Enhanced manchester coding
Enhanced Manchester coding maintains signal level consistency across segments by adding a cyclic prefix, addressing synchronization and decoding challenges in low complexity devices, ensuring accurate data reception in wireless communication systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/085846
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-03
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-09
AI Technical Summary
Low complexity receiving devices in wireless communication systems, such as ambient Internet-of-Things (AIoT) systems, struggle to synchronize and accurately decode data conveyed via Manchester waveforms due to the introduction of unwanted signal levels by cyclic prefix (CP) addition in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems.
Enhanced Manchester coding is introduced, where the signal level at the beginning of a segment is made the same as the end level by adding a cyclic prefix (CP) adjacent to the initial portion of the segment, maintaining signal transition order and enabling accurate decoding by all types of receiving devices.
The enhanced Manchester coding ensures that data can be accurately decoded by both high and low complexity devices, including AIoT systems, by maintaining signal level consistency across segments, thus improving synchronization and decoding accuracy.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024085846_09102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
ENHANCED MANCHESTER CODING
[0001] INTRODUCTION
[0002] The following relates to wireless communication, including enhanced Manchester coding.
[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .SUMMARY
[0004] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support enhanced Manchester coding. For example, the described techniques provide for a first network entity to support addition of a cyclic prefix (CP) to information modulated according to a Manchester coding scheme before transmission via a system that supports an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol. A second network entity may be a relatively low complexity device, or some other type of network entity that may support Manchester coding but may not support synchronization. To provide for the second network entity to successfully and accurately receive and decode information conveyed according to both the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing scheme, the first network entity (e.g., a transmitter) may generate information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme. The information may alternate between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data according to the Manchester coding scheme. As described herein, a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a CP adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, may be one of the first value or the second value and may be the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or may be the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information. To generate the information, the first network entity may add, in accordance with the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment. After addition of the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion may be the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme. The first network entity may transmit the information to the second network entity, and the second network entity may decode the information based on one or more communication parameters associated with information received according to both a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing scheme.
[0005] A method for wireless communication by a network entity is described. The method may include generating information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, where the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and where a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a CP adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, where, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment , where, after addition of the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme and transmitting the information.
[0006] A network entity for wireless communication is described. The network entity may include a processing system configured to generate information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, where the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and where a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a CP adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, where, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment , where, after addition of the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme and transmit the information.
[0007] Another network entity for wireless communication is described. The network entity may include means for generating information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, where the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and where a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a CP adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, where, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment , where, after addition of the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme and means for transmitting the information.
[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communication stored thereon is described. The code, when executed by a network entity, causes the network entity to generate information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, where the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and where a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a CP adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, where, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment , where, after addition of the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme and transmit the information.
[0009] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters for generation of the information in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, where the one or more communication parameters include a type of Manchester symbol or a type of the Manchester coding scheme.
[0010] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the information may be a waveform, the waveform transitions from the first value in the initial portion of the first segment to the second value in a middle portion of the first segment, and back to the first value in a terminal portion of the first segment, and the first segment indicates a first bit based on the waveform.
[0011] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, a first duration of the initial portion of the first segment may be less than a second duration of the terminal portion of the first segment before the CP may be added and the initial portion of the first segment and the terminal portion of the first segment include a same duration after the CP may be added.
[0012] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, each segment of one or more segments in the information indicates a single bit of data.
[0013] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, generating the waveform may include operations, features, means, or instructions for modulating the first bit into the waveform, where the first value and the second value may be based on a value of the first bit.
[0014] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, generating the waveform may include operations, features, means, or instructions for encoding the first bit into a set of multiple bits in a coding domain and modulating, in accordance with a modulation scheme, the set of multiple bits from the coding domain to a sequence of the first value and the second value, where the waveform may be based on the sequence.
[0015] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, generating the information may include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating, in the first segment, a sequence of Manchester symbols to convey the one or more bits of data, generating a Manchester symbol based on a value of a first Manchester symbol of the sequence of Manchester symbols in the first segment, and adding the Manchester symbol to the end of the first segment, where the CP may be added adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment after the Manchester symbol may be added to the end of the first segment, and where the start value and the first end value of the first segment may be the same before and after the CP may be added.
[0016] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, generating the Manchester symbol may include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating the Manchester symbol based on an inversion of the value of the first Manchester symbol of the sequence of Manchester symbols in the first segment, and where each bit of the one or more bits of data may be conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol.
[0017] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, each bit of the one or more bits of data may be conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol and the Manchester symbol includes a first transition copied from the first Manchester symbol.
[0018] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for reducing a first duration of the initial portion of the first segment based on the Manchester symbol added to the end of the first segment, where the first duration of the initial portion of the first segment may be reduced by a second duration of the CP.
[0019] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, generating the information may include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating, in the first segment, a first sequence of Manchester symbols to convey the one or more bits of data, where the previous segment that may be before the first segment within the information includes a previous sequence of Manchester symbols, generating a Manchester symbol based on a value of a final Manchester symbol of the previous sequence of Manchester symbols in the previous segment, and adding the Manchester symbol to the end of the first segment, where the CP may be added adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment after the Manchester symbol may be added to the end of the first segment, and where the first end value of the first segment and the previous end value of the previous segment may be the same before and after the CP may be added.
[0020] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, each bit of the one or more bits of data may be conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol and the Manchester symbol includes a first transition copied from the final Manchester symbol.
[0021] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, each bit of the one or more bits of data may be conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol and the Manchester symbol includes the value copied from the final Manchester symbol.
[0022] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for reducing a first duration of a terminal portion of the final Manchester symbol of the previous segment based on the Manchester symbol added to the end of the first segment, where the first duration of the terminal portion of the previous segment may be reduced by a second duration of the CP.
[0023] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, adding the CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment may include operations, features, means, or instructions for appending the CP to the initial portion of the first segment.
[0024] A method for wireless communication by a network entity is described. The method may include receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, receiving, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a CP added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, where a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and where the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme, and decoding the information based on the one or more communication parameters.
[0025] A network entity for wireless communication is described. The network entity may include processing circuitry configured to receive a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, receive, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a CP added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, where a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and where the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme, and decode the information based on the one or more communication parameters.
[0026] Another network entity for wireless communication is described. The network entity may include means for receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, means for receiving, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a CP added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, where a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and where the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme, and means for decoding the information based on the one or more communication parameters.
[0027] A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communication stored thereon is described. The code, when executed by a network entity, causes the network entity to receive a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, receive, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a CP added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, where a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and where the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme, and decode the information based on the one or more communication parameters.
[0028] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the information may be a waveform, the waveform transitions from the first value in the initial portion of the segment to the second value in a middle portion of the segment, and back to the first value in an terminal portion of the segment, and the segment indicates a first bit based on the waveform.
[0029] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the initial portion of the segment and the terminal portion of the segment include a same duration.
[0030] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, each segment of one or more segments in the information indicates a single bit of data.
[0031] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, decoding the information may include operations, features, means, or instructions for decoding, in the segment, the CP and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, where each bit of the one or more bits of data may be conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol, and where a final Manchester symbol in the segment may be an inverse of a first Manchester symbol in the segment.
[0032] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, decoding the information may include operations, features, means, or instructions for decoding, in the segment, the CP and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, where each bit of the one or more bits of data may be conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol, and where a final Manchester symbol in the segment may be the same as a first Manchester symbol in the segment.
[0033] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, decoding the information may include operations, features, means, or instructions for decoding, in the segment, the CP and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, where a final Manchester symbol in the segment may be the same as a final Manchester symbol in a first segment that may be prior to the segment in the information.
[0034] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the CP may be appended to the initial portion of the first segment.
[0035] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the network entity includes a device that may be capable of backscattering, energy harvesting, or both.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0036] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIGs. 3–5 show examples of Manchester waveform configurations that support enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIGs. 7 and 8 show block diagrams of devices that support enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 10 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0043] FIGs. 11 and 12 show block diagrams of devices that support enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0044] FIG. 13 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0045] FIG. 14 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0046] FIGs. 15 through 18 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0047] In some wireless communications systems, wireless devices may exchange data via a Manchester coded waveform. In Manchester coding, a bit may be represented by two levels of a signal. For example, a ‘0’ may be conveyed via a low-to-high signal transition within a bit interval and a ‘1’ may be conveyed via a high-to-low signal transition within a bit interval. When conveyed via orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems, a cyclic prefix (CP) may be added to the Manchester waveform. The CP may be a repetition of a final portion of the symbol. However, since a signal level at a beginning of a Manchester symbol is by definition different than the signal level at the end of the Manchester symbol (e.g., based on the binary transition) , the CP addition may introduce unwanted portions of low and / or high signal levels between symbols. If a receiving device is a relatively low complexity device, such as a tag in an ambient Internet-of-Things (AIoT) system, the device may not be able to synchronize and identify the position of the CP. As such, the receiver may not be able to accurately read and decode the data conveyed via the Manchester waveform.
[0048] As described herein a Manchester coding scheme may be enhanced or otherwise modified to provide for information conveyed via a Manchester waveform to be decodable by any type of receiving device after addition of a CP. Such information include a same starting and ending value within a given symbol before addition of the CP such that, after the CP is added, the information is still readable by a receiver. For example, in a given segment (e.g., Manchester symbol) before a CP is added adjacent to an initial or beginning portion of the segment, an ending portion of the segment may be the same as a beginning portion of the segment or an ending portion of a previous segment that is prior to the segment in a waveform, or both. In some aspects, a transmitting device may use a first Manchester type or a second Manchester type. The first Manchester type may correspond to a high-low or low-high transition for each bit value. The second Manchester type described herein may correspond to representation of each bit value by a transition from a first signal level to a second signal level, and back to the first signal level within a symbol duration (e.g., low-high-low for a ‘0’ and high-low-high for a ‘1’ or vice versa) . A transmitter may generate information according to the defined Manchester type and may subsequently add a CP adjacent to an initial portion of each segment (e.g., each symbol duration) . The CP for a symbol may copy the signal level from the end of the segment to the beginning of the segment. Because the end portion may be the same as the initial portion for the second Manchester type described herein, the CP addition may maintain an order of signal transitions, and a receiving device may thereby decode and identify the bit levels accurately.
[0049] If each segment to which a CP is to be added conveys more than one Manchester symbol of the first type or the second type, a check bit may be used to generate a signal that starts and ends with a same signal level and is compatible with a CP addition. The check bit may be a bit inserted to an end of the segment. The check bit may include an inverse of a first bit in the segment or a copy of a last bit in a previous segment. If a Manchester waveform associated with two signal level transitions per bit is used, the check bit may be a copy of the first bit in the segment or the last bit in the previous segment.
[0050] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Additional aspects are described with reference to Manchester waveform configurations and a process flow. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to enhanced Manchester coding.
[0051] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105) , one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0052] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various aspects, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some aspects, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link (s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link (s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0053] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105) , as shown in FIG. 1.
