Level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications
By implementing L2 functionalities like packet segmentation and energy harvesting in AIoT devices, the communication limitations of low-complexity AIoT devices are addressed, enabling efficient and adaptive data transmission.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/084294
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-03-25
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-24
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Ambient internet of things (AIoT) devices, being low-complexity devices that operate on ambient signaling and energy harvesting, lack support for complete protocol stacks, limiting their communication capabilities.
Implementing layer 2 (L2) functionalities such as packet segmentation, discard, identification, duplication, and reset functionalities in reader devices and AIoT devices, which can be preconfigured, dynamically configured, or autonomously triggered based on communication conditions, enabling efficient communication with AIoT devices that perform energy harvesting and backscattered communications.
Enhances communication efficiency and flexibility for AIoT devices by supporting various L2 functionalities, allowing for adaptive and efficient data transmission and reception, even in low-energy environments.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025084294_02102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
LEVEL 2 FUNCTIONALITIES FOR AMBIENT INTERNET OF THINGS COMMUNICATIONSCROSS-REFERENCES
[0001] The present Application for Patent claims priority to PCT / CN2024 / 083518 by Krishnan et al., entitled “LEVEL 2 FUNCTIONALITIES FOR AMBIENT INTERNET OF THINGS COMMUNICATIONS” filed March 25, 2024, and assigned to the assignee hereof. PCT / CN2024 / 083518 is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. INTRODUCTION
[0002] The following relates to wireless communications that pertain to ambient internet of things (AIoT) devices. Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .SUMMARY
[0003] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications. For example, a reader device may communicate with a network entity via a first communication interface, with a core network or an application server via a second communication interface, and with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface. The reader device may support layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities. The AIoT device may include a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0004] A method for wireless communications by a reader device is described. The method may include communicating with a network entity via a first communication interface, communicating with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface, and communicating with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, where the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0005] A reader device for wireless communications is described. The reader device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the reader device to communicate with a network entity via a first communication interface, communicate with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface, and communicate with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, where the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0006] Another reader device for wireless communications is described. The reader device may include means for communicating with a network entity via a first communication interface, means for communicating with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface, and means for communicating with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, where the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0007] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to communicate with a network entity via a first communication interface, communicate with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface, and communicate with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, where the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0008] In some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities may be preconfigured at the reader device, dynamically configured through signaling received at the reader device, or autonomously triggered based on satisfaction of one or more communication conditions.
[0009] In some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities may be configured for forward link communications to the AIoT device, for backward link communications from the AIoT device, or both.
[0010] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for deactivating or switching the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities based on an amount of energy harvested at the AIoT device, a quantity of packets to be communicated between the reader device and the AIoT device, radio conditions between the AIoT device and reader, or any combination thereof and transmitting an indication of the deactivation or the switch to the AIoT device.
[0011] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field including less than six bits that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment and a segment offset field including less than sixteen bits that indicates a position of the corresponding packet segment within the set of multiple packet segments.
[0012] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segment end field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment may be a last packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments.
[0013] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities, storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment, starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments was not received, and discarding the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.
[0014] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a first set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities, storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment, and starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to successfully receiving a third packet segment of a second set of multiple packet segments, where an expiry of the reassembly timer triggers a discarding of the stored at least one packet segment.
[0015] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for determining, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled based on receiving a fourth packet segment of a third set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a third complete packet or receiving multiple packets of the first set of multiple packet segments out of order and stop, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the reassembly timer in response to determining that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled.
[0016] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for communicating, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the AIoT device, where the packet identification functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter including an identifier of the packet.
[0017] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet, where the packet duplication functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.
[0018] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for discarding, in accordance with a packet duplication detection functionality, the one or more repetitions of the first packet based on successfully communicating the first packet, where the packet duplication detection functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0019] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for starting, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, an L2 reset timer in response to detecting that the AIoT device may have flushed one or more first L2 state variables at the AIoT device, where the L2 reset functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and in response to an expiry of the L2 reset timer and in accordance with the L2 reset functionality, flushing one or more second L2 state variables at the reader device.
[0020] Some examples of the method, reader devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for flushing, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, one or more L2 state variables at the reader device based on obtaining a second session identifier that differs from a previously-obtained first session identifier, where the L2 reset functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0021] A method for wireless communications by an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device is described. The method may include communicating with a reader device via a first communication interface, where the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0022] An ambient internet of things (AIoT) device for wireless communications is described. The ambient internet of things (AIoT) device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the ambient internet of things (AIoT) device to communicate with a reader device via a first communication interface, where the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0023] Another ambient internet of things (AIoT) device for wireless communications is described. The ambient internet of things (AIoT) device may include means for communicating with a reader device via a first communication interface, where the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0024] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to communicate with a reader device via a first communication interface, where the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0025] In some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities may be preconfigured at the AIoT device, dynamically configured through signaling received at the AIoT device, or autonomously triggered based on satisfaction of one or more communication conditions.
[0026] In some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities may be configured for forward link communications to the AIoT device, for backward link communications from the AIoT device, or both.
[0027] Some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for deactivating or switching the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities based on an amount of energy harvested at the AIoT device, a quantity of packets to be communicated between the reader device and the AIoT device, radio conditions between the AIoT device and reader, or any combination thereof and transmitting an indication of the deactivation or switch to the reader device.
[0028] Some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field including less than six bits that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment and a segment offset field including less than sixteen bits that indicates a position of the corresponding packet segment within the set of multiple packet segments.
[0029] Some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segment end field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment may be a last packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments.
[0030] Some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities, storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment, starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments was not received, and discarding the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.
[0031] Some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a first set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities, storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment, and starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to successfully receiving a third packet segment of a second set of multiple packet segments, where an expiry of the reassembly timer triggers a discarding of the stored at least one packet segment.
[0032] Some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for determining, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled based on receiving a fourth packet segment of a third set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a third complete packet or receiving multiple packets of the first set of multiple packet segments out of order and stopping, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the reassembly timer in response to determining that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled.
[0033] Some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for communicating, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the reader device, where the packet identification functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter including an identifier of the packet.
[0034] Some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet, where the packet duplication functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.
[0035] Some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for discarding, in accordance with a packet duplication detection functionality, the one or more repetitions of the first packet based on successfully communicating the first packet, where the packet duplication detection functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0036] Some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for starting, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, an L2 reset timer in response to detecting that the reader device may have flushed one or more first L2 state variables at the reader device, where the L2 reset functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and in response to an expiry of the L2 reset timer and in accordance with the L2 reset functionality, flushing one or more second L2 state variables at the AIoT device.
[0037] In some examples of the method, ambient internet of thingss (AIs) , and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, flush, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, one or more L2 state variables at the AIoT device based on obtaining a second session identifier that differs from a previously-obtained first session identifier, where the L2 reset functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0038] An apparatus ice is described. The apparatus may include a processing system configured to, communicate with a network entity via a first communication interface, communicate with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface, and communicate with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, where the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0039] In some examples of the apparatus, at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities may be preconfigured at the reader device, dynamically configured through signaling received at the reader device, or autonomously triggered based on satisfaction of one or more communication conditions.
[0040] In some examples of the apparatus, the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities may be configured for forward link communications to the AIoT device, for backward link communications from the AIoT device, or both.
[0041] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to deactivate or switch the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities based on an amount of energy harvested at the AIoT device, a quantity of packets to be communicated between the reader device and the AIoT device, radio conditions between the AIoT device and reader, or any combination thereof and transmit an indication of the deactivation or the switch to the AIoT device.
[0042] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to communicate, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicate, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field including less than six bits that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment and a segment offset field including less than sixteen bits that indicates a position of the corresponding packet segment within the set of multiple packet segments.
[0043] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to communicate, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicate, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segment end field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment may be a last packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments.
[0044] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to receive, from the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities, store, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment, start, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments was not received, and discard the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.
[0045] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to receive, from the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a first set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities, store, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment, and start, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to successfully receiving a third packet segment of a second set of multiple packet segments, where an expiry of the reassembly timer triggers a discarding of the stored at least one packet segment.
[0046] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to determine, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled based on receiving a fourth packet segment of a third set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a third complete packet or receiving multiple packets of the first set of multiple packet segments out of order and stop, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the reassembly timer in response to determining that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled.
[0047] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to communicate, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the AIoT device, where the packet identification functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicate, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter including an identifier of the packet.
[0048] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to communicate, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet, where the packet duplication functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicate, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.
[0049] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to discard, in accordance with a packet duplication detection functionality, the one or more repetitions of the first packet based on successfully communicating the first packet and the packet duplication detection functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0050] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to start, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, an L2 reset timer in response to detecting that the AIoT device may have flushed one or more first L2 state variables at the AIoT device, where the L2 reset functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and in response to an expiry of the L2 reset timer and in accordance with the L2 reset functionality, flush one or more second L2 state variables at the reader device.
[0051] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to flush, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, one or more L2 state variables at the reader device based on obtaining a second session identifier that differs from a previously-obtained first session identifier and the L2 reset functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0052] Another apparatus Internet of things (AIoT) device is described. The apparatus may include a processing system configured to and communicate with a reader device via a first communication interface, where the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0053] In some examples of the apparatus, at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities may be preconfigured at the AIoT device, dynamically configured through signaling received at the AIoT device, or autonomously triggered based on satisfaction of one or more communication conditions.
[0054] In some examples of the apparatus, the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities may be configured for forward link communications to the AIoT device, for backward link communications from the AIoT device, or both.
[0055] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to deactivate or switch the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities based on an amount of energy harvested at the AIoT device, a quantity of packets to be communicated between the reader device and the AIoT device, radio conditions between the AIoT device and reader, or any combination thereof and transmit an indication of the deactivation or switch to the reader device.
[0056] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to communicate, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicate, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field including less than six bits that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment and a segment offset field including less than sixteen bits that indicates a position of the corresponding packet segment within the set of multiple packet segments.
[0057] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to communicate, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicate, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segment end field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment may be a last packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments.
[0058] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to receive, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities, store, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment, start, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments was not received, and discard the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.
