Methods and procedures to enable sensing of multiple target objects

Abstract

In one or more systems, methods, and / or devices there may be techniques for one or more network reference signal (RS) configurations to enable a device to sense one or more target objects. In some cases, a device may determine the one or more target objects illuminated by one or more transmission entities (e.g., network, device, etc.) via the one or more RS configurations with an aim of mapping the determined one or more target objects with the one or more RS configurations. The device may determine one or more soft indicators associated with the one or more target objects. The device may associate the one or more target objects with at least one target category. The device may map the one or more target objects with the one or more RS configurations.

Description

METHODS AND PROCEDURES TO ENABLE SENSING OF MULTIPLE TARGET OBJECTSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 568,941 , filed March 22, 2024, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] Conventional wireless communication systems allow determining locations of various connected devices within a network. This is achieved using various physical layer measurements with one or more conventional positioning methods. To locate any non-connected objects (such as one or more obstacles or targets etc.), different types of measurements using same set of reference signals (RSs) may be used. These measurements may be extracted from multiple variations occurring to the set of RSs. For sensing the nonconnected objects, a device may measure and report on a per-RS basis (e.g. based on a threshold etc.). This per-RS-based reporting causes a large overhead, and hence, is not efficient.SUMMARY

[0003] In one or more systems, methods, and / or devices there may be techniques for one or more network reference signal (RS) configurations to enable a device to sense one or more objects. In some cases, a device may determine one or more targets (e.g., objects) illuminated by one or more transmission entities (e.g., a network and / or a device etc.) via the one or more RS configurations with the aim of mapping the determined targets and / or objects with the one or more RS configurations.

[0004] In one or more embodiments, a method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) is provided. The method comprises receiving, from a base station, configuration information indicative of at least one of: a plurality of reference signal configurations, a plurality of thresholds, or a flag to initiate mapping. The method comprises generating, based on the received flag, a plurality of measurements associated with a plurality of reference signals. The method comprises grouping, based on a target determination threshold of the plurality of thresholds, a set of measurements of the plurality of measurements as a set of targets. The method comprises determining a set of soft indicators associated with the set of targets. The method includes associating, based on the set of soft indicators and a target classification threshold of the plurality of thresholds, a subset of targets from the set of targets with at least one target category. The method includes mapping the subset of targets with one or more reference signal configurations of the plurality of reference signal configurations.

[0005] In an embodiment, the method further comprises generating a report indicative of one or more of: the one or more reference signal configurations, the set of soft indicators, or the at least one target category. The method comprises transmitting the report to the base station.

[0006] In an embodiment, the method further comprises determining a change in one or more measurements of the set of measurements. The method comprises determining, based on the change in the one or more measurements, a change in one or more soft indicators of the set of soft indicators. The method includes determining, based on the change in the one or more soft indicators, an updated mapping between at least one target of the subset of targets and at least one reference signal configuration of the one or more reference signal configurations.

[0007] In an embodiment, each soft indicator from the set of soft indicators indicates likelihood of a presence of one of the at least one target.

[0008] In an embodiment, the configuration information is indicative of one or more triggering conditions associated with one or more of: transmitting the report, terminating the mapping, or updating the mapping.

[0009] In an embodiment, the configuration information is indicative of a time window comprising one or more measuring occasions.

[0010] In an embodinent, the method further comprises generating the plurality of measurements at each measuring occasion of the one or more measuring occasions. The method incudes transmitting the report at each measuring occasion based on the corresponding plurality of measurements.

[0011] In an embodiment, the plurality of measurements are associated with one or more reflected paths of the subset of targets.

[0012] In an embodiment, the at least one target category in the report includes an index in a in a set of target categorie. In an example, the the at least one target category incudes but is not limited to one at least one of: a resolved target, a semi-resolved target, or an unresolved target.

[0013] In an embodiment, the plurality of reference signal configurations include but are not limited to one or more positioning reference signal configurations.

[0014] In an embodiment, the plurality of measurements include but are not limited to one or more of: reference signal received path power (RSRPP), signal to interference noise ratio (SINR), angle of arrival (AoA), reference signal time difference (RSTD), time difference of arrival (TDoA), and time of arrival (ToA).

[0015] In one or more embodiments, a WTRU comprising a memory, a transceiver, and a processor is provided. The transceiver and the processor are configured to receive, from a base station, configuration information indicative of at least one of: a plurality of reference signal configurations, a plurality of thresholds, or a flag to initiate mapping. The transceiver and the processor are configured to generate, based on the received flag, a plurality of measurements associated with a plurality of reference signals. The transceiver and the processor are configured to group, based on a target determination threshold of the plurality of thresholds, a set of measurements of the plurality of measurements as a set of targets. The transceiver and the processor are configured to determine a set of soft indicators associated with the set of targets. The transceiver and the processor are configured to associate, based on the set of soft indicators and a target classification threshold of the plurality of thresholds, a subset of targets from the set of targets with at least one target category. Thetransceiver and the processor are configured to map the subset of targets with one or more reference signal configurations of the plurality of reference signal configurations.

[0016] In an embodiment, the transceiver and the processor are further configured to generate a report indicative of one or more of: the one or more reference signal configurations, the set of soft indicators, or the at least one target category, and transmit the report to the base station.

[0017] In an embodiment, the transceiver and the processor are further configured to determine a change in one or more measurements of the set of measurements, determine, based on the change in the one or more measurements, a change in one or more soft indicators of the set of soft indicators, and determine, based on the change in the one or more soft indicators, an updated mapping between at least one target of the subset of targets and at least one reference signal configuration of the one or more reference signal configurations.

[0018] In an embodiment, each soft indicator from the set of soft indicators indicate likelihood of a presence of one of the at least one target.

[0019] In an embodiment, the configuration information is indicative of one or more triggering conditions associated with one or more of: transmitting the report, terminating the mapping, or updating the mapping.

[0020] In an embodiment, the configuration information is indicative of a time window comprising one or more measuring occasions.

[0021] In an embodiment, the transceiver and the processor are further configured to generate the plurality of measurements at each measuring occasion of the one or more measuring occasions, and transmit the report at each measuring occasion based on the corresponding plurality of measurements.

[0022] In an embodiment, the plurality of measurements are associated with one or more reflected paths of the subset of targets.

[0023] In an embodiment, the at least one target category in the report includes an index in a in a set of target categories. In an example, the at least one target category includes but is not limited to one at least one of: a resolved target, a semi-resolved target, or an unresolved target.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals in the figures indicate like elements, and wherein:

[0025] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0026] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0027] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0028] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0029] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of different bandwidth part (BWP) configurations represented in frequency and time domains according to one or more embodiments.

[0030] FIGS. 3A-3B illustrates an example of new radio downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) configuration hierarchy according to one or more embodiments.

[0031] FIG. 4 illustrates examples of different types of sensing according to one or more embodiments.

[0032] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of different sensing metrics extracted from transmitted reference signals and / or corresponding echoes according to one or more embodiments.

[0033] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of different positioning reference signal (PRS) configuration for enabling different levels of sensing capabilities that allow detecting a subspace of a target space according to one or more embodiments.

[0034] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a two-dimensional (2D) representation mapping resulting with three determined targets according to one or more embodiments.

[0035] FIG. 8A illustrates an example 2D representation of range-velocity mapping according to one or more embodiments.

[0036] FIG. 8B illustrates an example 2D representation of angle of arrival (AoA)-range mapping according to one or more embodiments.

[0037] FIG. 9 illustrates an example for combining (grouping) multiple targets determined by three different PRS configurations and mapping one or more resolved targets with one or more RS configurations into three different categories according to one or more embodiments.

[0038] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of target-based report according to one or more embodiments.

[0039] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of target determination based on collected measurements in 2D representation according to one or more embodiments.

[0040] FIG. 12 illustrates an example for combining (grouping) targets determined by two different PRS configurations and mapping resolved targets with RS configurations according to one or more embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] One or more of the following acronyms may be used herein: The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 5th Generation (5G), Acknowledgement (ACK), Angle of Arrival (AoA), Angle of Departure (AoD), Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN), Block Error Rate (BLER), Bandwidth (BW), Bandwidth Part (BWP), Channel Access Priority (CAP), Channel access priority class (CAPC), Clear ChannelAssessment (CCA), Control Channel Element (CCE), Control Element (CE), Configured Grant or Cell Group (CG), Control Resource Set (CORESET), Cyclic Prefix (CP), Conventional OFDM (relying on cyclic prefix) (CP- OFDM), Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), Channel State Information (CSI), Contention Window (CW), Contention Window Size (CWS), Channel Occupancy (CO), Downlink Assignment Index (DAI), Downlink Control Information (DCI), Downlink feedback information (DFI), Dynamic grant (DG), Downlink (DL), Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS), Data Radio Bearer (DRB), Discontinuous Reception (DRX), Enhanced Cell ID (ECID), Enhanced Licensed Assisted Access (ELAA), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (ebb), Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ), Interference Measurement (IM), License Assisted Access (LAA), Listen Before Talk (LBT), Logical Channel (LCH), Logical Channel Priority (LCP), Listen-Before-Talk (LBT), Line of Sight (LOS), Non-Line of Sight (NLOS), Location Management Function (LMF), LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Medium Access Control (MAC CE), Medium Access Control (MAC), Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), Negative ACK (NACK), Non-access stratum (NAS), New Radio (NR), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Packet Data Unit (PDU), Physical Layer (PHY), Process ID (PID), Paging Occasion (PO), Physical Random-Access Channel (PRACH), Positioning Reference Signal (PRS), Positioning Reference Unit (PRU), Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PTRS), Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), Random Access (or procedure) (RA), Random Access Channel (RACH), Random Access Response (RAR), Radio access network Central Unit (RCU), Resource Element (RE), Radio Frequency (RF), Radio Link Failure (RLF), Radio Link Monitoring (RLM), Radio Network Identifier (RNTI), RAN Notification Area (RNA), RACH occasion (RO), Radio Resource Control (RRC), Radio Resource Management (RRM), Round Trip Time (RTT), Reception Point (RP), Reference Signal (RS), Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Relative Time of Arrival (RTOA), Service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), Service Data Unit (SDU), Signaling Radio Bearer (SRB), Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), Synchronization Signal (SS), Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), Switching Gap (in a self-contained subframe) (SWG), Semi- persistent scheduling (SPS), Supplemental Uplink (SUL), Transport Block (TB), Transport Block Size (TBS), Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA), Time of Flight (ToF), Transmission-Reception Point (TRP), Time-sensitive communications (TSC), Time-sensitive networking (TSN), Transmission Time Interval (TTI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), Uplink (UL), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC), Wide Bandwidth Part (WBWP), Wireless Transmit Receive Unit (WTRU), Wireless Local Area Networks and related technologies (IEEE 8O2.xx domain) (WLAN).

