Cas proteins and uses thereof
The identification of six new Cas13 proteins with optimized crRNA structures enables efficient and specific RNA editing in mammalian cells, addressing the limitations of existing CRISPR systems by providing precise RNA targeting and cleavage without genomic alterations.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/081139
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-12
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-18
AI Technical Summary
There is a need for additional RNA editing tools that can effectively target and cleave RNA in mammalian cells, as existing CRISPR systems like Cas9 and Cas12 induce permanent genomic changes and have limitations in specificity and efficiency.
Identification and validation of six new Cas13 proteins (PpCas13, FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13) with specific RNA targeting and cleavage activity in mammalian cells, along with optimized crRNA structures and spacer lengths, forming CRISPR-Cas complexes for precise RNA editing.
The new Cas13 systems provide efficient and specific RNA editing capabilities in mammalian cells, offering additional options for research and clinical applications without inducing permanent genomic changes.
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Abstract
Description
Cas proteins and Uses thereof
[0001] FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
[0002] The present disclosure relates to novel Cas proteins, guide RNAs of the Cas proteins, gene editing system comprising the Cas proteins, and uses thereof.
[0003] SEQUENCE LISTING
[0004] This application contains a Sequence Listing electronically submitted as an XML file entitled “Seq. xml” having a size of 173KB and created on March 11, 2024. The information contained in the Sequence Listing is incorporated by reference herein.BACKGROUND
[0005] Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are a family of DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. They consist of a series of short, highly conserved direct repeat (DR) sequences interspersed with similarly sized spacer sequences. These CRISPR sequences are transcribed and processed by associated proteins to produce CRISPR RNA (crRNA) . In the vicinity of CRISPR sequences, there are a series of conserved CRISPR-associated genes (Cas genes) . The proteins encoded by Cas genes (Cas proteins) contain nucleic acid-related functional domains. Cas proteins and crRNA collaborate to participate in the prokaryotic CRISPR immune defense process.
[0006] Based on the core functional elements of Cas genes, the CRISPR system can be classified into three major types. In the first and third classes of CRISPR systems, the formation of a complex of multiple Cas proteins is required to degrade foreign nucleic acids. While in the second class of CRISPR systems, a single effector protein is sufficient to achieve this goal. Therefore, the second class of CRISPR system, as a simpler DNA or RNA targeting tool, has been engineered to become an important tool for gene editing, playing a crucial role in the fields of gene therapy and disease research.
[0007] The second class of CRISPR systems can be further categorized into three types: Type II, Type V, and Type VI. Unlike Type II and Type V, which target DNA sequences, the Type VI CRISPR system is an immune system that targets RNA. In 2016, Feng Zhang and colleagues discovered a protein in Leptotrichia shahii with the ability to combat RNA viruses, namely Cas13a (also known as LshC2c2) . They demonstrated its specific cleavage activity on target RNA through in vitro cleavage experiments and experiments in Escherichia coli. Subsequently, the Zhang team discovered two new Cas13 systems, Cas13b and Cas13c. Unlike Cas13a, which only has a single-sided protospacer-flanking site (PFS) , RNA cleavage by Cas13b relies on PFS on both sides. In 2018, Konermann et al. identified a novel Cas13d (RfxCas13d) in Ruminococcus flavefaciens XPD3002. Similar to previously discovered Cas13 systems, RfxCas13d exhibits capability of specific RNA targeting and cleavage. It does not display a clear PFS preference, has a smaller molecular weight (967 amino acids) , and possesses higher efficiency and specificity. Additionally, Hui Yang and colleagues conducted computational analysis on the metagenomic database and identified two smaller Cas13 systems, Cas13X and Cas13Y. Cas13X. 1, with only 775 amino acids, displayed comparable or even higher RNA cleavage activity in RNA knockdown experiments compared to RfxCas13d. Further research indicated that, like Cas13d, Cas13X. 1 does not exhibit a distinct PFS preference.
[0008] Compared to Cas9 and Cas12, which operate at the DNA level, Cas13 does not induce permanent changes to the genome. Consequently, it has a unique advantage in the field of disease therapy. In contrast to conventional RNA interference techniques, Cas13 exhibits higher efficiency and specificity. Cas13 has found widespread application in areas such as RNA knockdown, single-base RNA editing, site-specific RNA modification, and RNA cell tracking. Furthermore, based on the "collateral effect" of Cas13, a nucleic acid-based in vitro detection system known as SHERLOCK was developed, which has played a pivotal role in pathogen detection, mutation analysis, species identification, and transgenic identification.
[0009] There are numerous undiscovered Type VI CRISPR systems that need to be identified and whose activity and functions in eukaryotic organisms needs to be tested and verified.SUMMARY
[0010] The present disclosure provides 6 new Cas13 systems. The present disclosure show that the 6 Cas 13 systems are capable of cleaving RNA effectively in mammalian cells. The present disclosure provides new options for RNA editing tools.
[0011] Through computational analysis of extensive genomic data, 6 Cas13 proteins originated from Prevotella pallens, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Bacteroides graminisolvens, Anaerosalibacter massiliensis, Listeria newyorkensis, Listeria booriae are identified and tested (PpCas13, FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13) . RNA cleavage activities of the 6 proteins are validated. The 6 Cas13 proteins all exhibit specific RNA targeting and cleavage activity in mammalian cells. The present disclosure also discloses crRNA structure of the 6 Cas 13 proteins. PpCas13’s crRNA possesses a 3' DR (meaning that the DR sequence is at the 3’-end of the crRNA) , while crRNAs of FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13 all possess 5’ DR (meaning that the DR sequence is at the 5’-end of the crRNA) . The present disclosure also provides preferable spacer length for crRNA of each of the 6 Cas13 proteins. These novel Cas13 proteins offer additional options for future research and clinical applications based on RNA editing.
[0012] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 3’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 109. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 25-35 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 30 nt.
[0013] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 4, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 20-30 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 25 nt.
[0014] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 6, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 25-35 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 30 nt.
[0015] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 8, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 20-30 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 25 nt.
[0016] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 10, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 25-35 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 30 nt.
[0017] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 12, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 11 or 114. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 25-35 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 30 nt.
[0018] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 3’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 114. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a PpCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the PpCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0019] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a FnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the FnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0020] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a BgCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the BgCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0021] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a AmCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the AmCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0022] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a LnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0023] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11 or 114. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a LboCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LboCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0024] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides an engineered polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a Cas13 protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas 13 protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12.
[0025] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a Cas13 protein or a variant thereof, wherein the sequence is any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13-18.
[0026] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 3’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 114; (2) and a PpCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the PpCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the PpCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0027] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110; (2) and a FnCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the FnCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the FnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0028] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111; (2) and a BgCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the BgCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the BgCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0029] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112; (2) and a AmCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the AmCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the AmCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0030] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113; (2) and a LnCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the LnCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the LnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0031] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11 or 114; (2) and a LboCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the LboCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the LboCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0032] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 3’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 114, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a PpCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the PpCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 3’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 114.
[0033] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a FnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the FnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110.
[0034] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a BgCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the BgCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111.
[0035] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a AmCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the AmCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112.
[0036] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of any one of claims 45-46, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a LnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113.
[0037] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a Lboas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LboCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 12, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11 or 114.
[0038] In some embodiments of the vector described herein, the vector is a plasmid or a viral vector.
[0039] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising any one of the guide RNAs described herein, any one of the polynucleotides described herein, any one of the systems described herein, and / or any one of the vector described herein,
[0040] wherein the composition further comprises a carrier selected from the group consisting of lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, cationic nanoemulsions, dendrimer-based lipid nanoparticles, cationic polymers, and polysaccharide particles.
[0041] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the CRISPR-Cas complex described herein.
[0042] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the polynucleotide described herein.
[0043] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the system described herein.
[0044] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the vector described herein.
[0045] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the composition described herein.