[0059] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to receive, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a first set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities, store, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment, and start, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to successfully receiving a third packet segment of a second set of multiple packet segments, where an expiry of the reassembly timer triggers a discarding of the stored at least one packet segment.
[0060] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to determine, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled based on receiving a fourth packet segment of a third set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a third complete packet or receiving multiple packets of the first set of multiple packet segments out of order and stop, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the reassembly timer in response to determining that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled.
[0061] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to communicate, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the reader device, where the packet identification functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicate, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter including an identifier of the packet.
[0062] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to communicate, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet, where the packet duplication functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and communicate, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.
[0063] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to discard, in accordance with a packet duplication detection functionality, the one or more repetitions of the first packet based on successfully communicating the first packet and the packet duplication detection functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0064] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to start, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, an L2 reset timer in response to detecting that the reader device may have flushed one or more first L2 state variables at the reader device, where the L2 reset functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities and in response to an expiry of the L2 reset timer and in accordance with the L2 reset functionality, flush one or more second L2 state variables at the AIoT device.
[0065] In some examples of the apparatus, the processing system may be further configured to flush, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, one or more L2 state variables at the AIoT device based on obtaining a second session identifier that differs from a previously-obtained first session identifier and the L2 reset functionality may be one of the one or more L2 functionalities.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0066] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0067] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0068] FIG. 3 shows an example of a packet segmentation and header scheme that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0069] FIG. 4 shows an example of a packet discard scheme that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0070] FIG. 5 shows an example of a packet identification scheme that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0071] FIG. 6 shows an example of a packet duplication and detection scheme that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0072] FIG. 7 shows an example of a L2 functionalities scheme that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0073] FIG. 8 shows an example of a process flow that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0074] FIGs. 9 and 10 show block diagrams of devices that support level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0075] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0076] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0077] FIGs. 13 and 14 show block diagrams of devices that support level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0078] FIG. 15 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0079] FIG. 16 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0080] FIGs. 17 and 18 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0081] Wireless communications systems may employ the use of ambient internet of things (AIoT) devices, which are low-complexity devices (e.g., tags, sensors) which may operate on ambient signaling or energy harvesting (e.g., incident RF sources) from other devices (e.g., a reader device) and may communicate via backscattering the incident signals to send data to the reader device. Such devices would benefit from the advantages provided by complete protocol stacks employed in other scenarios. However, as they are low-complexity devices, they may not support such complete protocol stacks.
[0082] Techniques for layer 2 (L2) communications involving AIoT devices may be employed. For example, a reader device may communicate with a RAN node, an AIoT device, and a core network entity over respective communication links. The link over which the reader device may communicate with the AIoT device may be a dedicated communication link for AIoT communications. Further, reader device and the AIoT device may support communications over the AIoT link that utilize one or more L2 functionalities, including a packet segmentation functionality, a packet discard functionality, a packet identification functionality, a packet duplication functionality, a packet duplication detection functionality, and an L2 reset functionality. Such functionalities may be preconfigured, dynamically configured, or automatically triggered based on one or more communications conditions being satisfied. In some aspects, such functionalities may be modified as compared to other protocol stacks or functionalities.
[0083] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are then described with reference to a wireless communications system, a packet segmentation and header scheme, a packet discard scheme, a packet identification scheme, a packet duplication and detection scheme, an L2 functionalities scheme, and a process flow. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications.
[0084] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105) , one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0085] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some aspects, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link (s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link (s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0086] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105) , as shown in FIG. 1.
[0087] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein) , a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.
[0088] In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) . In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link (s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0089] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some aspects, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0090] As described herein, a network entity (which may alternatively be referred to as an entity, a node, a network node, or a wireless entity) may be, be similar to, include, or be included in (e.g., be a component of) a base station (e.g., any base station described herein, including a disaggregated base station) , a UE (e.g., any UE described herein) , a reduced capability (RedCap) device, an enhanced reduced capability (eRedCap) device, an ambient internet-of-things (IoT) device, an energy harvesting (EH) -capable device, a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, an integrated access and backhauling (IAB) node, a distributed unit (DU) , a central unit (CU) , a remote / radio unit (RU) (which may also be referred to as a remote radio unit (RRU) ) , and / or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a network entity may be a UE. As another example, a network entity may be a base station. As used herein, “network entity” may refer to an entity that is configured to operate in a network, such as the network entity 105. For example, a “network entity” is not limited to an entity that is currently located in and / or currently operating in the network. Rather, a network entity may be any entity that is capable of communicating and / or operating in the network.
[0091] The adjectives “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” and so on are used for contextual distinction between two or more of the modified noun in connection with a discussion and are not meant to be absolute modifiers that apply only to a certain respective entity throughout the entire document. For example, a network entity may be referred to as a “first network entity” in connection with one discussion and may be referred to as a “second network entity” in connection with another discussion, or vice versa. As an example, a first network entity may be configured to communicate with a second network entity or a third network entity. In one aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a UE. In another aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a base station. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third network entities may be different relative to these examples.
[0092] Similarly, reference to a UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a network entity. For example, disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity. Consistent with this disclosure, once a specific example is broadened in accordance with this disclosure (e.g., a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity) , the broader example of the narrower example may be interpreted in the reverse, but in a broad open-ended way. In the example above where a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity, the first network entity may refer to a first UE, a first base station, a first apparatus, a first device, a first computing system, a first set of one or more one or more components, a first processing entity, or the like configured to receive the information; and the second network entity may refer to a second UE, a second base station, a second apparatus, a second device, a second computing system, a second set of one or more components, a second processing entity, or the like.
[0093] As described herein, communication of information (e.g., any information, signal, or the like) may be described in various aspects using different terminology. Disclosure of one communication term includes disclosure of other communication terms. For example, a first network entity may be described as being configured to transmit information to a second network entity. In this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the first network entity is configured to provide, send, output, communicate, or transmit information to the second network entity. Similarly, in this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the second network entity is configured to receive, obtain, or decode the information that is provided, sent, output, communicated, or transmitted by the first network entity.
[0094] As shown, the network entity (e.g., network entity 105) may include a processing system 106. Similarly, the network entity (e.g., UE 115) may include a processing system 112. A processing system may include one or more components (or subcomponents) , such as one or more components described herein. For example, a respective component of the one or more components may be, be similar to, include, or be included in at least one memory, at least one communication interface, or at least one processor. For example, a processing system may include one or more components. In such an example, the one or more components may include a first component, a second component, and a third component. In this example, the first component may be coupled to a second component and a third component. In this example, the first component may be at least one processor, the second component may be a communication interface, and the third component may be at least one memory. A processing system may generally be a system one or more components that may perform one or more functions, such as any function or combination of functions described herein. For example, one or more components may receive input information (e.g., any information that is an input, such as a signal, any digital information, or any other information) , one or more components may process the input information to generate output information (e.g., any information that is an output, such as a signal or any other information) , one or more components may perform any function as described herein, or any combination thereof. As described herein, an “input” and “input information” may be used interchangeably. Similarly, as described herein, an “output” and “output information” may be used interchangeably. Any information generated by any component may be provided to one or more other systems or components of, for example, a network entity described herein) . For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate output information, and / or a third component configured to provide the output information to other systems or components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a processing system may include at least one memory, at least one communication interface, and / or at least one processor, where the at least one processor may, for example, be coupled to the at least one memory and the at least one communication interface.
[0095] A processing system of a network entity described herein may interface with one or more other components of the network entity, may process information received from one or more other components (such as input information) , or may output information to one or more other components. For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to interface with one or more other components of the network entity to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate one or more outputs, and / or a third component configured to output the one or more outputs to one or more other components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a chip or modem of the network entity may include a processing system. The processing system may include a first communication interface to receive or obtain information, and a second communication interface to output, transmit, or provide information. In some aspects, the first communication interface may be an interface configured to receive input information, and the information may be provided to the processing system. In some aspects, the second system interface may be configured to transmit information output from the chip or modem. The second communication interface may also obtain or receive input information, and the first communication interface may also output, transmit, or provide information.
[0096] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some aspects, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) , or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some aspects, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links.
[0097] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 or IAB node (s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station) . The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node (s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) . IAB node (s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node (s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some aspects, the IAB node (s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node (s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104 or components of the IAB node (s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0098] For instance, an access network (AN) or RAN may include communications between access nodes (e.g., an IAB donor) , IAB node (s) 104, and one or more UEs 115. The IAB donor may facilitate connection between the core network 130 and the AN (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130) . That is, an IAB donor may refer to a RAN node with a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130. The IAB donor may include one or more of a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170, in which case the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface (e.g., a backhaul link) . The IAB donor and IAB node (s) 104 may communicate via an F1 interface according to a protocol that defines signaling messages (e.g., an F1 AP protocol) . Additionally, or alternatively, the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface, which may be an example of a portion of a backhaul link, and may communicate with other CUs (e.g., including a CU 160 associated with an alternative IAB donor) via an Xn-C interface, which may be an example of another portion of a backhaul link.
[0099] IAB node (s) 104 may refer to RAN nodes that provide IAB functionality (e.g., access for UEs 115, wireless self-backhauling capabilities) . A DU 165 may act as a distributed scheduling node towards child nodes associated with the IAB node (s) 104, and the IAB-MT may act as a scheduled node towards parent nodes associated with IAB node (s) 104. That is, an IAB donor may be referred to as a parent node in communication with one or more child nodes (e.g., an IAB donor may relay transmissions for UEs through other IAB node (s) 104) . Additionally, or alternatively, IAB node (s) 104 may also be referred to as parent nodes or child nodes to other IAB node (s) 104, depending on the relay chain or configuration of the AN. The IAB-MT entity of IAB node (s) 104 may provide a Uu interface for a child IAB node (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104) to receive signaling from a parent IAB node (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104) , and a DU interface (e.g., a DU 165) may provide a Uu interface for a parent IAB node to signal to a child IAB node or UE 115.