[0042] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), singlecarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word discrete Fourier transform Spread OFDM (ZT-UW-DFT-S- OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0043] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104, a core network (ON) 106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a station (STA), may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0044] The com munications systems 100 may also incl ude a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a NodeB, an eNode B (eNB), a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a next generation NodeB, such as a gNode B (gNB), a new radio (NR) NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0045] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, and the like. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in oneembodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0046] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0047] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed Uplink (UL) Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0048] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0049] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 116 using NR.

[0050] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0051] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0052] The base station 114b in FIG. 1A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c,102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106.

[0053] The RAN 104 may be in communication with the CN 106, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 and / or the CN 106 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0054] The CN 106 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 or a different RAT.

[0055] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellularbased radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0056] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It willbe appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0057] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0058] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0059] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0060] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11 , for example.

[0061] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital(SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0062] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li- ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0063] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0064] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors. The sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor, an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, a humidity sensor and the like.

[0065] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and DL (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the DL (e.g., for reception)).

[0066] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0067] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0068] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 10, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0069] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0070] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0071] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0072] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0073] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. Inaddition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0074] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0075] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0076] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic in to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to- peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad-hoc” mode of communication.

[0077] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0078] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0079] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two noncontiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into twostreams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0080] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n, and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support Meter Type Control / Machine- Type Communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0081] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11 n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all ST As in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, all available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the available frequency bands remains idle.

[0082] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0083] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0084] The RAN 104 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example,gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0085] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing a varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0086] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non- standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0087] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, DC, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0088] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN)185a, 185b. While the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0089] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 104 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of non-access stratum (NAS) signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and the like. The AMF 182a, 182b may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0090] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 106 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 106 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing DL data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0091] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 104 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering DL packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0092] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local DN 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0093] In view of FIGs. 1A-1 D, and the corresponding description of FIGs. 1A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b,and / or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0094] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0095] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0096] In some cases, a WTRU may be configured to sense one or more target objects. Accordingly, there may be one or more methods to associate one or more reference signal (RS) configurations with the one or more target objects in a given environment of the WTRU using a soft indicator. Bandwidth part (BWP) and positioning reference signals (PRS) may play a part in a method, and may be relevant to understanding the effect of one or more reference signal parameters on a sensing capability that enables one or more sensing services, as described herein. Additionally, one or more sensing metrics may be mapped directly to the one or more reference signal parameters, as described herein.

[0097] Referring now to FIG. 2, an example of different BWP configurations represented in frequency and time domains is shown according to one or more embodiments.

[0098] A BWP may be a contiguous set of physical resource blocks (PRBs) for a given carrier. In other words, a BWP may be a subset of a total BW that comprises a contiguous RBs subset of the common resource blocks for a given numerology (e.g., defined 0 to 3 for 5G). Each BWP defined for a numerology may have different parameters, such as subcarrier spacing, symbol duration, cyclic prefix (CP) length, Point A offset (e.g., lowest subcarrier of the reference resource block, or common resource block, also known as PRS Point A) as shown in FIG. 2. Using the BWP can significantly reduce WTRU power consumption in NR due to several aspects (e.g., reduced bandwidth processing requirement to receive and / or transmit narrow bandwidth,enabling lower sampling rates, etc.), improve radio resources and enable supporting different services, for example.

[0099] TheWTRU may be configured with a maximum 4 BWPs for downlink and uplink each, but at a given point of time only one BWP may be active for downlink and one for uplink. Each BWP may be configured by one or more RRC messages. If the WTRU is configured with a supplementary uplink, then the WTRU may additionally be configured with up to four BWPs in the supplementary uplink, with a single supplementary uplink bandwidth part being active at a given time.

[0100] In an example, switching between the BWPs may be done with several different mechanisms, such as but not limited to RRC-based adaptation (e.g., receiving an RRC message), MAC CE (control element) (e.g., receiving a MAC CE), downlink control information (DCI) based adaptation (e.g., receiving a DCI), and / or timerbased implicit fallback to a designated and / or default BWP. The switching between the BWPs may be accompanied with a set of configurations changing process. Accordingly, switching the BWPs may require a certain amount of time to switch between the BWPs (e.g., a BWP switching delay). Additionally and / or alternatively, a minimum switching time may up to the switching mechanism and / or the WTRU capability, which may be indicated to the network via WTRU capability information.

[0101] Multiple reference signals may be used for various communication related procedures. For positioning, there may be one or more PRSs for downlink and / or uplink. These PRSs are called the downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) and the uplink sounding reference signals (UL-SRSp), respectively. Compared to conventional reference signals, the one or more PRSs may feature high resource element (RE) density, high autocorrelation, and / or cross-correlation properties, for example. Additionally, the one or more PRSs may feature hearability, which is also known as audibility, which may be achieved with muting. With PRS muting, multiple cells may transmit the one or more PRSs in a coordinated manner by muting one or more relevant PRS transmission occasions to avoid interference from one or more adjacent cells. In an example, there may be a muting sequence (PRS muting) that may be sent to the one or more adjacent cells (e.g., one or more nearby cells) to stop transmission (e.g., time-frequency aspects) so that they do not shadow one or more weak signals from one or more neighbor cells (e.g., one or more far away cells). In terms of configuration, a location management function (LMF) provides DL-PRS configuration to one or more WTRUs using LTE positioning protocol (LPP) while the RAN configures the UL-SRS to the one or more WTRUs using a radio resource control (RRC) protocol.

[0102] Referring now to FIGS. 3A-3B, an example of new radio DL-PRS configuration hierarchy is shown according to one or more embodiments. The configuration hierarchy allows the network to provide assistance data in a structured format. It also enables the WTRU to locate one or more resources unambiguously to perform one or more measurements.

[0103] Building off of the above (e.g., approaches of the LTE may still apply to future wireless generations, such as but not limited to 5G, 6G, etc., although modifications may be made and / or added on top to add more flexibility), the PRS configuration may be done per positioning frequency layer (PFL). A PFL is defined as acollection of one or more resource sets that may be associated with at most 64 transmission receive points (TRPs), where each TRP may have two resource sets. A resource set may comprises up to 64 resources where each resource corresponds to a beam. Per frequency layer, a base station may configure two sets of beams (e.g., wide and / or narrow), where each set may be associated with one of the available resource sets. A WTRU may be configured with up to four PFL configurations per downlink; and the same may be true for the uplink.

[0104] At the resource level, different beams may be time-multiplexed across one or more symbols or slots. Only one beam may be transmitted at a time. The repetition of the resources (i.e., beam) may be done in two ways: sweep before repeat or repeat before sweep. Within a resource set period, the DL PRS resource that corresponds to a beam may be repeated up to 32 times, either in consecutive slots or with a repetition gap that may be configured. In other words, a WTRU may collect up to 32 measurements from that same resource configuration to achieve the best possible estimation accuracy. Different types of measurements may be performed using DL-PRS signals (e.g., angle, time, and / or power, etc.). These measurements may be extracted from the variations of the received signal, by comparing the measurement to an undistorted local replica at the receiver using different signal processing tools.

[0105] Generally, there are a plurality of approaches for sensing and communication. For example, JSC technology may be used. The international telecommunication union (ITU) international mobile telecommunication-2030 (IMT-2030) has identified JSC as one of the candidates’ enabling technologies of 6G. The ITU-Radiocommunication sector (ITU-R) indicates that IMT-2030 and beyond may consider integrated communication, positioning, and sensing, and potentially even jointly designed flexible signals for concurrent communication, positioning and / or sensing with slight or no modification to hardware and waveform.

[0106] Sensing is defined as the detection and estimation of one or more characteristics of one or more objects (e.g., the one or more target objects etc.) within a mobile network environment. This includes estimating spatial and / or temporal characteristics (e.g., relative position, angular location, speed, orientation, and / or size, etc.). Sensing may be employed in a wireless system, such as but not limited to, in the context of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC).

[0107] Referring now to FIG. 4, an example of different types of sensing is shown according to one or more embodiments.

[0108] There are at least two types of sensing: monostatic and bistatic sensing, which may depend on the transmitter and receiver location relative to a target object. For instance, the monostatic sensing is a scenario where the transmitter and the receiver are co-located (e.g., as shown in FIG. 4(a)). The bistatic sensing is a scenario where the transmitter and receiver exist at different sides (e.g., as shown in FIG. 4(b)). Additionally, the bistatic sensing may be extended to multi-static sensing, which is where there are multiple receivers in different locations (e.g., as shown in FIG. 4(c)).