[0046] In some embodiments of the cell described herein, the cell is a eukaryotic cell.
[0047] In some embodiments of the cell described herein, the cell is a mammalian cell.
[0048] In some embodiments of the cell described herein, the cell is a stem cell.
[0049] In some embodiments of the cell described herein, the cell is a somatic cell.
[0050] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for targeting the target RNA, comprising contacting the RNA with the CRISPR-Cas complex described herein, the system of described herein, and / or the vector described herein.
[0051] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for targeting the target RNA in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell one or more polynucleotides encoding any one of the CRISPR-Cas complexes described herein, any one of the systems described herein, and / or any one of the vectors described herein, wherein the introduction is carried out with a method selected from plasmid transfection, viral transduction, liposome-mediated transfection, exosome-mediated transfection, vesicle-mediated transfection, and gene gun.
[0052] In some embodiments, targeting the target RNA comprises one or more of cutting the target RNA, nicking the target RNA, enhancing expression of the target RNA, decreasing expression of the target RNA, visualizing or detecting the target RNA, labeling the target RNA, binding target RNA, enriching the target RNA, depleting the target RNA, editing the target RNA, splicing the target RNA, and masking the target RNA.
[0053] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
[0054] Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of a system for reporting the activity of Cas13-mediated RNA cleavage. In this reporting system, Cas13 and crRNA are expressed on the same vector. The spacer of the crRNA is flanked by dual DR sequences at both ends, simulating the unprocessed gRNA (pre-crRNA) before cleavage.
[0055] Fig. 2 shows the variation in mCherry fluorescence intensity with two different DR sequences for PpCas13. The fluorescence intensity of mCherry is measured when using two distinct DR sequences. Each DR sequence is tested with three different spacers targeting distinct sites on mCherry. Fluorescence intensity of samples with no crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations. The six tested crRNA are SEQ ID NOs: 19-24.
[0056] Fig. 3 shows the variation in mCherry fluorescence intensity with two different DR sequences for FnCas13. The fluorescence intensity of mCherry is measured when using two distinct DR sequences. Each DR sequence is tested with three different spacers targeting distinct sites on mCherry. Fluorescence intensity of samples with no crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations. The six tested crRNA are SEQ ID NOs: 25-30.
[0057] Fig. 4 shows the variation in mCherry fluorescence intensity with two different DR sequences for BgCas13. The fluorescence intensity of mCherry is measured when using two distinct DR sequences. Each DR sequence is tested with three different spacers targeting distinct sites on mCherry. Fluorescence intensity of samples with no crRNA targeting serves control for calculations. The six tested crRNA are SEQ ID NOs: 31-36.
[0058] Fig. 5 shows the variation in mCherry fluorescence intensity with two different DR sequences for AmCas13. The fluorescence intensity of mCherry is measured when using two distinct DR sequences. Each DR sequence is tested with three different spacers targeting distinct sites on mCherry. Fluorescence intensity of samples with no crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations. The six tested crRNA are SEQ ID NOs: 37-42.
[0059] Fig. 6 shows the variation in mCherry fluorescence intensity with two different DR sequences for LnCas13. The fluorescence intensity of mCherry is measured when using two distinct DR sequences. Each DR sequence is tested with three different spacers targeting distinct sites on mCherry. Fluorescence intensity of samples with no crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations. The six tested crRNA are SEQ ID NOs: 43-48.
[0060] Fig. 7 shows the variation in mCherry fluorescence intensity with two different DR sequences for LboCas13. The fluorescence intensity of mCherry is measured when using two distinct DR sequences. Each DR sequence is tested with three different spacers targeting distinct sites on mCherry. Fluorescence intensity of samples with no crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations. The six tested crRNA are SEQ ID NOs: 49-54.
[0061] Fig. 8 shows the data for determining DR position on PpCas13 crRNA. The change in mCherry fluorescence intensity (a) is examined when DR sequences are placed at the 5' end, 3' end, or both ends of the crRNA along with corresponding fluorescence images (b) . Fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations.
[0062] Fig. 9 shows the data for determining DR position on FnCas13 crRNA. The change in mCherry fluorescence intensity (a) is examined when DR sequences are placed at the 5' end, 3' end, or both ends of the crRNA along with corresponding fluorescence images (b) . Fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations.
[0063] Fig. 10 shows the data for determining DR position on BgCas13 crRNA. The change in mCherry fluorescence intensity (a) is examined when DR sequences are placed at the 5' end, 3' end, or both ends of the crRNA along with corresponding fluorescence images (b) . Fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations.
[0064] Fig. 11 shows the data for determining DR position on AmCas13 crRNA. The change in mCherry fluorescence intensity (a) is examined when DR sequences are placed at the 5' end, 3' end, or both ends of the crRNA along with corresponding fluorescence images (b) . Fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations.
[0065] Fig. 12 shows the data for determining DR position on LnCas13 crRNA. The change in mCherry fluorescence intensity (a) is examined when DR sequences are placed at the 5' end, 3' end, or both ends of the crRNA along with corresponding fluorescence images (b) . Fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations.
[0066] Fig. 13 shows the data for determining DR position on LboCas13 crRNA. The change in mCherry fluorescence intensity (a) is examined when DR sequences are placed at the 5' end, 3' end, or both ends of the crRNA along with corresponding fluorescence images (b) . Fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting serves as control for calculations.
[0067] Fig. 14 shows the data for determining influence of spacer length on mCherry fluorescence intensity for PpCas13. Fluorescence intensity of mCherry is assessed with varying lengths of the crRNA spacer, using the fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting as a reference for calculations.
[0068] Fig. 15 shows the data for determining influence of spacer length on mCherry fluorescence intensity for FnCas13. Fluorescence intensity of mCherry is assessed with varying lengths of the crRNA spacer, using the fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting as a reference for calculations.
[0069] Fig. 16 shows the data for determining influence of spacer length on mCherry fluorescence intensity for BgCas13. Fluorescence intensity of mCherry is assessed with varying lengths of the crRNA spacer, using the fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting as a reference for calculations.
[0070] Fig. 17 shows the data for determining influence of spacer length on mCherry fluorescence intensity for AmCas13. Fluorescence intensity of mCherry is assessed with varying lengths of the crRNA spacer, using the fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting as a reference for calculations.
[0071] Fig. 18 shows the data for determining influence of spacer length on mCherry fluorescence intensity for LnCas13. Fluorescence intensity of mCherry is assessed with varying lengths of the crRNA spacer, using the fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting as a reference for calculations.
[0072] Fig. 19 shows the data for determining influence of spacer length on mCherry fluorescence intensity for LboCas13. Fluorescence intensity of mCherry is assessed with varying lengths of the crRNA spacer, using the fluorescence intensity of samples without crRNA targeting as a reference for calculations.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0073] All publications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as though fully set forth. If certain content of a reference cited herein contradicts or is inconsistent with the present disclosure, the present disclosure controls.
[0074] Definitions
[0075] In the present disclosure, unless otherwise specified, the scientific and technical terms used herein have the meanings generally understood by a person skilled in the art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein find use in the practice of the present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are described herein. Accordingly, the terms defined herein are more fully described by reference to the Specification as a whole.
[0076] As used herein, the singular terms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0077] As used herein, “and / or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative ( “or” ) . Moreover, the present invention also contemplates that in some embodiments of the invention, any feature or combination of features set forth herein can be excluded or omitted.
[0078] Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “comprise, ” “comprises, ” and “comprising, ” or similar terms are intended to mean a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a recited list of elements or features does not include those stated or listed elements solely, but may include other elements or features that are not listed or stated.
[0079] Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in the 5' to 3' orientation, and amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively.
[0080] It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described, as these may vary, depending upon the context in which they are used by those skilled in the art.