[0054] As described herein, a network entity (which may alternatively be referred to as an entity, a node, a network node, or a wireless entity) may be, be similar to, include, or be included in (e.g., be a component of) a base station (e.g., any base station described herein, including a disaggregated base station) , a UE (e.g., any UE described herein) , a reduced capability (RedCap) device, an enhanced reduced capability (eRedCap) device, an ambient internet-of-things (IoT) device, an energy harvesting (EH) -capable device, a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, an integrated access and backhauling (IAB) node, a distributed unit (DU) , a central unit (CU) , a remote / radio unit (RU) (which may also be referred to as a remote radio unit (RRU) ) , and / or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a network entity may be a UE. As another example, a network entity may be a base station. As used herein, “network entity” may refer to an entity that is configured to operate in a network. For example, a “network entity” is not limited to an entity that is currently located in and / or currently operating in the network. Rather, a network entity may be any entity that is capable of communicating and / or operating in the network.
[0055] The adjectives “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” and so on are used for contextual distinction between two or more of the modified noun in connection with a discussion and are not meant to be absolute modifiers that apply only to a certain respective entity throughout the entire document. For example, a network entity may be referred to as a “first network entity” in connection with one discussion and may be referred to as a “second network entity” in connection with another discussion, or vice versa. As an example, a first network entity may be configured to communicate with a second network entity or a third network entity. In one aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a UE. In another aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a base station. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third network entities may be different relative to these examples.
[0056] Similarly, reference to a UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a network entity. For example, disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity. Consistent with this disclosure, once a specific example is broadened in accordance with this disclosure (e.g., a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity) , the broader example of the narrower example may be interpreted in the reverse, but in a broad open-ended way. In the example above where a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity, the first network entity may refer to a first UE, a first base station, a first apparatus, a first device, a first computing system, a first set of one or more one or more components, a first processing entity, or the like configured to receive the information; and the second network entity may refer to a second UE, a second base station, a second apparatus, a second device, a second computing system, a second set of one or more components, a second processing entity, or the like.
[0057] As described herein, communication of information (e.g., any information, signal, or the like) may be described in various aspects using different terminology. Disclosure of one communication term includes disclosure of other communication terms. For example, a first network entity may be described as being configured to transmit information to a second network entity. In this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the first network entity is configured to provide, send, output, communicate, or transmit information to the second network entity. Similarly, in this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the second network entity is configured to receive, obtain, or decode the information that is provided, sent, output, communicated, or transmitted by the first network entity.
[0058] As shown, the network entity (e.g., network entity 105) may include a processing system 106. Similarly, the network entity (e.g., UE 115) may include a processing system 112. A processing system may include one or more components (or subcomponents) , such as one or more components described herein. For example, a respective component of the one or more components may be, be similar to, include, or be included in at least one memory, at least one communication interface, or at least one processor. For example, a processing system may include one or more components. In such an example, the one or more components may include a first component, a second component, and a third component. In this example, the first component may be coupled to a second component and a third component. In this example, the first component may be at least one processor, the second component may be a communication interface, and the third component may be at least one memory. A processing system may generally be a system one or more components that may perform one or more functions, such as any function or combination of functions described herein. For example, one or more components may receive input information (e.g., any information that is an input, such as a signal, any digital information, or any other information) , one or more components may process the input information to generate output information (e.g., any information that is an output, such as a signal or any other information) , one or more components may perform any function as described herein, or any combination thereof. As described herein, an “input” and “input information” may be used interchangeably. Similarly, as described herein, an “output” and “output information” may be used interchangeably. Any information generated by any component may be provided to one or more other systems or components of, for example, a network entity described herein) . For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate output information, and / or a third component configured to provide the output information to other systems or components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a processing system may include at least one memory, at least one communication interface, and / or at least one processor, where the at least one processor may, for example, be coupled to the at least one memory and the at least one communication interface.
[0059] A processing system of a network entity described herein may interface with one or more other components of the network entity, may process information received from one or more other components (such as input information) , or may output information to one or more other components. For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to interface with one or more other components of the network entity to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate one or more outputs, and / or a third component configured to output the one or more outputs to one or more other components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a chip or modem of the network entity may include a processing system. The processing system may include a first communication interface to receive or obtain information, and a second communication interface to output, transmit, or provide information. In some examples, the first communication interface may be an interface configured to receive input information, and the information may be provided to the processing system. In some examples, the second system interface may be configured to transmit information output from the chip or modem. The second communication interface may also obtain or receive input information, and the first communication interface may also output, transmit, or provide information.
[0060] In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) . In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link (s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0061] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some aspects, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0062] In some aspects, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) , which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entities 105) , such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU) , such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU) , such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some aspects, one or more of the network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0063] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some aspects, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) , or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some aspects, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links.
[0064] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 or IAB node (s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station) . The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node (s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) . IAB node (s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node (s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some aspects, the IAB node (s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node (s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104 or components of the IAB node (s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0065] For instance, an access network (AN) or RAN may include communications between access nodes (e.g., an IAB donor) , IAB node (s) 104, and one or more UEs 115. The IAB donor may facilitate connection between the core network 130 and the AN (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130) . That is, an IAB donor may refer to a RAN node with a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130. The IAB donor may include one or more of a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170, in which case the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface (e.g., a backhaul link) . The IAB donor and IAB node (s) 104 may communicate via an F1 interface according to a protocol that defines signaling messages (e.g., an F1 AP protocol) . Additionally, or alternatively, the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface, which may be an example of a portion of a backhaul link, and may communicate with other CUs (e.g., including a CU 160 associated with an alternative IAB donor) via an Xn-C interface, which may be an example of another portion of a backhaul link.
[0066] IAB node (s) 104 may refer to RAN nodes that provide IAB functionality (e.g., access for UEs 115, wireless self-backhauling capabilities) . A DU 165 may act as a distributed scheduling node towards child nodes associated with the IAB node (s) 104, and the IAB-MT may act as a scheduled node towards parent nodes associated with IAB node (s) 104. That is, an IAB donor may be referred to as a parent node in communication with one or more child nodes (e.g., an IAB donor may relay transmissions for UEs through other IAB node (s) 104) . Additionally, or alternatively, IAB node (s) 104 may also be referred to as parent nodes or child nodes to other IAB node (s) 104, depending on the relay chain or configuration of the AN. The IAB-MT entity of IAB node (s) 104 may provide a Uu interface for a child IAB node (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104) to receive signaling from a parent IAB node (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104) , and a DU interface (e.g., a DU 165) may provide a Uu interface for a parent IAB node to signal to a child IAB node or UE 115.
[0067] For example, IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as parent nodes that support communications for child IAB nodes, or may be referred to as child IAB nodes associated with IAB donors, or both. An IAB donor may include a CU 160 with a wired or wireless connection (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) to the core network 130 and may act as a parent node to IAB node (s) 104. For example, the DU 165 of an IAB donor may relay transmissions to UEs 115 through IAB node (s) 104, or may directly signal transmissions to a UE 115, or both. The CU 160 of the IAB donor may signal communication link establishment via an F1 interface to IAB node (s) 104, and the IAB node (s) 104 may schedule transmissions (e.g., transmissions to the UEs 115 relayed from the IAB donor) through one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) . That is, data may be relayed to and from IAB node (s) 104 via signaling via an NR Uu interface to MT of IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., other IAB node (s) ) . Communications with IAB node (s) 104 may be scheduled by a DU 165 of the IAB donor or of IAB node (s) 104.
[0068] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support test as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180) .
[0069] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some aspects, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.
[0070] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0071] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link (s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link (s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link (s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP) ) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR) . Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105) .
[0072] In some aspects, such as in a carrier aggregation configuration, a carrier may have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute RF channel number (EARFCN) ) and may be identified according to a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may be operated in a standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection may be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may be operated in a non-standalone mode, in which case a connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., of the same or a different RAT) .
[0073] The communication link (s) 125 of the wireless communications system 100 may include downlink transmissions (e.g., forward link transmissions) from a network entity 105 to a UE 115, uplink transmissions (e.g., return link transmissions) from a UE 115 to a network entity 105, or both, among other configurations of transmissions. Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDD mode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode) .
[0074] A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the RF spectrum and, in some aspects, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wireless communications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a set of bandwidths for carriers of a particular RAT (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz) ) . Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., the network entities 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communications using a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configurable to support communications using one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may include network entities 105 or UEs 115 that support concurrent communications using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some aspects, each served UE 115 may be configured for operating using portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.
[0075] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0076] One or more numerologies for a carrier may be supported, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing (Δf) and a cyclic prefix. A carrier may be divided into one or more BWPs having the same or different numerologies. In some aspects, a UE 115 may be configured with multiple BWPs. In some aspects, a single BWP for a carrier may be active at a given time and communications for the UE 115 may be restricted to one or more active BWPs.
[0077] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (Δfmax·Nf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0078] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some aspects, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0079] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some aspects, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) ) .
[0080] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE) .
[0081] A network entity 105 may provide communication coverage via one or more cells, for example a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or other types of cells, or any combination thereof. The term “cell” may refer to a logical communication entity used for communication with a network entity 105 (e.g., using a carrier) and may be associated with an identifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID) , a virtual cell identifier (VCID) ) . In some aspects, a cell also may refer to a coverage area 110 or a portion of a coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) over which the logical communication entity operates. Such cells may range from smaller areas (e.g., a structure, a subset of structure) to larger areas depending on various factors such as the capabilities of the network entity 105. For example, a cell may be or include a building, a subset of a building, or exterior spaces between or overlapping with coverage areas 110, among other examples.
[0082] A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider supporting the macro cell. A small cell may be associated with a network entity 105 operating with lower power (e.g., a base station 140 operating with lower power) relative to a macro cell, and a small cell may operate using the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands as macro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider or may provide restricted access to the UEs 115 having an association with the small cell (e.g., the UEs 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) , the UEs 115 associated with users in a home or office) . A network entity 105 may support one or more cells and may also support communications via the one or more cells using one or multiple component carriers.
[0083] In some aspects, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., MTC, narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) , enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) ) that may provide access for different types of devices.
[0084] In some aspects, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some aspects, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105) . In some other aspects, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105) . The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.
[0085] The wireless communications system 100 may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) may have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of the network entities 105) may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, network entities 105 may have different frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of network entities 105) may, in some aspects, not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used for either synchronous or asynchronous operations.
[0086] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be relatively low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication) . M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some aspects, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.
[0087] Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but not transmission and reception concurrently) . In some aspects, half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 may include entering a power saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications, operating using a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communications) , or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs) ) within a carrier, within a guard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.
[0088] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0089] In some aspects, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some aspects, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some aspects, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some aspects, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some aspects, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other aspects, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0090] In some systems, a D2D communication link 135 may be an example of a communication channel, such as a sidelink communication channel, between vehicles (e.g., UEs 115) . In some aspects, vehicles may communicate using vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, or some combination of these. A vehicle may signal information related to traffic conditions, signal scheduling, weather, safety, emergencies, or any other information relevant to a V2X system. In some aspects, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadside infrastructure, such as roadside units, or with the network via one or more network nodes (e.g., network entities 105, base stations 140, RUs 170) using vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications, or with both.