[0109] The monostatic sensing refers to the sensing mode where the transmitter and receiver are colocated, where the transmitter transmits the sensing signal and then receives one or more echoes and / or one or more echo signals from the environment. In the context of different wireless communication systems (e.g.,the NR), the monostatic sensing may be utilized at the WTRU side and / or the base station side, where a single device may perform sensing of the environment. However, such an approach may require full duplex capabilities at the sensing device, and / or half duplex by dividing the transmission and receiving into separate windows. On the other hand, the bistatic sensing may be utilized between the two devices (e.g., the base station and the WTRU, the WTRU and / or the WTRU, etc.), where either device may act as the transmitting device while the other device acts as the receiving device, given that both sides may be of the same type (e.g. WTRU-WTRU and / or base station - base station etc.), or different types (e.g. base station - WTRU, and / or WTRU - base station etc.); bistatic and / or multi-static sensing does not require full duplex transmission. For bistatic and multi-static sensing, the transmitter and receiver are not co-located (e.g., particularly don’t use the same RF chain) but exist at different sides. In at least one instance, there may be a motivation to use bistatic and / or multi-static since they do not require full duplex, which may be hard to achieve (e.g., avoiding interference) with interference caused by a transmitter to a receiver.

[0110] Pilot or reference signals in wireless communications may (e.g., usually) have good passive detection performance, strong anti-noise capability, and / or good auto-correlation characteristics (e.g., highly sufficient ambiguity function which is pushpin type), hence they have the potential for being used for sensing, and particularly for JSC waveform design. Using the pilot or reference signals (e.g., PRS / SRSp) may have the unique benefit of being compatible with many advanced mobile communication systems. Thus, these reference signals may be regarded as sensing reference signals to simultaneously realize the functions of sensing, communication, and / or positioning in a convenient manner.

[0111] The pilot based OFDM waveform may be suitable to realize short-range, medium-range, and / or long-range radars based on the flexible allocation of pilot subcarriers. Additionally, PRS / SRSp designed especially for certain use cases (e.g., 5G in-band wireless positioning) may have an advantage of long sequence, good autocorrelation, rich time-frequency resources, and / or flexible configuration etc., which is more suitable for radar sensing compared with other pilot signals.

[0112] Referring now to FIG. 5, an example of different sensing metrics extracted from transmitted reference signals and / or corresponding echoes is shown according to one or more embodiments. As shown, each metric may be represented in terms of PRS configuration parameters. There may more than one approach to extracting different sensing metrics related to range and / or velocity from the transmitted and / or received echo of the RS. Furthermore, each metric may be represented in terms of one or more PRS configuration parameters.Table 1 CRLB of PRS based sensing for range and velocity estimation.

[0113] In an example, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) presented in Table 1 for range and velocity estimation shows that there is a performance trade-off between range and velocity estimation. Hence, this mayinfluence the time-frequency resource allocation of the sensing reference signal, which is (e.g., mainly) determined by one or more sensing performance requirements. Furthermore, this may be related to the relationship between the CRLB of range and velocity estimation under different SNRs (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5). As the SNR increases, the CRLB of range and velocity estimation decreases, which indicates that a better lower bound of accuracy may be reached. This may affect the sensing mode, one or more multi-slot configurations (e.g., PRS resource repetition), and / or challenges one or more sensing processing algorithms. In at least one instance, the challenges as used here may mean that having lower CRLB theoretically means that a better accuracy can be achieved which may not be the case when it comes when using conventional signal processing algorithms to extract sensing information and may require more sophisticated algorithms to be used.

[0114] There may be one or more methods for localization and positioning that determine the location of one or more connected devices (e.g., WTRUs and / or TRPs, etc.) within a wireless system. In some cases, this is achieved based on physical layer measurements and / or positioning methods. To locate a non-connected object (e.g., obstacles, target), different types of measurements (angle, time, power, etc.) using the same reference signals (RSs) like the DL-PRS signals may be exploited. These measurements may be extracted from the variations of the received signal, by comparing it to an undistorted local replica at the receiver using different signal processing tools.

[0115] Referring now to FIG. 6, an example of different PRS configurations to enable different levels of sensing capabilities that allow detecting a subspace of the target space is shown, according to one or more embodiments.

[0116] Different types of targets may arise during a sensing procedure, where the one or more targets may differ by nature, size, behavior, location, and / or other factors. A "target space" defines all possible targets that might arise during scanning. Sensing a "target space" using a unique RS configuration may not be possible (e.g., one or more sensing capabilities (e.g., velocity accuracy, range accuracy, max unambiguity, different resolutions that effects the detection and estimation) may be related to the RS configuration; saying that, each RS configuration may have distinct sensing capabilities that allow detecting some targets but may not be useful or suitable to detect other targets.). Since it is not possible, different configurations may need to be used to scan the medium (e.g., target space, environment, etc., and these terms may be used interchangeably), where each configuration may assist in discovering a target subspace. In one instance, there may be two different RS configurations depicted as PRS_config_1 and PRS_config_2, where each configuration possesses different sensing capabilities that enables scanning a certain subspace target (e.g., as shown in FIG. 6).

[0117] The baseline reporting mechanism for sensing a non-connected object may require the WTRU to measure and report on a per-RS basis (e.g. based on threshold or other things). This pre-RS-based reporting may incur a large overhead (e.g., relative to other approaches), and therefore there may be a need to reduce this reporting overhead using one or more techniques described herein. In doing this, the WTRU may reducethe size of the reporting overhead. This may be implemented by considering what kind of information is provided by the WTRU to optimize the RS configuration mapping with the target.

[0118] In an example, Table 2 demonstrates an example goal of improving upon the sensing of target objects and / or spaces.Table 2

[0119] Generally, as discussed herein, a “WTRU”, "target WTRU”, “sensing receiver” and “WTRU” may be used interchangeably. A “sensing transmitter” may refer to any entity transmitting sensing signals. It may be used interchangeably with “TRP”, "PRU”, “gNB” and / or “BS” in a non-limiting way. The terms “scatterer”, “intended scatterer”, “object”, “sensing object”, “target” and “sensing target” may be used interchangeably to refer to an object whose characteristics are intended to be sensed that is not connected to the system under consideration. A "Reference signal”, "RS” may refer to any of the positioning and reference signals, for e.g., DL-PRS, UL-SRSp, CSI-RS, DM-RS, SSB, etc. The term “MPC” may be used interchangeably with “multipath component”. The term “ToA” may be used interchangeably with time of arrival and denotes the time of a given MPC measured with respect to, e.g., the start of the subframe. The terms “environment impulse response”, “channel impulse response” and “sensing channel state” may be used interchangeably to refer to any channel state information characterizing the radio environment being sensed. The term "location” may be used interchangeably with “position”. A “measurement occasion” may be defined as an instance where the WTRU measures the different positioning metrics (e.g., RSRP, AoA, etc.). PRS resource path may be defined as each instance of the received PRS resource with its unique measurements. For example, the WTRU may receive a PRS ID 1 from multiple paths (e.g., LoS, single bounce, etc.) with multiple ToF measurements (e.g., X ms, Y ms, Z ms). Each instance or path of PRS resource with PRS ID 1 is considered as a PRS resource path. A "Target-RS mapping”, "Target-RS configuration mapping”, "target-RS association” refers to the procedure where the WTRU associates a determined target with one or more RS configurations. "Measurement representation space” refers to mapping between measurements and the dimensions considered (e.g., AoA- Range 2D representation). A "target space" defines all possible targets that might arise during scanning.

[0120] In at least one example based on one or more techniques disclosed herein, for a given observation, there may be a smaller number of objects to sense (e.g., the one or more targets etc.) than RS to measure. Reporting on a pre-target basis may potentially lead to a reduction in reporting overhead.

[0121] The WTRU may receive one or more preconfigured thresholds and / or one or more configured thresholds from a network (e.g., a node or device of the network, such as but not limited to a base station, functional node, LMF, gNB, and / or other entity as disclosed herein etc.) via downlink physical channel (e.g., PDSCH and / or PDCCH, etc.) or via lower or higher layer signaling (e.g., UCI, MAC-CE, RRC and / or LPP message etc.). Different configurations may be designed to scan the medium, where each configuration may enable discovering a target subspace.

[0122] In some instances, it may be assumed that a suitable RS already exists for the one or more sensing measurements, either in the form of an existing signal that is re-purposed for sensing (e.g., the DL PRS and / or the UL SRSp in 5G NR), or a dedicated sensing signal. Descriptions herein do not make any assumptions regarding the type and / or structure of the RS structure used for sensing measurements.

[0123] One or more techniques or approaches disclosed herein may help optimize bistatic and / or multistatic sensing by dynamically selecting the one or more RS configurations that yield the best possible target detection, and further discarding any of the one or more RS configurations that may not be best suited (e.g., comparatively) for sensing the one or more target objects presented in the environment. This may enable the target-based reporting with the aim of: enabling target association with the one or more RS configurations, which may increase the detection probability improve resource allocation, management, planning, and / or distribution in the NW among multiple TRPs and multiple WTRUs; and / or, improve network congestion, WTRU battery life, etc., due to the improved report overhead.

