reported in the following examples are by weight, and all reagents used in the examples are commercially available or synthesized according to conventional methods and used directly without further processing, and all instruments used in the examples are commercially available.

[0098] Example

[0099] Preparation method

[0100] Example 1

[0101] Preparation of the first electrode: Specifications: 2.0×2.0 cm2 Fluorine-doped tin oxide transparent conductive glass (FTO conductive glass) was removed by laser etching at both ends of the FTO conductive glass by 0.35 cm, exposing the glass substrate; the etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned several times with water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol in sequence, and then blown dry with nitrogen for use as the first electrode.

[0102] Preparation of hole transport layer: FTO conductive glass was treated with UV ozone, and then nickel oxide (NiO) with a thickness of about 30nm was magnetron sputtered. x ), annealed at 300 ° C for 60 min to obtain a hole transport layer.

[0103] Preparation of the passivation layer: A 0.3 mg / mL benzoic acid solution in ethanol was spin-coated on the hole transport layer at a speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. After spin coating, the layer was annealed at 100°C for 10 minutes to obtain a passivation layer with a thickness of approximately 1 nm.

[0104] Preparation of the perovskite light-absorbing layer: A one-step process was used to prepare the perovskite light-absorbing layer. A perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the prepared passivation layer at 4000 rpm for 30 seconds. Around the 10th second after spin coating, 400 μL of antisolvent was added dropwise. The film was then placed on a hot plate and annealed at 100°C for 60 minutes to obtain a 500 nm thick perovskite light-absorbing layer.

[0105] Perovskite precursor solution: 116.91 mg of cesium iodide, 94.19 mg of methylamine chloride, 1440.94 mg of formamidine iodine, 4356.54 mg of lead iodide, 66.06 mg of lead bromide, and 111.97 mg of methylamine bromide were dissolved in 6 mL of a mixed solvent of DMF and DMSO, wherein the volume ratio of DMF to DMSO was 4:1, and the antisolvent was anisole.

[0106] Preparation of electron transport layer: put the film with perovskite light absorbing layer into the evaporation apparatus, and wait until the vacuum degree of evaporation reaches 5×10 -4 Pa below, 30nm electron transport layer C was evaporated at a rate of 0.05A / s 60 .

[0107] Preparation of the second electrode: Place the film with the electron transport layer into the evaporation apparatus and wait until the vacuum degree of evaporation reaches 5×10 -4 Pa, an 80 nm metal back electrode Ag was evaporated at a rate of 0.1 A / s to serve as the second electrode layer.

[0108] The preparation methods of Examples 2-4 are substantially the same as those of Example 1, except that the preparation parameters of the passivation layer are changed, thereby adjusting the thickness of the passivation layer.

[0109] Example 2 Preparation of passivation layer:

[0110] A 1 mg / mL benzoic acid ethanol solution was spin-coated on the hole transport layer at a speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. After spin coating, the layer was annealed at 100° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a passivation layer with a thickness of about 3 nm.

[0111] Preparation of the passivation layer of Example 3:

[0112] A 3 mg / mL benzoic acid ethanol solution was spin-coated on the hole transport layer at a speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. After spin coating, the layer was annealed at 100° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a passivation layer with a thickness of about 5 nm.

[0113] Preparation of the passivation layer of Example 4:

[0114] A 10 mg / mL benzoic acid ethanol solution was spin-coated on the hole transport layer at a speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. After spin coating, the layer was annealed at 100° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a passivation layer with a thickness of about 10 nm.

[0115] The preparation methods of Examples 5-8 are basically the same as those of Example 1, except that the composition of the passivation layer is changed, as shown in Table 1.

[0116] The preparation method of Example 9 is basically the same as that of Example 1, except that the hole transport layer is cuprous oxide.

[0117] The steps of Comparative Example 1 are basically the same as those of Example 1, except that there is no passivation layer in Comparative Example 1.

[0118] The steps of Comparative Example 2 are basically the same as those of Example 1, except that the passivation layer in Comparative Example 2 is prepared as follows:

[0119] An ethanol solution of carbazole phosphate with a concentration of 1 mg / mL was spin-coated on the hole transport layer at a speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. After spin coating, the layer was annealed at 100° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a passivation layer with a thickness of about 8 nm.

[0120] The steps of Comparative Example 3 are basically the same as those of Example 1, except that the passivation layer in Comparative Example 3 is prepared as follows:

[0121] A potassium benzoate ethanol solution with a concentration of 1 mg / mL was spin-coated on the hole transport layer at a speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. After spin coating, the layer was annealed at 100° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a passivation layer with a thickness of about 5 nm.