[0091] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0092] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0093] The wireless communications system 100 may also operate using a super high frequency (SHF) region, which may be in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz, also known as the centimeter band, or using an extremely high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz) , also known as the millimeter band. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UEs 115 and the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140, RUs 170) , and EHF antennas of the respective devices may be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some aspects, such techniques may facilitate using antenna arrays within a device. The propagation of EHF transmissions, however, may be subject to even greater attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF transmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, and designated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ by country or regulating body.
[0094] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some aspects, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0095] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some aspects, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0096] The network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may use MIMO communications to exploit multipath signal propagation and increase spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. Such techniques may be referred to as spatial multiplexing. The multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted by the transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Likewise, the multiple signals may be received by the receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separate spatial stream and may carry information associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords) . Different spatial layers may be associated with different antenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) , for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving device, and multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) , for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.
[0097] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0098] A network entity 105 or a UE 115 may use beam sweeping techniques as part of beamforming operations. For example, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conduct beamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by a network entity 105 multiple times along different directions. For example, the network entity 105 may transmit a signal according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions along different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a network entity 105, or by a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for later transmission or reception by the network entity 105.
[0099] Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by a transmitting device (e.g., a network entity 105 or a UE 115) along a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device, such as another network entity 105 or UE 115) . In some aspects, the beam direction associated with transmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on a signal that was transmitted along one or more beam directions. For example, a UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the network entity 105 along different directions and may report to the network entity 105 an indication of the signal that the UE 115 received with a highest signal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.
[0100] In some aspects, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a network entity 105 or a UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from a network entity 105 to a UE 115) . The UE 115 may report feedback that indicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to a configured set of beams across a system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The network entity 105 may transmit a reference signal (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) , a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) ) , which may be precoded or unprecoded. The UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linear combination type codebook, a port selection type codebook) . Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted along one or more directions by a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , a UE 115 may employ similar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times along different directions (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by the UE 115) or for transmitting a signal along a single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device) .
[0101] A receiving device (e.g., a UE 115) may perform reception operations in accordance with multiple receive configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals from a transmitting device (e.g., a network entity 105) , such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals. For example, a receiving device may perform reception in accordance with multiple receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., different directional listening weight sets) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to different receive configurations or receive directions. In some aspects, a receiving device may use a single receive configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal) . The single receive configuration may be aligned along a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receive configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions) .
[0102] The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or PDCP layer may be IP-based. An RLC layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate via logical channels. A MAC layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer also may implement error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, an RRC layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a network entity 105 or a core network 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. A PHY layer may map transport channels to physical channels.
[0103] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may support retransmissions of data to increase the likelihood that data is received successfully. Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback is one technique for increasing the likelihood that data is received correctly via a communication link (e.g., the communication link (s) 125, a D2D communication link 135) . HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g., using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) ) , forward error correction (FEC) , and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request (ARQ) ) . HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in relatively poor radio conditions (e.g., low signal-to-noise conditions) . In some aspects, a device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, in which case the device may provide HARQ feedback in a specific slot for data received via a previous symbol in the slot. In some other aspects, the device may provide HARQ feedback in a subsequent slot, or according to some other time interval.
[0104] In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more passive devices. Passive devices may include, but are not limited to, passive ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID, ambient IoT (AIoT) devices, RFID tags, passive IoT devices, hybrid devices including passive and active components, passive components of otherwise active / querying devices (e.g., passive components of a UE 115) , or any combination thereof. For example, in some implementations, a UE 115 of the wireless communications system 100 may serve as an AIoT device, or some other passive device. AIoT devices may be smaller and cheaper than some other IoT devices. AIoT devices may obtain the ambient IoT energy source from radio waves. For example, a passive device may harvest energy over the air and may power transmission and reception circuitry at the device using the harvested energy. The transmitted signal by the device may be backscatter modulated. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more semi-passive or active RFID devices, which may include a battery, but may be more costly than passive devices.
[0105] In some aspects, one or more devices in the wireless communications system 100 may support relatively low power wakeup operations. For example, the devices may include low power wake-up receiver (LP-WUR) that may reduce power consumption of a device in sleep mode. The LP-WUR may enter a wake mode in response to a low power wake-up signal (WUS) . The LP-WUS may thereby reduce power consumption.
[0106] In some aspects, devices in the wireless communications system 100 may communicate using Manchester coding, which may be a type of line coding. In a Manchester coding scheme, each bit may include a high level and a low level which may help a receiver detect clock timing information. Each symbol in a Manchester coded waveform may represent a bit. A bit value of ‘0’ may start with a low level and may end with a high level (e.g., a ‘0’ to ‘1’ transition) within the symbol duration. A bit value of ‘1’ may start with a high level and may end with a low level (e.g., a ‘1’ to ‘0’ transition) within the symbol duration. Manchester coding may be beneficial for some communication scenarios, such as communications with AIoT devices, RFID protocols, low power WUS, or other scenarios. The Manchester coding may carry timing information, may be associated with a relatively large noise margin, may support a relatively fixed coding length, and may be associated with relatively low decoding complexity by a receiving device, which may improve throughput and reliability while reducing latency and overhead of communications, among other examples.
[0107] Manchester coding may be supported via coded modulation, a coding domain, or both. If Manchester is coded modulation, a reader may directly translate bits into a Manchester waveform by adjusting an ON and OFF duration and order per bit. That is, a transmitting device may transmit an ON signal and an OFF signal (e.g., ‘1’ and ‘0’ , respectively, or high and low, respectively) to indicate the bits to be conveyed. Additionally, or alternatively, the Manchester waveform may be in a coding domain, such that a reader may first encode bits to Manchester-coded bits and may then modulate the Manchester coded bits with on-off keying (OOK) , binary phase shift keying (BPSK) , or some other modulation scheme. For example, a device may first encode a set of bits, such as 010, into Manchester coded bits. In this aspect, the 010 bit sequence may be encoded to 011001 in Manchester coded bits. The device may then modulate the bits with a modulation scheme to generate a corresponding signal (e.g., S1S2S2S1S1S2) .
[0108] Some devices in the wireless communications system 100 may support orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communications. For example, a UE 115, a network entity 105, or both may be an OFDM device. When an OFDM device transmits data to an AIoT device, or some other device that supports Manchester coding, the data may be compatible with both Manchester coding and the OFDM CP structure (e.g., Manchester waveforms may be generated based on OFDM, such as OOK-1 and OOK-4, among other examples) . However, adding a CP to a Manchester waveform may not comply with protocols for Manchester coding. For example, if a Manchester waveform conveys a bit ‘0’ followed by a ‘1, ’ the waveform may include a transition from low to high within a first symbol and a transition from high to low within a second symbol. A receiving device may detect the bit values based on the transitions. Insertion of a CP may include copying an end value of each symbol and appending the value to a beginning portion of the symbol. In the aforementioned aspect, the resulting waveform may initially start with a high level during the CP, followed by a transition to the low level and a transition back to the high level within the first symbol. The second symbol may start with a transition to the low level for a duration of the CP, followed by a transition to the high level and a transition back to the low level for a remainder of the second symbol. Some receiving devices may be capable of accurately synchronizing timing to identify the positions of the CP. However, some receivers (e.g., tag receivers) may be relatively low complexity and may not support such synchronization. Such devices may not be capable of identifying the CP position and may not be able to accurately decode the waveform due to the multiple transitions within a single symbol. Techniques for a receiving device to receive and decode a Manchester waveform accurately without considering a CP may be beneficial.
[0109] As described herein, a Manchester coding scheme may be enhanced or otherwise modified to provide for a Manchester waveform to be decodable by any type of receiving device after addition of a CP. Such a Manchester waveform may include a same starting and ending value within a given symbol before addition of the CP such that, after the CP is added, the waveform is still readable by a receiver. For example, in a given segment (e.g., Manchester symbol) before a CP is added, an ending portion of the segment may be the same as a beginning portion of the segment or an ending portion of a previous segment that is prior to the segment in a waveform, or both. In some aspects, a transmitting device may use a first Manchester type or a second Manchester type. The first Manchester type may correspond to a high-low or low-high transition for each bit value. The second Manchester type described herein may correspond to representation of each bit value by a transition from a first signal level to a second signal level, and back to the first signal level within a symbol duration (e.g., low-high-low for a ‘0’ and high-low-high for a ‘1’ or vice versa) . A transmitter may generate a signal according to the defined Manchester type and may subsequently append a CP to each segment (e.g., each symbol duration) . The CP for a symbol may copy the signal level from the end of the segment to the beginning of the segment. Because the end portion may be the same as the beginning portion for the second Manchester type described herein, the CP addition may maintain an order of signal transitions, and a receiving device may thereby decode and identify the bit levels accurately.
[0110] If each segment to which a CP is to be added conveys more than one Manchester symbol of the first type or the second type, a check bit may be used to generate a signal that starts and ends with a same signal level and is compatible with a CP addition. Additionally, or alternatively, a check bit may be used to generate a signal that ends with a same signal level to the end of a previous signal and is compatible with a CP addition. The check bit may be a bit inserted to an end of the segment. The check bit may include an inverse of a first bit in the segment or a copy of a last bit in a previous segment. If a Manchester waveform associated with two signal level transitions per bit is used, the check bit may be a copy of the first bit in the segment or the last bit in the previous segment.
[0111] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system 200 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 200 may implement or be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100 as described with reference to FIG. 1. For example, the wireless communications system 200 may include a network entity 205 and a network entity 215 which may represent examples of a corresponding devices, such as the network entity 105, the UE 115, or some other devices as described with reference to FIG. 1. The network entity 205 may communicate with the network entity 215 via a communication link 220 and within a geographic coverage area 210. As described herein, the network entity 205 may generate and transmit a signal according to both a Manchester coding scheme and an OFDM communication protocol.
[0112] In some aspects, the network entity 205 may operate in accordance with one or more OFDM protocols. That is, the network entity 205 may transmit and receive OFDM signaling, which may include one or more OFDM symbols. Each OFDM symbol may include a CP, which may be a copy of an end of the OFDM symbol that is added adjacent to the beginning of the OFDM symbol (e.g., inserted to a beginning portion of the symbol) to improve communication reliability and timing.
[0113] In some aspects, the network entity 215 may represent an example of a low-capability device, such as an AIoT device, a device that performs backscattering, a device that performs energy harvesting, or some other type of device. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 215 may support Manchester coded communications (e.g., for energy harvesting, backscattering, LP-WUS, other scenarios, or any combination thereof) . The network entity 205 may thereby exchange Manchester coded signaling with the network entity 215. To maintain compliance with the OFDM protocols, the network entity 205 may add a CP to a beginning of each symbol in the Manchester coded information 230. However, if the network entity 215 is relatively low complexity, the network entity 215 may not be able to synchronize and identify locations of the CPs in a received waveform. As such, the network entity 215 may detect more signal transitions than intended in a given portion (e.g., bit, symbol, segment) of the information 230, and the network entity 215 may not be able to accurately decode the intended bits.