[0100] For example, IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as parent nodes that support communications for child IAB nodes, or may be referred to as child IAB nodes associated with IAB donors, or both. An IAB donor may include a CU 160 with a wired or wireless connection (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) to the core network 130 and may act as a parent node to IAB node (s) 104. For example, the DU 165 of an IAB donor may relay transmissions to UEs 115 through IAB node (s) 104, or may directly signal transmissions to a UE 115, or both. The CU 160 of the IAB donor may signal communication link establishment via an F1 interface to IAB node (s) 104, and the IAB node (s) 104 may schedule transmissions (e.g., transmissions to the UEs 115 relayed from the IAB donor) through one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) . That is, data may be relayed to and from IAB node (s) 104 via signaling via an NR Uu interface to MT of IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., other IAB node (s) ) . Communications with IAB node (s) 104 may be scheduled by a DU 165 of the IAB donor or of IAB node (s) 104.
[0101] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support test as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180) .
[0102] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some aspects, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.
[0103] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0104] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link (s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link (s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link (s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP) ) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR) . Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105) .
[0105] In some aspects, such as in a carrier aggregation configuration, a carrier may have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute RF channel number (EARFCN) ) and may be identified according to a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may be operated in a standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection may be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may be operated in a non-standalone mode, in which case a connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., of the same or a different RAT) .
[0106] The communication link (s) 125 of the wireless communications system 100 may include downlink transmissions (e.g., forward link transmissions) from a network entity 105 to a UE 115, uplink transmissions (e.g., return link transmissions) from a UE 115 to a network entity 105, or both, among other configurations of transmissions. Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDD mode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode) .
[0107] A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the RF spectrum and, in some aspects, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wireless communications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a set of bandwidths for carriers of a particular RAT (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz) ) . Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., the network entities 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communications using a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configurable to support communications using one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may include network entities 105 or UEs 115 that support concurrent communications using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some aspects, each served UE 115 may be configured for operating using portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.
[0108] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0109] One or more numerologies for a carrier may be supported, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing (Δf) and a cyclic prefix. A carrier may be divided into one or more BWPs having the same or different numerologies. In some aspects, a UE 115 may be configured with multiple BWPs. In some aspects, a single BWP for a carrier may be active at a given time and communications for the UE 115 may be restricted to one or more active BWPs.
[0110] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (Δfmax·Nf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0111] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some aspects, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0112] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some aspects, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) ) .
[0113] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE) .
[0114] A network entity 105 may provide communication coverage via one or more cells, for example a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or other types of cells, or any combination thereof. The term “cell” may refer to a logical communication entity used for communication with a network entity 105 (e.g., using a carrier) and may be associated with an identifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID) , a virtual cell identifier (VCID) ) . In some aspects, a cell also may refer to a coverage area 110 or a portion of a coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) over which the logical communication entity operates. Such cells may range from smaller areas (e.g., a structure, a subset of structure) to larger areas depending on various factors such as the capabilities of the network entity 105. For example, a cell may be or include a building, a subset of a building, or exterior spaces between or overlapping with coverage areas 110, among other examples.
[0115] A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider supporting the macro cell. A small cell may be associated with a network entity 105 operating with lower power (e.g., a base station 140 operating with lower power) relative to a macro cell, and a small cell may operate using the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands as macro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider or may provide restricted access to the UEs 115 having an association with the small cell (e.g., the UEs 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) , the UEs 115 associated with users in a home or office) . A network entity 105 may support one or more cells and may also support communications via the one or more cells using one or multiple component carriers.
[0116] In some aspects, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., MTC, narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) , enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) ) that may provide access for different types of devices.
[0117] In some aspects, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some aspects, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105) . In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105) . The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.
[0118] The wireless communications system 100 may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) may have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of the network entities 105) may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, network entities 105 may have different frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of network entities 105) may, in some aspects, not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used for either synchronous or asynchronous operations.
[0119] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be relatively low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication) . M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some aspects, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.
[0120] Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but not transmission and reception concurrently) . In some aspects, half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 may include entering a power saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications, operating using a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communications) , or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs) ) within a carrier, within a guard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.
[0121] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0122] In some aspects, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some aspects, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some aspects, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some aspects, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some aspects, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0123] In some systems, a D2D communication link 135 may be an example of a communication channel, such as a sidelink communication channel, between vehicles (e.g., UEs 115) . In some aspects, vehicles may communicate using vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, or some combination of these. A vehicle may signal information related to traffic conditions, signal scheduling, weather, safety, emergencies, or any other information relevant to a V2X system. In some aspects, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadside infrastructure, such as roadside units, or with the network via one or more network nodes (e.g., network entities 105, base stations 140, RUs 170) using vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications, or with both.
[0124] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0125] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0126] The wireless communications system 100 may also operate using a super high frequency (SHF) region, which may be in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz, also known as the centimeter band, or using an extremely high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz) , also known as the millimeter band. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UEs 115 and the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140, RUs 170) , and EHF antennas of the respective devices may be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some aspects, such techniques may facilitate using antenna arrays within a device. The propagation of EHF transmissions, however, may be subject to even greater attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF transmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, and designated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ by country or regulating body.
[0127] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some aspects, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0128] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some aspects, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0129] The network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may use MIMO communications to exploit multipath signal propagation and increase spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. Such techniques may be referred to as spatial multiplexing. The multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted by the transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Likewise, the multiple signals may be received by the receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separate spatial stream and may carry information associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords) . Different spatial layers may be associated with different antenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) , for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving device, and multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) , for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.
[0130] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0131] A network entity 105 or a UE 115 may use beam sweeping techniques as part of beamforming operations. For example, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conduct beamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by a network entity 105 multiple times along different directions. For example, the network entity 105 may transmit a signal according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions along different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a network entity 105, or by a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for later transmission or reception by the network entity 105.
[0132] Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by a transmitting device (e.g., a network entity 105 or a UE 115) along a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device, such as another network entity 105 or UE 115) . In some aspects, the beam direction associated with transmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on a signal that was transmitted along one or more beam directions. For example, a UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the network entity 105 along different directions and may report to the network entity 105 an indication of the signal that the UE 115 received with a highest signal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.
[0133] In some aspects, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a network entity 105 or a UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from a network entity 105 to a UE 115) . The UE 115 may report feedback that indicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to a configured set of beams across a system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The network entity 105 may transmit a reference signal (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) , a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) ) , which may be precoded or unprecoded. The UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linear combination type codebook, a port selection type codebook) . Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted along one or more directions by a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , a UE 115 may employ similar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times along different directions (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by the UE 115) or for transmitting a signal along a single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device) .
[0134] A receiving device (e.g., a UE 115) may perform reception operations in accordance with multiple receive configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals from a transmitting device (e.g., a network entity 105) , such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals. For example, a receiving device may perform reception in accordance with multiple receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., different directional listening weight sets) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to different receive configurations or receive directions. In some aspects, a receiving device may use a single receive configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal) . The single receive configuration may be aligned along a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receive configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions) .
[0135] The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or PDCP layer may be IP-based. An RLC layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate via logical channels. A MAC layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer also may implement error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, an RRC layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a network entity 105 or a core network 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. A PHY layer may map transport channels to physical channels.
[0136] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may support retransmissions of data to increase the likelihood that data is received successfully. Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback is one technique for increasing the likelihood that data is received correctly via a communication link (e.g., the communication link (s) 125, a D2D communication link 135) . HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g., using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) ) , forward error correction (FEC) , and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request (ARQ) ) . HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in relatively poor radio conditions (e.g., low signal-to-noise conditions) . In some aspects, a device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, in which case the device may provide HARQ feedback in a specific slot for data received via a previous symbol in the slot. In some other examples, the device may provide HARQ feedback in a subsequent slot, or according to some other time interval.
[0137] In some implementations, a reader device (e.g., co-located with a network entity 105 or a UE 115) and an AIoT device may operate in accordance with one or more L2 communication functionalities. For example, the reader device may communicate with a network entity over a first communication link, an application server or core network function over a second communication link, and the AIoT device over the third communication link. The AIoT device may be a device capable of harvesting energy (e.g., from incident RF signals from the reader or another source) . The reader, the AIoT device, or both, may support one or more L2 functionalities for communications between the reader and the AIoT device over the third communication link, including segmentation, reassembly, packet discard, packet identification, packet duplication, packet duplicate detection, maximum packet size, cross-layer interaction, L2 reset, configurable L2 functionalities, decoupled L2 functionalities, autonomous activation, deactivation, and adjustment of L2 functionalities, or any combination thereof.
[0138] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system 200 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0139] In some scenarios, wireless communications systems may include the use of ambient internet of things (AIoT) devices. Such devices include a category of low-complexity devices, such as tags and sensors, which may solely operate on ambient signaling, such as incident RF sources, from reader devices. Such AIoT devices may communicate with reader devices through backscattering of incident signals, energy harvesting of incident signals, or any combination thereof. In some examples, such AIoT devices may support the use of a battery or other energy storage to provide energy for operations described here (e.g., as an alternative to or in addition to energy harvesting techniques) .
[0140] However, in some approaches, low-complexity and cost-effective AIoT devices may not include a capacity to support complete protocol stacks (e.g., those including PHY / MAC / RLC / PDCP / RRC / SDAP protocol layers) as supported by other devices, such as user equipments (UEs) . Thus, implementation of additional functionalities may involve modifications to existing functionalities. For example, as described herein, reader devices, AIoT device, or both, may support one or more L2 functionalities (e.g., in at least some cases, modified functionalities) , such as segmentation, reassembly, packet discard, packet identification, packet duplication, duplicate detection, L2 Reset, configurable AIoT L2 functionalities, cross-layer interaction, or any combination thereof.
[0141] In some aspects, various topologies of the wireless communications system 200 may be employed. For example, in some cases, the reader 210 may be co-located with the network entity 205. In such cases, the AIoT device 215 may communicate directly and bidirectionally with the network entity 205, and such communication may include AIoT data, signaling, or both.
[0142] However, in other cases, the reader 210 may be co-located with a UE. In such cases, the AIoT device 215 may communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node (e.g., the reader 210) , which is positioned between the AIoT device 215 and the network entity 205. In some aspects, this intermediate node may be a UE equipped with one or more AIoT communication capabilities. In such cases, the intermediate node may be responsible for transferring AIoT data, signaling, or both between the network entity 205 and the AIoT device 215.