[0081] As used herein, the terms “percent identity” and “%identity, ” as applied to nucleic acid or polynucleotide sequences, refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two nucleic acid or polynucleotide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Such an algorithm may insert, in a standardized and reproducible way, gaps in the sequences being compared in order to optimize alignment between two sequences, and therefore achieve a more meaningful comparison of the two sequences.
[0082] Percent identity between nucleic acid or polynucleotide sequences may be determined using a suite of commonly used and freely available sequence comparison algorithms provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul, S.F. et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410) , which is available from several sources, including the NCBI, Bethesda, Md., and on the Internet at http: / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / BLAST / .
[0083] Nucleic acid or polynucleotide sequences that do not show a high degree of identity may nevertheless encode similar amino acid sequences due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. It is understood that changes in a nucleic acid sequence can be made using this degeneracy to produce multiple nucleic acid sequences that all encode substantially the same protein. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and / or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al. (1991) Nucleic Acid Res 19: 5081; Ohtsuka et al. (1985) J Biol Chem 260: 2605-2608; Cassol et al. (1992) ; Rossolini et al. (1994) Mol Cell Probes 8: 91-98) . The term “nucleic acid” refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with polynucleotide, and (in appropriate contexts) gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
[0084] As used herein, “percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” with respect to a peptide, polypeptide or protein sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in another peptide or polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Percent amino acid sequence identity in the current disclosure is measured using BLAST software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
[0085] An amino acid substitution refers to the replacement of one amino acid in a polypeptide with another amino acid. Amino acid substitutions can be conservative or non-conservative substitutions. Exemplary substitutions are shown in Table 1. Amino acid substitutions may be introduced into a protein of interest and the products screened for a desired activity, for example, retained / improved biological activity.
[0086] Table 1
[0087] Amino acids may be grouped according to common side-chain properties:
[0088] (1) hydrophobic: Norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile;
[0089] (2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln;
[0090] (3) acidic: Asp, Glu;
[0091] (4) basic: His, Lys, Arg;
[0092] (5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro;
[0093] (6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.
[0094] As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides, ” and refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) . The term “polypeptide” refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids, and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, “peptides, ” “protein” , or any other term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are included within the definition of “polypeptide, ” and the term “polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A polypeptide may be derived from a natural biological source or produced by recombinant technology, but is not necessarily translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may be generated in any manner, including by chemical synthesis.
[0095] As used herein, the term “encode” or “encoding” as it is applied to polynucleotides refers to a polynucleotide which is said to “encode” a polypeptide if, in its native state or when manipulated by methods well known to those skilled in the art, it can be transcribed and / or translated to produce the mRNA for the polypeptide and / or a fragment thereof. The antisense strand is the complement of such a nucleic acid, and the encoding sequence can be deduced therefrom.
[0096] A “guide RNA” (gRNA) refers to a synthetic or expressed RNA sequence that is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a Cas protein to form a Cas complex and direct the Cas complex to the target RNA. In some embodiments, the gRNA is a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) .
[0097] As used herein, the term “variant” refers to varied form of a subject, which includes wild-type forms, naturally occurring forms, or artificially mutant forms. In some embodiments, the variant has the same or similar function of the original subject.
[0098] Type VI CRISPR Cas RNases, and Derivatives Thereof
[0099] Prokaryotic adaptive immune systems use Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins for RNA-guided cleavage of foreign genetic elements. Type VI CRISPR–Cas systems contain a single protein Cas13 that when assembled with a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) forms a crRNA-guided RNA-targeting effector complex.
[0100] It has been discovered through structural analysis that Cas13 possesses two distinct RNA catalytic activities. Cas 13 can cleave pre-crRNA that is transcribed from the CRISPR array, resulting in matured crRNA. The other catalytic activity of Cas13 is crRNA-guided cleavage of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) that complements the bases of crRNA. The length of crRNA typically falls within the range of 53-60 nt, with the spacer segment ranging from 20 to 30 nt. Different Cas13 variants exhibit variations in the orientation of their Direct Repeats (DR) . Cas13a, Cas13c, and Cas13d all feature 5'DR, while Cas13b and Cas13X have 3' DR. Furthermore, when the Cas13 and crRNA complex recognizes the target sequence, the two higher Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Nucleotide-binding domains (HPEN) of Cas13 undergo conformational changes, forming a catalytic site on the surface of the Cas13 protein. This catalytic site is capable of catalyzing the degradation of not only the target RNA but also the non-target RNA. This property is referred to as the "collateral effect" of Cas13. The collateral effect of Cas13 has been confirmed in flies, mammalian cells, and mammals.
[0101] The present disclosure identifies 6 new Cas13 proteins. They are PpCas13 (SEQ ID NO: 2) , originated from Prevotella pallens; FnCas13 (SEQ ID NO: 4) , originated from Fusobacterium necrophorum; BgCas13 (SEQ ID NO: 6) , originated from Bacteroides graminisolvens; AmCas13 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , originated from Anaerosalibacter massiliensis; LnCas13 (SEQ ID NO: 10) , originated from Listeria newyorkensis; and LboCas13 (SEQ ID NO: 12) , originated from Listeria booriae. They are all capable of cleaving RNA effectively in mammalian cells (Example 1) .
[0102] The present disclosure also provides variants of the Cas13 protein disclosed herein. As used herein, “variant” include derivative, functional fragment, homolog, ortholog, and paralog. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a Cas13 protein variant having an amino acid sequence of at least 80%identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a Cas13 protein variant having an amino acid sequence of 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity with any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein variant disclosed herein comprises conserved amino acid residue substitutions. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein variant disclosed herein comprises only conserved amino acid residue substitutions (i.e., all amino acid substitutions in the derivative are conserved substitutions, and there is no substitution that is not conserved) .
[0103] In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein variant disclosed herein retains at least one of the functions of any one of PpCas13, FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein variant disclosed herein is capable of forming a complex with a gRNA / crRNA. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein variant disclosed herein has at least one RNA catalytic activities. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein variant disclosed herein is capable of cleaving pre-crRNA. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein variant disclosed herein is capable of cleaving target RNA. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein variant disclosed herein is capable of catalyze RNA degradation. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein variant disclosed herein is capable of catalyze degradation of target RNA and non-target RNA. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein variant disclosed herein has completely or partially lost the guide / crRNA-activated RNase activity, for example, due to mutations in one or more catalytic domains of the Cas13 protein.
[0104] In bacteria, the Type VI CRISPR-Cas systems include a single effector within close proximity to a CRISPR array. The CRISPR array includes direct repeat (DR) sequences and spacer regions. Cas13 binds to the precursor crRNA (pre-crRNA) transcripts and cleaves them within the repeat region to produce mature crRNAs. Pre-crRNA may be processed from the 5’-end or 3’-end, such that the DR sequences end up at the 3’-end and / or 5’-end of the mature crRNA. The present disclosure provides the location of effective DR sequence in the crRNA for each of the 6 Cas 13 proteins or variants thereof (Example 2) . For PpCas13 or variants thereof, the DR sequence is effective when it is at the 3’-end of the crRNA. For FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13, or variants thereof, the DR sequence is effective when it is at the 5’-end of the crRNA. The DR sequence in a crRNA is effective for a particular Cas13 if the Cas13-crRNA complex has RNA cleavage activity.
[0105] In some embodiments, the effective DR sequence for PpCas13 or variants thereof has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 109, preferably SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the effective DR sequence for FnCas13 or variants thereof has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110, preferably SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the effective DR sequence for BgCas13 or variants thereof has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111, preferably SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the effective DR sequence for AmCas13 or variants thereof has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112, preferably SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the effective DR sequence for LnCas13 or variants thereof has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113, preferably SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the effective DR sequence for LboCas13 or variants thereof has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 or 114, preferably SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0106] The overall common crRNA structure of the binary Cas13-crRNA complexes consists of a stem-loop, a 2 nt bulge at the 3’ stem and an A-U base pair at the bottom of the stem, implying a shared shape readout mechanism of crRNA recognition by this endonuclease family, combined with some sequence-specific base-readout. Since the secondary structures of the DR sequences, including the location and size of the step, bulge, and loop structures, can be more important than the specific nucleotide sequences that form such secondary structures, alternative or derivative DR sequences can also be used in the systems and methods described herein, so long as these derivative or alternative DR sequences have a secondary structure that substantially resembles the secondary structure of an RNA described herein. For example, the derivative DR sequence may have ±1, 2, 3, or 4 base pair (s) in one or both stems, have ±1, 2, 3, or 4 bases in either or both of the single strands in the bulge, and / or have ±1, 2, 3, or 4 bases in the loop region.