[0114] Techniques described herein provide for modified Manchester coding, modified encoding techniques, or both to support CP addition and communication of Manchester coded information 230 in an OFDM environment. In some aspects, a second type of Manchester coding may be defined to support CP addition. The second type of Manchester coding may correspond to two signal level transitions per bit interval, where the transitions indicate a value of a given bit. Because each bit may start and end with a same signal level according to the second type of Manchester coding, such coding may support CP addition. For example, a CP may be a copy of a final portion of a symbol that is added adjacent to (e.g., inserted in, appended to) a beginning portion of the symbol. Thus, the signal level may be copied from an end and appended to a beginning of a bit, which may not affect the resulting signal level transitions per bit if each symbol conveys one bit. Techniques for the second type of Manchester coding are described in further detail elsewhere herein, including with reference to FIG. 3.
[0115] In some aspects, the network entity 205 (e.g., a transmitting device) may modify Manchester-coded information 230 (e.g., a signal, a waveform) before addition of a CP. For example, the network entity 205 may insert a check bit into an end of each segment within the information 230. The information 230 may include one or more segments, and each segment may include one or more bits. The check bit insertion may provide for a beginning signal level and an ending signal level of each segment to be the same prior to CP addition, even if there is more than one bit per segment to which a CP is to be added. The check bit may be inserted into information 230 that is coded using the first type of Manchester coding or the second type of Manchester coding, as described in further detail elsewhere herein, including with reference to FIGs. 4 and 5.
[0116] The network entity 205 may transmit a control message 225 to the network entity 215 that indicates one or more communication parameters 235 for generation of information 230 in accordance with both the Manchester coding scheme and the OFDM protocols. The communication parameters 235 may include a type of the Manchester coding (e.g., the first type or second type of Manchester symbols) , a type of coding scheme for the information 230, other parameters, or any combination thereof. The type of coding scheme may include a check-bit assisted coding scheme or a non-check-bit assisted coding scheme. The non-check-bit assisted coding scheme may include a scheme in which a check bit is not inserted to the information 230 before transmission and the check-bit assisted coding scheme may include a scheme in which the check bit is inserted. The control message 225 may thereby indicate, to the network entity 215, how to decode and interpret subsequent information 230 from the network entity 205. The control message 225 may be a downlink control information (DCI) message, a medium access control-control element (MAC-CE) , a radio resource control (RRC) message, some other type of message, or any combination thereof. Additionally, or alternatively, the Manchester symbol and coding scheme types may be configured via an RCC configuration or upon manufacture of the devices.
[0117] The network entity 205 and the network entity 215 may thereby support Manchester-based communications according to the techniques described herein, which may provide support for reduced complexity communications and applications while maintaining compliance with various different communication protocols, among other examples.
[0118] FIG. 3 shows examples of Manchester waveform configurations 300-a and 300-b that support enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, the Manchester waveform configurations 300-a and 300-b may implement aspects of wireless communications systems 100 or 200. For example, the Manchester waveform configurations 300-a and 300-b illustrate waveforms that may be generated by and exchanged between one or more wireless devices, which may represent examples of the UEs 115 or the network entities 105, 205, or 215, as described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2. In some aspects, the waveforms may be referred to as or may otherwise represent examples of information, signals, or the like.
[0119] The Manchester waveform configuration 300-a illustrates an example waveform before CP addition. As described herein, the Manchester waveform configuration 300-a illustrates a second type of Manchester coding, which may be based on (e.g., defined for, configured to support) cyclic shifts. That is, the second type of Manchester coding may support CP addition while remaining decodable by relatively low complexity devices.
[0120] The second type of Manchester coding described herein may represent a given bit value via two signal level transitions. Each bit duration 310 may correspond to a respective segment of an overall waveform to which a CP 315 may be added. Each segment may include (e.g., convey) a single bit 305, and the waveform may convey a sequence of one or more bits. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the bit 305-a may have a value of ‘0’ and may be represented by a first transition from a low signal to a high signal and a second transition from the high signal back to the low signal within a bit duration 310. That is, within a bit duration 310, two sides may be low levels and a middle portion of the waveform may be a high level to represent a bit value of ‘0’ . The bit 305-b may have a value of ‘1’ and may be represented by a first transition from a high signal to a low signal and a second transition from the low signal back to the high signal within the bit duration 310 for the bit 305-b. That is, within a bit duration 310, two sides may be high levels and a middle portion of the waveform may be a low level to represent a bit value of ‘1’ . It is to be understood that, in some aspects, the rules or definitions of bit values and corresponding signal transitions may be exchanged or swapped.
[0121] The bit duration 310 may be based on a subcarrier spacing (SCS) value for communications. For example, the bit duration 310 may be an inverse of the SCS value (e.g., 1 / SCS) . Within a given bit duration 310, the respective segment of the waveform may include two transitions between two signal levels, which may correspond to high and low signal levels, ON and OFF values, ‘0’ and ‘1’ values, or any combination thereof. A duration of a beginning of the segment before the first transition in signal levels (e.g., a left-side level) may be shorter than a duration of an ending of the segment after the second transition (e.g., a right-side level) before CP addition. In some aspects, the durations may differ by a duration of the CP 315.
[0122] The second type of Manchester coding described herein may thereby include two transitions within a single symbol, instead of a single transition per symbol, as in the first type of Manchester coding. That is, before a CP is added adjacent to an initial portion of the information, each bit 305 may be represented by two transitions in signal level, where a beginning portion of each bit is a same signal level as an ending portion of each bit. A transmitting device may generate a waveform including one or more bits in accordance with the second Manchester type illustrated in the Manchester waveform configuration 300-a. The transmitting device may subsequently add a CP 315 to the waveform in accordance with OFDM communication protocols. Adding the CP 315 may include inserting the CP adjacent to an initial portion of the waveform or appending the CP 315 to a beginning of the waveform, or the like.
[0123] The Manchester waveform configuration 300-b illustrates the Manchester waveform after the CP 315 has been added to each symbol 320. The CP 315 may be added adjacent to a beginning of each bit duration 310. Each OFDM symbol 320 (e.g., symbols 320-a and 320-b) may include the CP 315 and the bit duration 310 and may convey a single bit 305. As such, a total duration of the waveform including the two bits 305-a and 305-b may be increased by the duration of the two CPs 315-a and 315-b. In some aspects, each symbol 320 may be referred to as a segment of information (e.g., a waveform, signal) , where the segment may convey a single bit 305.
[0124] As illustrated by the curved arrows in FIG. 3, each CP 315 may be a copy of an ending portion of the respective symbol 320. For example, the CP 315-a may be a copy of an ending portion of the symbol 320-a, and the CP 315-b may be a copy of an ending portion of the symbol 320-b. If the bits 305-a and 305-b are encoded using the first type of Manchester coding, the bit 305-a (e.g., a value of ‘0’ ) may be encoded as a transition from a low value to a high value and the bit 305-b (e.g., a value of ‘1’ ) may be encoded as a transition from a high value to a low value. In such aspects, a CP may copy the high value from the end portion of the corresponding symbol, such that the resulting information (e.g., signal, waveform) would include more transitions than the initial Manchester-coded bit. As such, a receiving device, such as an AIoT device, or some other low power or low capability device, may not be capable of synchronizing and identifying the CP, such that the device may not decode the waveform.
[0125] As illustrated in FIG. 3, the second type of Manchester coding described herein may provide for a low capability receiving device to read the waveform without identifying the CP 315. For example, because the bits 305 are encoded with a same starting value and ending value, the addition of the CP 315 to the beginning as a copy of the end of a given symbol 320 may not affect the transitions within the symbol 320. A receiving device may thereby receive the waveform and identify two transitions in signal levels within a symbol 320. For example, before CP addition, the bit 305-a may be conveyed as a transition from low to high and then back to low. After addition of the CP 315-a, the bit 305-a is still conveyed as a transition from low to high and then back to low within a symbol 320-a.
[0126] In some aspects, a duration of a low level signal per symbol 320 may be equal to a duration of a high level signal per symbol 320 after CP addition. For example, before CP addition, a duration 335 of a first signal level before a first signal level transition may be less than a duration of the first signal level after the second signal level transition by a duration of a CP 315 (e.g., T / 2-NCP) . Thus, after the addition of the CP 315, a first duration 330-a of the CP 315 and the first signal level before a first transition may be equal to a second duration 330-b of the first signal level after the second transition (e.g., at an end of the symbol 320) . The duration 325 of the second signal level (e.g., a high signal level for the bit 305-b and a low signal level for the bit 305-a) may be equal to, T, and may be a sum of the first duration 330-a and the second duration 330-b (e.g., T / 2) .
[0127] If the Manchester waveform is coded using modulation, low and high signal levels in the waveform may include multiple samples or symbols of OOK or some other modulation scheme. The durations of low and high signal levels may be implemented using quantities of consecutive samples or symbols of the modulation scheme, data rates, SCS, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) number, CP length, or any combination thereof. If the Manchester waveform is coded in a coding domain, the bits 305 may be encoded as a sequence of numerical bit values. For example, a value of ‘0’ may be ended as ‘0110’ and a value of ‘1’ may be encoded as ‘1001, ’ or vice versa. The transmitting device may modulate the coded bits with OOK or some other modulation scheme (e.g., 0110 → [s1, s2, s2, s1] and 1001 → [s2, s1, s1, s2] , where s1 may be OFF and s2 may be ON) . The transmitting device may oversample (e.g., repeat) the modulated samples or symbols to implement the proposed durations of low signal levels and high signal levels within a symbol 320. Oversampling rates per signal level may be different based on data rates, SCS, FFT number, CP length, or any combination thereof. As an illustrative example, a sequence of coded bits, 0110 may be modulated to [OFF, ON, ON, OFF] , which may be represented by [OFF, ..., OFF, ON, ..., ON, OFF, ..., OFF] . A quantity of the first sequence of OFF states may be equal to some value, K, and a quantity of the second (e.g., final) sequence of OFF states may be equal to the value, K, and a CP duration (e.g., K+NCP) . A quantity of the sequence of ON states in between the two sequences of OFF states may be equal to two times the value and the CP duration (e.g., 2 (K+NCP) ) . In this aspect, a total quantity may be 4K + 3NCP = NFFT, where NFFT may represent a duration of an OFDM symbol 320. As such, the value, K, may be determined by K = (NFFT -3NCP) / 4. If NFFT =2048 and NCP=144, then K = 404, as an example. However, any other NFFT and NCP value may be supported. If K is calculated and is not an integer, a transmitting device may round the value and add or subtract some samples to make the total length equal to the symbol duration (NFFT) .