[0143] In some aspects, wireless communications systems or wireless communications devices may support various types of functionalities, including packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , radio link control (RLC) , and medium access control (MAC) . For example, MAC functionalities may include mapping between logical and transport channels, multiplexing and de-multiplexing, HARQ, logical channel prioritization, priority handling between devices via dynamic scheduling, and priority handling between overlapping resources of one devices. RLC functionalities may include the transfer of upper layer PDUs such as TM, UM, AM, segmentation and reassembly of UM and AM, re-segmentation of AM, SDU discard of UM and AM, ARQ of AM, duplicate detection of AM, and re-establishment. The PDCP functionality may include maintenance of PDCP SNs, header compression, header decompression via ROHC / EHC, UDC, ciphering and de-ciphering, integrity protection, SDU discard (timer-based) , split bearers, DAPS bearers, duplication, reordering, in-order delivery, out-of-order delivery, duplicate discard, or any combination thereof.
[0144] However, in some scenarios, an AIoT device 215, a reader 210, or both may not support all these functionalities in order to minimize complexity and cost. Thus, examples of RLC and PDCP functionalities are described, though the subject matter described herein may be applied equally to MAC functionalities as well.
[0145] AIoT devices 215 and readers 210 may include different levels of support for L2 functionalities. In some aspects, AIoT devices may not support any L2 functionalities, though, in some aspects, some PHY and MAC functionalities may be specified for the AIoT device 215. This results in less complexity for the AIoT device 215, but L2 functionalities such as segmentation and packet identification may not be supported.
[0146] Additionally, or alternatively, some AIoT devices 215 may operate without one or more RLC functionalities (e.g., RLC transparent mode (TM) ) with simplified PDCP support. This simplified PDCP support may include a PDCP sequence number (SN) with a smaller SN space, a flag to disable integrity protection, and a flag to disable PDCP service data unit (SDU) discard, among other features. This option is simpler as existing specifications can be reused, but may involve the use of an RLC TM layer (e.g., as a pass-through) and new codepoints in PDCP Config or procedural text clarification to disable one or more PDCP functionalities.
[0147] Additionally, or alternatively, some AIoT devices 215 may operate using simplified RLC functionalities (e.g., RLC UM) with no PDCP. Such a simplified RLC UM could include simplifying segmentation (e.g., through equal-sized segments) and a flag to disable SDU discard at an RLC UM transmitting device. This option may be simpler as existing specifications can be reused (though it may depend on how complex disabling PDCP is) , but it does not allow for selective support of some RLC UM functionalities (e.g., an SDU discard procedure at a transmitting device may not be disabled) and does not provide a clean way to disable the whole PDCP layer.
[0148] Additionally, or alternatively, some AIoT devices 215 may operate using simplified RLC functionalities and simplified PDCP functionalities, combining the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of using simplified RLC functionalities and simplified PDCP functionalities.
[0149] Additionally, or alternatively, some AIoT devices 215 may operate using a new AIoT L2 layer that merges RLC functionalities and PDCP functionalities (and, in some cases) simplifies them. Such an approach may be cleaner as it avoids defining new flags or procedural texts to disable RLC / PDCP functionalities, but it may involve the definition of a new protocol layer. Though subject matter described herein is illustrated using the approaches of merged RLC functionalities and PDCP functionalities, the subject matter may be applied to other examples as well.
[0150] Thus, to support AIoT device operation, one or more L2 functionalities 245 may be supported by the reader 210, the AIoT device 215, or both. Such L2 functionalities 245 may include, but are not limited to, segmentation, reassembly, packet discard, packet identification, packet duplication, duplication detection, L2 reset, cross-layer interaction (e.g., to achieve flow control between an AIoT application layer (APP) and AIoT L2) , or any combination thereof. In some aspects, AIoT devices may also support packet retransmission, header compression, header decompression, ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, reordering, or any combination thereof.
[0151] The reader 210, the AIoT device 215, or both, may include, support, or operate with the L2 functionalities 245 for communications. For example, the reader 210 may communicate with various devices over corresponding communication interfaces, which may include communications in accordance with the L2 functionalities 245. In some aspects, the reader 210 may communicate with the network entity 205 using the first communication interface 230. In some aspects, the reader 210 may be co-located with the network entity 205 in other examples, the reader 210 may be co-located with a UE. In some aspects, the reader 210 may communicate with the core network function 220, the application server 225, or both, using the second communication interface. In some aspects, the reader 210 may communicate with the AIoT device 215 using the third communication interface 240. Such communications may include communications performed in accordance with the L2 functionalities 245.
[0152] In some aspects, the first communication interface 230 may be associated with or may be a Uu interface, the second communication interface 235 may be associated with or may be NAS signaling or an internet protocol (IP) interface, and the third communication interface 240 may be an interface for AIoT operations, which may be described as a Ua interface. In some aspects, the L2 functionalities 245 supported by the reader 210 and the AIoT device 215 may be simplifications or modifications to RLC functionalities, PDCP functionalities, or both. In some aspects, the L2 functionalities 245 may be implemented, configured, or obtained through the use of one or more additional or modified code points that modify or disable one or more features of L2 functionalities. Additionally, or alternatively, a dedicated protocol layer, such as an AIoT L2 layer may be employed for AIoT operations in accordance with the L2 functionalities. In some aspects, one or more modifications to other L2 functionalities may include removing one or more features, such as ciphering, integrity protection, reordering, one or more other features, or any combination thereof.
[0153] FIG. 3 shows an example of a packet segmentation and header scheme 300 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0154] In some aspects of communications involving AIoT devices, a design target for a maximum message size may be approximately 1000 bits, both for reception and transmission by the AIoT device (e.g., based on the maximum application layer packet size) . As such, segmentation functionalities may be desirable for L2 transmission and L2 reception, at least because, in some cases, there may be no guarantee that a grant exceeding 1000 bits will always be provided.
[0155] For example, in accordance with a segmentation functionality, a reader, an AIoT device, or both, may include a capability to send a segment 315 of a packet 310, particularly in situations in which a grant to send the packet does not allocate sufficient resources to transmit the entire packet 310. The reader, the AIoT device, or both may include a capability to indicate (e.g., via a bit in a header of the segment 315) , that there is still pending data or segments to be sent. Further, the reader, the AIoT device, or both may include an ability to segment the data (e.g., the packet 310) into either equal or unequal segment sizes dynamically. In some aspects, the reader, the AIoT device, or both may determine to segment equally or dynamically by being configured to do so by another device (e.g., the reader, AIoT device, or another device) . In the case of equal-sized segments 315, the size of the equal-sized segments may be configured by another device or function (e.g., the reader, AIoT device, a 5G Core Network Function (5GC NF) or another device or function) . In some aspects, to achieve equal-sized segments, appropriate padding bits may be inserted in each segment.
[0156] In some aspects, in accordance with a reassembly functionality, a reader, an AIoT device, or both, may include a capability for receiving multiple segments 315 and reassembling them based on receipt of all the segments 315. For example, the reader, the AIoT device, or both may further include a capability to deliver received packets to upper layers (e.g., an application layer) after the packets are reassembled. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader, the AIoT device, or both, may include a capability to deliver out-of-order packets in the event of a failure to reassemble segments 315.
[0157] In some approaches employing protocol stacks (e.g., including L2 functionality) , a header for a segment 315 (e.g., an RLC UM header) may include 3 bytes for a 6-bit SN. A segmentation information (SI) field may include 2 bits, and may indicate whether an RLC PDU contains a complete RLC SDU or the first, middle, or last segment of an RLC SDU. A sequence number (SN) included in such a header may be 6 bits. A segment offset (SO) field may include 16 bits, which may support full segmentation flexibility for a maximum PDCP SDU size of 9000 bytes (e.g., the 9000 byte PDCP SDU may be segmented into 9000 segments) .
[0158] However, a header 345 for communications between the reader and the AIoT device may include one or more modifications or improvements to indicate one or more characteristics of the segment 315 that carries at least a portion of the data 340 of the packet 310. For example, in some cases, the header 345 may include or indicate one or more fields included in an RLC-UM header, but such fields may include a reduced quantity of bits. For example, the SN 320 may include a quantity of bits (e.g., 4 bits) that is less than a quantity of bits for an SN of other headers (e.g., 6 bits) and an SO may include a quantity of bits (e.g., 7 bits) that is less than a quantity of bits associated with an SO of other headers (e.g., 16 bits) (e.g., considering a packet size of 1000 bits for AIoT communication) . Additionally, or alternatively, in some cases, the header 345 may include or indicate a segment number 325, which may indicate segment number the segment 315, and an L 330 may indicate whether the segment 315 is a last segment of a packet 310 or not (e.g., a “1” may indicate that the segment 315 is a last segment, whereas a “0” may indicate that the segment 315 is not a last segment, or vice versa) . In some aspects, such features may aid in restricting a maximum quantity of segments 315. For example, in a scenario in which a segment index space is 3 bits (e.g., max 8 segments) , then a scheduler may provide sufficient grants such that all segments 315 of the packet 310 are received by a receiving device with 8 transmit opportunities for an RLC SDU (e.g., where an average transport block size (TBS) is 125 bits) . In cases involving more than 8 segments 315, a transmitting device (e.g., reader or AIoT device) may indicate a segment number 325 of 8 and an L 330 of “not last. ” In some aspects, the header 345 may omit the SO field.
[0159] FIG. 4 shows an example of a packet discard scheme 400 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0160] In some approaches for UE communications, a reassembly timer (e.g., defined in RLC, such as t-reassembly) may be started in response to detecting a missing SN or a missing SDU segment. (e.g., detection is based on an SN field or an SO field of a received PDU) . An associated timer value may be defined such that sufficient time is provided for a retransmission procedure (e.g., HARQ retransmission) so that a missing SN or missing SDU segment may be received before expiry of the timer. For example, such a value may be obtained by multiplying a HARQ round trip time (RTT) times a maximum quantity of HARQ.
[0161] In scenarios involving AIoT devices, a packet discard L2 functionality may be expressed in various ways. Such a functionality may be utilized in scenarios in which a segment 420 of a packet is not received. For example, the reader or the AIoT device may receive the segment 420-a and the segment 420-b, but may not receive the segment 420-c. In some aspects, the reader or AIoT device may receive the segment 420-d as well.