[0122] Test Method

[0123] 1. Photoelectric conversion efficiency test

[0124] The battery performance was tested using a Keithley 2400SMU and AM 1.5G solar radiation test system under a 100mW / cm2 light source. The photoelectric conversion efficiency was calculated as follows:

[0125] PCE=Pout / Popt

[0126] =Voc×Jsc×(Vmpp×Jmpp) / (Voc×Jsc×Popt)

[0127] =Voc×Jsc×FF / Popt

[0128] Where Pout(mW / cm 2 )、Popt(mW / cm 2 )、Vmpp(V)、Jmpp(mA / cm 2 )、Voc(V)、Jsc(mA / cm 2 ) and FF are the battery operating output power, incident light power, battery maximum power point voltage, battery maximum power point current, open circuit voltage, short circuit current density and fill factor, respectively.

[0129] 2. Stability test

[0130] The solar cell was placed on a hot plate at 65°C and heated continuously at 100 mW / cm 2 The photoelectric conversion efficiency is tracked over time by continuously irradiating the perovskite solar cell under a light source, and the time required for the photoelectric conversion efficiency to decay to 80% of the initial efficiency is recorded as T80. The size of this parameter indicates the thermal stability of the perovskite solar cell or battery component.

[0131] Test results

[0132] Comparison of the Examples and Comparative Examples shows that the inclusion of an organic acid in the passivation layer can effectively improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and service life of the solar cell compared to the inclusion of an organic acid salt. The acidic groups in the passivation layer attached to a monocyclic or condensed ring structure can further improve the compactness of the passivation layer compared to attachment to a polycyclic structure, thereby increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and service life of the solar cell.

[0133] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, rather than to limit them. Although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for some or all of the technical features therein. These modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, and they should all be included in the scope of the claims and specification of the present application. In particular, as long as there is no structural conflict, the various technical features mentioned in the various embodiments can be combined in any way. The present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but includes all technical solutions that fall within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A solar cell, wherein: The solar cell includes an active layer, and the active layer includes: light-absorbing layer, a hole transport layer comprising a transition metal oxide, and A passivation layer is located between the light absorbing layer and the hole transport layer, and the passivation layer includes an organic acid, wherein the acidic group in the organic acid is connected to the cyclic group in the organic acid, and the cyclic group includes a monocyclic structure or a condensed ring structure.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein The organic acid includes a compound represented by formula I, Wherein, M includes aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclic group or 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each is independently unsubstituted or replaced by C 1-3 Alkyl, amino, -C 1-3 The alkylamino group is substituted, the heterocyclic group or the heteroaryl group independently contains 1-3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; L includes an oxoacid group, and n≥1.

3. The solar cell according to claim 2, wherein The M comprises at least one of a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a piperazine group, a pyrrole group, and a piperidine group, wherein each is independently unsubstituted or replaced by C 1-3 Alkyl, amino, -C 1-3 Alkylamino substituted; L includes at least one of a carboxylic acid group, a phosphonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a hypophosphorous acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a sulfuric acid group, a boric acid group, and a silicic acid group.

4. The solar cell according to claim 2 or 3, wherein The M includes phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is independently unsubstituted or substituted with methyl, ethyl, amino, aminomethyl, or aminoethyl, and L includes carboxyl.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein The compound represented by formula I includes one or more of benzoic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, phthalic acid, 4-ethylbenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, m-methylbenzoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, phenylphosphoric acid, pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid, and pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid.

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein The thickness of the passivation layer is less than or equal to 10 nm.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein The thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm-5 nm.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein The hole transport layer includes one or more of nickel oxide, cuprous oxide, and molybdenum oxide.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein The light absorbing layer includes a perovskite compound.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein The active layer further includes an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer is arranged on a side of the light absorption layer away from the passivation layer.

11. The solar cell according to claim 10, wherein The electron transport layer includes at least one of [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), [6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), fullerene, tin dioxide (SnO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO).

12. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein The solar cell further includes a first electrode and a second electrode respectively arranged on both sides of the surface of the active layer.

13. The solar cell according to claim 12, wherein: The first electrode comprises a transparent electrode, comprising at least one of fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, and gallium zinc oxide; and / or The second electrode includes at least one of fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, gallium zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, chromium, bismuth, platinum, magnesium, molybdenum, tungsten or their alloys, carbon, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

14. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein The invention comprises a first electrode, a hole transport layer, a passivation layer, a light absorption layer, an electron transport layer and a second electrode stacked in sequence, wherein the hole transport layer comprises nickel oxide and the light absorption layer comprises a perovskite compound.

15. A method for preparing a solar cell, wherein: include: providing a first electrode layer; providing a hole transport layer on one side of the first electrode layer, wherein the hole transport layer comprises a transition metal oxide; Depositing a passivation layer on the hole transport layer, the passivation layer comprising an organic acid, wherein the acidic group in the organic acid is connected to the cyclic group in the organic acid, and the cyclic group comprises a monocyclic structure or a condensed ring structure; depositing a light absorbing layer on the passivation layer; A second electrode layer is provided on a side of the light absorbing layer away from the passivation layer.

16. An electrical device, wherein: A solar cell comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14 or a solar cell prepared by the preparation method according to claim 15.

17. A power generation device, wherein: A solar cell comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14 or a solar cell prepared by the preparation method according to claim 15.

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