[0128] The described second type of Manchester coding may thereby provide for a relatively low complexity device to receive and decode the Manchester waveform accurately without detection of the one or more CPs 315, which may improve throughput and reliability of Manchester-coded communications in scenarios in which each segment to which a CP 315 is to be added includes a single Manchester symbol. That is, if each symbol 320 conveys a single bit, the second type of Manchester coding may improve CP addition. In some aspects, however, each symbol 320 may convey multiple bits. In such cases, addition of a CP 315 at a beginning of the symbol 320 may or may not result in a symbol with the same signal level transitions as before CP insertion, at least because the first and last bits in the symbol 320 may be different. Techniques for supporting CP addition at relatively higher data rates (e.g., more bits per symbol 320) are described in further detail elsewhere herein, including with reference to FIGs. 4 and 5.
[0129] FIG. 4 shows an example Manchester waveform configuration 400 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, the Manchester waveform configuration 400 may implement aspects of wireless communications systems 100 or 200. For example, the Manchester waveform configuration 400 illustrates waveforms 401 and 402 that may be generated by and exchanged between one or more wireless devices, which may represent examples of the UEs 115 or the network entities 105, 205, or 215, as described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2.
[0130] The Manchester waveform configuration 400 illustrates an example waveform before and after the waveform is modified to support a subsequent CP addition. For example, the waveform 401 may represent a sequence of bits 405-athrough 405-e (e.g., 1, 0, 1, 1, 0) to be transmitted to a receiver, where the sequence of bits 405-a through 405-e are coded using the first type of Manchester coding. The waveform 402 may represent the sequence of bits 405 after addition of a check bit 410 to support a relatively seamless CP addition. As described herein, the Manchester waveform configuration 400 illustrates a first type of Manchester coding, in which a value may be represented by a single transition between signal levels. A duration 425 of each signal level in a given bit 405 may be equal. For example, the bit 405-d may include a high signal level for the duration 425 (e.g., T) and a low signal level for the same duration 425. The duration 425 may be greater than a length of a CP that may subsequently be appended to the information.
[0131] In this example, the waveform 401, prior to insertion of the check bit 410, may include one or more segments 420, such as the segments 420-a and 420-c. Each segment 420 may include one or more bits 405. In FIG. 3, for example, each segment may include a single bit. In this example, each segment 420 in the waveform 401 may include multiple bits 405. The segment 420-a may include four bits 405-b, 405-c, 405-d, and 405-e. The bit 405-a may be included in another segment 420-c that is before the segment 420-a in the waveform 401. The segment 420-c may additionally include one or more other bits 405 (not illustrated) . Although not illustrated, one or more other bits 405 of other segments 420 may be included after the bit 405-e in the segment 420-a.
[0132] The waveform 401 may represent an example sequence of data that is intended to be transmitted to a receiver. However, if the waveform 401 is transmitted via an OFDM communication system, a CP may be added to a beginning of each segment 420. For example, each segment 420 may represent an OFDM symbol duration, in some aspects, or a segment to which a CP is to be added. The techniques described herein provide for the transmitting device to modify the waveform 401 before transmission to provide for improved support for CP addition while maintaining compliance with a receiver (e.g., supporting receiver capabilities, which may be relatively limited) .
[0133] The waveform 402 illustrates a modification of the waveform 401. For example, the transmitting device may insert a check bit 410 to an end of the segment 420-a in the waveform 401 to generate the waveform 402. Although a single segment 420-a is illustrated, it is to be understood that the transmitting device may insert a respective check bit 410 into each segment 420 within a waveform. The check bit 410 may be an inverse of a first bit 405-b in the segment 420-a, or a copy of a last bit 405-ain a previous segment 420-c that is before the segment 420-a in the waveform 401.
[0134] In the example of FIG. 4, the check bit 410 may be an inverse of the first bit 405-b in the segment 420-a to which the CP is to be added. That is, the transmitting device may generate a check bit 410 based on an inversion of a value of the first bit 405-b (e.g., zero in this example) . The check bit 410 may have a value of one in this aspect.
[0135] The check bit 410 may be inserted such that the check bit 410 replaces a final bit 405-e in the segment 420-a. A resulting segment 420-b may thereby include the bits 405-b, 405-c, and 405-d, as well as the check bit 410. The bit 405-a may remain in the previous segment 420-c, and the bit 405-e may be moved to another segment that is after the segment 420-b in the waveform 402. The left-side level (e.g., a duration of a first signal level) of the first bit 405-b in the segment 420-b may be shortened by a CP length 415. For example, a duration of the bit 405-b in the segment 420-a may be longer than a duration of the bit 405-b in the segment 420-b by a CP length 415. The CP length 415 may be added to the previous segment 420-c (e.g., the previous segment 420-c may be extended) .
[0136] After the check bit 410 is inserted as an inversion of the first bit 405-b, a CP may be appended to a front of the segment 420-b. For example, the transmitting device may copy a value of a final portion of the segment 420-b and may repeat the value in a front portion of the segment 420-b having the CP length 415. In the example of FIG. 4, the final portion of the segment 420-b may have a low signal level based on the check bit 410 transitioning from a high signal level to the low signal level before an end of the segment 420-b. Thus, the low signal level may be copied to a front portion of the segment 420-b (e.g., in the CP length 415) . The subsequent insertion of the CP may recover the duration of the first signal level in the bit 405-b to the duration 425. A receiving device may thereby receive the waveform 402, detect a single signal level transition in each bit interval, and decode the bit values accurately, which may improve throughput and reliability.
[0137] Additionally, or alternatively, the check bit 410 may be a copy of a last bit 405-a in the front segment 420-c that is before the segment 420-a in the waveform 401 to which the CP is to be added. That is, the transmitting device may copy a value of the last bit 405-a in the front segment 420-c and may generate a check bit 410 based on the value. The last bit 405-a and the check bit 410 may have a value of one in this example. If the last bit 405-a is copied to the check bit 410, a right-side level of the last bit 405-a in the front segment 420-c is shortened by the CP length 415. The segment 420-b in such cases may be longer than the segment 420-a (not illustrated in FIG. 4) before CP addition.
[0138] After the check bit 410 is inserted as a copy of the last bit 405-a, a CP may be appended to the front of the segment 420-b. For example, the transmitting device may copy a value of a final portion of the segment 420-b and may repeat the value in a front portion of the segment 420-b having the CP length 415. In the example of FIG. 4, the final portion of the segment 420-b may have a low signal level based on the check bit 410 transitioning from a high signal level to the low signal level before an end of the segment 420-b. Thus, the low signal level may be copied to a front portion of the segment 420-b (e.g., in the CP length 415) . The subsequent addition of the CP may recover the duration of the first signal level in the last bit 405-a to the duration 425. A receiving device may thereby receive the waveform 402, detect a single signal level transition in each bit interval, and decode the bit values accurately, which may improve throughput and reliability.
[0139] The check bit 410 may thereby provide for improved compatibility between Manchester coding and OFDM protocols. In some aspects, the Manchester waveform may be coded modulation, and the transmitting device may add one or more check bits 410 in a bit domain. The transmitting device (e.g., a reader) may encode and modulate the bits with Manchester coding to obtain the proposed waveform for transmission. Additionally, or alternatively, in some aspects, the transmitting device may encode and modulate the bits with Manchester coding to obtain the proposed waveform without check bits 410. The transmitting device may subsequently add the check bits 410 by inserting Manchester waveforms of check bits 410. For example, a Manchester waveform of a check bit 410 to insert may be replaced by its right-half waveform. In some such aspects, the transmitting device may indicate the Manchester coding of the check bit 410 to a receiving device (e.g., an AIoT device) to provide for the receiving device to find the correct beginning of a next segment in the waveform. Additionally, or alternatively, the right-half waveform (e.g., check wave) may be further shortened to the CP length 415. The transmitting device may indicate that the right-half waveform is shortened to the receiving device to provide for the receiving device (s) to ignore the check wave in clock recovery.
[0140] In some aspects, the Manchester may be in a coding domain. The transmitting device may add check bits 410 in a bit domain, encode the bits with Manchester coding, and then modulate the waveform. The transmitting device may subsequently oversample the waveform to generate the waveform 402.
[0141] FIG. 5 shows an example of a Manchester waveform configuration 500 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In some aspects, the Manchester waveform configuration 500 may implement aspects of wireless communications systems 100 or 200. For example, the Manchester waveform configuration 500 illustrates waveforms 501 and 502 that may be generated by and exchanged between one or more wireless devices, which may represent examples of the UEs 115 or the network entities 105, 205, or 215, as described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2.
[0142] The Manchester waveform configuration 500 illustrates an example waveform before and after the waveform is modified to support a subsequent CP addition. For example, the waveform 501 may represent a sequence of bits 505-athrough 505-e (e.g., 1, 0, 1, 1, 0) to be transmitted to a receiver, where the sequence of bits 505-a through 505-e are coded using the second type of Manchester coding. The waveform 502 may represent the sequence of bits 505 after addition of a check bit 510 to support a relatively seamless CP addition. As described herein, the Manchester waveform configuration 500 illustrates a second type of Manchester coding, in which a value may be represented by two transitions between signal levels within a bit interval. A duration 525 of a middle signal level in a given bit 505 may be equal to a first value, T, and the durations 535-a and 535-b of the outer signal level in a given bit 505 may be equal to half of the first value, T / 2. That is, a total duration of each signal level in a given bit may be equal. For example, the bit 505-d may include a high signal level for the duration 535-a (e.g., T / 2) and the duration 535-b (e.g., T / 2) and a low signal level for the duration 525 (e.g., T) , where a sum of the durations 535-a and 535-b may be the duration 525. The duration 535 may be greater than a length of a CP that may subsequently be appended to the information.
[0143] In this example, the waveform 501, prior to insertion of the check bit 510, may include one or more segments 520, such as the segments 520-a and 520-c, which may represent examples of the segments 420-a and 420-c described with reference to FIG. 4. As described with reference to FIG. 4, each segment 520 may include one or more bits 505.
[0144] The waveform 501 may represent an example sequence of data that is intended to be transmitted to a receiver. However, if the waveform 501 is transmitted via an OFDM communication system, a CP may be added to a beginning of each segment 520. For example, each segment 520 may represent an OFDM symbol duration, in some aspects, or a segment to which a CP is to be added. The techniques described herein provide for the transmitting device to modify the waveform 501 before transmission to provide for improved support for CP addition while maintaining compliance with a receiver (e.g., supporting receiver capabilities, which may be relatively limited) .
[0145] The waveform 502 illustrates a modification of the waveform 501. For example, the transmitting device may insert a check bit 510 to an end of the segment 520-a in the waveform 501 to generate the waveform 502. Although a single check bit 510 is illustrated, it is to be understood that the transmitting device may insert a respective check bit 510 into an end of each segment 520 within a waveform. If the waveform 501 is encoded using the second type of Manchester coding (e.g., two signal level transitions per bit 505) , the check bit 510 may be a copy of a first bit 505-b in the segment 520-a to which the CP is to be added, or a copy of a last bit 505-a in a previous segment 520-c that is before the segment 520-a in the waveform 501.