[0107] The spacers in the Cas13 CRISPR arrays are most commonly between 20-30 nucleotides in length. However, in the CRISPR-Cas13 systems, a wide range of spacer length may be tolerated, and different Cas13 protein has different preferable spacer length. The present disclosure provides experimental results to show preferable spacer length for each of the 6 Cas13 proteins and variants thereof (Example 3) . For PpCas13, BgCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13, or variants thereof, the preferable spacer length is 30 nt. For FnCas13 and AmCas13, or variants thereof, the preferable spacer length is 25 nt.
[0108] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 3’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 109. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 25-35 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 30 nt.
[0109] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 4, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 20-30 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 25 nt.
[0110] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 6, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 25-35 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 30 nt.
[0111] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 8, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 20-30 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 25 nt.
[0112] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 10, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 25-35 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 30 nt.
[0113] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising: a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; and a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 12, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA. In some embodiments, the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 11 or 114. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the spacer is between 25-35 nt. In some embodiments, the spacer is 30 nt.
[0114] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 3’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 114. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a PpCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the PpCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0115] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a FnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the FnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0116] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a BgCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the BgCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0117] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a AmCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the AmCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0118] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a LnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0119] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11 or 114. In some embodiments, the guide RNA is capable of binding to a LboCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LboCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0120] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 3’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 114; (2) and a PpCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the PpCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the PpCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0121] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110; (2) and a FnCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the FnCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the FnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0122] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111; (2) and a BgCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the BgCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the BgCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0123] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112; (2) and a AmCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the AmCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the AmCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0124] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113; (2) and a LnCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the LnCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the LnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0125] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a system comprising (1) a guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11 or 114; (2) and a LboCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the LboCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the LboCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0126] The target RNA may be any suitable form of RNA, including naturally-occurring and engineered RNA. For example, non-limiting examples of target RNA include mRNA, tRNA, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) , non-coding RNA, lncRNA (long non-coding RNA) , micro RNA (miRNA) , interfering RNA (siRNA) , viral RNA, circular RNA, and nuclear RNA. For example, in some embodiments, the Cas13 protein recognizes and cleaves RNA targets located on the coding strand of open reading frames (ORFs) . In some embodiments, the target RNA is associated with a disease or condition of disease. In some embodiments, the CRISPR-Cas13 systems described herein can be used to treat a condition or disease by targeting relevant RNA. For instance, the target RNA associated with a condition or disease may be an RNA molecule that is overexpressed in a diseased cell (e.g., a cancer or tumor cell) . The target nucleic acid may also be a toxic RNA and / or a mutated RNA (e.g., an mRNA molecule having a splicing defect or a mutation) . The target nucleic acid may also be an RNA that is specific for a particular microorganism (e.g., a pathogenic bacteria) .
[0127] Polynucleotide
[0128] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides an engineered polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a Cas13 protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas 13 protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12.
[0129] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is codon-optimized. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is codon-optimized to increase GC content. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is codon-optimized by replacing rare codons with frequent codons. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is humanized by replace rare codons in human genome with frequent codons in human genome. Codon optimization methods are known in the art and may be useful in efforts to achieve one or more of several goals. These goals include to match codon frequencies in target and host organisms to ensure proper folding, bias GC content to increase mRNA stability or reduce secondary structures, minimize tandem repeat codons or base runs that may impair gene construction or expression, customize transcriptional and translational control regions, insert or remove protein trafficking sequences, remove / add post translation modification sites in encoded protein (e.g. glycosylation sites) , add, remove or shuffle protein domains, insert or delete restriction sites, modify ribosome binding sites and mRNA degradation sites, to adjust translational rates to allow the various domains of the protein to fold properly, or to reduce or eliminate problem secondary structures within the mRNA. Codon optimization tools, algorithms and services are known in the art, non-limiting examples include services from GeneArt (Life Technologies) and / or DNA2.0 (Menlo Park Calif. ) .
[0130] In some embodiments, the humanized polynucleotide encoding a Cas13 protein or a variant thereof has a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13-18.
[0131] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is an RNA. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises 5’-untranslated region (UTR) and 3’-UTR. In some embodiments, the mRNA further comprises polyA sequence at 3’ end and / or 5’-cap. Untranslated region (UTR) refers to the region flanking the protein coding sequence on either the 3’s ide or the 5’s ide on an RNA. It is called 5’-UTR if it is upstream of the protein coding sequence (i.e., on the 5’s ide) . It is called 3’-UTR if it is downstream of the protein coding sequence (i.e., on the 3’s ide) . UTRs are important regulatory elements with a strong impact on the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. The poly (A) tail is a long chain of adenine nucleotides that is added to the 3’ end of a mRNA molecule. In some embodiments, the length of the poly (A) tail is at least 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 or 500 nucleotides. 5’ cap refers to a specially altered nucleotide on the 5’ end of the RNA sequence.
[0132] In some embodiments, the RNA is an in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA. In vitro transcription is a simple procedure that allows for template-directed synthesis of RNA molecules of any sequence from short oligonucleotides to those of several kilobases in μg to mg quantities. In some embodiments, it is based on the engineering of a template that includes a bacteriophage promoter sequence (e.g., from the T7 coliphage) upstream of the sequence of interest followed by transcription using the corresponding RNA polymerase. Techniques for in vitro transcription is well known in the art. (Beckert, Bertrand, and Masquida. "Synthesis of RNA by in vitro transcription. " Rna. Humana Press, 2011.29-41. )
[0133] In some embodiments, the RNA comprises modified nucleotide. For example, modifications can comprise one or more nucleotides modified at the 2’ position of the sugar, for example, a 2’-O-alkyl, 2’-O-alkyl-O-alkyl, or 2’-fluoro-modified nucleotide. In some examples, RNA modifications can comprise 2’-fluoro, 2’-amino or 2’ O-methyl modifications on the ribose of pyrimidines, abasic residues, or an inverted base at the 3’ end of the RNA.
[0134] The polynucleotides disclosed herein can be obtained by methods known in the art. For example, the polynucleotide can be obtained from cloned DNA (e.g., from a DNA library) , by chemical synthesis, by cDNA cloning, or by the cloning of genomic DNA or fragments thereof, purified from the desired cell. When the polynucleotides are produced by recombinant means, any method known to those skilled in the art for identification of nucleic acids that encode desired genes can be used. Any method available in the art can be used to obtain a full length (i.e., encompassing the entire coding region) cDNA or genomic DNA encoding a desired protein, such as from a cell or tissue source. Modified or variant polynucleotides can be engineered from a wildtype polynucleotide using standard recombinant DNA methods. Polynucleotides can be cloned or isolated using any available methods known in the art for cloning and isolating nucleic acid molecules. Such methods include PCR amplification of nucleic acids and screening of libraries, including nucleic acid hybridization screening, antibody-based screening, and activity-based screening.
