Device and method for distilling polyisocyanates

Abstract

The invention relates to a distillation device for separating monomer diisocyanate from a polyisocyanate composition. The distillation device comprises: at least one pre-evaporation device comprising a first inlet for the polyisocyanate composition to be distilled, comprising a pre-evaporator that has a first interior, comprising a first gas outlet for evaporated components, comprising a first liquid outlet for non-evaporated components of the polyisocyanate composition, and comprising at least one first condenser associated with the first gas outlet; at least one thin-film evaporation device comprising a second inlet for the non-evaporated components of the polyisocyanate composition, comprising a thin-film evaporator having a second interior, comprising a second gas outlet for evaporated components, comprising a second liquid outlet for the polyisocyanate composition from which unreacted isocyanate has been substantially removed, and comprising at least one second condenser associated with the second gas outlet; and a vacuum generating device comprising at least one vacuum pump and designed to generate a pressure P1 in the interior of the pre-evaporator of the at least one pre-evaporation device and a pressure P2, where P2<P1, in the interior of the thin-film evaporator of the at least one thin-film evaporation device, characterized in that the first liquid outlet is connected to the second inlet via a connecting line which comprises a siphon designed to produce a pressure seal between the first interior and the second interior.

Description

[0001] Apparatus and method for distilling polyisocyanates

[0002] The present invention relates to a process for producing low-monomer polyisocyanates and to an apparatus for distilling polyisocyanates.

[0003] Modification reactions of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic diisocyanates have long been known. The resulting polyisocyanates are used as crosslinking components in coating systems and adhesives. Common modification reactions involve the isocyanates reacting with themselves, leading to the formation of, for example, biurets, isocyanurates, uretdiones, or iminooxadiazinediones. Alternatively, the isocyanates can be reacted with polyols or polyamines to form urethane, allophanate, and / or urea groups, thus oligomerizing. The decisive factor is the formation of higher molecular weight adducts, which have a lower vapor pressure than the monomeric diisocyanates themselves. Unreacted diisocyanate is separated from the reaction mixture, for example, by thin-film distillation, leaving the polyisocyanate as the bottom product, which can be diluted with solvent if desired.

[0004] The catalytic production of polyisocyanates and the distillative removal of unreacted diisocyanate from a polyisocyanate mixture is described in detail in W02008 / 068198A1, for example. The removal of the monomeric diisocyanate is preferably carried out in a multi-stage distillation at temperatures between 90 and 220 °C under vacuum. The pressure preferably decreases from stage to stage, reaching 0.1 to 10 hPa in the last stage. Flash, falling film, thin-film, and / or short-path evaporators are used as apparatus, the latter being preferably used in the last stage of the distillation, since they have a low pressure drop due to their design and therefore enable a particularly low pressure. In this way, the monomeric diisocyanate can be removed gently. It is expressly pointed out that the thermal load must be kept as low as possible, for example byIntermediate tanks and storage tanks are omitted, or sump volumes are kept small and pipelines short. The distillate, i.e., the monomeric diisocyanate, is preferentially recycled to the reaction and can, if necessary, be subjected to additional treatment to improve the color number, such as filtration. The condensation of the distillate and the associated problems are not discussed.

[0005] DE102004038784A1 also describes the distillative removal of unreacted diisocyanate from a polyisocyanate mixture. Distillation is carried out using at least one short-path evaporator, optionally in combination with other evaporators. The process conditions range from 5 mbar to 10'. 4mbar and an evaporator temperature of 30 to 230 °C. In one embodiment, monomeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate is separated by distillation at 0.05 mbar and an evaporator temperature of 177 °C, and the evaporated monomeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate is condensed at 50 °C.

[0006] EP1426393A2 describes the preparation of low-monomer polyisocyanates containing uretdione groups. The examples describe the distillative removal of hexamethylene diisocyanate from the polyisocyanate mixture. This is carried out using a short-path evaporator with a pre-evaporator at a pressure of 0.1 to 0.5 mbar and a heating medium temperature of 140 to 150 °C. Unreacted monomer and the catalyst are separated in this way, and the distillate is reused for the reaction.

[0007] WO2021008908A1 also describes a process for the distillation of polyisocyanates. The vapors are condensed in at least two stages at different condenser temperatures. The distillation itself also takes place in several stages, with the pressure preferably being reduced from stage to stage. The pressure in the first stage is preferably in the range of 2 to 100 mbar, and the pressure in the last stage is preferably between 0.005 and 10 mbar. The exemplary embodiment describes a three-stage vacuum system with one vacuum pump for each distillation stage, with the vacuum pumps installed in series.The devices are connected as follows: The first distillation stage with a pressure of 25 mbar is integrated between the second and third vacuum pumps, the second distillation stage with a pressure of 7 mbar between the first and second vacuum pumps and the last distillation stage with a pressure of 1.4 mbar on the suction side of the first vacuum pump.

[0008] In summary, the distillative separation of monomeric diisocyanate from polyisocyanates requires very low pressure. Due to the sometimes quite high monomer content of the raw materials, distillation on an industrial scale is usually carried out in several stages, with different pressures prevailing in each stage. The final stage, in particular, which is exposed to only a small amount of monomer, is operated at a very low pressure. A single-stage distillation on an industrial scale would be limited by the vapor pressure of the monomer and would also require very large equipment, which in turn would be difficult to bring to the required pressure level and would also involve very high investment costs.