[0124] For a sensing use case, in some cases, the WTRU may receive and decode a first network request (e.g., received through the RRC signaling) to provide capability information. The WTRU may receive and decode the first network request following a random-access procedure. The WTRU may prepare a capability information message including information related to the one or more sensing capabilities such as but not limited to scatterers and clutter identification. The information included in a WTRU capabilities message may include one or more of the following: sensing processing capabilities (e.g., inverse frequency transform capabilities, maximum number of samples, etc.); sensing frequency ranges; sensing bandwidth; sensing modes (e.g., monostatic, bistatic, etc.); sensing priorities; sensing spatial resolution; sensing time resolution; support of AoA determination and related angular resolution; sensing doppler resolution; reflectivity sensitivity (e.g., the minimum power, SNR, absolute amplitude, etc. for the reflections to be detectable by the WTRU); support of carrier phase measurements and / or related phase resolution; and / or support of half-duplex or full-duplex for monostatic sensing, and / or related parameters (e.g., frequency range, maximum allowed transmit power for sensing, etc.) etc. The WTRU may transmit the WTRU capability information message through one or more types of signaling (e.g., as described herein, through RRC signaling, such as over the PUSCH). The WTRU capability information may then be used by the network to optimize the configuration and resource allocation for sensing.

[0125] In some cases, the WTRU may receive the configuration information relating to performing sensing. The WTRU may be configured to detect the one or more targets and associate with RS configuration enabledtarget detection. A WTRU may be configured by receiving one or more types of signals and / or messages, where the one or more types of signals and / or messages may be a specific type, which is described further herein (e.g., from a control or data channel via RRC configuration, DCI information, and / or MAC-CE signaling, etc.)

[0126] In an example of a WTRU being configured, the WTRU may receive an indication and / or grant from the network to initiate a Target-RS mapping procedure. The indication (e.g., a flag, a bit indication, etc.) may arrive in the form of one of the (dynamic) downlink Uu signals (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, etc.).

[0127] In an example of a WTRU being configured, the WTRU may receive the one or more PRS configurations from the network for Target-RS mapping procedure.

[0128] In an example of a WTRU being configured, the WTRU may receive assistance information to use for target determination and detection, such as but not limited to frequency range, bandwidth, frequency layer identifier (e.g., PFL-ID), bandwidth part (e.g., BWP-ID), number of FFT samples, resolution in different domains (range, velocity, spatial, angular), RCS range values or distribution, coarse map of the environment that may include positioning information (e.g., coordinates of WTRU and / or sensing TRPs), LOS likelihoods, and / or the like etc.

[0129] In an example of a WTRU being configured, the WTRU may receive measurements to perform target determination, in relation to reference signals, such as but not limited to ToA, TDoA, AoA, absolute or relative RSRPP, RSCP, doppler spectrum, RCS, range, velocity, micro doppler, and / or the like.

[0130] In an example of a WTRU being configured, the WTRU may receive one or more thresholds (e.g., one or more threshold values) for target determination and / or target associating identifiers, a threshold used for target determination and / or distinction, a threshold used for selecting one or more common targets from different sources, a threshold used for selecting one or more resolved targets, a pre-determined rule for combining the one or more targets associated to different PRS configurations, one or more relevant update thresholds and / or one or more termination thresholds, reporting the one or more thresholds (e.g., conditions for the WTRU to report target-RS mapping measurement information may be based on changes in the target- RS mapping and / or other predefined criteria), and / or the like.

[0131] In an example of the WTRU being configured, the WTRU may receive information about the one or more reference signal resources (e.g., the CSI-RS and / or the PRS etc.) for sensing measurements for all the available antenna ports from one or more sensing TRPs. For example, the PRS configuration may include but is not limited to at least one of the following parameters: inherited, tuned, read-only, resource set (e.g., multislot) level, resource (e.g., within a slot) level, and / or other parameters etc.

[0132] For example, one or more inherited parameters may be from the associated BWP, where these parameters may be common among all resource sets.

[0133] The configuration may include one or more tuned parameters, which may be sub carrier spacing (SCS), cyclic prefix, transmission bandwidth, point A offset, and / or the like.

[0134] The configuration may include one or more read-only parameters, which may be values assigned depending on numerology tuned parameters, such as symbols per slot, slots per subframe, slots per frame, and / or the like.

[0135] The configuration may include one or more resource set (multi-slot) level parameters, which may be parameters that are related to the one or more PRS configurations and configured at a multi slot level, resource sets, gaps between PRS slots, their periodicity, and / or density within a period etc. These parameters may be common for all resource sets, such as but not limited to a PRS resource set period, a resource set slot offset, a PRS resource repetition factor, a resource time gap; and / or a muting pattern option 1 & 2, muting bit repetition factor.

[0136] The configuration may include one or more resource (e.g., within a slot) level parameters, which may be parameters that enable controlling the one or more resources at the granularity level of REs within a resource and / or a slot in time and frequency. Each DL PRS resource may be identified by a DL PRS sequence ID and associated with a certain spatial transmission direction of a DL PRS from a given TRP (e.g., a beam) and characterized by one or more configurable parameters. Some of these parameters may be configured for each or all resources in a resource set. Time may be a number of PRS symbols and / or a symbol start for each resource in a resource set. Frequency may be a number of PRBs per resource, a PRB offset relative to a carrier resource grid, a comb size same for all PRS resources, an RE offset of each PRS resource, a frequency offset table, and / or the like.

[0137] The configuration may include one or more other parameters, which may include transmission power, a type of PRS (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent, and / or aperiodic), a spatial relation, a QCL information (e.g., a QCL target and / or a QCL source) for PRS, a number of PRUs, a number of TRPs, an absolute radiofrequency channel number (ARFCN), a number of frequency layers, start / end time for PRS transmission, on / off indicator for PRS, a TRP ID, a PRS ID, a cell ID, a global cell ID, a PRU ID, and / or an applicable time window etc. The WTRU may apply a configuration and / or parameter described herein (e.g., the PRS configuration) under a condition that the current time is within the applicable time window.

[0138] In some cases, the WTRU may receive a re-configuration message from the network. The reconfiguration message may include one or more updated configuration parameters for the target-RS mapping, such as from a control and / or data channel via the RRC configuration, the DCI information, the MAC CE signaling, and / or the like. The re-configuration message may include part or all of a configuration information (e.g., as disclosed herein), and its reception may override part or all of a configuration previously received by the WTRU.

[0139] There may be one or more specific types of configuration, as disclosed herein. For example, there may be measurement configuration, there may be reporting configuration, and / or, other types of configuration as described herein. One or more types of configuration may be included in one configuration message, or they may be delivered in different configuration messages.

[0140] For measurement configuration, the WTRU may receive a target-RS mapping time window configuration with the PRS configuration including at least one of the following: start and / or end time of the window (e.g., in terms of symbol index, slot index, frame index, absolute time, and / or relative time with respect to a reference point etc.); and / or duration of the window (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, and / or seconds etc.) etc.

[0141] The WTRU may also receive a measurement window configuration (e.g., measurement gap) including one or more of the following: start and / or end time of the window (e.g., in terms of symbol index, slot index, frame index, absolute time, and / or relative time with respect to a reference point etc.), duration of the window (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, and / or seconds etc.), and / or, periodicity (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, and / or seconds etc.), etc. In one example, the measurement window may be determined by the configured PRS resources, and the WTRU may measure the PRS signals in the measurement window.

[0142] For reporting configuration, the WTRU may receive one or more reporting types and / or formats, such as the report type indicates the periodicity of the reports, reporting content, priority of metrics and / or different level of the processed measurements to be considered etc. The format may consider the design of the report, data types, etc.

[0143] The WTRU may also receive the reporting window configuration indicating the WTRU when it may report the one or more measurements. The one or more measurement window configurations may include one or more of the following: reporting time (e.g., in terms of symbol index, slot index, frame index, absolute time, and / or relative time with respect to a reference point etc.); Reporting periodicity (e.g., in terms of number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, and / or seconds etc.); and / or, the like (e.g., as described herein).

[0144] The WTRU may receive information to report about the one or more targets, the one or more related measurements, and / or related statistical distribution that matches: AoA, ToA, TDoA, RSRPP, RSCP, RCS, doppler spectrum, speed, type of object, moment orders, and / or a difference between measured data and a metric distribution (e.g., Kullback-Leibler divergence, a chi-square test, a likelihood of each measurement, etc.). The WTRU may receive one or more error handling and / or re-sensing strategies.

[0145] The WTRU may receive one or more reporting thresholds, such as but not limited to conditions for the WTRU to report target-RS mapping measurement information based on one or more changes in the target- RS mapping and / or other predefined criteria (e.g., as described herein).

[0146] The WTRU may receive one or more reporting resources, such as but not limited to one or more uplink resources such as transmission power, resource blocks, and / or scheduling information etc.

[0147] There may be one or more triggering conditions for initiating the target-RS mapping procedure. For example, there may be time-based triggers, where the WTRU initiates the target-RS mapping measurements at one or more predefined intervals for periodic monitoring, and / or as further described herein. For example, there may be one or more event-based triggers, which may include one or more of the following: WTRU initiating target-RS mapping measurements when certain signal parameters such as the RSRP fall above theone or more configured thresholds, a network request (e.g., over a configured time window), and / or, a number of determined targets above a predefined threshold etc., as further described herein. For example, there may be one or more location-based triggers, when a WTRU enters and / or leaves one or more geographical areas, or when the WTRU detects proximity to a particular object and / or location, and / or the like. For example, there may be one or more mobility-based triggers, which may account for the WTRU being stationary or mobile. For example, there may be one or more QoS-based triggers, such as based on sensing accuracy, resolution, clutter level, and / or the like. For example, there may be one or more other predefined criteria, such as one or more criteria described herein.