[0162] A first technique may involve discarding packets in response to an expiry of a timer (e.g., t-reassembly) . In such techniques, a timer may be defined for reassembly of segments. The reader or the AIoT device may store the received segment or segments (e.g., segment 420-a, segment 420-b, segment 420-c, or any combination thereof) in a reception buffer and reassembles the segments 420 so long as the defined timer has not yet expired. In some aspects, the reader or the AIoT device may set a value of the timer to 0ms as a default value if HARQ is not supported (e.g., as for narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) scenarios) . The use of a timer may be desirable in situations in which AIoT operations or devices support HARQ functionality. However, in such techniques, a reader or AIoT device may store the received segments 420 for an undefined period of time, as the reader or AIoT device may not receive subsequent segments 420 due to the aperiodic nature of traffic that may occur in AIoT operations.
[0163] A second technique may involve starting a reassembly timer in response to a successful reception of a segment (e.g., segment 420-d) that may belong to the same packet (e.g., the packet to which segment 420-a and segment 420-b belong) or a new packet (e.g., a packet different than a packet with which segment 420-a, segment 420-b, or both may be associated) . For example, in some cases, segment 420-d may belong to a same packet as segment 420-a, segment 420-b, and segment 420-c, or segment 420-d may belong to a different packet. In response to such a timer expiring, a receiving device (e.g., the reader or the AIoT device) may discard the one or more stored segments. In some aspects, the receiving device (e.g., the reader or the AIoT device) may stop a reassembly timer in response to detecting that there is no possibility for reassembly (e.g., due to the subsequently received segment belonging to a different packet or due to discontinuous reception of segments for the same packet in which such segments are received out of order) . In some aspects, the receiving device (e.g., the reader or the AIoT device) may discard the segments stored in the receive buffer in response to detecting that the packets can no longer be reassembled.
[0164] FIG. 5 shows an example of a packet identification scheme 500 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0165] In some aspects, the reader, the AIoT device, or both may support a packet identification functionality. For example, the reader, the AIoT device, or both may include an identifier (ID) , such as the packet ID 525 that is associated with a packet 520 that is communicated between the reader and the AIoT device. The inclusion of the packet ID 525 may be useful to identify at a receiving device whether the packets are being duplicated or whether it is a new packet that is being received. In some aspects, the size of packet ID space may be smaller (e.g., 5 bits) compared to a SN space included in other communications approaches (e.g., 12 or 18 bits) . The use of such a common packet ID 525 for AIoT operations may avoid the use of more complicated and resource-intensive identification, such as two-level identification (e.g., RLC SN and PDCP SN) .
[0166] FIG. 6 shows an example of a packet duplication and detection scheme 600 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0167] In some aspects, the reader, the AIoT device, or both may duplicate a packet 620 to generate one or more duplicate packets 625. Such a duplication may be performed any quantity of time (e.g., an N quantity of times) to increase reliability. For example, if one or more of the duplicate packets 625 are lost or not received at a receiving device, the other duplicate packets 625 may include the same or similar information and may be received at the receiving device. In some aspects, the duplicate packets 625 may be transmitted together (e.g., if a grant provides for sufficient resources to transmit all N duplicate packets 625) . In some aspects, the quantity N of the duplicate packets 625 may be pre-configured at the reader, the AIoT device, or both or may be configured by an entity (e.g., the reader, a network entity, a CN function, one or more other devices or functions, or any combination thereof) .
[0168] In some aspects, the reader, the AIoT device, or both may perform one or more operations related to duplicate detection. For example, a receiving device may determine that multiple packets 620, duplicate packets 625, or both have been received, and the receiving device may ignore one or more of the multiple packets 620, duplicate packets 625, or both.
[0169] FIG. 7 shows an example of a L2 functionalities scheme 700 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein.
[0170] In some aspects, the reader 710, the AIoT device 15, or both may operate in accordance with one or more additional L2 functionalities. For example, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may communicate in accordance with a maximum packet size or max packet size 720. Such a max packet size 720 may be defined for L2 packets associated with L2 operations or functionalities (e.g., expressed as a quantity X of bytes) . In some aspects, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may segment large packets (e.g., in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a packet reassembly functionality, one or more other functionalities, or any combination thereof as described here) and may communicate packets of size X or less to lower layers (e.g., which may be considered to be application layer segmentation) . In some aspects, the size X may be fixed, whereas in other examples, the size X may be configurable (e.g., by the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, a network entity, a CN function, one or more other devices or functions, or any combination thereof) .
[0171] In some aspects, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may communicate or otherwise operate in accordance with a cross-layer interaction functionality. For example, if there is no max packet size 720 defined, an L2 layer, such as L2 725, and an application layer, such as APPP 730, may dynamically coordinate or determine an expected packet size so that the grant is sufficient (e.g., allocates resources sufficient to communicate in accordance with the expected packet size) . In such cases, segmentation of packets may not be used.
[0172] In some aspects, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may communicate or otherwise operate in accordance with an L2 reset functionality. Such functionality may include or be a modified (e.g., simplified) version of RLC or PDCP re-establishment functionality. For example, if a transmitting device (e.g., the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both) flushes one or more L2 state variables 735 or an entire L2 state, (e.g., intentionally or unintentionally, either of which could be associated with a device switch off, an error condition, or data inactivity for a period of time (e.g., that satisfies a threshold) , a receiving device (e.g., the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both) may also flush one or more L2 state variables 735 (e.g., within a configured or otherwise specified amount of time) to avoid burdening L2 memory. Similarly, if a receiving device (e.g., the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both) flushes its state variables 735, a transmitting device may do so as well.
[0173] In some aspects, L2 resets or flushing of state variables 735 may be performed based on one or more trigger conditions or events. For example, in some cases, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may operate in accordance with a dedicated timer, such as the L2 reset timer 740. The L2 reset timer 740 may be started in response to detecting or determining that another device has flushed one or more state variables 735. In response to expiry of the L2 reset timer 740, a device may flush its own state variables 735.
[0174] Additionally, or alternatively, in some cases, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may operate in accordance with an ID-based reset scheme. For example, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may flush its state variables 735 in response to detecting or determining that a new session is being used, such as by detecting or determining a new session ID 745 is being used.
[0175] In some aspects, the L2 functionalities described herein (as well as other L2 functionalities) may be configurable. For example, whether the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both support one or more L2 functionalities may be configured by another device or a function (e.g., the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, a network entity, a CN function, an application function (AF) , one or more other devices or functions, or any combination thereof) . For example, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may receive an indication from such a device or function that the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both is to operate in accordance with one or more indicated L2 functionalities. Additionally, or alternatively, such indications may indicate one or more parameters of the one or more indicated L2 functionalities (e.g., segment size, a reassembly timer, an L2 ID space, one or more other parameters described herein, or any combination thereof) . Additionally, or alternatively, AIoT functionalities may be made optional, mandatory, or otherwise configured based on a device type. For example, an active device might support segmentation and reassembly as a default configuration or may more frequently support segmentation and reassembly, but a passive device might not support those functionalities as a default configuration or may do so less frequently or based on conditions (e.g., available power for harvesting, a time period for operations, or one or more other conditions) .
[0176] In some approaches, (e.g., involving an L2 stack for devices other than AIoT devices) , RLC or PDCP functionalities may be defined bi-directionally. For example, for RLC UM, segmentation may be supported at the RLC transmit side irrespective of whether the transmitting device is a device transmitting RLC SDUs in uplink or a device transmitting RLC SDUs in downlink. However, for AIoT operations, it is not necessary to always support the same L2 functionalities at multiple devices (e.g., the reader 710 and the AIoT device 715) . For example, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may support different L2 functionalities (e.g., the decoupled L2 functionalities 750, which may be or include any or all of the L2 functionalities described herein) between the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both. In other words, the reader 710 may support or operate in accordance with one or more decoupled L2 functionalities 750, which may be different than the decoupled L2 functionalities 750 of the AIoT device 715. For example, a reader 710 may be capable of supporting greater complexity than an AIoT device 715, in which case the functionalities 750 may be different between the two devices. Additionally, or alternatively, the decoupled L2 functionalities 750 may include L2 functionalities that are configurable per direction (e.g., a forward link or a back link, which may also be referred to as downlink and uplink or reader to device (R2D) and device to reader (D2R) ) .
[0177] In some aspects, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may autonomously activate or deactivate one or more L2 functionalities or adjust (e.g., increase or decrease) one or more capabilities (e.g., by adjusting one or more parameters associated with L2 parameters) associated with one or more L2 functionalities based on one or more conditions or factors, such as a quantity of harvested energy is harvested, a quantity of packets to communicate, one or more other conditions or factors, or any combination thereof. In such scenarios, a device (e.g., the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both) may inform one or more other devices of such autonomous activation, deactivation, or adjustment of L2 functionalities. For example, the reader 710, the AIoT device 715, or both may transmit a switching indication 755 to inform the other of the autonomous activation, deactivation, or adjustment of L2 functionalities.
[0178] FIG. 8 shows an example of a process flow 800 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The process flow 800 may implement various aspects of the present disclosure described herein. The elements described in the process flow 800 (e.g., reader 805 and AIoT device 810) may be examples of similarly named elements described herein.
[0179] In the following description of the process flow 800, the operations between the various entities or elements may be performed in different orders or at different times. Some operations may also be left out of the process flow 800, or other operations may be added. Although the various entities or elements are shown performing the operations of the process flow 800, some aspects of some operations may also be performed by other entities or elements of the process flow 800 or by entities or elements that are not depicted in the process flow, or any combination thereof.
[0180] At 820, the reader 805 may communicate with a network entity via a first communication interface.
[0181] At 825, the reader 805 may communicate with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface.
[0182] At 830, the reader 805 may communicate with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface and the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device 810 in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and wherein the AIoT device 810 has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0183] In some aspects, at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are preconfigured at the reader device, dynamically configured through signaling received at the reader device, or autonomously triggered based on satisfaction of one or more communication conditions. In some aspects, the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are configured for forward link communications to the AIoT device 810, for backward link communications from the AIoT device 810, or both.