[0009] Pressure fluctuations in the distillation system result in operational disadvantages. On the one hand, there is increased entrainment of droplets of the higher-boiling polyisocyanate with the distilled monomer. This leads not only to yield losses but also to stubborn deposits at the top of the respective distillation apparatus and in the downstream pipes and equipment, such as condensers. Quality can also be impaired if the distillate is reused to produce further polyisocyanate. On the other hand, the separation of the monomer from the polyisocyanate is impaired, so that the residual monomer content in the polyisocyanate is too high under otherwise identical conditions.

[0010] It has now been shown that such pressure fluctuations in the distillation of polyisocyanates in a multi-stage distillation system consisting of one or more pre-evaporators and a thin-film evaporator can often be traced back to inadequate separation of the pressure stages. In principle, there are numerous ways to implement this separation, many of which either do not avoid the problems described or are accompanied by other disadvantages.

[0011] The objective was therefore to provide a process and apparatus for the multi-stage distillation of polyisocyanates, with a reliable and low-maintenance separation of the pressure stages, enabling consistent operation. Various considerations and tests were conducted for this purpose within the scope of the present invention.

[0012] A simple and common measure would be to install a spring-loaded pressure relief valve in the connecting line between the last pre-evaporator and the thin-film evaporator. However, the generally quite small pressure difference, which lies below the typical operating ranges of such valves, poses problems with this measure. Even if a pressure relief valve with a suitable operating range can be found, it will lead to fluctuations in the feed stream of the thin-film evaporator during operation, which reacts sensitively to such fluctuations. Furthermore, there is a risk that moving parts of the pressure relief valve will become permanently clogged by higher-molecular-weight components of the polyisocyanate composition, impairing its function.

[0013] Another option is to implement level control in the pre-evaporator separator using a control valve. This allows the outflow of the non-evaporated portions of the polyisocyanate composition to be regulated in such a way that a certain liquid level remains in the sump of the separator, ensuring the desired pressure relief, while reducing fluctuations compared to the use of a pressure-maintaining valve. This measure is expensive, as appropriate sensors and actuators are required for implementation, but it is also prone to errors. Continuous operation repeatedly leads to problems with level measurement and the control valve becomes clogged or blocked by higher molecular weight components of the polyisocyanate composition.

[0014] The same applies to the possibility of implementing level control, for example, with a gear pump, which is often used for consistent, low-pulsation pumping and can provide pressure relief. Here, too, moving parts can become clogged by the pumped medium. Since this is a forced-feed pump, there is also the risk of an uncontrolled pressure buildup, which must be mitigated by appropriate measures, thus further increasing the investment costs and maintenance effort. In addition, a level control system upstream of the pump must be installed to ensure that the pump does not run dry.

[0015] The use of a perforated orifice plate to restrict the outflow of the non-evaporated portions of the polyisocyanate composition is also conceivable. The advantage of this solution is that it does not require moving parts or complex control technology. However, the disadvantage is that the sometimes small pressure difference makes the design of the orifice plate difficult, and its function is dependent on the throughput and only works within a very narrow load range, which is undesirable in practical operation.

[0016] Surprisingly, the problem was solved by integrating a siphon into the connecting line between the final pre-evaporator and the thin-film evaporator. This allows for a free and constant outflow of the non-evaporated portions of the polyisocyanate composition, while simultaneously acting as a barrier fluid, creating a pressure barrier. The siphon operates largely independently of load and requires no moving parts. The design for the desired pressure difference is simply determined by the height provided in the siphon for the barrier fluid column.

[0017] Various types of siphons can be used. Suitable examples include tubular siphons, which are usually U-shaped, bottle siphons, baffle siphons, or bell siphons. Tubular siphons have the advantage over the other designs mentioned in that they are less prone to sedimentation, but they require more space. Regardless of the shape of the siphon used, it is advantageous if it has a drain valve at or near the lowest point.

[0018] Thus, a first subject matter of the invention is a distillation apparatus for separating monomeric diisocyanate from a polyisocyanate composition, comprising or consisting of a. at least one pre-evaporation device comprising a first inlet for the polyisocyanate composition to be distilled, a pre-evaporator with a first interior space, a first gas outlet for evaporated components, a first liquid outlet for non-evaporated components of the polyisocyanate composition and at least one first condenser associated with the first gas outlet, b.at least one thin-film evaporation device comprising a second inlet for the non-evaporated components of the polyisocyanate composition, a thin-film evaporator with a second interior space, a second gas outlet for evaporated components, a second liquid outlet for the polyisocyanate composition largely freed from monomeric diisocyanate and at least one second condenser associated with the second gas outlet, and c.a vacuum generating device comprising at least one vacuum pump, which is designed to generate a pressure PI in the interior of the pre-evaporator of the at least one pre-evaporation device and a pressure P2 with P2 <P1 im Innenraum des Dünnschichtverdampfers der wenigstens einen Dünnschichtverdampfungseinrichtung zu erreichen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der erste Flüssigkeitsauslass mit dem zweiten Einlass über eine Verbindungsleitung verbunden ist, die einen Siphon umfasst, der dazu eingerichtet ist, einen Druckabschluss zwischen dem ersten Innenraum und dem zweiten Innenraum herzustellen.