[0135] Methods for amplification of polynucleotides can be used to isolate polynucleotides encoding a desired protein, including for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. PCR can be carried out using any known methods or procedures in the art. Exemplary methods include use of a Perkin-Elmer Cetus thermal cycler and Taq polymerase (Gene Amp) . A nucleic acid containing gene of interest can be used as a source material from which a desired polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule can be amplified. For example, DNA and mRNA preparations, cell extracts, tissue extracts from an appropriate source (e.g., testis, prostate, breast) , fluid samples (e.g., blood, serum, saliva) , samples from healthy and / or diseased subjects can be used in amplification methods. The source can be from any eukaryotic species including, but not limited to, vertebrate, mammalian, human, porcine, bovine, feline, avian, equine, canine, and other primate sources. Nucleic acid libraries also can be used as a source material. Primers can be designed to amplify a desired polynucleotide. For example, primers can be designed based on expressed sequences from which a desired polynucleotide is generated. Primers can be designed based on back-translation of a polypeptide amino acid sequence. If desired, degenerate primers can be used for amplification. Oligonucleotide primers that hybridize to sequences at the 3’ and 5’ termini of the desired sequence can be uses as primers to amplify by PCR from a nucleic acid sample. Primers can be used to amplify the entire full-length polynucleotide, or a truncated sequence thereof. Nucleic acid molecules generated by amplification can be sequenced and confirmed to encode a desired polypeptide.
[0136] Vector
[0137] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide described herein.
[0138] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 3’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 114, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a PpCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the PpCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 3’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1 or 114.
[0139] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a FnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the FnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 4, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3 or 110.
[0140] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a BgCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the BgCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5 or 111.
[0141] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112 and / or a polynucleotide encoding a AmCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the AmCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7 or 112.
[0142] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a LnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9 or 113.
[0143] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11 or 114, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a Lboas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LboCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 12, wherein the guide RNA comprises a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11 or 114.
[0144] In some embodiments of the vector described herein, the vector is a plasmid or a viral vector.
[0145] In some embodiments, the vector is an AAV vector. AAV is a non-enveloped virus that can be engineered to deliver DNA to target cells. AAV comprises a protein shell surrounding and protecting a small, single-stranded DNA genome of approximately 4.8 kilobases (kb) . Recombinant AAV (rAAV) , which lacks viral DNA, is essentially a protein-based nanoparticle engineered to traverse the cell membrane, where it can ultimately traffic and deliver its DNA cargo into the nucleus of a cell. In the absence of Rep proteins, ITR-flanked transgenes encoded within rAAV can form circular concatemers that persist as episomes in the nucleus of transduced cells. Because recombinant episomal DNA does not integrate into host genomes, it will eventually be diluted over time as the cell undergoes repeated rounds of replication. This will eventually result in the loss of the transgene and transgene expression, with the rate of transgene loss dependent on the turnover rate of the transduced cell. These characteristics make rAAV ideal for certain gene therapy applications.
[0146] Any methods known in the art for the insertion of DNA fragments into a vector can be used to construct expression vectors comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. These methods can include in vitro recombinant DNA and synthetic techniques and in vivo (genetic) recombination. The polynucleotide disclosed herein can be operably linked to control sequences in the expression vector (s) to ensure protein expression. Such control sequences may include, but are not limited to, leader or signal sequences, promoters (e.g., naturally associated or heterologous promoters) , ribosomal binding sites, enhancer or activator elements, translational start and termination sequences, and transcription start and termination sequences, and are chosen to be compatible with the host cell chosen to express the proteins. Constitutive or inducible promoters as known in the art are also contemplated. The promoters may be either naturally occurring promoters, hybrid promoters that combine elements of more than one promoter, or synthetic promoters. An expression construct may be present in a cell on an episome, such as a plasmid, or the expression construct may be inserted in a chromosome such as in a gene locus. In some embodiment, the expression vector includes a selectable marker gene to allow the selection of transformed host cells. In some embodiments, the vector is an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant polypeptide operably linked to at least one regulatory control sequence. Regulatory control sequences for use herein include promoters, enhancers, and other expression control elements. In some embodiments, the expression vector is designed for the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the particular variant polypeptide desired to be expressed, the vector's copy number, the ability to control that copy number, and / or the expression of any other protein encoded by the vector, such as antibiotic markers.
[0147] The vector can include, but is not limited to, viral vectors and plasmid DNA. Viral vectors can include, but are not limited to, adenoviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, retroviral vectors, and adeno-associated viral vectors. Commonly, expression vectors contain selection markers such as ampicillin-resistance, hygromycin-resistance, tetracycline resistance, kanamycin resistance, or neomycin resistance to permit detection of those cells transformed with the desired DNA sequences. Suitable vectors, promoter, and enhancer elements are known in the art; many are commercially available for generating subject recombinant constructs. In some embodiments, the vector is a polycistronic vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a bicistronic vector or a tricistronic vector. Bicistronic or polycistronic expression vectors may include (1) multiple promoters fused to each of the open reading frames; (2) insertion of splicing signals between genes; (3) fusion of genes whose expressions are driven by a single promoter; and (4) insertion of proteolytic cleavage sites between genes (self-cleavage peptide) or insertion of internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) between genes.
[0148] A polycistronic vector is used to co-express multiple genes in the same cell. Two strategies are most commonly used to construct a multicistronic vector. First, an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) element is typically used for bi-cistronic vectors. The IRES element, acting as another ribosome recruitment site, allows initiation of translation from an internal region of the mRNA. Thus, two proteins are translated from one mRNA. IRES elements are quite large (usually 500-600 bp) (Pelletier et al., 1988; Jang et al., 1988) .
[0149] Composition and Cell
[0150] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising any one of the guide RNAs described herein, any one of the polynucleotides described herein, any one of the systems described herein, and / or any one of the vector described herein,
[0151] wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as a carrier selected from the group consisting of lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, cationic nanoemulsions, dendrimer-based lipid nanoparticles, cationic polymers, and polysaccharide particles.
[0152] As used herein, a carrier can be compounds or compositions that are used for delivery of a polypeptide or a polynucleotide into a subject. Preferably, the carrier enhances effectiveness and / or safety of the delivery. In some embodiments, the carrier is capable of delivering large nucleic acid sequences (e.g., nucleic acids of at least 1 kDa, 1.5 kDa, 2 kDa, 2.5 kDa, 5 kDa, 10 kDa, 12 kDa, 15 kDa, 20 kDa, 25 kDa, 30 kDa, or more) . The nucleic acids can be formulated with one or more acceptable reagents, which provide a vehicle for delivering such nucleic acids to target cells. Appropriate reagents are generally selected with regards to a number of factors, which include, among other things, the biological or chemical properties of the nucleic acids (e.g., charge) , the intended route of administration, the anticipated biological environment to which such nucleic acids will be exposed and the specific properties of the intended target cells.
[0153] Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are nanoparticles made of one or more types of lipids. In some embodiments, lipid nanoparticles comprise ionizable lipids, which are positively charged at low pH (enabling RNA complexation) and neutral at physiological pH (reducing potential toxic effects, as compared with positively charged lipids, such as liposomes) . Owing to their size and properties, lipid nanoparticles are taken up by cells via endocytosis, and the ionizability of the lipids at low pH (likely) enables endosomal escape, which allows release of the cargo into the cytoplasm. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles comprise cationic lipids, which have a head group with permanent positive charges. In addition, lipid nanoparticles usually contain a helper lipid, for example, phospholipid, to promote cell binding, cholesterol to fill the gaps between the lipids, and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) to reduce opsonization by serum proteins and reticuloendothelial clearance. The relative amounts of ionizable lipid, helper lipid, cholesterol and PEG can vary (See Hou et al., Nature Reviews Materials, 2021) .
[0154] Liposomes are spherical-shaped vesicles that is composed of one or more phospholipid bilayers. Liposomes are most often composed of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, but may also include other lipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine, as long as they are compatible with lipid bilayer structure. The lipid bilayer of liposome can fuse with other bilayers such as the cell membrane, thus delivering the liposome contents. Generally, liposomes comprise spherical vesicles with particle sizes ranging from 30 nm to several micrometers. They consist of one or more lipid bilayers surrounding aqueous units, where the polar head groups are oriented in the pathway of the interior and exterior aqueous phases. On the other hand, self-aggregation of polar lipids is not limited to conventional bilayer structures which rely on molecular shape, temperature, and environmental and preparation conditions but may self-assemble into various types of colloidal particles (See Akbarzadeh, Nanoscale Res Lett., 2013) .