[0148] There may be one or more triggering conditions for sending the target-RS mapping report. The transmission of the sensing report may be periodic, aperiodic, or event driven. The content of the report can be predefined or dynamic. For example, there may be one or more time-based triggers, where a WTRU may transmit to the NW, the one or more target-RS mapping measurements at one or more predefined intervals for periodic monitoring, such as periodic reporting (e.g., the WTRU may be configured with periodic resources to transmit the sensing report) and / or aperiodic reporting (e.g., the WTRU receives an aperiodic and / or one-shot request to transmit the target-RS mapping report). For example, there may be the one or more event-based triggers, where there is dynamic reporting based on certain thresholds, one or more conditions, and / or one or more priority levels etc. The one or more thresholds, conditions, and / or priority levels may be NW defined, and the one or more priority levels may include priorities with respect to the other reporting procedures and / or reports such as BSR, PHR, etc. In one instance of NW defined scenario, the NW may transmit implicit or explicit request (e.g., over a configured time window). For example, there may be a WTRU trigger based on one or more signal parameters such as the RSRP falls above a preconfigured threshold and / or an available BW, a buffer status report (BSR), one or more other resources, and / or a number of determined targets above a predefined threshold etc. For WTRU based scenario, there may be the one or more location-based triggers, where the WTRU enters and / or leaves the one or more certain geographical areas, and / or when the WTRU detects proximity to a particular object and / or location etc. For WTRU based scenario, there may be the one or more mobility-based triggers, which account for the WTRU being stationary or mobile. For WTRU based scenario, there may be the one or more QoS-based triggers, which may be based on sensing accuracy, resolution, clutter level, and / or channel quality, etc. and / or, there may be other WTRU based predefined criteria as well (e.g., as disclosed herein).

[0149] There may be the one or more triggering conditions for a target-RS mapping procedure update, such as a change in the number of detected targets, a change in the WTRU position, a change in target classification, a change in soft indicator values, and / or the like.

[0150] There may be one or more triggering conditions for target-RS mapping procedure termination, such as a minimum number of available RS resources, MPCs, detected targets (e.g., below a predefined threshold), an absolute or relative available duration, buffer status, age of information, and / or the like.

[0151] For a target-RS initiation procedure, a WTRU may receive the one or more triggers for initiating the procedure for the target-RS mapping as part of a (e.g., first) configuration from the network. The WTRU may monitor for one or a combination of the one or more time-based, event-based, location-based, mobility-based, QoS-based triggers, and / or other predefined criteria etc., for example.

[0152] The WTRU, upon the detection of the one or more triggers, may transmit a request to the network for initiating the target-RS mapping measurement. This may be explicit or implicit. For example, for the explicit initiation, this may be performed via uplink signaling (e.g., the RRC signaling, the MAC-CE, the UCI, and / or the reference signal transmissions, e.g., SRS etc.). For implicit initiation, this may be through selection of certain uplink resources, for example, resources related to PRACH, PUCCH, PUSCH, and / or spatial relation information etc.

[0153] The WTRU may (e.g., as described herein) receive a (e.g., first) configuration from the network to initiate the target-RS mapping and reporting (e.g., based on details provided herein).

[0154] The WTRU may request an additional (e.g., a second) configuration from the network if the one or more target-RS mapping measurements are not satisfactory (e.g., below a certain sensing resolution).

[0155] The WTRU may receive an additional (e.g., second) configuration from the network to assist the WTRU with the target-RS mapping measurement. The additional (e.g., second) configuration may include additional and / or more granular information for the WTRU to assist with the target-RS mapping task. The additional (e.g., second) configuration may be more appropriate for a given situation, where the WTRU has indicated a change in the situation in some way (e.g., a mobility event, or other scenario as described herein).

[0156] The WTRU may determine one or more effective reference beam IDs in the sense of selecting a subset of RS beams (e.g., Beam ID_01 , beam ID_06, beam ID_xx, etc.) that may illuminate the one or more targets, in other words, any RS beam that may cause a path component to be observed by the measurement entity (e.g., the WTRU) may be considered as effective reference beam.

[0157] In one example, the WTRU may receive the one or more configured PRS resources, and each received RS resource may be identified by its own (i.e., corresponding) one or more resource set IDs, one or more resource IDs, one or more beamwidths, and / or an angular direction (such as azimuth, zenith), among other characteristics. Each PRS resource showing the existence of one or more paths may be sent to the WTRU in one or more copies. The presence of multiple paths may represent the existence of reflectors, scatterers, objects, and / or the like in the surrounding area.

[0158] In one example, the WTRU may measure one or more path specific positioning metrics, such as but not limited to RSRPP, time delay, AoA, doppler shift, and / or the like, each associated with a copy of the received RS resources.

[0159] In one example, the WTRU may be configured by the network regarding the (e.g., expected) location and / or (expected) measurement associated with the object of interest. The WTRU may receive at least one of the following assistance pieces of information from the network: an object’s expected location (e.g., 3D location,2D location, global reference, reference with respect to the gNB location, etc.); and / or one or more Expected measurements (e.g., RSRPP, time delay, and / or AoA, etc.) associated with the object.

[0160] Based on the assistance information and / or the one or more measurements, in one example, the WTRU may associate the one or more received RS IDs with one or more objects based on at least one of the following conditions: the difference between the measured AoA and / or time delay associated with received RS ID and the AoA and / or time delay associated with the object’s location is below a configured and / or preconfigured threshold; and / or, the difference between the measured RSRPP, time delay, AoA, and / or doppler shift etc. associated with the received RS ID and the configured expected RSRPP, time delay, AoA, doppler shift, etc. is below a configured and / or preconfigured threshold.

[0161] In another example, the WTRU may determine the received RS resources associated with the one or more objects based on one or more of the following: the measurements (e.g., RSRPP, time delay, AoA, and / or doppler shift, etc.) associated with the RS resource is above a configured and / or preconfigured threshold; and / or, the difference between the measurements (e.g., RSRPP, time delay, AoA, doppler shift, etc.) between N configured and / or preconfigured measurement occasions is below a configured and / or preconfigured threshold.

[0162] In one example, the WTRU may determine the object location using radio access technology (RAT) dependent and / or RAT independent methods. The WTRU may determine the one or more received RS resources associated with the one or more objects based on the difference between the measured AoA and / or time delay and / or RSRPP and / or doppler shift of the one or more RS resources and the corresponding expected value associated with the object location is below a configured and / or preconfigured threshold.

[0163] In another example, the WTRU may be configured with the one or more RS resources illuminated directly at the one or more objects by the network. The WTRU may receive an indication from the network indicating the one or more configured RS resources are associated with the one or more objects. In that case the WTRU may associate the one or more received RS resources with the one or more object.

[0164] In one example, the WTRU may associate multiple RS resources and corresponding measurements with the one or more objects.

[0165] In one example, the DL-PRS configuration may be periodic and / or semi-persistent. In such a case, in one example, in every measurement occasion (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent), the WTRU may associate the reference RS to the same object of interest. This may be characterized by at least one of the following: the difference between the measured AoA and / or time delay associated with object between multiple measurement occasions is below a configured and / or preconfigured threshold; and / or, the difference between the measured RSRPP, time delay, AoA, and / or doppler shift etc. associated with the object between the measurement occasions is below a configured and / or preconfigured thresholds.

[0166] In one or more cases, an uncertainty value may be associated with each path index denoted by L1 (e.g., a likelihood estimation which can be as a function of one or more expected measurement range values and / or distributions, location, one or more WTRU capabilities, and / or any assistance information etc.).

[0167] In one example, the WTRU may determine the one or more target objects per RS configuration where for each target a soft indicator is estimated that indicates the target presence likelihood, based on at least one of the following: the one or more reference beam IDs where a target is detected, the received RS configuration (e.g., PRS), the one or more thresholds for target determination and / or distinction (e.g., d1), and / or the one or more measurements on the one or more received reference signals and the one or more calculated uncertainty level thresholds (e.g., LI).

[0168] Referring now to FIG. 7, an example of a 2D representation mapping resulting with three determined targets is shown according to one or more embodiments.

[0169] The WTRU may apply a 2D mapping to classify different targets (e.g., FIG. 7). The WTRU may determine three targets (T1, T2, T3) by grouping multiple measurement samples that falls within d1 distance. Each sample may correspond to a single path. For example, the first group may represent a first target (T1) that shows that three reflected paths may correspond to the same target as the difference between the measured values is less than the predefined threshold used for target determination (d1).

[0170] In one example, the WTRU may be configured to determine the one or more targets based on one or more preconfigured measurements, two measurements may result in 2D mapping space (e.g., as shown in FIG. 8), three measurements may result in 3D mapping space. Higher dimension may result in better classification but in the expense of higher complexity and processing time.

[0171] A 2D mapping may be a combination of two measurements (e.g., range-AoA, range-velocity, and / or time delay-doppler shift, etc.).

[0172] A 3D mapping may be any combination of three measurements (e.g., range-AoA-power, etc.).