[0146] In the example of FIG. 5, the check bit 510 may be a copy of the first bit 505-b in the segment 520-a to which the CP is to be added. That is, the transmitting device may copy a value of the first bit 505-b (e.g., zero in this example) , and may generate a check bit 510 based on the copy. The check bit 510 may have a value of zero in this aspect.
[0147] The check bit 510 may be inserted such that the check bit 510 replaces a final bit 505-e in the segment 520-a. A resulting segment 520-b may thereby include the bits 505-b, 505-c, and 505-d, as well as the check bit 510. The bit 505-a may remain in the previous segment 520-c, and the bit 505-e may be moved to another segment that is after the segment 520-b in the waveform 502. The left-side level (e.g., a duration 535-a of a first signal level) of the first bit 505-b in the segment 520-b may be shortened by a CP length 515. For example, a duration of the bit 505-b in the segment 520-a may be longer than a duration of the bit 505-b in the segment 520-b by a CP length 515. The CP length 515 may be added to the previous segment 520-c (e.g., the previous segment 520-c may be extended) .
[0148] After the check bit 510 is inserted as a copy of the first bit 505-b, a CP may be appended to a front of the segment 520-b. For example, the transmitting device may copy a value of a final portion of the segment 520-b and may repeat the value in a front portion of the segment 520-b having the CP length 515. In the example of FIG. 5, the final portion of the segment 520-b may have a low signal level based on the check bit 510 transitioning from a high signal level to the low signal level before an end of the segment 520-b. Thus, the low signal level may be copied to a front portion of the segment 520-b (e.g., in the CP length 515) . The subsequent addition of the CP may recover the duration of the first signal level in the bit 505-b to the duration 535-a (e.g., T / 2) . A receiving device may thereby receive the waveform 502, detect two signal level transitions in each bit interval, and decode the bit values accurately, which may improve throughput and reliability.
[0149] Additionally, or alternatively, although not illustrated in FIG. 5, in some aspects, the check bit 510 may be a copy of a last bit 505-a in the front segment 520-c that is before the segment 520-a in the waveform 501 to which the CP is to be added. That is, the transmitting device may copy a value of the last bit 505-a in the front segment 520-c and may generate a check bit 510 based on the value. The last bit 505-a has a value of one in the example of FIG. 5. The check bit 510 would also have the value of one and would transition from the high signal level to the low signal level and back to the high signal level within the bit interval.
[0150] If the last bit 505-a is copied to the check bit 510, a right-side level of the last bit 505-a in the front segment 520-c may be shortened by the CP length 515. The segment 520-b in such cases may be longer than the segment 520-a (not illustrated in FIG. 5) before CP addition.
[0151] After the check bit 510 is inserted as a copy of the last bit 505-a, a CP may be appended to the front of the segment 520-b. For example, the transmitting device may copy a value of a final portion of the segment 50-b and may repeat the value in a front portion of the segment 520-b having the CP length 515. If the check bit is a one, the final portion of the segment 520-b may have a high signal level. Thus, the high signal level may be copied to a front portion of the segment 520-b (e.g., in the CP length 515) . The copied high signal level may be inserted into the shortened duration of the last bit 505-a. The subsequent addition of the CP may recover the duration of the last bit 505-a. A receiving device may thereby receive the waveform 502, detect a single signal level transition in each bit interval, and decode the bit values accurately, which may improve throughput and reliability. That is, the CP may be decoded by a receiving device as part of the last bit 505-a in the previous segment 520-c.
[0152] The check bit 510 may thereby provide for improved compatibility between Manchester coding and OFDM protocols. In some aspects, the Manchester waveform may be coded modulation, and the transmitting device may add one or more check bits 510 in a bit domain. The transmitting device (e.g., a reader) may encode and modulate the bits with Manchester coding to obtain the proposed waveform for transmission. Additionally, or alternatively, in some aspects, the transmitting device may encode and modulate the bits with Manchester coding to obtain the proposed waveform without check bits 510. The transmitting device may subsequently add the check bits 510 by inserting Manchester waveforms of check bits 510. For example, a Manchester waveform of a check bit 510 to insert may be replaced by its right-half waveform. In some such aspects, the transmitting device may indicate the Manchester coding of the check bit 510 to a receiving device (e.g., an AIoT device) to provide for the receiving device to find the correct beginning of a next segment in the waveform. Additionally, or alternatively, the right-half waveform (e.g., check wave) may be further shortened to the CP length 515. The transmitting device may indicate that the right-half waveform is shortened to the receiving device to provide for the receiving device (s) to ignore the check wave in clock recovery.
[0153] In some aspects, the Manchester may be in a coding domain. The transmitting device may add check bits 510 in a bit domain, encode the bits with Manchester coding, and then modulate the waveform. The transmitting device may subsequently oversample the waveform to generate the waveform 502.
[0154] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow 600 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 600 may implement or be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications systems 100 and 200 or Manchester waveform configurations 300-a, 300-b, 400, or 500. For example, the process flow 600 illustrates communications between a network entity 605 and a network entity 615, which may represent aspects of corresponding devices as described with reference to FIGs. 1–5. In some aspects, (quick sentence of solution)
[0155] In the following description of the process flow 600, the operations between the network entity 605 and the network entity 615 may be performed in different orders or at different times. Some operations may also be left out of the process flow 600, or other operations may be added. Although the network entity 605 and the network entity 615 are shown performing the operations of the process flow 600, some aspects of some operations may also be performed by one or more other wireless devices.
[0156] At 620, the network entity 615 may receive, from the network entity 605 or some other network entity, a control message that indicates one or more communication parameters for reception of information according to both a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing (e.g., OFDM) communication protocol. The one or more communication parameters may include a type of Manchester symbol (e.g., whether each symbol is conveyed via a single signal level transition or two signal level transitions) , a type of the Manchester coding scheme (e.g., check-bit assisted or non-check-bit assisted) , a check bit position or a period for the check-bit assisted scheme (e.g., there is a check bit after every three bits) , a Manchester symbol number, a modulation symbol number, a quantity of bits per segment, a Manchester symbol rate, a modulation symbol rate, a bit rate, other parameters, or any combination thereof. In some examples, at 620, the network entity 605 may additionally, or alternatively, receive the control message including the set of one or more communication parameters. For example, another network entity may transmit the control message to both the network entity 615 and the network entity 605, or the network entity 605 may forward the control message to the network entity 615.
[0157] At 625, the network entity 605 may generate information for transmission to the network entity 615 in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme. The information may alternate between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data. For example, the information may include a single signal-level transition per bit, as illustrated and described with reference to FIG. 4, or may include multiple signal-level transitions per bit, as illustrated and described with reference to FIGs. 3 and 5. The information may be generated such that before addition of a CP adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, a first end value of the first segment may be one of the first value or the second value and may be the same as a start value of the information at the start of the initial portion, or may be the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information. For example, if the first segment conveys a single bit, and uses the second Manchester coding scheme, the first segment may include two signal-level transitions, such that a beginning and end of the first segment may be the same signal level, as described with reference to FIG. 3. Additionally, or alternatively, if the first segment conveys one or more bits, a check-bit may be inserted to an end of the first segment and may copy the start value of the initial portion of the segment or a previously end value of the previous segment, as described with reference to FIGs. 4 and 5.
[0158] At 630, as part of generating the information, the network entity 605 may add, in accordance with the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, a CP adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment. That is, the network entity 605 may append the CP to the initial portion of the first segment. The techniques for generating, at 625, the information as described herein may provide for the start value of the information, after addition of the CP, to be the same as the first end value of the first segment at an end of the first segment. Thus, the Manchester coding schemes described herein may provide for information to include a CP and still support signal level transitions for Manchester coding.
[0159] At 635, the network entity 605 may transmit the information to the network entity 615. The network entity 615 may receive the information according to the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol. The information may include a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a CP added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment. Because the information is generated by the network entity 605 according to the described techniques, a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion may be one of a first value or a second value and may be the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment.
[0160] At 640, the network entity 615 may decode the information based on the one or more communication parameters. For example, based on the one or more communication parameters, the network entity 615 may determine whether the information is coded according to a check-bit assisted Manchester coding scheme or not, or the network entity 615 may determine whether the information is coded according to a first type of Manchester coding (e.g., a single signal-level transition per bit) or a second type of Manchester coding (e.g., two or more signal-level transitions per bit) , or both.
[0161] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a device 705 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 705 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. The device 705 may include a receiver 710, a transmitter 715, and a communications manager 720. The device 705, or one or more components of the device 705 (e.g., the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, the communications manager 720) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0162] The receiver 710 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to enhanced Manchester coding) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 705. The receiver 710 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0163] The transmitter 715 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 705. For example, the transmitter 715 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to enhanced Manchester coding) . In some aspects, the transmitter 715 may be co-located with a receiver 710 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 715 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0164] The communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of enhanced Manchester coding as described herein. For example, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0165] In some aspects, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , a central processing unit (CPU) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0166] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0167] In some aspects, the communications manager 720 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both. For example, the communications manager 720 may receive information from the receiver 710, send information to the transmitter 715, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0168] The communications manager 720 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, where the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and where a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a cyclic prefix adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, where, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, where, after addition of the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme. The communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the information.
[0169] By including or configuring the communications manager 720 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 705 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, the communications manager 720, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, and more efficient utilization of communication resources, among other aspects.
[0170] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram 800 of a device 805 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of aspects of a device 705 or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 805 may include a receiver 810, a transmitter 815, and a communications manager 820. The device 805, or one or more components of the device 805 (e.g., the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, the communications manager 820) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0171] The receiver 810 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to enhanced Manchester coding) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 805. The receiver 810 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0172] The transmitter 815 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 805. For example, the transmitter 815 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to enhanced Manchester coding) . In some aspects, the transmitter 815 may be co-located with a receiver 810 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 815 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0173] The device 805, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of enhanced Manchester coding as described herein. For example, the communications manager 820 may include an information generation component 825 an OFDM communication component 830, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 820 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 720 as described herein. In some aspects, the communications manager 820, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or both. For example, the communications manager 820 may receive information from the receiver 810, send information to the transmitter 815, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0174] The communications manager 820 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The information generation component 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, where the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and where a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a cyclic prefix adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, where, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, where, after addition of the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme. The OFDM communication component 830 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the information.
[0175] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a communications manager 920 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 920 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 720, a communications manager 820, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 920, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of enhanced Manchester coding as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920 may include an information generation component 925, an OFDM communication component 930, a communication parameter component 935, a Manchester component 940, a cyclic prefix component 945, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0176] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The information generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, where the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and where a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a cyclic prefix adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, where, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, where, after addition of the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme. The OFDM communication component 930 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the information.
[0177] In some aspects, the communication parameter component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters for generation of the information in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, where the one or more communication parameters include a type of Manchester symbol or a type of the Manchester coding scheme.