[0155] Cationic nanoemulsions (CNE) are mainly composed of two parts: e.g., one is the cationic lipid DOTAP (1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) that can be added to the oil phase to bind the mRNA electrostatically; and the other is the emulsion adjuvant MF59 that is an oil-in-water emulsion consisting of squalene and surfactants. CNEs are usually fabricated by the probe sonication method (Brito et al., A cationic nanoemulsion for the delivery of next-generation RNA vaccines, 2014) .
[0156] Dendrimer-based lipid nanoparticles are nanoparticles made of lipids and dendrimers, which are highly ordered, branched polymeric molecules. Dendrimers are composed of three distinct structural components: (1) a core, (2) repetitive branching layers (also referred to as “generation” ) , and (3) abundant terminal groups. These precisely controlled dendritic structures harbor multivalent cooperativity and can exploit membrane-fusion-based endosome release by mimicking lipid vectors, while simultaneously retaining the “proton-sponge” -mediated endosome release of polymer vectors (See Chen et al., Amphiphilic Dendrimer Vectors for RNA Delivery: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspective, 2022) .
[0157] Cationic polymer is another viable RNA carrier. An exemplary cationic polymer is poly (ethyleneimine) and its derivatives Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is among the earliest and most widely studied cationic polymers for gene delivery, including the delivery of RNA. It has high gene transfection efficiency and is often referred to as the gold standard for non-viral gene transfection (Lungwitz et al., 2005) . PEI can be in either linear or branched structures and its positive charge is conferred by numerous amine groups separated by short alkyl spacers, which lead to very high positive charge density within its structure (Jiang et al., Polymeric nanoparticles for RNA delivery, 2021) .
[0158] Polysaccharides are a complex collection of biopolymers isolated from plant, animal, microbial and algal sources that are built from monosaccharides linked by O-glycosidic linkages. An exemplary polysaccharide that can be used for RNA delivery is Chitosan, is a polysaccharide contained in the cell walls of fungi and in the shells of arthropods such as crustaceans and consists of a linear chain of 2-acetaylamino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose units connected through β-1, 4 linkages (Bodnar, Hartmann &Borbely, 2005; Barclay et al., Review of polysaccharide particle-based functional drug delivery, 2020) .
[0159] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the CRISPR-Cas complex described herein.
[0160] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the polynucleotide described herein.
[0161] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the system described herein.
[0162] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the vector described herein.
[0163] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell comprising the composition described herein.
[0164] In some embodiments of the cell described herein, the cell is a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments of the cell described herein, the cell is a prokaryotic cell.
[0165] In some embodiments of the cell described herein, the cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a plant cell.
[0166] In some embodiments of the cell described herein, the cell is a stem cell.
[0167] In some embodiments of the cell described herein, the cell is a somatic cell.
[0168] In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein is introduced directly into the cell. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein is expressed in a recombinant cell, such as E. coli, and purified. The resulting purified Cas13 protein, along with an appropriate guide RNA specific for the target RNA, is then introduced into a cell or organism where one or more RNAs can be targeted. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein and guide RNA are introduced as separate components into the target cell / organism. In some embodiments, the purified Cas13 protein is complexed with the guide RNA, and this ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex is introduced into the target cell (e.g., using transfection or injection) . In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein and guide molecule are injected into an embryo (such as a human, mouse, zebrafish, or Xenopus embryo) .
[0169] In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein is expressed from a polynucleotide in the cell. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein is expressed from a vector, such as a viral vector or plasmid introduced into a cell. This results in the production of the Cas13 protein in the cell. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the Cas13 is co-expressed in the cell with the guide RNA. In some embodiments, multiple plasmids or vectors are used to deliver the Cas13 protein and the guide RNA into the cell. For example, the polynucleotide encoding the Cas13 can be provided on one vector or plasmid, and the guide RNA on another plasmid or vector. Multiple plasmids or viral vectors can be mixed and introduced into cells (or a cell free system) at the same time, or separately. In some examples, multiple polynucleotides are expressed from a single vector or plasmid. For example, a single vector can include the polynucleotide encoding the Cas13 and the guide RNA.
[0170] Method
[0171] The Cas13 proteins or variant thereof described herein and the CRISPR systems disclosed herein can be used in applications as other Cas13 proteins and Cas proteins in Type VI CRISPR systems. In some embodiments, the Cas13 proteins or variant thereof is further modified, for example by mutation in catalytic domain (e.g., HEPN domain) , or fused to or conjugated to another effector (e.g., a label, an affinity tag, a deaminase) .
[0172] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for targeting the target RNA, comprising contacting the RNA with the CRISPR-Cas complex described herein, the system of described herein, and / or the vector described herein.
[0173] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for targeting the target RNA in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell one or more polynucleotides encoding any one of the CRISPR-Cas complexes described herein, any one of the systems described herein, and / or any one of the vectors described herein, wherein the introduction is carried out with a method selected from viral transduction, plasmid transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, exosome-mediated transfection, vesicle-mediated transfection, and gene gun.
[0174] The term "transduction" is used to describe a virus-mediated transfer of nucleic acids into cells. The viral vector, itself, also called virion, is able to infect cells and transport the DNA directly into the nucleus, independent of further actions. After the release of the DNA into the nucleus, the protein of interest is produced using the cells'own machineries. In some embodiments, the vector is adenovirus or lentivirus. For non-viral vectors, such as plasmid, they are introduced into cells by transfection. In stable transfection, foreign DNA is delivered to the nucleus by passage through the cell and nuclear membranes. Foreign DNA is integrated into the host genome and expressed sustainably. In transient transfection, foreign DNA is delivered into the nucleus but is not integrated into the genome; foreign RNA is delivered into the cytosol, where it is translated. Methods for transduction and transfection are well known in the art. (Kim TK, Eberwine JH. Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010 Aug; 397 (8) : 3173-8. doi: 10.1007 / s00216-010-3821-6. Epub 2010 Jun 13. PMID: 20549496; PMCID: PMC2911531. )
[0175] Vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, comprising liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. If there is only one phospholipid bilayer, the vesicles are usually called unilamellar liposomes; otherwise, they are called multilamellar liposomes. Exemplary vesicle includes, but not limited to liposome, lipid nanoparticle, and exosome. Vesicle can enter target cells through endocytosis and pinocytosis. They can also fuse with the cellular membrane and release their cargo inside the cell.
[0176] A gene gun or biolistic particle delivery system is a device used to deliver exogenous DNA (transgenes) , RNA, or protein to cells. By coating particles of a heavy metal with a gene of interest and firing these micro-projectiles into cells using mechanical force, an integration of desired genetic information can be introduced into desired cells. (Klein, T. M.; Wolf, E. D.; Wu, R.; Sanford, J. C. (May 1987) . "High-velocity microprojectiles for delivering nucleic acids into living cells" . Nature. 327 (6117) : 70–73; Sanford, J. C.; Klein, T. M.; Wolf, E. D.; Allen, N. (1987) . "Delivery of substances into cells and tissues using a particle bombardment process" . Particulate Science and Technology. 5 (1) : 27–37)
[0177] In some embodiments, targeting the target RNA comprises one or more of cutting the target RNA, nicking the target RNA, enhancing expression of the target RNA, decreasing expression of the target RNA, visualizing or detecting the target RNA, labeling the target RNA, binding target RNA, enriching the target RNA, depleting the target RNA, editing the target RNA, splicing the target RNA, and masking the target RNA.