[0019] In the context of this invention, the word "a" in connection with countable quantities is to be understood merely as an indefinite article and as a numeral only if this is explicitly stated, for example, by the addition "exactly one." Expressions such as "a line" or "a vacuum pump" therefore do not exclude the possibility of the presence of additional lines or vacuum pumps.

[0020] Preferably, the terms “comprising” or “containing” according to the invention mean “consisting essentially of” and particularly preferably “consisting of”.

[0021] In this context, "polyisocyanate" refers to an isocyanate produced by modification of a diisocyanate, in which at least two diisocyanate molecules are incorporated into the polyisocyanate. Such polyisocyanates are also referred to below as polyisocyanate compositions and, more generally, as paint polyisocyanates. "Polyisocyanate" therefore expressly does not refer to an isocyanate obtained directly from the phosgenation reaction of a di- or polyamine. Such isocyanates obtained from phosgenation are referred to herein as monomeric isocyanates or monomeric diisocyanates.

[0022] The pre-evaporation device, the thin-film evaporation device, the vacuum generation device and the connecting line can independently comprise further devices which are useful for the operation of the distillation device, such as storage vessels, heat exchangers, mixing devices, conveying devices, inerting devices, discharge vessels or control technology.

[0023] In the present case, a thin-film evaporation device is understood, as will be obvious to those skilled in the art, to mean evaporation devices in which the liquid film is spread across the heating wall not only by gravity, but also by a mechanical wiper system. The thin-film evaporation device preferably comprises one or more heating sections, i.e., externally heated tubes, inside which a wiper system rotates. The wiper system preferably consists of a rotor with fixed or movable wiper blades attached to it. A distinction is made between wall-mounted rotors, in which the wiper blades brush directly along the heating wall, and non-wall-mounted rotors, in which the wiper blades brush past the heating wall at a very short distance, preferably 0.2 mm to 3 mm.

[0024] In a preferred embodiment of the distillation device according to the invention, the siphon is designed as a tubular siphon, bottle siphon, baffle siphon, or bell-shaped siphon. The siphon is particularly preferably designed as a tubular siphon or bell-shaped siphon, and most preferably as a tubular siphon. The siphon is preferably configured to achieve a sealing liquid height h of at least 25 mm, preferably at least 50 mm, particularly preferably at least 100 mm, and most preferably at least 150 mm. In principle, it is also possible to integrate several siphons (siphon 1, siphon 2, ..., up to siphon n) in series into the connecting line, which can offer advantages, for example, in limited space. In this case, the relevant sealing liquid height h is the sum of the respective sealing liquid heights h(siphon 1) + h(siphon 2) + ... + h(siphon n).Preferably, the siphon and / or other parts of the connecting line are designed to be heatable, for example with a double jacket or electrical trace heating.

[0025] It is also possible to construct the connecting line not as a single connecting line, but rather to use two or more lines running side by side. In this case, according to the invention, all lines must be equipped with at least one siphon for pressure relief.

[0026] The preferred embodiment is one with exactly one connecting line, which has exactly one siphon for pressure relief.

[0027] The pre-evaporator can be, for example, a falling-film evaporator, circulation evaporator, flash evaporator, plate evaporator, or vessel evaporator. Due to the gentle operating conditions, falling-film evaporators, in which evaporation occurs from a thin film and thus even at small temperature differences between the evaporator surface and the polyisocyanate composition, are particularly preferred. Particularly suitable falling-film evaporators are, for example, shell-and-tube downcomer evaporators with several, essentially vertically arranged, essentially parallel evaporator tubes. It is also possible to combine several pre-evaporators in the pre-evaporation device. This can be done either in parallel or in at least two stages connected in series, with the liquid withdrawn from the bottom of one pre-evaporator then serving as the feed for another pre-evaporator.

[0028] The pre-evaporator typically features a distributor that ensures even distribution of the polyisocyanate composition to be distilled across the pre-evaporator's heating surfaces. Optionally, the pre-evaporator's first gas outlet can be equipped with a droplet separator to reduce the entrainment of polyisocyanate droplets with the distillate.

[0029] At least one condenser is assigned to the first gas outlet, which is designed to largely condense the vapors from the pre-evaporator containing monomeric diisocyanate. In a preferred embodiment, at least two, particularly preferably exactly two, condensers are assigned to the first gas outlet, which are connected to the pre-evaporator and the vacuum generation device in such a way that the vapors from the pre-evaporator pass through the condensers one after the other on their way to the vacuum system. Each subsequent condenser expediently has the same or a lower, preferably a lower, temperature than the previous one. Suitable condensers are, in particular, tube bundle heat exchangers. As a rule, condensation takes place outside the pre-evaporator, so that in this case, they are referred to as external or external condensers.However, it is also conceivable to integrate one or more condensers as internal (or “inside”) condensers into the pre-evaporator, which then has a separate liquid discharge for the condensed vapors.