[0184] At 835, the reader 805 may deactivate or switch the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities based on an amount of energy harvested at the AIoT device 810, a quantity of packets to be communicated between the reader device and the AIoT device 810, radio conditions between the AIoT device 810 and reader, or any combination thereof.
[0185] At 840, the reader 805 may transmit an indication of the deactivation or the switch to the AIoT device 810.
[0186] At 845, the reader 805 may communicate, with the AIoT device 810 and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of packet segments and the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader 805 may receive, from the AIoT device 810 and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a plurality of packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet and the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader 805 may communicate, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the AIoT device 810 and the packet identification functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader 805 may communicate, with the AIoT device 810 and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet and the packet duplication functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0187] At 850, the reader 805 may communicate, with the AIoT device 810 and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter that may include an identifier of the packet.
[0188] At 855, the reader 805 may communicate, with the AIoT device 810 and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.
[0189] At 860, the reader 805 may discard, in accordance with a packet duplication detection functionality, the one or more repetitions of the first packet based on successfully communicating the first packet and the packet duplication detection functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0190] At 865, the reader 805 may communicate, with the AIoT device 810 and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the plurality of packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field that may include less than six bits that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment and a segment offset field that may include less than sixteen bits that indicates a position of the corresponding packet segment within the plurality of packet segments. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader 805 may communicate, with the AIoT device 810 and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the plurality of packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segment end field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment is a last packet segment of the plurality of packet segments.
[0191] At 870, the reader 805 may store, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment.
[0192] At 875, the reader 805 may start, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the plurality of packet segments was not received. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader 805 may start, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to successfully receiving a third packet segment of a second plurality of packet segments and an expiry of the reassembly timer triggers a discarding of the stored at least one packet segment.
[0193] At 880, the reader 805 may determine, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, that the first plurality of packet segments cannot be reassembled based on receiving a fourth packet segment of a third plurality of packet segments corresponding to a third complete packet or receiving multiple packets of the first plurality of packet segments out of order; and
[0194] At 885, the reader 805 may stop, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the reassembly timer in response to determining that the first plurality of packet segments cannot be reassembled.
[0195] At 890, the reassembly timer may expire.
[0196] At 895, the reader 805 may discard the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.
[0197] At 896, the reader 805 may start, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, an L2 reset timer in response to detecting that the AIoT device 810 has flushed one or more first L2 state variables at the AIoT device 810 and the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0198] At 898, the reader 805 may in response to an expiry of the L2 reset timer and in accordance with the L2 reset functionality, flush one or more second L2 state variables at the reader device. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader 805 may flush, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, one or more L2 state variables at the reader device based on obtaining a second session identifier that differs from a previously-obtained first session identifier and the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0199] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a device 905 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The device 905 may be an example of aspects of a reader device as described herein. The device 905 may include a receiver 910, a transmitter 915, and a communications manager 920. The device 905, or one or more components of the device 905 (e.g., the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0200] The receiver 910 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 905. The receiver 910 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0201] The transmitter 915 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 905. For example, the transmitter 915 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications) . In some aspects, the transmitter 915 may be co-located with a receiver 910 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 915 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0202] The communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0203] In some aspects, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0204] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0205] In some aspects, the communications manager 920 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both. For example, the communications manager 920 may receive information from the receiver 910, send information to the transmitter 915, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0206] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a network entity via a first communication interface. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, where the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0207] By including or configuring the communications manager 920 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 905 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, or any combination thereof.
[0208] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of a device 905 or a reader device as described herein. The device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a transmitter 1015, and a communications manager 1020. The device 1005, or one or more components of the device 1005 (e.g., the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, the communications manager 1020) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0209] The receiver 1010 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1005. The receiver 1010 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0210] The transmitter 1015 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1005. For example, the transmitter 1015 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications) . In some aspects, the transmitter 1015 may be co-located with a receiver 1010 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1015 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0211] The device 1005, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 may include a first communication interface component 1025, a second communication interface component 1030, an AIoT communication interface component 1035, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1020 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920 as described herein. In some aspects, the communications manager 1020, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both. For example, the communications manager 1020 may receive information from the receiver 1010, send information to the transmitter 1015, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0212] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The first communication interface component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a network entity via a first communication interface. The second communication interface component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface. The AIoT communication interface component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, where the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0213] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a communications manager 1120 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The communications manager 1120 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920, a communications manager 1020, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1120, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 may include a first communication interface component 1125, a second communication interface component 1130, an AIoT communication interface component 1135, a L2 functionality configuration component 1140, a segmentation component 1145, a discard component 1150, an identification component 1155, a duplication component 1160, a L2 reset component 1165, a L2 functionality activation component 1170, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0214] The communications manager 1120 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The first communication interface component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a network entity via a first communication interface. The second communication interface component 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface. The AIoT communication interface component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, where the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0215] In some aspects, at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are preconfigured at the reader device, dynamically configured through signaling received at the reader device, or autonomously triggered based on satisfaction of one or more communication conditions.
[0216] In some aspects, the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are configured for forward link communications to the AIoT device, for backward link communications from the AIoT device, or both.
[0217] In some aspects, the L2 functionality activation component 1170 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for deactivating or switching the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities based on an amount of energy harvested at the AIoT device, a quantity of packets to be communicated between the reader device and the AIoT device, radio conditions between the AIoT device and reader, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the L2 functionality activation component 1170 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting an indication of the deactivation or the switch to the AIoT device.
[0218] In some aspects, the segmentation component 1145 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the segmentation component 1145 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field including less than six bits that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment and a segment offset field including less than sixteen bits that indicates a position of the corresponding packet segment within the set of multiple packet segments.
[0219] In some aspects, the segmentation component 1145 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the segmentation component 1145 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segment end field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment is a last packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments.
[0220] In some aspects, the discard component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the discard component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment. In some aspects, the discard component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments was not received. In some aspects, the discard component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for discarding the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.
[0221] In some aspects, the discard component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a first set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the discard component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment. In some aspects, the discard component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to successfully receiving a third packet segment of a second set of multiple packet segments, where an expiry of the reassembly timer triggers a discarding of the stored at least one packet segment.
[0222] In some aspects, the discard component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled based on receiving a fourth packet segment of a third set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a third complete packet or receiving multiple packets of the first set of multiple packet segments out of order. In some aspects, the discard component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for stop, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the reassembly timer in response to determining that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled.
[0223] In some aspects, the identification component 1155 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the AIoT device, where the packet identification functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the identification component 1155 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter including an identifier of the packet.
[0224] In some aspects, the duplication component 1160 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet, where the packet duplication functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the duplication component 1160 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.
[0225] In some aspects, the duplication component 1160 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for discarding, in accordance with a packet duplication detection functionality, the one or more repetitions of the first packet based on successfully communicating the first packet, where the packet duplication detection functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0226] In some aspects, the L2 reset component 1165 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for starting, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, an L2 reset timer in response to detecting that the AIoT device has flushed one or more first L2 state variables at the AIoT device, where the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the L2 reset component 1165 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for in response to an expiry of the L2 reset timer and in accordance with the L2 reset functionality, flushing one or more second L2 state variables at the reader device.
[0227] In some aspects, the L2 reset component 1165 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for flushing, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, one or more L2 state variables at the reader device based on obtaining a second session identifier that differs from a previously-obtained first session identifier, where the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0228] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system 1200 including a device 1205 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The device 1205 may be an example of or include components of a device 905, a device 1005, or a reader device as described herein. The device 1205 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1220, an I / O controller, such as an I / O controller 1210, a transceiver 1215, one or more antennas 1225, at least one memory 1230, code 1235, and at least one processor 1240. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1245) .
[0229] The I / O controller 1210 may manage input and output signals for the device 1205. The I / O controller 1210 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1205. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may utilize an operating system such as or another operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1210 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1240. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1205 via the I / O controller 1210 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1210.
[0230] In some cases, the device 1205 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1205 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1215 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1225 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1215 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1215 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1225 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1225. The transceiver 1215, or the transceiver 1215 and one or more antennas 1225, may be an example of a transmitter 915, a transmitter 1015, a receiver 910, a receiver 1010, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0231] The at least one memory 1230 may include RAM and ROM. The at least one memory 1230 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1235. The code 1235 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1240, cause the device 1205 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1235 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1235 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1240 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1230 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0232] The at least one processor 1240 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1240 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1240. The at least one processor 1240 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1230) to cause the device 1205 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications) . For example, the device 1205 or a component of the device 1205 may include at least one processor 1240 and at least one memory 1230 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1240, the at least one processor 1240 and the at least one memory 1230 configured to perform various functions described herein.
[0233] In some aspects, the at least one processor 1240 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1230 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 1240 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1240) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1230) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1240 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1240 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1205 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1235 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1230 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0234] The communications manager 1220 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a network entity via a first communication interface. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, where the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0235] By including or configuring the communications manager 1220 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1205 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, improved user experience related to reduced processing, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, longer battery life, improved utilization of processing capability, or any combination thereof.
[0236] In some aspects, the communications manager 1220 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1215, the one or more antennas 1225, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1220 is illustrated as a separate component, in some aspects, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1220 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1240, the at least one memory 1230, the code 1235, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1235 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1240 to cause the device 1205 to perform various aspects of level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications as described herein, or the at least one processor 1240 and the at least one memory 1230 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0237] FIG. 13 shows a block diagram 1300 of a device 1305 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The device 1305 may be an example of aspects of an AIoT device as described herein. The device 1305 may include a receiver 1310, a transmitter 1315, and a communications manager 1320. The device 1305, or one or more components of the device 1305 (e.g., the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, the communications manager 1320) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0238] The receiver 1310 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1305. The receiver 1310 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0239] The transmitter 1315 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1305. For example, the transmitter 1315 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications) . In some aspects, the transmitter 1315 may be co-located with a receiver 1310 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1315 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0240] The communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0241] In some aspects, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0242] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0243] In some aspects, the communications manager 1320 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both. For example, the communications manager 1320 may receive information from the receiver 1310, send information to the transmitter 1315, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0244] The communications manager 1320 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1320 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a reader device via a first communication interface, where the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0245] By including or configuring the communications manager 1320 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1305 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, the communications manager 1320, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, or any combination thereof.