[0178] Cas13 has found widespread application in areas such as RNA knockdown, single-base RNA editing, site-specific RNA modification, and RNA cell tracking. Furthermore, based on the "collateral effect" of Cas13, a nucleic acid-based in vitro detection system known as SHERLOCK was developed, which has played a pivotal role in pathogen detection, mutation analysis, species identification, and transgenic identification.
[0179] The CRISPR systems described herein have a wide variety of utilities including modifying (e.g., deleting, inserting, translocating, inactivating, and activating) a target polynucleotide or nucleic acid in a multiplicity of cell types. The CRISPR systems have a broad spectrum of applications in, e.g., DNA / RNA detection (e.g., specific high sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking (SHERLOCK) ) , tracking and labeling of nucleic acids, enrichment assays (extracting desired sequence from background) , controlling interfering RNA or miRNA, detecting circulating tumor DNA, preparing next generation library, drug screening, disease diagnosis and prognosis, and treating various genetic disorders.
[0180] The SHERLOCK method (Specific High Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing) provides an in vitro nucleic acid detection platform with attomolar sensitivity based on nucleic acid amplification and collateral cleavage of a reporter RNA, allowing for real-time detection of the target. To achieve signal detection, the detection can be combined with different isothermal amplification steps. For example, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) can be coupled with T7 transcription to convert amplified DNA to RNA for subsequent detection. The combination of amplification by RPA, T7 RNA polymerase transcription of amplified DNA to RNA, and detection of target RNA by collateral RNA cleavage-mediated release of reporter signal is referred as SHERLOCK. Methods of using CRISPR in SHERLOCK are described in detail, e.g., in Gootenberg, et al. “Nucleic acid detection with CRISPR-Cas13a / C2c2, ” Science, 2017 Apr. 28; 356(6336) : 438-442, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0181] In some embodiments, the method of targeting the target RNA allows for one or more RNA base substitutions, RNA base edits, RNA base deletions, RNA base insertions, or combinations thereof, in the target RNA. In some embodiments, the method of targeting the target RNA allows for knockdown of a gene.
[0182] In some embodiments, the method of targeting the target RNA results in detecting, visualizing, or labeling the target RNA. For example, by using a Cas13 variant described herein that does not have RNase activity and a crRNA with a spacer specific for the target RNA, and an effector module, the target RNA will be recognized by the Cas13 variant described herein but will not be cut or nicked while the effector module becomes activated. In some embodiments, the effector module is fused to the Cas13 variant described herein. In some embodiments, the effector module is linked to the Cas13 variant described herein, optionally with a linker. In some embodiments, the effector module is a fluorescent protein or other detectable label. Binding of Cas13 variant to the target RNA can be visualized by microscopy or other methods of imaging. Such a method can be used in a cell or cell free system to determine if a target RNA is present, such as in a tumor cell.
[0183] In some embodiments, the method of targeting the target RNA results in editing the sequence of a target RNA. For example, by using the Cas13 protein or variant thereof disclosed herein and a crRNA with a spacer specific for the target RNA, the target RNA can be cut or nicked at a precise location. In some examples, such a method is used to decrease expression of a target RNA, which will decrease translation of the corresponding protein. Such a method can be used in a cell where decreased expression of an RNA is desired. In one example, the RNA is associated with a disease related to overexpression of a gene.
[0184] In some embodiments, the method of targeting the target RNA allows for masking the target RNA. For example, by using the Cas13 protein or variant thereof disclosed herein and a crRNA with a spacer specific for the target RNA, a target RNA can be masked from RNA-binding proteins or RNA-binding elements such as miRNAs.
[0185] In some embodiments, the method of targeting the target RNA allows for isolation and / or purification of the RNA. In some embodiments, the Cas13 protein or variant thereof is fused to an affinity tag that can be used to isolate and / or purify the RNA-CRISPR-associated protein complex. These applications are useful, e.g., for the analysis of gene expression profiles in cells.
[0186] Table 2
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[0220] 33 Gootenberg, J.S. et al. Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6. Science 360, 439-444, doi: 10.1126 / science. aaq0179 (2018) .
[0221] 34 Baerwald, M.R. et al. Rapid and accurate species identification for ecological studies and monitoring using CRISPR-based SHERLOCK. Mol Ecol Resour 20, 961-970, doi: 10.1111 / 1755-0998.13186 (2020) .
[0222] 35 Abudayyeh, O. O., Gootenberg, J.S., Kellner, M.J. &Zhang, F. Nucleic Acid Detection of Plant Genes Using CRISPR-Cas13. CRISPR J 2, 165-171, doi: 10.1089 / crispr. 2019.0011 (2019) .
[0223] EXAMPLES
[0224] Example 1 Validation of Cas13 catalytic activity
[0225] In order to assess Cas13 protein’s RNA cleavage activity, three spacers targeting different positions of mCherry were designed for each of the 6 Cas13 proteins disclosed herein, i.e., PpCas13, FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13. RNA cleavage activity is determined based on changes in mCherry fluorescence intensity. Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of the protein expression vector used, wherein polynucleotides encoding PpCas13, FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13 are illustrated as SEQ ID NOs: 13-18 respectively.
[0226] The typical spacer length for Cas13 ranges from 20 to 30 nucleotides. Therefore, in initial testing, the spacer length was designed to be 30 nucleotides. Dual Direct Repeat (DR) sequences were introduced at both the 5' and 3' ends of the spacer to simulate unprocessed pre-crRNA. Pre-crRNA can be processed by Cas13 to become mature crRNA, which subsequently acts together with Cas13 on mCherry mRNA. As the direction of CRISPR array transcription is uncertain, pre-crRNAs with DR sequences on both the sense and antisense strands were designed. For each of the 6 Cas13 proteins, two DR sequences and three spacers were tested, so six dual-DR crRNAs were designed for each Cas13 proteins. Dual-DR crRNAs used for PpCas13 are SEQ ID NOs: 19-24. Dual-DR crRNAs used for FnCas13 are SEQ ID NOs: 25-30. Dual-DR crRNAs used for BgCas13 are SEQ ID NOs: 31-36. Dual-DR crRNAs used for AmCas13 are SEQ ID NOs: 37-42. Dual-DR crRNAs used for LnCas13 are SEQ ID NOs: 43-48. Dual-DR crRNAs used for LboCas13 are SEQ ID NOs: 49-54.
[0227] As the results shown in Figs. 2-7, PpCas13, FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13 all lowered mCherry protein expression, indicating that all the 6 Cas13 proteins have RNase catalytic activity.
[0228] Example 2 Determination of the effective DR sequence location
[0229] In order to determine the effective crRNA structure, Cas13 protein’s activity was tested with crRNA comprising a DR sequence at 5’-end (5’-DR) and crRNA comprising a DR sequence at 3’-end (3’-DR) . As the results shown in Figs. 8-13, for PpCas13, crRNAs with 3’-DR are more effective; while for FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13, crRNAs with 5’-DR are more effective. The more effective crRNAs used in this test for PpCas13, FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13 are SEQ ID NOs: 55-60, respectively.
[0230] Example 3 Determination of preferable spacer length
[0231] Influence of spacer length on Cas13’s RNase cleavage activity was tested. For each of the 6 Cas13 proteins, eight crRNAs with a spacer length of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 nt, respectively, were used. For PpCas13, the eight crRNAs are SEQ ID NOs: 61-68. For FnCas13, the eight crRNAs are SEQ ID NOs: 69-76. For BgCas13, the eight crRNAs are SEQ ID NOs: 77-84.For AmCas13, the eight crRNAs are SEQ ID NOs: 85-92. For LnCas13, the eight crRNAs are SEQ ID NOs: 93-100. For LboCas13, the eight crRNAs are SEQ ID NOs: 101-108.
[0232] As the results shown in Fig. 14-19, for PpCas13, BgCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13, a spacer length of 30 nt resulted in the strongest suppression of mCherry expression (suppression rate is 81%, 80%, 92%, and 76%, respectively) ; while for FnCas13 and AmCas13, a spacer length of 25 nt resulted in the strongest suppression of mCherry expression (suppression rate is 87%and 93%respectively) . Thus, a preferable spacer length for PpCas13, BgCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13 is 30 nt, and a preferable spacer length for FnCas13 and AmCas13 is 25 nt.