[0030] Suitable thin-film evaporators include, for example, rigid-blade rotor thin-film evaporators, wiper-flap thin-film evaporators or thin-film short-path evaporators.

[0031] The thin-film evaporator typically features a distributor that ensures even distribution of the polyisocyanate composition across the heating surfaces of the thin-film evaporator. Optionally, the second gas outlet, i.e., the gas outlet of the thin-film evaporator, can be equipped with a droplet separator to reduce the entrainment of polyisocyanate droplets with the distillate.

[0032] At least one condenser is assigned to the second gas outlet, which is designed to largely condense the vapors from the thin-film evaporator containing monomeric diisocyanate. In a preferred embodiment, at least two, particularly preferably exactly two or three condensers are assigned to the second gas outlet, which are connected to the thin-film evaporator and the vacuum generation device in such a way that the vapors from the thin-film evaporator pass through the condensers one after the other on their way to the vacuum system. Each subsequent condenser expediently has the same or a lower, preferably a lower, temperature than the previous one. Suitable condensers are, in particular, tube bundle heat exchangers. As a rule, condensation takes place outside the pre-evaporator, so that in this case, they are referred to as external or external condensers.However, it is also conceivable to integrate one or more condensers as internal (or "inside") condensers into the pre-evaporator, which would then have a separate liquid discharge for the condensed vapors. Short-path evaporators, for example, feature such an internal (or "inside") condenser, which therefore offers particularly low pressure drop and is preferred for applications with particularly high vacuum requirements.

[0033] The vacuum generation device is connected to the pre-evaporation device and the thin-film evaporation device via pipes or hoses, preferably pipes. It comprises at least one vacuum pump. The vacuum generation device is configured to draw gas from the first interior space of the pre-evaporator through the first gas outlet and gas from the second interior space of the thin-film evaporator through the second gas outlet. According to the invention, the vacuum system is designed to achieve a pressure P1 in the first interior space of the pre-evaporator and a pressure P2 in the second interior space of the thin-film evaporator, with P2 < P1.The device according to the invention is preferably designed to achieve a pressure PI in the interior of the pre-evaporator in the range from 100 Pa to 12,000 Pa, preferably 200 Pa to 4,000 Pa, particularly preferably 300 Pa to 2,500 Pa, whereby the pressure PI to be achieved is above the pressure P2 in the second interior of the thin-film evaporator. Likewise preferably, the device according to the invention is designed to achieve a pressure P2 in the second interior of the thin-film evaporator in the range from 0.1 Pa to 2,000 Pa, preferably 5 Pa to 1,000 Pa, particularly preferably 10 Pa to 100 Pa, whereby the pressure P2 to be achieved is below the pressure PI in the interior of the pre-evaporator. Most preferably, the device according to the invention is designed to achieve PI and P2 in the aforementioned ranges, wherein P2 < PI and the difference to be achieved dP = PI - P2 is in the range from 50 Pa to 10000 Pa, preferably 80 Pa to 2500 Pa.

[0034] Vacuum pumps can generally be pumps or compressors known to those skilled in the art for this application, such as diaphragm pumps, reciprocating piston pumps, rotary vane pumps, barrier vane pumps, Roots pumps, screw compressors, or liquid ring compressors. Roots pumps and / or liquid ring compressors are preferred as vacuum pumps. A combination of a backing pump and one or more main vacuum pumps is particularly preferred, with a liquid ring compressor preferably being used as the backing pump and one or more Roots pumps being used as the main vacuum pump(s).

[0035] In a further preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention, a heat exchanger is arranged downstream of the second liquid outlet of the thin-film evaporation device, i.e., the outlet for the polyisocyanate composition largely freed of monomeric diisocyanate by distillation. The heat exchanger is designed to cool this composition, preferably rapidly. The heat exchanger is preferably dimensioned such that the polyisocyanate composition largely freed of monomeric diisocyanate cools to a temperature below 100°C, preferably below 98°C, and particularly preferably below 96°C, in less than 5 minutes, particularly preferably less than 1 minute, after leaving the thin-film evaporator. Temperature control can ensure that the polyisocyanate composition largely freed of monomeric diisocyanate is not cooled excessively.Preferably, the heat exchanger and temperature control are configured to cool the polyisocyanate composition, which has been largely freed from monomeric diisocyanate, to a temperature in the range of 50 °C to 100 °C, particularly preferably 60 °C to 98 °C, and most preferably 70 °C to 96 °C. Suitable heat exchangers for cooling include, for example, plate heat exchangers, shell-and-tube heat exchangers, or double-tube heat exchangers.

[0036] A further subject of the invention is a process for separating monomeric diisocyanate from a polyisocyanate composition by at least two-stage distillation in a distillation apparatus comprising a pre-evaporator and a thin-film evaporator, characterized in that

[0037] • there is a pressure PI in the interior of the pre-evaporator and

[0038] • there is a pressure P2 in the interior of the thin-film evaporator, for which P2 applies <P1, wobei eine an monomerem Diisocyanat abgereicherte Polyisocyanatzusammensetzung als Sumpfprodukt des Vorverdampfers durch eine Verbindungsleitung umfassend einen Siphon in den Dünnschichtverdampfer geleitet wird.