[0178] In some aspects, the information is a waveform. In some aspects, the waveform transitions from the first value in the initial portion of the first segment to the second value in a middle portion of the first segment, and back to the first value in a terminal portion of the first segment. In some aspects, the first segment indicates a first bit based on the waveform.
[0179] In some aspects, a first duration of the initial portion of the first segment is less than a second duration of the terminal portion of the first segment before the cyclic prefix is added. In some aspects, the initial portion of the first segment and the terminal portion of the first segment include a same duration after the cyclic prefix is added.
[0180] In some aspects, each segment of one or more segments in the information indicates a single bit of data.
[0181] In some aspects, to support generating the waveform, the information generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for modulating the first bit into the waveform, where the first value and the second value are based on a value of the first bit.
[0182] In some aspects, to support generating the waveform, the information generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the first bit into a set of multiple bits in a coding domain. In some aspects, to support generating the waveform, the information generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for modulating, in accordance with a modulation scheme, the set of multiple bits from the coding domain to a sequence of the first value and the second value, where the waveform is based on the sequence.
[0183] In some aspects, to support generating the information, the Manchester component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, in the first segment, a sequence of Manchester symbols to convey the one or more bits of data. In some aspects, to support generating the information, the Manchester component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a Manchester symbol based on a value of a first Manchester symbol of the sequence of Manchester symbols in the first segment. In some aspects, to support generating the information, the Manchester component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for adding the Manchester symbol to the end of the first segment, where the cyclic prefix is added adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment after the Manchester symbol is added to the end of the first segment, and where the start value and the first end value of the first segment are the same before and after the cyclic prefix is added.
[0184] In some aspects, to support generating the Manchester symbol, the Manchester component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating the Manchester symbol based on an inversion of the value of the first Manchester symbol of the sequence of Manchester symbols in the first segment, and where each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol.
[0185] In some aspects, each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol. In some aspects, the Manchester symbol includes a first transition copied from the first Manchester symbol.
[0186] In some aspects, the Manchester component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for reducing a first duration of the initial portion of the first segment based on the Manchester symbol added to the end of the first segment, where the first duration of the initial portion of the first segment is reduced by a second duration of the cyclic prefix.
[0187] In some aspects, to support generating the information, the Manchester component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, in the first segment, a first sequence of Manchester symbols to convey the one or more bits of data, where the previous segment that is before the first segment within the information includes a previous sequence of Manchester symbols. In some aspects, to support generating the information, the Manchester component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a Manchester symbol based on a value of a final Manchester symbol of the previous sequence of Manchester symbols in the previous segment. In some aspects, to support generating the information, the Manchester component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for adding the Manchester symbol to the end of the first segment, where the cyclic prefix is added adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment after the Manchester symbol is added to the end of the first segment, and where the first end value of the first segment and the previous end value of the previous segment are the same before and after the cyclic prefix is added.
[0188] In some aspects, each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol. In some aspects, the Manchester symbol includes a first transition copied from the final Manchester symbol.
[0189] In some aspects, each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol. In some aspects, the Manchester symbol includes the value copied from the final Manchester symbol.
[0190] In some aspects, the Manchester component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for reducing a first duration of a terminal portion of the final Manchester symbol of the previous segment based on the Manchester symbol added to the end of the first segment, where the first duration of the terminal portion of the previous segment is reduced by a second duration of the cyclic prefix.
[0191] In some aspects, to support adding the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the cyclic prefix component 945 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending the cyclic prefix to the initial portion of the first segment.
[0192] FIG. 10 shows a diagram of a system 1000 including a device 1005 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of or include components of a device 705, a device 805, or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1005 may communicate (e.g., wirelessly) with one or more other devices (e.g., network entities 105, UEs 115, or a combination thereof) . The device 1005 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1020, an input / output (I / O) controller, such as an I / O controller 1010, a transceiver 1015, one or more antennas 1025, at least one memory 1030, code 1035, and at least one processor 1040. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1045) .
[0193] The I / O controller 1010 may manage input and output signals for the device 1005. The I / O controller 1010 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1005. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1010 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1040. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1005 via the I / O controller 1010 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1010.
[0194] In some cases, the device 1005 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1005 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1015 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1025 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1015 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1015 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1025 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1025. The transceiver 1015, or the transceiver 1015 and one or more antennas 1025, may be an example of a transmitter 715, a transmitter 815, a receiver 710, a receiver 810, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0195] The at least one memory 1030 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The at least one memory 1030 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1035. The code 1035 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1040, cause the device 1005 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1035 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1035 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1040 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1030 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0196] The at least one processor 1040 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1040 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1040. The at least one processor 1040 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1030) to cause the device 1005 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting enhanced Manchester coding) . For example, the device 1005 or a component of the device 1005 may include at least one processor 1040 and at least one memory 1030 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1040, the at least one processor 1040 and the at least one memory 1030 configured to perform various functions described herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 1040 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1030 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 1040 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1040) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1030) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1040 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1040 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1005 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1035 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1030 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0197] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, where the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and where a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a cyclic prefix adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, where, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, where, after addition of the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the information.
[0198] By including or configuring the communications manager 1020 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1005 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, and improved utilization of processing capability, among other aspects.
[0199] In some aspects, the communications manager 1020 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1015, the one or more antennas 1025, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1020 is illustrated as a separate component, in some aspects, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1020 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1040, the at least one memory 1030, the code 1035, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1035 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1040 to cause the device 1005 to perform various aspects of enhanced Manchester coding as described herein, or the at least one processor 1040 and the at least one memory 1030 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0200] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a device 1105 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1105 may be an example of aspects of a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 1105 may include a receiver 1110, a transmitter 1115, and a communications manager 1120. The device 1105, or one or more components of the device 1105 (e.g., the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, the communications manager 1120) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0201] The receiver 1110 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1105. In some aspects, the receiver 1110 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 1110 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.
[0202] The transmitter 1115 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 1105. For example, the transmitter 1115 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . In some aspects, the transmitter 1115 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 1115 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the transmitter 1115 and the receiver 1110 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.
[0203] The communications manager 1120, the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of enhanced Manchester coding as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1120, the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0204] In some aspects, the communications manager 1120, the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0205] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1120, the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 1120, the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0206] In some aspects, the communications manager 1120 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or both. For example, the communications manager 1120 may receive information from the receiver 1110, send information to the transmitter 1115, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0207] The communications manager 1120 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol. The communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a cyclic prefix added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, where a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and where the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme. The communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the information based on the one or more communication parameters.
[0208] By including or configuring the communications manager 1120 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1105 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, the communications manager 1120, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, and more efficient utilization of communication resources, among other aspects.
[0209] FIG. 12 shows a block diagram 1200 of a device 1205 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of aspects of a device 1105 or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 1205 may include a receiver 1210, a transmitter 1215, and a communications manager 1220. The device 1205, or one or more components of the device 1205 (e.g., the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, the communications manager 1220) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0210] The receiver 1210 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1205. In some aspects, the receiver 1210 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 1210 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.
[0211] The transmitter 1215 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 1205. For example, the transmitter 1215 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . In some aspects, the transmitter 1215 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 1215 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the transmitter 1215 and the receiver 1210 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.
[0212] The device 1205, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of enhanced Manchester coding as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1220 may include a control message component 1225, an OFDM communication component 1230, a decoder 1235, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1220 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1120 as described herein. In some aspects, the communications manager 1220, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or both. For example, the communications manager 1220 may receive information from the receiver 1210, send information to the transmitter 1215, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0213] The communications manager 1220 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The control message component 1225 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol. The OFDM communication component 1230 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a cyclic prefix added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, where a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and where the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme. The decoder 1235 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the information based on the one or more communication parameters.
[0214] FIG. 13 shows a block diagram 1300 of a communications manager 1320 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1320 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1120, a communications manager 1220, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1320, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of enhanced Manchester coding as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1320 may include a control message component 1325, an OFDM communication component 1330, a decoder 1335, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) . The communications may include communications within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualized component associated with a network entity 105, between devices, components, or virtualized components associated with a network entity 105) , or any combination thereof.
[0215] The communications manager 1320 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The control message component 1325 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol. The OFDM communication component 1330 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a cyclic prefix added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, where a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and where the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme. The decoder 1335 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the information based on the one or more communication parameters.
[0216] In some aspects, the information is a waveform. In some aspects, the waveform transitions from the first value in the initial portion of the segment to the second value in a middle portion of the segment, and back to the first value in an terminal portion of the segment. In some aspects, the segment indicates a first bit based on the waveform.
[0217] In some aspects, the initial portion of the segment and the terminal portion of the segment include a same duration.
[0218] In some aspects, each segment of one or more segments in the information indicates a single bit of data.
[0219] In some aspects, to support decoding the information, the decoder 1335 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding, in the segment, the cyclic prefix and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, where each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol, and where a final Manchester symbol in the segment is an inverse of a first Manchester symbol in the segment.
[0220] In some aspects, to support decoding the information, the decoder 1335 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding, in the segment, the cyclic prefix and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, where each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol, and where a final Manchester symbol in the segment is the same as a first Manchester symbol in the segment.
[0221] In some aspects, to support decoding the information, the decoder 1335 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding, in the segment, the cyclic prefix and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, where a final Manchester symbol in the segment is the same as a final Manchester symbol in a first segment that is prior to the segment in the information.
[0222] In some aspects, the cyclic prefix is appended to the initial portion of the first segment.
[0223] In some aspects, the network entity includes a device that is capable of backscattering.
[0224] FIG. 14 shows a diagram of a system 1400 including a device 1405 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1405 may be an example of or include components of a device 1105, a device 1205, or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 1405 may communicate with other network devices or network equipment such as one or more of the network entities 105, UEs 115, or any combination thereof. The communications may include communications over one or more wired interfaces, over one or more wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. The device 1405 may include components that support outputting and obtaining communications, such as a communications manager 1420, a transceiver 1410, one or more antennas 1415, at least one memory 1425, code 1430, and at least one processor 1435. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1440) .
[0225] The transceiver 1410 may support bi-directional communications via wired links, wireless links, or both as described herein. In some aspects, the transceiver 1410 may include a wired transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally, or alternatively, in some aspects, the transceiver 1410 may include a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. In some aspects, the device 1405 may include one or more antennas 1415, which may be capable of transmitting or receiving wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently) . The transceiver 1410 may also include a modem to modulate signals, to provide the modulated signals for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 1415, by a wired transmitter) , to receive modulated signals (e.g., from one or more antennas 1415, from a wired receiver) , and to demodulate signals. In some implementations, the transceiver 1410 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1415 that are configured to support various receiving or obtaining operations, or one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1415 that are configured to support various transmitting or outputting operations, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1410 may include or be configured for coupling with one or more processors or one or more memory components that are operable to perform or support operations based on received or obtained information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other outputting, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1410, or the transceiver 1410 and the one or more antennas 1415, or the transceiver 1410 and the one or more antennas 1415 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., the at least one processor 1435, the at least one memory 1425, or both) , may be included in a chip or chip assembly that is installed in the device 1405. In some aspects, the transceiver 1410 may be operable to support communications via one or more communications links (e.g., communication link (s) 125, backhaul communication link (s) 120, a midhaul communication link 162, a fronthaul communication link 168) .