[0233] Methods and Materials
[0234] Plasmid constructions. Coding sequence of PpCas13, FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13 were human codon-optimized and synthesized by General Biol Company. The humanized coding sequence of PpCas13, FnCas13, BgCas13, AmCas13, LnCas13, and LboCas13 are SEQ ID NOs: 13-18, respectively. All the crRNA used were cloned downstream of U6 promoter using Golden Gate assembly method with BsmBI (Thermo Fisher) .
[0235] Cell Culture and Transfection. HEK293T cells (American Type Culture Collection) were cultured with high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10%FBS (Gemini Bio) and 1%GlutMAX (Invitrogen) in an incubator at 37 ℃ with 5%CO2. All the experiments were performed in 24-wll plates. 150,000 HEK293T cells per well were plated in 0.5 ml of complete growth medium. After 24 h, 1 μg of Cas13 plasmid and 50 ng of mCherry plasmid were delivered to each well by lipofectamine 3000 (Thermo Fisher) according to the manuals. Cells were analyzed by a CytoFLEX flow analyser 48 h after transfection.
Claims
1.A Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising:a. a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; andb. a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA.2.The CRISPR-Cas complex of claim 1, wherein the DR sequence located at the 3’-end of the gRNA.3.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1.4.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1.5.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the spacer is between 25-35 nt.6.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the spacer is 30 nt.7.A Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising:a. a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; andb. a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 4, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA.8.The CRISPR-Cas complex of claim 7, wherein the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA.9.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 7-8, wherein the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 3.10.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 7-9, wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3.11.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 7-10, wherein the spacer is between 20-30 nt.12.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 7-11, wherein the spacer is 25 nt.13.A Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising:a. a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; andb. a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 6, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA.14.The CRISPR-Cas complex of claim 13, wherein the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA.15.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 13-14, wherein the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 5.16.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 13-15, wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5.17.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 13-16, wherein the spacer is between 25-35 nt.18.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 7-11, wherein the spacer is 30 nt.19.A Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising:a. a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; andb. a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 8, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA.20.The CRISPR-Cas complex of claim 19, wherein the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA.21.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 19-20, wherein the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 7.22.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 19-21, wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7.23.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 19-22, wherein the spacer is between 20-30 nt.24.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 7-11, wherein the spacer is 25 nt.25.A Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising:a. a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; andb. a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 10, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA.26.The CRISPR-Cas complex of claim 25, wherein the DR sequence located at the 5’-end of the gRNA.27.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 25-26, wherein the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 9.28.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 25-27, wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9.29.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 25-28, wherein the spacer is between 25-35 nt.30.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 7-11, wherein the spacer is 30 nt.31.A Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) -Cas complex, comprising:a. a guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a spacer capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, and a direct repeat (DR) sequence, wherein the spacer is not 100%complementary to a naturally occurring bacteriophage nucleic acid; andb. a CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity with SEQ ID NO: 12, and wherein the Cas protein or the variant thereof is capable of binding to the gRNA.32.The CRISPR-Cas complex of claim 31, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA.33.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 31-32, wherein the DR sequence has at least 95%identity to SEQ ID NO: 11.34.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 31-33, wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11.35.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 31-34, wherein the spacer is between 25-35 nt.36.The CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 7-11, wherein the spacer is 30 nt.37.A guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 3’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1.38.The guide RNA of claim 37, wherein the guide RNA is capable of binding to a PpCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the PpCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.39.A guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3.40.The guide RNA of claim 39, wherein the guide RNA is capable of binding to a FnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the FnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 4.41.A guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 5.42.The guide RNA of claim 41, wherein the guide RNA is capable of binding to a BgCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the BgCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6.43.A guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 7.44.The guide RNA of claim 43, wherein the guide RNA is capable of binding to a AmCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the AmCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8.45.A guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 9.46.The guide RNA of claim 45, wherein the guide RNA is capable of binding to a LnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.47.A guide RNA (gRNA) comprising a direct repeat (DR) sequence and a spacer, wherein the spacer is capable of hybridizing to a target RNA, wherein the DR sequence is located at the 5’-end of the gRNA, and wherein the DR sequence is SEQ ID NO: 11.48.The guide RNA of claim 47, wherein the guide RNA is capable of binding to a LboCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LboCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 12.49.An engineered polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a Cas13 protein or a variant thereof, wherein the Cas 13 protein has a sequence of at least 95%identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12.50.A polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a Cas13 protein or a variant thereof, wherein the sequence is any one of SEQ ID NOs: 13-18.51.A system comprising a guide RNA of any one of claims 37-38 or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, and a PpCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the PpCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the PpCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.52.A system comprising a guide RNA of any one of claims 39-40 or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, and a FnCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the FnCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the FnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 4.53.A system comprising a guide RNA of any one of claims 41-42 or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, and a BgCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the BgCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the BgCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6.54.A system comprising a guide RNA of any one of claims 43-44 or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, and a AmCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the AmCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the AmCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8.55.A system comprising a guide RNA of any one of claims 45-46 or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, and a LnCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the LnCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the LnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.56.A system comprising a guide RNA of any one of claims 47-48 or a polynucleotide encoding thereof, and a LboCas13 or a variant thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the LboCas13 or the variant thereof, wherein the LboCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 12.57.A vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of any one of claims 37-38, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a PpCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the PpCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.58.A vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of any one of claims 39-40, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a FnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the FnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 4.59.A vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of any one of claims 41-42, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a BgCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the BgCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 6.60.A vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of any one of claims 43-44, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a AmCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the AmCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 8.61.A vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of any one of claims 45-46, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a LnCas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LnCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.62.A vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA of any one of claims 47-48, and / or a polynucleotide encoding a Lboas13 or a variant thereof, wherein the LboCas13 has an amino acid sequence of at least 95%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 12.63.The vector of any one of claims 57-62, wherein the vector is a plasmid or a viral vector.64.A composition comprising the guide RNA of any one of claims 37-48, the polynucleotide of any one of claims 49-50, the system of any one of claims 51-56, and / or the vector of any one of claims 57-63,wherein the composition further comprises a carrier selected from the group consisting of lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, cationic nanoemulsions, dendrimer-based lipid nanoparticles, cationic polymers, and polysaccharide particles.65.A cell comprising the CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 1-36.66.A cell comprising the polynucleotide of any one of claims 49-50.67.A cell comprising the system of any one of claims 51-56.68.A cell comprising the vector of any one of claims 57-63.69.A cell comprising the composition of claim 64.70.The cell of any one of claims 65-69, wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell.71.The cell of claim 70, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.72.The cell of any one of claims 70-71, wherein the cell is a stem cell.73.The cell of any one of claims 70-71, wherein the cell is a somatic cell.74.A method for targeting the target RNA, comprising contacting the RNA with the CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 1-36, the system of any one of claims 51-56, and / or the vector of any one of claims 57-63.75.A method for targeting the target RNA in a cell, comprising introducing into the cell one or more polynucleotides encoding the CRISPR-Cas complex of any one of claims 1-36, the system of any one of claims 51-56, and / or the vector of any one of claims 57-63, wherein the introduction is carried out with a method selected from plasmid transfection, viral transduction, liposome-mediated transfection, exosome-mediated transfection, vesicle-mediated transfection, and gene gun.76.The method of claim 74 or 75, wherein targeting the target RNA comprises one or more of cutting the target RNA, nicking the target RNA, enhancing expression of the target RNA, decreasing expression of the target RNA, visualizing or detecting the target RNA, labeling the target RNA, binding target RNA, enriching the target RNA, depleting the target RNA, editing the target RNA, splicing the target RNA, and masking the target RNA.
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