[0039] In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the effluent polyisocyanate composition depleted in monomeric diisocyanate acts as a barrier liquid in the siphon.

[0040] In a further preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the pressure PI is in the range from 100 Pa to 12000 Pa, preferably from 200 Pa to 4000 Pa and particularly preferably from 300 Pa to 2500 Pa, and / or the temperature of the pre-evaporator is in the range from 110 °C to 200 °C, preferably from 120 °C to 190 °C and particularly preferably from 135 °C to 175 °C and the pressure P2 is in the range from 0.1 Pa to 2000 Pa, preferably from 5 Pa to 1000 Pa and particularly preferably from 10 Pa to 100 Pa and / or the temperature of the thin-film evaporator is in the range from 120 °C to 220 °C, preferably from 135 °C to 190 °C and particularly preferably from 140 °C to 175 °C, wherein the difference dP = Pl - P2 is in the range from 50 Pa to 10,000 Pa, preferably 80 Pa to 2,500 Pa. The siphon in the connecting line serves to separate the vacuum stages in the pre-evaporator and the thin-film evaporator.Since it does not require any moving parts, it is particularly suitable for the present application in the distillation of polyisocyanates. In order to function largely independently of load conditions, pressure and temperature fluctuations or even changing compositions of the feed stream, it is preferred that the barrier liquid in the siphon forms a pressure seal with a barrier liquid height h of at least 25 mm, preferably at least 50 mm, particularly preferably at least 100 mm and most preferably at least 150 mm. The higher the pressure difference between the two distillation stages, the higher the barrier liquid height of the siphon(s) should be. For the barrier liquid height h, the value of the barrier liquid height h in millimeters preferably corresponds to at least 10 times the value of the pressure difference dP in Pascal. If this condition is met, other parameters, e.g.The pressure loss in the connecting line is becoming increasingly important for the design of the distillation apparatus. Inadequate separation of the vacuum stages can lead to pressure fluctuations and resulting problems. This can lead to uncontrolled boiling in the pre-evaporator, resulting in increased entrainment of liquid into the condenser. Monomeric diisocyanate from the pre-evaporator can penetrate into the thin-film evaporator and overload it, preventing the desired product quality from being reliably achieved.

[0041] The polyisocyanate or polyisocyanate composition is, for example, the crude product of an isocyanate oligomerization, which still contains portions of unreacted monomeric diisocyanate. The oligomerization can occur either by reacting a monomeric diisocyanate with itself or with other compounds such as polyols, polythiols, or polyamines. The reaction preferably takes place in the presence of at least one catalyst and is stopped by deactivating the catalyst when a certain degree of conversion is reached. Deactivation can occur in various ways. It is preferably carried out by adding a compound that deactivates the respective catalyst. Some catalysts can also be thermally deactivated or removed from the reaction mixture to stop the reaction.Depending on the reaction carried out, the polyisocyanate composition preferably contains uretdione groups, isocyanurate groups, urethane groups, urea groups, biuret groups, iminooxadiazinedione groups, allophanate groups or combinations of these functional groups, particularly preferably isocyanurate groups, urethane groups, biuret groups, iminooxadiazinedione groups, or combinations of these functional groups and very particularly preferably isocyanurate groups and / or urethane groups. The combination of groups can be present within individual oligomer molecules and / or as a mixture of molecules with different functional groups. Suitable monomeric diisocyanates to be separated are generally all industrially available aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic diisocyanates which have a lower boiling point orat a given temperature, have a higher vapor pressure than the polyisocyanate from which they are to be separated. The monomeric diisocyanate to be separated is preferably the diisocyanate from which the polyisocyanate was formed by oligomerization, so that the polyisocyanate composition essentially comprises, or preferably consists of, the polyisocyanate and unreacted monomeric diisocyanate, as well as, if appropriate, residues of auxiliaries such as catalysts, solvents, and / or stoppers.Particularly preferred diisocyanates are those selected from the group consisting of 1,5-diisocyanatopentane (PDI), 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI), 1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI), 4,4'-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane, 2,4'-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane, bis-(isocyanatomethyl)-norbornane, 1,3- and 1,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)benzene (XDI), 2,4- and 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate (hereinafter referred to individually or jointly as tolylene diisocyanate or TDI), 2,4'- and 4,4'-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane (MDI) or a mixture of two or more diisocyanates from this group. Particularly preferably, the monomeric diisocyanate to be separated is a diisocyanate selected from the group consisting of 1,5-diisocyanatopentane, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, isophorone diisocyanate and tolylene diisocyanate or a mixture of two or more diisocyanates from this group.Most preferably, it is toluene diisocyanate or a mixture of toluene diisocyanate and 1,6-diisocyanatohexane or a mixture of toluene diisocyanate and 1,5-diisocyanatopentane.

[0042] The process according to the invention is particularly suitable for separating monomeric diisocyanates from polyisocyanate compositions, wherein the polyisocyanate composition before distillation preferably has a content of monomeric diisocyanate (monomer content) of at least 40 wt.%, preferably at least 50 wt.% and particularly preferably at least 55 wt.%, based on the total polyisocyanate composition.