[0246] FIG. 14 shows a block diagram 1400 of a device 1405 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The device 1405 may be an example of aspects of a device 1305 or an AIoT device as described herein. The device 1405 may include a receiver 1410, a transmitter 1415, and a communications manager 1420. The device 1405, or one or more components of the device 1405 (e.g., the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, the communications manager 1420) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0247] The receiver 1410 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1405. The receiver 1410 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0248] The transmitter 1415 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1405. For example, the transmitter 1415 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications) . In some aspects, the transmitter 1415 may be co-located with a receiver 1410 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1415 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0249] The device 1405, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1420 may include an AIoT communication interface component 1425, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1420 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1320 as described herein. In some aspects, the communications manager 1420, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, or both. For example, the communications manager 1420 may receive information from the receiver 1410, send information to the transmitter 1415, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0250] The communications manager 1420 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The AIoT communication interface component 1425 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a reader device via a first communication interface, where the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0251] FIG. 15 shows a block diagram 1500 of a communications manager 1520 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The communications manager 1520 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1320, a communications manager 1420, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1520, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1520 may include an AIoT communication interface component 1525, a L2 functionality configuration component 1530, a segmentation component 1535, a discard component 1540, an identification component 1545, a duplication component 1550, a L2 reset component 1555, a L2 functionality activation component 1560, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0252] The communications manager 1520 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The AIoT communication interface component 1525 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a reader device via a first communication interface, where the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0253] In some aspects, at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are preconfigured at the AIoT device, dynamically configured through signaling received at the AIoT device, or autonomously triggered based on satisfaction of one or more communication conditions.
[0254] In some aspects, the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are configured for forward link communications to the AIoT device, for backward link communications from the AIoT device, or both.
[0255] In some aspects, the L2 functionality activation component 1560 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for deactivating or switching the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities based on an amount of energy harvested at the AIoT device, a quantity of packets to be communicated between the reader device and the AIoT device, radio conditions between the AIoT device and reader, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the L2 functionality activation component 1560 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting an indication of the deactivation or switch to the reader device.
[0256] In some aspects, the segmentation component 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the segmentation component 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field including less than six bits that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment and a segment offset field including less than sixteen bits that indicates a position of the corresponding packet segment within the set of multiple packet segments.
[0257] In some aspects, the segmentation component 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple packet segments, where the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the segmentation component 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a set of multiple L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments, each L2 header further including a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segment end field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment is a last packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments.
[0258] In some aspects, the discard component 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the discard component 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment. In some aspects, the discard component 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the set of multiple packet segments was not received. In some aspects, the discard component 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for discarding the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.
[0259] In some aspects, the discard component 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a first set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, where the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the discard component 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment. In some aspects, the discard component 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to successfully receiving a third packet segment of a second set of multiple packet segments, where an expiry of the reassembly timer triggers a discarding of the stored at least one packet segment.
[0260] In some aspects, the discard component 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled based on receiving a fourth packet segment of a third set of multiple packet segments corresponding to a third complete packet or receiving multiple packets of the first set of multiple packet segments out of order. In some aspects, the discard component 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for stopping, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the reassembly timer in response to determining that the first set of multiple packet segments cannot be reassembled.
[0261] In some aspects, the identification component 1545 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the reader device, where the packet identification functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the identification component 1545 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter including an identifier of the packet.
[0262] In some aspects, the duplication component 1550 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet, where the packet duplication functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the duplication component 1550 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.
[0263] In some aspects, the duplication component 1550 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for discarding, in accordance with a packet duplication detection functionality, the one or more repetitions of the first packet based on successfully communicating the first packet, where the packet duplication detection functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0264] In some aspects, the L2 reset component 1555 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for starting, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, an L2 reset timer in response to detecting that the reader device has flushed one or more first L2 state variables at the reader device, where the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities. In some aspects, the L2 reset component 1555 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for in response to an expiry of the L2 reset timer and in accordance with the L2 reset functionality, flushing one or more second L2 state variables at the AIoT device.
[0265] In some aspects, the L2 reset component 1555 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for flush, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, one or more L2 state variables at the AIoT device based on obtaining a second session identifier that differs from a previously-obtained first session identifier, where the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0266] FIG. 16 shows a diagram of a system 1600 including a device 1605 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The device 1605 may be an example of or include components of a device 1305, a device 1405, or an AIoT device as described herein. The device 1605 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1620, an I / O controller, such as an I / O controller 1610, a transceiver 1615, one or more antennas 1625, at least one memory 1630, code 1635, and at least one processor 1640. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1645) .
[0267] The I / O controller 1610 may manage input and output signals for the device 1605. The I / O controller 1610 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1605. In some cases, the I / O controller 1610 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1610 may utilize an operating system such as or another operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1610 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1610 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1640. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1605 via the I / O controller 1610 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1610.
[0268] In some cases, the device 1605 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1605 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1615 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1625 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1615 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1615 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1625 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1625. The transceiver 1615, or the transceiver 1615 and one or more antennas 1625, may be an example of a transmitter 1315, a transmitter 1415, a receiver 1310, a receiver 1410, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0269] The at least one memory 1630 may include RAM and ROM. The at least one memory 1630 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1635. The code 1635 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1640, cause the device 1605 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1635 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1635 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1640 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1630 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0270] The at least one processor 1640 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1640 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1640. The at least one processor 1640 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1630) to cause the device 1605 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications) . For example, the device 1605 or a component of the device 1605 may include at least one processor 1640 and at least one memory 1630 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1640, the at least one processor 1640 and the at least one memory 1630 configured to perform various functions described herein.
[0271] In some aspects, the at least one processor 1640 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1630 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 1640 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1640) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1630) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1640 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1640 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1605 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1635 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1630 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0272] The communications manager 1620 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for communicating with a reader device via a first communication interface, where the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0273] By including or configuring the communications manager 1620 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1605 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, improved user experience related to reduced processing, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, longer battery life, improved utilization of processing capability, or any combination thereof.
[0274] In some aspects, the communications manager 1620 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1615, the one or more antennas 1625, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1620 is illustrated as a separate component, in some aspects, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1620 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1640, the at least one memory 1630, the code 1635, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1635 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1640 to cause the device 1605 to perform various aspects of level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications as described herein, or the at least one processor 1640 and the at least one memory 1630 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0275] FIG. 17 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1700 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The operations of the method 1700 may be implemented by a reader device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1700 may be performed by a reader device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 12. In some aspects, a reader device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the reader device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0276] At 1705, the method may include communicating with a network entity via a first communication interface. The operations of 1705 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1705 may be performed by a first communication interface component 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0277] At 1710, the method may include communicating with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface. The operations of 1710 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1710 may be performed by a second communication interface component 1130 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0278] At 1715, the method may include communicating with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, where the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device. The operations of 1715 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1715 may be performed by an AIoT communication interface component 1135 as described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0279] FIG. 18 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1800 that supports level 2 functionalities for ambient internet of things communications in accordance with one or more examples as disclosed herein. The operations of the method 1800 may be implemented by an AIoT device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1800 may be performed by an AIoT device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 8 and 13 through 16. In some aspects, an AIoT device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the AIoT device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the AIoT device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0280] At 1805, the method may include communicating with a reader device via a first communication interface, where the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and where the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device. The operations of 1805 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1805 may be performed by an AIoT communication interface component 1525 as described with reference to FIG. 15.
[0281] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0282] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communications at a reader device, the method comprising: communicating with a network entity via a first communication interface; communicating with a core network function or an application server via a second communication interface; and communicating with an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device via a third communication interface, wherein the reader device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the AIoT device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and wherein the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0283] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are preconfigured at the reader device, dynamically configured through signaling received at the reader device, or autonomously triggered based on satisfaction of one or more communication conditions.
[0284] Aspect 3: The method of aspect 2, wherein the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are configured for forward link communications to the AIoT device, for backward link communications from the AIoT device, or both.
[0285] Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 2 through 3, further comprising: deactivating or switching the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities based on an amount of energy harvested at the AIoT device, a quantity of packets to be communicated between the reader device and the AIoT device, radio conditions between the AIoT device and reader, or any combination thereof; and transmitting an indication of the deactivation or the switch to the AIoT device.
[0286] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4, further comprising: communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of packet segments, wherein the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; and communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the plurality of packet segments, each L2 header further comprising a segment number field comprising less than six bits that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment and a segment offset field comprising less than sixteen bits that indicates a position of the corresponding packet segment within the plurality of packet segments.
[0287] Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1 through 5, further comprising: communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of packet segments, wherein the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; and communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the plurality of packet segments, each L2 header further comprising a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segment end field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment is a last packet segment of the plurality of packet segments.
[0288] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, further comprising: receiving, from the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a plurality of packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, wherein the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment; starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the plurality of packet segments was not received; and discarding the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.
[0289] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, further comprising: receiving, from the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a first plurality of packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, wherein the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment; and starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to successfully receiving a third packet segment of a second plurality of packet segments, wherein an expiry of the reassembly timer triggers a discarding of the stored at least one packet segment.
[0290] Aspect 9: The method of aspect 8, further comprising: determining, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, that the first plurality of packet segments cannot be reassembled based on receiving a fourth packet segment of a third plurality of packet segments corresponding to a third complete packet or receiving multiple packets of the first plurality of packet segments out of order; and stop, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the reassembly timer in response to determining that the first plurality of packet segments cannot be reassembled.
[0291] Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 through 9, further comprising: communicating, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the AIoT device, wherein the packet identification functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; and communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter comprising an identifier of the packet.
[0292] Aspect 11: The method of any of aspects 1 through 10, further comprising: communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet, wherein the packet duplication functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; and communicating, with the AIoT device and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.
[0293] Aspect 12: The method of aspect 11, further comprising: discarding, in accordance with a packet duplication detection functionality, the one or more repetitions of the first packet based on successfully communicating the first packet, wherein the packet duplication detection functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0294] Aspect 13: The method of any of aspects 1 through 12, further comprising: starting, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, an L2 reset timer in response to detecting that the AIoT device has flushed one or more first L2 state variables at the AIoT device, wherein the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; and in response to an expiry of the L2 reset timer and in accordance with the L2 reset functionality, flushing one or more second L2 state variables at the reader device.