[0173] In one example, the WTRU may determine the presence of a target according to a predefined measurement mapping dimension (e.g., 2D mapping: AoA-range) based on one or more of the following (e.g., the WTRU capabilities, a range resolution, a WTRU location, a spatial resolution, a time resolution, a doppler resolution, one or more other resolution domains, a coarse target location, etc.): "Range-Velocity” 2D mapping is considered if the time-doppler resolution is highly reliable and angle resolution is low; "Range-AoA” 2D mapping is considered if the time-Angle resolution is highly reliable and doppler resolution is low; and / or, "Rangle-AoA-Doppler” 3D mapping is considered if higher accuracy is required and the three metrics are associated with high resolution. In an example, depending on the different capabilities (e.g., as described above), the WTRU may consider different mapping (e.g., if the range resolution and the time resolution is highly reliable subject to the WTRU capabilities location etc. then the WTRU may use the 2D range-velocity mapping to determine targets accordingly).

[0174] Referring now to FIG. 8, two examples: (a) 2D representation of range-velocity mapping (b) 2D representation of AoA-range mapping are shown according to one or more embodiments.

[0175] In one example, the WTRU may select a measurement mapping set with one or more specific dimensions according to one or more preconfigured thresholds and / or one or more other requirements (e.g., QoS, delay, and / or channel conditions, etc.).

[0176] In one example, the WTRU may receive a request from the network to map one or more surrounding targets with one or more RS configuration candidates without any prior knowledge about the environment.

[0177] In one example, the WTRU may be configured with the one or more RS resources illuminated directly at the one or more objects by the network. The WTRU may receive an indication from the network indicating the one or more configured RS resources are associated with the one or more objects to be used as a reference. In that case the WTRU may estimate the soft indicator and fine tune the mapping selection and / or any other hyperparameter used to achieve the soft indicator value above a preconfigured threshold.

[0178] In one example, the WTRU may be configured with a target-RS mapping list. In this case the WTRU may need to verify the mapping. The NW may transmit the target-RS mapping list to the one or more WTRUs located at different locations and subject to WTRU capabilities to verify. The verification may be subject to different triggering conditions and may be useful to do better resource allocation. For example, the target-RS mapping list may (e.g., mainly) consider RS configurations mapped to the one or more targets (e.g., the one or more target objects), where the WTRU may perform the verifications accordingly, and check if the RS_config_1 is suitable to sense target_4 with a certain accuracy defined. In this context, indeed, this verification may help the NW to update the resource allocations and / or configurations assigned to each WTRU.

[0179] In one or more examples herein, the WTRU may estimate, for each detected target, a soft indicator that represents the target presence likelihood, based on one or more of the following: the number of paths (e.g., the one or more measurement samples) per each group, uncertainty value associated with each path (e.g., the one or more measurement samples), assistance information (e.g., a coarse location of the environment, an expected object location, one or more expected measurements ranges and / or values etc.), and / or, method used for estimation (e.g., Bayesian methods using belief propagation, AI / ML methods, autoencoders, SVM, and / or isolation forest, etc.).

[0180] Referring now to FIG. 9, an example for combining (grouping) the one or more targets (e.g., the one or more objects and / or the one or more target objects) determined by three different PRS configurations and mapping one or more resolved targets with the one or more RS configurations in the table provided into three different categories are shown according to one or more embodiments.

[0181] In one approach, the WTRU may select from the determined targets a subset of targets (e.g., resolved, semi-resolved, and / or unresolved targets) and map it to one or more RS configurations based on at least one of the following: the received PRS configurations (effective RS configuration that illuminates a target), the thresholds used to identify common targets from different RS configurations (d2), the set of thresholds used for selecting target set classification resolved target threshold, semi-resolved target threshold, unresolved target threshold, etc.; the pre-determined rule (R1) for combining targets associated to different PRS configs (e.g., combined_Target_list = (PRS_config1 Jargets) U (PRS_config2Jargets) U ... U (PRS_configN Jargets)), where the WTRU may determine a combined_Target_list by processing all target lists determined for each PRS configuration using a defined rule R1 (e.g., the union between sets, intersectionbetween sets, etc.), and / or, the soft indicator associated with each target that indicates the likelihood of the presence of a target using a specific RS configuration (L2).

[0182] Three different PRS configurations may be used for sensing (e.g., FIG. 9), where three targets may be determined by the WTRU in the first and second configurations and two targets in the third configuration. However, in combining all the determined targets it may be seen that three targets are represented as common targets as they are captured by more than one PRS configuration, which reduces the overall targets from 8 to 5 targets.

[0183] In one approach (e.g., based on one or more techniques described herein), the WTRU may determine a target as resolved target and generate a resolved targets mapping set based on one or more of the following conditions: the estimated soft indicator, where the WTRU selects soft indicators among all effective PRS configurations that is greater or equal to a preconfigured threshold used for resolved target classification, and / or, map the resolved target with the RS configuration that results with the highest confidence level.

[0184] In one approach (e.g., based on one or more techniques described herein), the target may be mapped to more than one RS configuration as it is detected with a soft detector that exceeds a preconfigured threshold in multiple RS configurations. In such a case, the target may map to one or more of the following: the multiple RS configurations, the RS configuration that results with the highest soft indicator, randomly selected one or more RS configurations, RS configuration that illuminates the highest number of targets; and / or RS configuration by considering other metrics and / or thresholds.

[0185] In one approach, based on any of the above, the WTRU may determine a target as a semi-resolved target and generate a semi-resolved targets mapping set based on one or more of the following conditions: re- estimated soft indicator for all targets except the one or more resolved targets, based on all observed measurements acquired from the different PRS configuration measurements, threshold used for selecting semi-resolved targets, where the WTRU may determine one or more semi-resolved targets if the new soft indicator estimations exceed the defined threshold, and / or, maps the one or more semi-resolved targets with all RS configurations that enabled the detection (e.g., if Targets is classified as semi-resolved target as it exceeds the defined threshold, then map target 3 to PRS_config_1 and PRS_config_3 as targets was detected or illuminated using these configurations).

[0186] In one approach, the WTRU may determine a target as an unresolved target and generate an unresolved target signal based on one or more of the following: all remaining targets that are not classified, and / or, threshold used to distinguish between clutter and possible target presence etc.

[0187] In one approach, the WTRU may determine a target set using custom classification represented by one or more different thresholds that may be requested by the NW.

[0188] In approach, the WTRU may be configured with AI / ML methods (e.g., deep neural networks) for classification. The WTRU may receive assistance information from the network including at least one of the following: deep neural network architecture (e.g., a number of layers, a type and / or a size of each layer, etc.),the one or more hyperparameters used to tune the DNN architecture (e.g., using pre-trained models), activation functions used for each layer, and / or, optimization method (e.g., Gradient descent, ADAM, etc.).

[0189] In one approach, the WTRU may determine the object classification based on the preconfigured and / or configured AI / ML model and the measurements.

[0190] In one approach, the WTRU may be configured with one or more of any classification algorithm and / or models, support vector machines (SVM), K-nearest neighbors (KN Ns), decision trees, logistic regression, naive Bayes, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), etc.

[0191] The WTRU may report to the NW multiple report types using one or more mode-specific triggering conditions.

[0192] Referring now to FIG. 10, an example of Target-based report that may include different parameters (columns) target subsets, targets ID, target location, best suitable PRS_configuration, serving TRP, soft indicators (represented by L2), measured metrics and uncertainty ranges is shown according to one or more embodiments.

[0193] In an approach, the WTRU may perform the one or more target-RS mapping measurements and transmit multiple report types in different formats using one or more mode specific triggering conditions (e.g., aperiodic, periodic and / or semi-persistent form, etc.), containing one or more of that which is listed in Table 3 (e.g., over an uplink control or data channel).Table 3

[0194] In one example, the WTRU may perform further sensing measurement processing on the received reference signals and includes in the report one or more from Table 4.Table 4

[0195] In one example, the WTRU may select a report index to identify a report type and format (as shown in Fig.10) used based on one or more of the following: a target classification subset (e.g., a report type green: transmit part or all measurements and information related to resolved targets, report type yellow: transmit part or all measurements and information related to semi-resolved targets; and / or, report type purple: transmit part or all measurements and information related to unresolved targets), a determined target ID, send part or all measurements and information related to target_id_1 , serving TRP, for example, transmit target-RS mapping list subject to TRP_X, target proximity area, transmit target-RS mapping list subject to target proximity area, where the one or more determined targets fall within or outside this area, etc; and / or, one or more of the above may apply (e.g., determined resolved targets for serving TRP_1 related information and measurements).

[0196] In an approach, the WTRU further determines one or more recommended reference signal configurations for determined targets-RS mapping that may be include in the report one or more pieces of information.

[0197] For example, the report may include the one or more recommended reference signal configurations, expressed as any of their characteristics (e.g., the corresponding carrier frequency, bandwidth, number of symbols, and / or subcarrier spacing, etc.), one or more preferred sets of reference signal configurations from a pre-defined table of values, one or more fallback configurations, etc. As an example for recommendation types that the WTRU may report on to the NW, there may be a case that provides a recommendation of some parameter changes to the RS configuration with the aim to increase different resolution domains: To increase the resolution the WTRU may request more BW, RBs, lower comb size, and / or more symbols per slot, etc. As an example for recommendation types that the WTRU can report on to the NW, there may be a case that provides a recommendation of beam types to improve angular resolution, and by that may improve angular estimate: map suggestion of types of beams to be used (e.g., narrow or wide based on measurements like RCS estimation and required angular resolution).

[0198] For example, the report may include the one or more time windows for applicability of the recommended reference signal configuration, expressed as an absolute or relative duration, a number of symbols or slots, a range of values of the system frame number, etc. To increase accuracy and improve SNR,the WTRU (e.g., in the case of bi-static sensing where the WTRU is the receiver sensing entity, but other scenarios may be possible as described herein) may request more measurements to collect more multipaths that result with better estimation accuracy (measurement gaps, different slot configuration, etc.).