[0043] Monomeric isocyanate is partially removed from this polyisocyanate composition by distillation in the pre-evaporator, so that a monomer-depleted polyisocyanate composition is obtained in liquid form at the bottom of the pre-evaporator. This monomer-diisocyanate-depleted polyisocyanate composition leaves the pre-evaporator as a bottom product and preferably has a monomeric diisocyanate content of 1.0 wt.% to 18.0 wt.%, preferably 3.0 wt.% to 15.0 wt.%, and particularly preferably 5.0 wt.% to 12.0 wt.%, based on the monomer-diisocyanate-depleted polyisocyanate composition.Residual contents of monomeric diisocyanate in this range are particularly advantageous because, on the one hand, they ensure that the viscosity of the polyisocyanate composition depleted in monomeric diisocyanate is not too high, so that a better exchange of the barrier liquid in the siphon takes place and the formation of high-molecular deposits is prevented, and, on the other hand, the thin-film evaporator is not overloaded by too much monomer, which would have a negative effect on the vacuum in the interior of the thin-film evaporator due to higher pressure losses when distilling off the residual monomer.

[0044] The resulting polyisocyanate composition, depleted of monomeric isocyanate, is fed through the connecting line as a feed stream into the thin-film evaporator. It passes through the siphon, which is designed so that a portion of the draining polyisocyanate composition preferably remains in the siphon and forms a pressure seal with the sealing liquid height h. The polyisocyanate composition itself therefore preferably acts as a sealing liquid in the siphon and creates a pressure seal between the first interior space of the pre-evaporator and the second interior space of the thin-film evaporator. A constant, at least partial, exchange of the sealing liquid takes place, so that it has a largely constant quality and is only minimally affected by aging processes, such as a further increase in the molecular weight of the polyisocyanate components.If gas does bubble through the sealing liquid towards the thin-film evaporator, it does so in a controlled, even and small manner, so that the resulting pressure fluctuations in both interior spaces are small and have only a minor effect on the quality of the distilled product.

[0045] In the thin-film evaporator, the separation of monomeric diisocyanate from the polyisocyanate composition is largely completed. The polyisocyanate composition obtained as the bottom product, which has been largely freed of monomeric diisocyanate, preferably contains a maximum of 0.5 wt.% of monomeric diisocyanates based on the total mass of the polyisocyanate composition. This content is particularly preferably a maximum of 0.3 wt.%, and most preferably a maximum of 0.1 wt.%.

[0046] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the bottom effluent is cooled after leaving the thin-film evaporator, preferably cooled rapidly. The bottom effluent is preferably cooled to a temperature in the range from 50°C to 100°C, more preferably from 60°C to 98°C and most preferably from 70°C to 96°C. In this way, a polyisocyanate composition can be obtained which has only very low contents of monomeric diisocyanate. Without being bound to any theory, it is assumed that the cleavage of polyisocyanate constituents and thus the renewed formation of monomeric diisocyanate is prevented or at least minimized in this way. It is preferable to carry out the cooling actively, e.g. in a heat exchanger or by quenching with already cooled product directly after discharge from the thin-film evaporator.The residence time of the product at temperatures above 100 °C, preferably above 98 °C and particularly preferably above 96 °C after leaving the thin-film evaporator should preferably be less than 5 minutes, particularly preferably less than 1 minute, in order to obtain a particularly low-monomer product.

[0047] The process according to the invention can also be designed as a process for producing a monomer-depleted polyisocyanate composition, comprising the further step of transferring it into a product receiver, a filling device or into a mixing container in which the product is mixed, for example, with solvent.

[0048] The distillation device and the process according to the invention allow for the efficient preparation of polyisocyanate compositions that can be used in a variety of ways. The present invention further relates to the use of a distillation device according to the invention in the production of adhesive compositions or one- or two-component polyurethane coatings. The advantages of the invention are even more evident when used for highly viscous polyisocyanate compositions, since, without moving parts in the siphon essential to the invention, a significantly reduced risk of such moving parts sticking together can be achieved, thus improving safety and plant efficiency.

[0049] When used as crosslinking components in adhesives or two-component coatings, the polyisocyanate compositions are typically combined with OH and / or NH components, as is known from two-component polyurethane systems, such as hydroxy-functional polyesters, polyacrylates, polycarbonates, polyethers, polyurethanes, and polyfunctional amines. However, they can also be used as a single-component component to produce (partially) moisture-curing plastics and coatings.

[0050] The use of the distillation device according to the invention is preferred in the production of composite bodies comprising at least one cured polyisocyanate composition which is in direct contact with at least one substrate selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, wood or mixtures thereof.

[0051] The present invention is explained below with reference to the figures and the following examples, but is not limited to them. They show:

[0052] FIG. 1 schematically shows an embodiment of the distillation device according to the invention.

[0053] FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 2C and FIG. 2D schematically show various embodiments of the siphon 5.

[0054] FIG. 1 schematically shows an embodiment of the distillation apparatus 1 according to the invention for separating monomeric diisocyanate from a polyisocyanate composition.