[0295] Aspect 14: The method of any of aspects 1 through 13, further comprising: flushing, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, one or more L2 state variables at the reader device based on obtaining a second session identifier that differs from a previously-obtained first session identifier, wherein the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0296] Aspect 15: A method for wireless communications at an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device, the method comprising: communicating with a reader device via a first communication interface, wherein the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and wherein the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
[0297] Aspect 16: The method of aspect 15, wherein at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are preconfigured at the AIoT device, dynamically configured through signaling received at the AIoT device, or autonomously triggered based on satisfaction of one or more communication conditions.
[0298] Aspect 17: The method of aspect 16, wherein the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are configured for forward link communications to the AIoT device, for backward link communications from the AIoT device, or both.
[0299] Aspect 18: The method of any of aspects 16 through 17, further comprising: deactivating or switching the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities based on an amount of energy harvested at the AIoT device, a quantity of packets to be communicated between the reader device and the AIoT device, radio conditions between the AIoT device and reader, or any combination thereof; and transmitting an indication of the deactivation or switch to the reader device.
[0300] Aspect 19: The method of any of aspects 15 through 18, further comprising: communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of packet segments, wherein the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; and communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the plurality of packet segments, each L2 header further comprising a segment number field comprising less than six bits that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment and a segment offset field comprising less than sixteen bits that indicates a position of the corresponding packet segment within the plurality of packet segments.
[0301] Aspect 20: The method of any of aspects 15 through 19, further comprising: communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of packet segments, wherein the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; and communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the plurality of packet segments, each L2 header further comprising a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segment end field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment is a last packet segment of the plurality of packet segments.
[0302] Aspect 21: The method of any of aspects 15 through 20, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a plurality of packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, wherein the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment; starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the plurality of packet segments was not received; and discarding the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.
[0303] Aspect 22: The method of any of aspects 15 through 21, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a first plurality of packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, wherein the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment; and starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to successfully receiving a third packet segment of a second plurality of packet segments, wherein an expiry of the reassembly timer triggers a discarding of the stored at least one packet segment.
[0304] Aspect 23: The method of aspect 22, further comprising: determining, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, that the first plurality of packet segments cannot be reassembled based on receiving a fourth packet segment of a third plurality of packet segments corresponding to a third complete packet or receiving multiple packets of the first plurality of packet segments out of order; and stopping, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the reassembly timer in response to determining that the first plurality of packet segments cannot be reassembled.
[0305] Aspect 24: The method of any of aspects 15 through 23, further comprising: communicating, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the reader device, wherein the packet identification functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; and communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter comprising an identifier of the packet.
[0306] Aspect 25: The method of any of aspects 15 through 24, further comprising: communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet, wherein the packet duplication functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; and communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.
[0307] Aspect 26: The method of aspect 25, further comprising: discarding, in accordance with a packet duplication detection functionality, the one or more repetitions of the first packet based on successfully communicating the first packet, wherein the packet duplication detection functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0308] Aspect 27: The method of any of aspects 15 through 26, further comprising: starting, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, an L2 reset timer in response to detecting that the reader device has flushed one or more first L2 state variables at the reader device, wherein the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; and in response to an expiry of the L2 reset timer and in accordance with the L2 reset functionality, flushing one or more second L2 state variables at the AIoT device.
[0309] Aspect 28: The method of any of aspects 15 through 27, further comprising: flush, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, one or more L2 state variables at the AIoT device based on obtaining a second session identifier that differs from a previously-obtained first session identifier, wherein the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.
[0310] Aspect 29: A reader device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the reader device to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 14.
[0311] Aspect 30: A reader device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 14.
[0312] Aspect 31: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 14.
[0313] Aspect 32: An ambient internet of things (AIoT) device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the ambient internet of things (AIoT) device to perform a method of any of aspects 15 through 28.
[0314] Aspect 33: An ambient internet of things (AIoT) device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 15 through 28.
[0315] Aspect 34: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 15 through 28.
[0316] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0317] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0318] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0319] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a neural processing unit (NPU) , an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0320] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0321] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0322] As used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” unless limiting language is used relative to the alternatives listed. For example, reference to “X being based on A or B” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A, X being based on B, and X being based on A and B. In this regard, reference to “X being based on A or B” refers to “at least one of A or B” or “one or more of A or B” due to “or” being inclusive. Similarly, reference to “X being based on A, B, or C” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A, X being based on B, X being based on C, X being based on A and B, X being based on A and C, X being based on B and C, and X being based on A, B, and C. In this regard, reference to “X being based on A, B, or C” refers to “at least one of A, B, or C” or “one or more of A, B, or C” due to “or” being inclusive. As an example of limiting language, reference to “X being based on only one of A or B” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A as well as X being based on B, but not X being based on A and B. Also , as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently. Also , as used herein, the phrase “a set” shall be construed as including the possibility of a set with one member. That is, the phrase “a set” shall be construed in the same manner as “one or more” or “at least one of. ”
[0323] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “a component” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ”
[0324] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory) , and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.
[0325] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.
[0326] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, some structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0327] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.An ambient internet of things (AIoT) device, comprising:a processing system configured to:communicate with a reader device via a first communication interface, wherein the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and wherein the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.2.The AIoT device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are preconfigured at the AIoT device, dynamically configured through signaling received at the AIoT device, or autonomously triggered based on satisfaction of one or more communications conditions.3.The AIoT device of claim 2, wherein the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities are configured for forward link communications to the AIoT device, for back link communications from the AIoT device, or both.4.The AIoT device of claim 2, wherein the processing system is further configured to:activate or deactivate the at least one of the one or more L2 functionalities based on an amount of energy harvested at the AIoT device, a quantity of packets to be communicated between the reader device and the AIoT device, or both; andtransmit an indication of the activation or the deactivation to the reader device.5.The AIoT device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to:communicate, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of packet segments, wherein the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; andcommunicate, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the plurality of packet segments, each L2 header further comprising a segment number field comprising four bits that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment and a segment offset field comprising seven bits that indicates a position of the corresponding packet segment within the plurality of packet segments.6.The AIoT device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to:communicate, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of packet segments, wherein the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; andcommunicate, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the plurality of packet segments, each L2 header further comprising a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segmentation information field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment is a first packet segment, a middle packet segment, or a last packet segment of the plurality of packet segments.7.The AIoT device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to:receive, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a plurality of packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, wherein the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities;store, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment;start, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the plurality of packet segments was not received; anddiscard the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.8.The AIoT device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to:receive, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a first plurality of packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, wherein the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities;store, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment; andstart, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to receiving a third packet segment of a second plurality of packet segments, wherein an expiry of the reassembly timer triggers a discarding of the stored at least one packet segment.9.The AIoT device of claim 8, wherein the processing system is further configured to:determine, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, that the first plurality of packet segments cannot be reassembled based on receiving a fourth packet segment of a third plurality of packet segments corresponding to a third complete packet or receiving multiple packets of the first plurality of packet segments out of order; andstop, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the reassembly timer in response to determining that the first plurality of packet segments cannot be reassembled.10.The AIoT device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to:communicate, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the reader device, wherein the packet identification functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; andcommunicate, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter comprising an identifier of the packet.11.The AIoT device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to:communicate, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet, wherein the packet duplication functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; andcommunicate, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.12.The AIoT device of claim 11, wherein the processing system is further configured to:discard, in accordance with a packet duplication detection functionality, the one or more repetitions of the first packet based on successfully communicating the first packet, wherein the packet duplication detection functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.13.The AIoT device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to:start, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, an L2 reset timer in response to detecting that the reader device has flushed one or more first L2 state variables at the reader device, wherein the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; andin response to an expiry of the L2 reset timer and in accordance with the L2 reset functionality, flush one or more second L2 state variables at the AIoT device.14.The AIoT device of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to:flush, in accordance with an L2 reset functionality, one or more L2 state variables at the AIoT device based on obtaining a second session identifier that differs from a previously-obtained first session identifier, wherein the L2 reset functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities.15.A method of wireless communications performed by an ambient internet of things (AIoT) device, comprising:communicating with a reader device via a first communication interface, wherein the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and wherein the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.16.The method of claim 15, further comprising:communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of packet segments, wherein the packet segmentation functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; andcommunicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet segmentation functionality, a plurality of L2 headers, each L2 header associated with a corresponding packet segment of the plurality of packet segments, each L2 header further comprising a segment number field that indicates a segment number associated with the corresponding packet segment, and a segmentation information field that indicates whether the corresponding packet segment is a first packet segment, a middle packet segment, or a last packet segment of the plurality of packet segments.17.The method of claim 15, further comprising:receiving, from the reader device and in accordance with a packet discard functionality, at least one packet segment of a plurality of packet segments corresponding to a first complete packet, wherein the packet discard functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities;storing, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, the at least one packet segment;starting, in accordance with the packet discard functionality, a reassembly timer in response to determining that a second packet segment of the plurality of packet segments was not received; anddiscarding the stored at least one packet segment in response to expiry of the reassembly timer and in accordance with the packet discard functionality.18.The method of claim 15, further comprising:communicating, in accordance with a packet identification functionality, a packet with the reader device, wherein the packet identification functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; andcommunicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet identification functionality, a packet identification parameter associated with the packet, the packet identification parameter comprising an identifier of the packet.19.The method of claim 15, further comprising:communicating, with the reader device and in accordance with a packet duplication functionality, a first packet, wherein the packet duplication functionality is one of the one or more L2 functionalities; andcommunicating, with the reader device and in accordance with the packet duplication functionality, one or more repetitions of the first packet.20.An ambient internet of things (AIoT) device, comprising:means for communicating with a reader device via a first communication interface, wherein the AIoT device supports layer 2 (L2) communications to and from the reader device in accordance with one or more L2 functionalities, and wherein the AIoT device has a capability to perform energy harvesting and to transmit backscattered communications over a communication link with the reader device.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Communication method and apparatus
WO2023071977A1
Physical layer (PHY) security for passive internet of things (IOT) devices
WO2023225929A1