[0199] In some cases, a WTRU may receive a target-RS mapping update. The WTRU may be configured to compute the measurement over multiple measurement occasions.

[0200] In one example, the WTRU may determine different targets and the associated soft indicators obtained after performing measurements over several occasions, where these targets are classified in different sets. The WTRU may determine that the reported target-RS mapping sets and / or the target classification are invalid and / or outdated based on one or more events.

[0201] For example, in the WTRU-triggered scenario, the WTRU may report the change in the measured and / or calculated values and / or the invalidity of its latest reported measurements and / or target classifications based on one or more of the following: a change in the soft indicators above a certain threshold, a change in the classification of the target (resolved, semi-resolved, unresolved, etc.), a change in the target location (e.g., mobile targets) above a certain threshold, a change in the WTRU location above a certain threshold, a change in the WTRU orientation (e.g. using RAT-dependent and / or independent methods) above an update threshold, and / or, a change in the sensing measurements corresponding to a determined target or its estimated location or velocity, e.g., expressed as a change in their TOA, AOA, RSCP, RSRPP, doppler shift, 2D or 3D coordinates, velocity, and / or 3D orientation, etc., is above an update threshold.

[0202] For example, in the NW-triggered scenario: the WTRU may receive specific measurement requests by the NW to improve target detection in certain PRS configurations (may be relevant to semi-resolved and unresolved targets sets), the WTRU may receive a request to tracking a set of mobile targets determined in the first report in the case of change and / or update to PRS configuration parameter and further assisting information related to be considered, a change in the serving TRP status (e.g., the WTRU may be configured to update the target-RS mapping report in the case of the change of the status of specific TRP from connected to disconnected and vice-versa); and / or, the WTRU may be configured to update the target-RS mapping report in the case of change in the status of subset group of TRPs (e.g. determined by a threshold number or TRP IDs) from connected to disconnected and vice-versa.

[0203] In one approach, based one or more example and / or technique described herein, the WTRU may determine to transmit the target-RS mapping report in aperiodic, periodic, and / or semi-persistent form over the UL control and / or data channel, including one or more of the following: updated target mapping list (fine-tuned) with the corresponding soft indicators, the updated classified target sets with the corresponding soft indicators, the updated sensing measurements (e.g. RSRP, AoA, TDoA, Range, and / or Velocity, etc.) with the corresponding uncertainty ranges, updated targets localization metrics with the corresponding uncertainty range, the difference between the current soft indicators and the previous ones, a reason for the update, and / or a recommended actions and suggestions (e.g., updated reference signal configurations to improve certain measurements subject to increasing associated uncertainty ranges and overall target soft indicators (e.g.,increase BW to have better to improve delay domain resolution that will affect time measurements like TDoA, etc.)).

[0204] In one example, the WTRU may be configured to report the invalidity of its previous target-RS mapping report and / or one or more object classification measurements to the network.

[0205] In one example, the WTRU may transmit an update to the NW and request a validation to use the target-mapping list information in another RAT-dependent and / or independent methods.

[0206] In some cases, there may be target RS mapping termination. The WTRU may be configured to perform the one or more measurements over multiple occasions (multi-slot level, e.g., repetition factor, time gap configurations). The WTRU may determine that the target-RS mapping procedure should be terminated, and proceeds to perform a termination (e.g., whatever that entails depending on the what is going on) based on one or more of the following: all detected targets are in classified as resolved targets over a certain period, a change to target sets elements (resolved, semi-resolved, unresolved) over a defined period is below a termination threshold (e.g., expressed as the determinant or the norm of the target set category), a change of the soft indicators corresponding to the targets over a defined period is below a termination threshold, and / or the change in the sensing measurements corresponding to the target or the estimated location or velocity (e.g., expressed as a change in their TOA, AOA, RF carrier phase, RSRP, coordinates, velocity, etc.) is below a termination threshold.

[0207] In an approach, based on one or more example and / or technique disclosed herein, the WTRU may determine to transmit a report over an UL control and / or data channel containing the recommendation to terminate the measurement procedure and one or more of the following: termination indicator (e.g., the termination indicator may refer to the reason of termination, where the termination indicator = 1 refers to uncertainty range above configured and / or preconfigured threshold for N measurement occasions, and / or while an indicator value = 2 refers to the allocation of WTRU resources to other higher priority tasks), termination time stamp, detailed termination reason (e.g., the measured change in the target-RS mapping list, classified target category, sensing measurements, or estimated location or velocity over N measurement occasions, e.g., the WTRU may report to the network the other higher priority tasks and the priority order of the target-RS mapping measurements), and / or the latest target-RS mapping report including all requested information (e.g., the one or more determined targets, target classification category and / or corresponding measured metrics associated with their corresponding uncertainty ranges and / or time stamps).

[0208] In an example, there may be a multifaceted approach to target based reporting for detecting one or more targets, as described herein.

[0209] The WTRU may perform a predefined set of measurements with the goal of identifying (e.g., one or more non-connected objects) and to report based the identified targets.

[0210] The WTRU may receive (e.g., from the NW) a configuration (e.g., in the form of a message, such as those described herein, such as an RRC, DCI, and / or MAC CE, etc.). The configuration may include one or more parameters (e.g., and sub-parameters, elements, bits indicating specific aspects of configurations, etc.).

[0211] In an example, a parameter of the configuration may be a flag to start a Target-RS mapping measurement procedure, conditions for reporting, report types and formats, triggering events, process update, and / or termination.

[0212] In an example, a parameter of the configuration may be a time window for the target-RS mapping procedure (e.g., start time & duration to send the report back to the NW).

[0213] In an example, a parameter of the configuration may be a reporting configuration.

[0214] In an example, a parameter of the configuration may be assistance information, which may include functions used for target determination (e.g., a pre-determined rule (R1) for combining targets associated to different PRS configurations etc.), coarse map of the environment, resolution in different domains related to RS configurations (e.g., the range, the velocity, spatial, and / or angular etc.), expected RCS range values or distribution, AI / ML model architecture for object classification, and / or the like.

[0215] In an example, a parameter of the configuration may be a set of joint thresholds for associating target identifiers, such as (e.g., one or more of, but not limited to, the following): "Target determination thresholds” which is a subset of thresholds used to determine different targets (e.g., threshold used for target determ i nati on / disti notion (d1 ), a threshold used for selecting common targets from different sources (d2), and / or a threshold used for selecting resolved targets (L2)); ‘‘Target classification thresholds”; ‘‘Update thresholds”; and / or ‘‘Termination thresholds”; etc.

[0216] The WTRU may receive from the NW a request to determine the subset of reference signal illuminating target objects with a certain soft indicator (e.g., likelihood) to be associated. The soft indicator represents the likelihood of target_1 to be illuminated by PRS_config_1.

[0217] The WTRU may receive the reference signal configuration (e.g., PRS_config_1 , PRS_config_2) which may include RS resource information (e.g., beam ID(s), periodicity, rep factor, time gap, comb size, etc.).

[0218] The WTRU may perform measurements (e.g., the RSRPP, the SINR, the AoA, the RSTD, the TDoA, and / or the ToA etc.) on the received beams from the illuminated targets, from one or more TRPs, where each TRP may be transmitting one or more PRS signals according to one or more PRS_configs. The WTRU may calculate uncertainty values for each of the configured measurements.

[0219] The WTRU may determine targets with the corresponding soft indicator for each, which may include using one or more of the following: the received PRS configurations; the thresholds for target determination and / or distinction; the measurements on the one or more received RSs and the corresponding uncertainty ranges; the WTRU determine targets by grouping measurement samples (e.g., each related to a path index) below a target determination threshold into a group that is labelled; and / or, the WTRU calculates a soft indicator corresponding to each determined target which indicates the likelihood of the presence of the determined target using the corresponding PRS configuration.

[0220] Referring now to FIG. 11 , an example of target determination based on collected measurements in 2D representation is shown according to one or more embodiments. In one instance, a WTRU may determine the one or more targets with the corresponding soft indicator for each, where the WTRU determines the one ormore targets by grouping the one or more measurement samples (e.g., each related to a path index) below a target determination threshold into a group that is labeled as a target, as shown in FIG. 11.

[0221] Referring now to FIG. 12, an example for combining (e.g., grouping) targets determined by two different PRS configurations and mapping resolved targets with RS configurations is shown according to one or more embodiments. The WTRU may select from the determined targets, a subset of targets (e.g., resolved targets) and may map it to the one or more RS configurations based on one or more of the following: the received PRS configurations; thresholds used to group common targets from different sources; a predetermined rule for combining targets associated to different PRS configurations; and / or, the soft indicator (previously disclosed) corresponding for each target that indicates the likelihood of the presence of a target via RS configuration.

[0222] The WTRU may report (e.g., in one or more messages, and / or one or more report types) using mode specific triggering conditions to the NW one or more of the following: determined targets associated with RS configuration with the corresponding soft indicators; target classification category (e.g., resolved set, etc.) with the corresponding soft indicators; and / or, calculated metrics for the reflected path(s) with the corresponding uncertainty ranges.

[0223] In some instances, the WTRU may need to be configured to compute measurements over multiple measurement occasions.

[0224] In one instance, the report (e.g., targets mapping update report, or some other report, such as any described herein) may be WTRU triggered. The WTRU may report the change in the measured and / or calculated values and / or the invalidity of its latest reported measurements and / or calculations based on one or more of the following: the change in the soft indicators is above a preconfigured "update threshold”; the change in the classification of the target (resolved, semi-resolved, unresolved) is above a preconfigured "update threshold”.; the change in the target location (e.g., mobile targets) is above a preconfigured "update threshold”; and / or, the change in the WTRU location is above preconfigured "update threshold’ etc., for example.