[0055] The distillation device 1 consists of a pre-evaporation device 2 with a pre-evaporator 101, a feed line 11 for the polyisocyanate composition, and a connecting line 12 with a siphon 5 leading from the liquid outlet. Downstream of the siphon 5, the connecting line 12 opens into a thin-film evaporation device 3 and there into a thin-film evaporator 102. The thin-film evaporator 102 has a liquid outlet, from which a line 21 leads for the polyisocyanate composition, largely freed of monomeric diisocyanate, as product. The line 21 can lead, for example, to a product receiver, a filling device, or a mixing vessel in which the product is mixed with solvent, for example. On the gas side, the pre-evaporator 101 is connected to the condenser 111 via a vapor line 13, which in turn is connected to the vacuum generation device 4 via a line 15.Line 15 is connected between the two vacuum pumps 121 and 122. Line 14 for the condensed distillate branches off from the condenser 111. The thin-film evaporator 102 is equipped with an internal condenser 112. A discharge line 25 for uncondensed vapors is connected to the condenser 112 via a gas outlet. Discharge line 25 leads on the suction side to the vacuum pump 122 of the vacuum generation device 4. An exhaust line 26 is connected to the vacuum generation device 4. Condensed distillate from the condenser 112 is discharged through line 24. The condensed distillate discharged through lines 14 and 24 can be used, for example, as a feedstock for the further production of polyisocyanate compositions.

[0056] During operation of the distillation device 1 described in FIG. 1, in order to separate monomeric diisocyanate from a polyisocyanate composition, the polyisocyanate composition is first passed via the feed line 11 into the pre-evaporator 101 of the pre-evaporation device 2 and is separated therein into a gaseous and a liquid phase.

[0057] The liquid phase leaves the pre-evaporator 101 via connecting line 12 to the thin-film evaporator 102 of the thin-film evaporation device 3. In the siphon 5 of the connecting line 12, the liquid phase forms a pressure seal during flow. The gaseous phase from the pre-evaporator 101 leaves the latter via vapor line 13 to the condenser 111, where it is at least partially condensed. The condensed distillate is discharged via line 14, and the remaining gas stream is passed via line 15 into the vacuum generation device 4. The liquid phase, which is fed into the thin-film evaporator 102 via connecting line 12, is further purified therein and leaves the thin-film evaporator as a polyisocyanate composition largely freed of monomeric diisocyanate via line 21.This product can be collected, for example, in a product receiver, a filling device, or in a mixing vessel in which the product is mixed with solvent, for example. The vapors not condensed in the thin-film evaporation device 3 leave the condenser 112 via line 25 to the suction side of the vacuum pump 122. The exhaust gas from the vacuum pump 121 leaves the vacuum generation device 4 via the exhaust line 26. A distillate is obtained in the condenser 112, and the condensed distillate is discharged from the thin-film evaporation device 3 via line 24. The condensed distillates from lines 14 and.

[0058] 24 can be used, for example, as a starting material for the further production of polyisocyanate compositions.

[0059] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates various embodiments of the siphon 5. Thus, FIG. 2A shows a tubular siphon, FIG. 2B a bottle siphon, FIG. 2C a baffle siphon, and FIG. 2D a bell siphon.

[0060] Examples

[0061] Unless otherwise stated, all percentages are based on weight.

[0062] The residual monomer contents were measured by gas chromatography with an internal standard and refer to the sum of HDI and TDI.

[0063] Example 1:

[0064] A mixture of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) and 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI) was trimerized in the presence of tributylphosphine as a catalyst. After quenching, a crude product was obtained that still contained 60 wt. % of monomeric diisocyanates (sum of TDI and HDI).

[0065] This crude product was then distilled in a distillation apparatus as shown in FIG. 1, with a downcomer evaporator with a downstream gas-liquid separator used in the first stage. The pre-evaporation device was operated at 145 °C, and the internal pressure was approximately 300 Pa. The polyisocyanate obtained at the bottom outlet still had a residual content of approximately 10 wt. % of monomeric diisocyanates (sum of TDI and HDI). The product was discharged through a connecting line with a bottle siphon, the design of which had a sealing liquid height of 25 mm. The connecting line discharged into a thin-film evaporator with a mechanical wiper system. There, the distillation was completed at a temperature of 162 °C, with the measured pressure in the thin-film evaporator subject to only slight fluctuations in the range between 10 Pa and 100 Pa.The distillation was able to operate for several months without any problems occurring in the bottoms of the pre-evaporator that would have required maintenance shutdown. The distilled bottoms product had an average residual monomer content of approximately 0.45 wt.% over time.

[0066] Example 2

[0067] The distillation apparatus from Example 1 was modified. The connecting line with the bottle siphon was replaced with a new connecting line with a tubular siphon. This had a design-specific sealing liquid height of 150 mm.

[0068] The slight pressure fluctuation observed in Example 1 could be further reduced in the thin-film evaporator using this adapted device, so that the measured pressure in the thin-film evaporator now ranged between 10 Pa and 20 Pa. This also had a positive effect on product quality, so that the residual monomer content in the distilled bottom product was now constant at 0.30 wt.% to 0.40 wt.%. Example 3

[0069] As a further modification, starting from Example 2, the temperature of the pre-evaporator was raised to 153 °C. This further improved product quality, and the residual monomer content in the distilled bottom product was reduced to 0.15 wt.% on average over time.