[0225] In one instance, a report (e.g., targets mapping update report, or some other report, such as any described herein) may be NW-triggered. The WTRU may receive specific measurement requests suggested by the NW to improve target detection in certain PRS configurations (e.g., may be relevant to semi-resolved and unresolved targets sets). The WTRU may receive specific request by the NW to track a set of determined moving targets associated with updated PRS configurations and further assisting information related to be considered (e.g., the assisting information, may include the target related information (e.g., expected orientation, expected speed, and / or expected RCS range values, etc.) and / or coarse map of the environment, etc.

[0226] In some instances, the WTRU may be configured to perform the one or more measurements over multiple occasions (e.g., multi-slot level, e.g., repetition factor, time gap configurations, etc.). In one instance, the WTRU may determine to terminate the target mapping procedure based on one or more of the following: all determined targets are in the resolved set over a defined period, the change in the target sets classification(e.g., resolved, semi-resolved, and / or unresolved, etc) over a defined period is under a preconfigured "termination threshold”, and / or, the change of soft indicators for all determined targets over a defined period is below a preconfigured "termination threshold”. In one instance, the WTRU may report to the NW the change in the target-RS mapping, target classification sets, soft indicators, and / or suggest terminating the target-RS mapping procedure. In one instance, the WTRU may request a fine-tuned mapping for target-mapping PRS configurations.

[0227] As described herein, there may be one or more approaches and / or techniques that enable a WTRU to sense one or more target objects using wireless signals. The WTRU may receive the configuration information from the network to start the target-RS mapping measurements. The WTRU may receive the one or more configured PRSs and calculate a set of metrics (e.g., the RSRPP, the SINR, the AoA, the RSTD, the TDoA, and / or the ToA, etc.) for the reflected path according to the received configuration within a time window. The WTRU may determine the one or more targets with the corresponding soft indicator per configuration. The WTRU may associate one or more received configurations determined targets based on the associated calculated metrics and / or a configured set of thresholds. The WTRU may determine the target category and association with the RS configuration based on the estimated soft indicators and a configured set of thresholds. The WTRU may report to the NW the set of target objects and associated metrics, for each target object, such as: the associated RS configuration, calculated soft indicator, target set category, associated metrics, and / or uncertainty ranges, etc.

[0228] As described herein, a higher layer may refer to one or more layers in a protocol stack, and / or a specific sublayer within the protocol stack. The protocol stack may include one or more layers in a WTRU or a network node (e.g., eNB, gNB, other functional entity, etc.), where each layer may have one or more sublayers. Each layer and / or sublayer may be responsible for one or more functions. Each layer and / or sublayer may communicate with one or more of the other layers, sublayers, directly or indirectly. In some cases, these layers may be numbered, such as Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3. For example, Layer 3 may comprise of one or more of the following: non-access Stratum (NAS), internet protocol (IP), and / or radio resource control (RRC). For example, Layer 2 may include one or more of the following: packet data convergence control (PDCP), radio link control (RLC), and / or medium access control (MAC). For example, Layer 3 may comprise of physical (PHY) layer type operations. The greater the number of the layer, the higher it is relative to other layers (e.g., Layer 3 is higher than Layer 1). In some cases, the aforementioned examples may be called layers and / or sublayers themselves irrespective of layer number, and may be referred to as a higher layer as described herein. For example, from highest to lowest, a higher layer may refer to one or more of the following layers and / or sublayers: a NAS layer, a RRC layer, a PDCP layer, a RLC layer, a MAC layer, and / or a PHY layer etc. Any reference herein to a higher layer in conjunction with a process, device, or system will refer to a layer that is higher than the layer of the process, device, or system. In some cases, reference to a higher layer herein may refer to a function or operation performed by one or more layers described herein. In some cases, reference to a high layer herein may refer to information that is sent or received by one or more layers described herein. Insome cases, reference to a higher layer herein may refer to a configuration that is sent and / or received by one or more layers described herein.

[0229] Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations (e.g., embodiments, methods, examples, etc.), one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. For example, as disclosed herein there may be a method described in association with a figure for illustrative purposes, and one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that one or more features or elements from this method may be used alone or in combination with one or more features from another method described elsewhere. A symbol ‘I’ (e.g., forward slash) may be used herein to represent ‘and / or’, where for example, ‘A / B’ may imply ‘A and / or B’. As used herein, ‘a’ and ‘an’ and similar phrases are to be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one’. Similarly, any term which ends with the suffix ‘(s)’ is to be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one’. The term ‘may’ is to be interpreted as ‘may, for example’ or indicate that something "does happen" or "can happen". In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random-access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0230] As disclosed herein, ‘a’ and ‘an’ and similar phrases are to be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one’. Similarly, any term which ends with the suffix ‘(s)’ is to be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one’. The term ‘may’ is to be interpreted as ‘may, for example’. A symbol ‘I’ (e.g., forward slash) as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, represents ‘and / or’, where for example, ‘A / B’ may imply ‘A and / or B'.

[0231] Anytime the word "etc.” is used herein, it is intended that the sentence, list, example, or disclosure may be expanded on based on what is known and / or based on some information disclosed herein. For example, if a list of five parameters is disclosed in recited in this disclosure in on paragraph, and then a list of two parameters is disclosed in a second paragraph followed by a recitation of "etc.” then it may be understood that the recitation of "etc.” indicates the other three parameters of five parameters disclosed. In some cases, not all elements will be recited in one location, and it is intended that elements from different parts of this disclosure may be combined.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is Claimed:

1. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving, from a base station, configuration information indicative of at least one of: a plurality of reference signal configurations, a plurality of thresholds, or a flag to initiate mapping; generating, based on the received flag, a plurality of measurements associated with a plurality of reference signals; grouping, based on a target determination threshold of the plurality of thresholds, a set of measurements of the plurality of measurements as a set of targets; determining a set of soft indicators associated with the set of targets; associating, based on the set of soft indicators and a target classification threshold of the plurality of thresholds, a subset of targets from the set of targets with at least one target category; and mapping the subset of targets with one or more reference signal configurations of the plurality of reference signal configurations.

2. The method of claim 1 , the method further comprising: generating a report indicative of one or more of: the one or more reference signal configurations, the set of soft indicators, or the at least one target category; and transmitting the report to the base station.

3. The method of claim 1 , the method further comprising: determining a change in one or more measurements of the set of measurements; determining, based on the change in the one or more measurements, a change in one or more soft indicators of the set of soft indicators; and determining, based on the change in the one or more soft indicators, an updated mapping between at least one target of the subset of targets and at least one reference signal configuration of the one or more reference signal configurations.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein each soft indicator from the set of soft indicators indicates likelihood of a presence of one of the at least one target.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the configuration information is indicative of one or more triggering conditions associated with one or more of: transmitting the report, terminating the mapping, or updating the mapping.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein the configuration information is indicative of a time window comprising one or more measuring occasions.

7. The method of claim 6, the method further comprising: generating the plurality of measurements at each measuring occasion of the one or more measuring occasions.

8. The method of claim 7, the method further comprising: transmitting the report at each measuring occasion based on the corresponding plurality of measurements.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of measurements are associated with one or more reflected paths of the subset of targets.

10. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least one target category in the report includes an index in a in a set of target categories.

11. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: a transceiver; and a processor, wherein the transceiver and the processor are configured to: receive, from a base station, configuration information indicative of at least one of: a plurality of reference signal configurations, a plurality of thresholds, or a flag to initiate mapping, generate, based on the received flag, a plurality of measurements associated with a plurality of reference signals, group, based on a target determination threshold of the plurality of thresholds, a set of measurements of the plurality of measurements as a set of targets, determine a set of soft indicators associated with the set of targets, associate, based on the set of soft indicators and a target classification threshold of the plurality of thresholds, a subset of targets from the set of targets with at least one target category, and map the subset of targets with one or more reference signal configurations of the plurality of reference signal configurations.

12. The WTRU of claim 11 , wherein the transceiver and the processor are further configured to: generate a report indicative of one or more of: the one or more reference signal configurations, the set of soft indicators, or the at least one target category, and transmit the report to the base station.

13. The WTRU of claim 11 , wherein the transceiver and the processor are further configured to: determine a change in one or more measurements of the set of measurements, determine, based on the change in the one or more measurements, a change in one or more soft indicators of the set of soft indicators, and determine, based on the change in the one or more soft indicators, an updated mapping between at least one target of the subset of targets and at least one reference signal configuration of the one or more reference signal configurations.

14. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein each soft indicator from the set of soft indicators indicates likelihood of a presence of one of the at least one target.

15. The WTRU of claim 12, wherein the configuration information is indicative of one or more triggering conditions associated with one or more of: transmitting the report, terminating the mapping, or updating the mapping.

16. The WTRU of claim 12, wherein the configuration information is indicative of a time window comprising one or more measuring occasions.

17. The WTRU of claim 16, wherein the transceiver and the processor are further configured to: generate the plurality of measurements at each measuring occasion of the one or more measuring occasions.

18. The WTRU of claim 17, wherein the transceiver and the processor are further configured to: transmit the report at each measuring occasion based on the corresponding plurality of measurements.

19. The WTRU of claim 18, wherein the plurality of measurements are associated with one or more reflected paths of the subset of targets.

20. The WTRU of claim 12, wherein the at least one target category in the report includes an index in a in a set of target categories.

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