[0070] Example 4

[0071] As a further modification based on Example 3, a heat exchanger (product cooler) was installed in the product outlet of the thin-film evaporator, which rapidly cooled the effluent resin to a temperature of 94 °C in less than 1 minute. In this way, product quality was further improved, and residual monomer contents of less than <0.1 wt.% in the distilled bottom product were achieved.

Claims

1. Distillation device for the separation of monomeric diisocyanate from a Polyisocyanate composition comprising • at least one pre-evaporation device comprising a first inlet for the polyisocyanate composition to be distilled, a pre-evaporator with a first interior space, a first gas outlet for evaporated components, a first liquid outlet for non-evaporated components of the polyisocyanate composition and at least one first condenser associated with the first gas outlet, • at least one thin-film evaporation device comprising a second inlet for the non-evaporated components of the polyisocyanate composition, a thin-film evaporator with a second interior space, a second gas outlet for evaporated components, a second liquid outlet for the polyisocyanate composition largely freed from unreacted isocyanate and at least one second condenser associated with the second gas outlet, and • a vacuum generating device comprising at least one vacuum pump, which is designed to generate a pressure PI in the interior of the pre-evaporator of the at least one pre-evaporation device and a pressure P2 with P2 <P1 im Innenraum des Dünnschichtverdampfers der wenigstens einen Dünnschichtverdampfungseinrichtung zu erreichen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der erste Flüssigkeitsauslass mit dem zweiten Einlass über eine Verbindungsleitung verbunden ist, die einen Siphon umfasst, der dazu eingerichtet ist, einen Druckabschluss zwischen dem ersten Innenraum und dem zweiten Innenraum herzustellen.

2. Distillation device according to claim 1, characterized in that the siphon is designed as a tubular siphon, bottle siphon, baffle siphon or bell siphon, preferably as a tubular siphon or bell siphon and particularly preferably as a tubular siphon.

3. Distillation device according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the siphon is designed to achieve a barrier liquid height h of at least 25 mm, preferably at least 50 mm, particularly preferably at least 100 mm and most preferably at least 150 mm.

4. Distillation apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the pre-evaporator is a falling film evaporator, circulation evaporator, flash evaporator, plate evaporator or kettle evaporator, preferably a tube bundle downpipe evaporator.

5. Distillation device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the thin-film evaporator is a rigid-blade rotor thin-film evaporator, wiper-flap thin-film evaporator or thin-film short-path evaporator.

6. A process for separating monomeric diisocyanate from a polyisocyanate composition by at least two-stage distillation in a distillation apparatus comprising a pre-evaporator and a thin-film evaporator, characterized in that • there is a pressure PI in the interior of the pre-evaporator and • there is a pressure P2 in the interior of the thin-film evaporator, for which P2 applies <P1, wobei eine an monomerem Diisocyanat abgereicherte Polyisocyanatzusammensetzung als Sumpfprodukt des Vorverdampfers durch eine Verbindungsleitung umfassend einen Siphon in den Dünnschichtverdampfer geleitet wird.

7. Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the effluent polyisocyanate composition depleted in monomeric diisocyanate itself acts as a barrier liquid in the siphon.

8. Method according to one of claims 6 or 7, characterized in that • the pressure PI is in the range of 100 Pa to 12000 Pa and / or the temperature in the pre-evaporator is in the range of 110 °C to 200 °C, • the pressure P2 is in the range of 0.1 Pa to 2000 Pa and / or a temperature in the range of 120 °C to 220 °C and that • the difference dP = Pl - P2 is in the range from 50 Pa to 10000 Pa.

9. Method according to one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the barrier liquid in the siphon forms a pressure seal with a barrier liquid height h of at least 25 mm, preferably at least 50 mm, particularly preferably at least 100 mm and most preferably at least 150 mm.

10. Process according to one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the polyisocyanate composition contains uretdione groups, isocyanurate groups, urethane groups, urea groups, biuret groups, iminooxadiazinedione groups, allophanate groups or combinations of these functional groups.

11. Process according to one of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the monomeric diisocyanate to be separated is selected from the group consisting of 1,5-diisocyanatopentane (PDI), 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI), 1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-isocyanatomethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI), 4,4'- Diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane, 2,4'-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane, bis-(isocyanatomethyl)-norbornane, 1,3- and 1,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)benzene (XDI), Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 2,4'- and 4,4'-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane (MDI) or that it is a mixture of two or more diisocyanates from this group.

12. Process according to one of claims 6 to 11, characterized in that the polyisocyanate composition has a monomer content of at least 40% by weight based on the total polyisocyanate composition before distillation.

13. Process according to one of claims 6 to 12, characterized in that the monomer-depleted polyisocyanate composition leaving the pre-evaporator as a bottom product has a monomer content of 1.0% by weight to 18.0% by weight, based on the polyisocyanate composition.

14. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 13, characterized in that the product taken off at the bottom of the thin-film evaporator is cooled, wherein the residence time of the bottom product at temperatures above 100 °C, preferably above 98 °C and particularly preferably above 96 °C after leaving the thin-film evaporator is preferably a maximum of 5 minutes, preferably a maximum of 1 minute.

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