[0226] The at least one memory 1425 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. The at least one memory 1425 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1430. The code 1430 may include instructions that, when executed by one or more of the at least one processor 1435, cause the device 1405 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1430 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1430 may not be directly executable by a processor of the at least one processor 1435 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1425 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some aspects, the at least one processor 1435 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1425 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein (for example, as part of a processing system) .
[0227] The at least one processor 1435 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1435 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into one or more of the at least one processor 1435. The at least one processor 1435 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., one or more of the at least one memory 1425) to cause the device 1405 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting enhanced Manchester coding) . For example, the device 1405 or a component of the device 1405 may include at least one processor 1435 and at least one memory 1425 coupled with one or more of the at least one processor 1435, the at least one processor 1435 and the at least one memory 1425 configured to perform various functions described herein. The at least one processor 1435 may be an example of a cloud-computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as operating systems, virtual machines, or container instances) that may host the functions (e.g., by executing code 1430) to perform the functions of the device 1405. The at least one processor 1435 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the device 1405 (such as within one or more of the at least one memory 1425) . In some aspects, the at least one processor 1435 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1425 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 1435 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1435) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1425) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1435 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1435 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1405 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code stored in the at least one memory 1425 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0228] In some aspects, a bus 1440 may support communications of (e.g., within) a protocol layer of a protocol stack. In some aspects, a bus 1440 may support communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack) , which may include communications performed within a component of the device 1405, or between different components of the device 1405 that may be co-located or located in different locations (e.g., where the device 1405 may refer to a system in which one or more of the communications manager 1420, the transceiver 1410, the at least one memory 1425, the code 1430, and the at least one processor 1435 may be located in one of the different components or divided between different components) .
[0229] In some aspects, the communications manager 1420 may manage aspects of communications with a core network 130 (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links) . For example, the communications manager 1420 may manage the transfer of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some aspects, the communications manager 1420 may manage communications with one or more other network entities 105, and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115 (e.g., in cooperation with the one or more other network devices) . In some aspects, the communications manager 1420 may support an X2 interface within an LTE / LTE-A wireless communications network technology to provide communication between network entities 105.
[0230] The communications manager 1420 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1420 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol. The communications manager 1420 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a cyclic prefix added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, where a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and where the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme. The communications manager 1420 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the information based on the one or more communication parameters.
[0231] By including or configuring the communications manager 1420 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1405 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, and improved utilization of processing capability, among other aspects.
[0232] In some aspects, the communications manager 1420 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1410, the one or more antennas 1415 (e.g., where applicable) , or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1420 is illustrated as a separate component, in some aspects, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1420 may be supported by or performed by the transceiver 1410, one or more of the at least one processor 1435, one or more of the at least one memory 1425, the code 1430, or any combination thereof (for example, by a processing system including at least a portion of the at least one processor 1435, the at least one memory 1425, the code 1430, or any combination thereof) . For example, the code 1430 may include instructions executable by one or more of the at least one processor 1435 to cause the device 1405 to perform various aspects of enhanced Manchester coding as described herein, or the at least one processor 1435 and the at least one memory 1425 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0233] FIG. 15 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1500 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1500 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1500 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 10. In some aspects, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0234] At 1505, the method may include generating information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, where the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and where a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a cyclic prefix adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, where, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, where, after addition of the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme. The operations of 1505 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1505 may be performed by an information generation component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0235] At 1510, the method may include transmitting the information. The operations of 1510 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed by an OFDM communication component 930 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0236] FIG. 16 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1600 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1600 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1600 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 10. In some aspects, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0237] At 1605, the method may include receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters for generation of the information in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, where the one or more communication parameters include a type of Manchester symbol or a type of the Manchester coding scheme. The operations of 1605 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1605 may be performed by a communication parameter component 935 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0238] At 1610, the method may include generating information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, where the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and where a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a cyclic prefix adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, where, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, where, after addition of the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme. The operations of 1610 may be performed in accordance with aspects as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1610 may be performed by an information generation component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0239] At 1615, the method may include transmitting the information. The operations of 1615 may be performed in accordance with aspects as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1615 may be performed by an OFDM communication component 930 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0240] FIG. 17 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1700 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1700 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1700 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 6 and 11 through 14. In some aspects, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0241] At 1705, the method may include receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol. The operations of 1705 may be performed in accordance with aspects as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1705 may be performed by a control message component 1325 as described with reference to FIG. 13.
[0242] At 1710, the method may include receiving, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a cyclic prefix added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, where a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and where the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme. The operations of 1710 may be performed in accordance with aspects as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1710 may be performed by an OFDM communication component 1330 as described with reference to FIG. 13.
[0243] At 1715, the method may include decoding the information based on the one or more communication parameters. The operations of 1715 may be performed in accordance with aspects as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1715 may be performed by a decoder 1335 as described with reference to FIG. 13.
[0244] FIG. 18 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1800 that supports enhanced Manchester coding in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1800 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1800 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 6 and 11 through 14. In some aspects, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0245] At 1805, the method may include receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol. The operations of 1805 may be performed in accordance with aspects as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1805 may be performed by a control message component 1325 as described with reference to FIG. 13.
[0246] At 1810, the method may include receiving, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a cyclic prefix added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, where a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and where the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme. The operations of 1810 may be performed in accordance with aspects as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1810 may be performed by an OFDM communication component 1330 as described with reference to FIG. 13.
[0247] At 1815, the method may include decoding the information based on the one or more communication parameters. The operations of 1815 may be performed in accordance with aspects as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1815 may be performed by a decoder 1335 as described with reference to FIG. 13.
[0248] At 1820, to decode the information, the method may include decoding, in the segment, the cyclic prefix and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, where each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol, and where a final Manchester symbol in the segment is an inverse of a first Manchester symbol in the segment. The operations of 1820 may be performed in accordance with aspects as disclosed herein. In some aspects, aspects of the operations of 1820 may be performed by a decoder 1335 as described with reference to FIG. 13.
[0249] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0250] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising: generating information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, wherein the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and wherein a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a cyclic prefix adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, wherein, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment , wherein, after addition of the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme; and transmitting the information.
[0251] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, further comprising: receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters for generation of the information in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, wherein the one or more communication parameters comprise a type of Manchester symbol or a type of the Manchester coding scheme.
[0252] Aspect 3: The method of any of aspects 1 through 2, wherein the information is a waveform, and the waveform transitions from the first value in the initial portion of the first segment to the second value in a middle portion of the first segment, and back to the first value in a terminal portion of the first segment, the first segment indicates a first bit based on the waveform.
[0253] Aspect 4: The method of aspect 3, wherein a first duration of the initial portion of the first segment is less than a second duration of the terminal portion of the first segment before the cyclic prefix is added; and the initial portion of the first segment and the terminal portion of the first segment comprise a same duration after the cyclic prefix is added.
[0254] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 3 through 4, wherein each segment of one or more segments in the information indicates a single bit of data.
[0255] Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 3 through 5, wherein generating the waveform comprises: modulating the first bit into the waveform, wherein the first value and the second value are based on a value of the first bit.
[0256] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 3 through 6, wherein generating the waveform comprises: encoding the first bit into a plurality of bits in a coding domain; and modulating, in accordance with a modulation scheme, the plurality of bits from the coding domain to a sequence of the first value and the second value, wherein the waveform is based on the sequence.
[0257] Aspect 8: The network entity of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein generating the information comprises: generating, in the first segment, a sequence of Manchester symbols to convey the one or more bits of data; generating a Manchester symbol based on a value of a first Manchester symbol of the sequence of Manchester symbols in the first segment; and adding the Manchester symbol to the end of the first segment, wherein the cyclic prefix is added adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment after the Manchester symbol is added to the end of the first segment, and wherein the start value and the first end value of the first segment are the same before and after the cyclic prefix is added.
[0258] Aspect 9: The method of aspect 8, wherein generating the Manchester symbol comprises: generating the Manchester symbol based on an inversion of the value of the first Manchester symbol of the sequence of Manchester symbols in the first segment, and wherein each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol.
[0259] Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 8 through 9, wherein each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol; and the Manchester symbol comprises a first transition copied from the first Manchester symbol.
[0260] Aspect 11: The method of any of aspects 8 through 10, further comprising: reducing a first duration of the initial portion of the first segment based on the Manchester symbol added to the end of the first segment, wherein the first duration of the initial portion of the first segment is reduced by a second duration of the cyclic prefix.
[0261] Aspect 12: The method of any of aspects 1 through 11, wherein generating the information comprises: generating, in the first segment, a first sequence of Manchester symbols to convey the one or more bits of data, wherein the previous segment that is before the first segment within the information comprises a previous sequence of Manchester symbols; generating a Manchester symbol based on a value of a final Manchester symbol of the previous sequence of Manchester symbols in the previous segment; and adding the Manchester symbol to the end of the first segment, wherein the cyclic prefix is added adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment after the Manchester symbol is added to the end of the first segment, and wherein the first end value of the first segment and the previous end value of the previous segment are the same before and after the cyclic prefix is added.
[0262] Aspect 13: The method of aspect 12, wherein each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol; and the Manchester symbol comprises a first transition copied from the final Manchester symbol.
[0263] Aspect 14: The method of any of aspects 12 through 13, wherein each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol; and the Manchester symbol comprises the value copied from the final Manchester symbol.
[0264] Aspect 15: The method of any of aspects 12 through 14, further comprising: reducing a first duration of a terminal portion of the final Manchester symbol of the previous segment based on the Manchester symbol added to the end of the first segment, wherein the first duration of the terminal portion of the previous segment is reduced by a second duration of the cyclic prefix.
[0265] Aspect 16: The method of any of aspects 12 through 15, wherein adding the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment comprises: appending the cyclic prefix to the initial portion of the first segment.
[0266] Aspect 17: A method for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising: receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol; receiving, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a cyclic prefix added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, wherein a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and wherein the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme; and decoding the information based on the one or more communication parameters.
[0267] Aspect 18: The method of aspect 17, wherein the information is a waveform, and the waveform transitions from the first value in the initial portion of the segment to the second value in a middle portion of the segment, and back to the first value in an terminal portion of the segment, the segment indicates a first bit based on the waveform.
[0268] Aspect 19: The method of aspect 18, wherein the initial portion of the segment and the terminal portion of the segment comprise a same duration.
[0269] Aspect 20: The method of any of aspects 18 through 19, wherein each segment of one or more segments in the information indicates a single bit of data.
[0270] Aspect 21: The method of any of aspects 17 through 20, wherein decoding the information comprises: decoding, in the segment, the cyclic prefix and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, wherein each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol, and wherein a final Manchester symbol in the segment is an inverse of a first Manchester symbol in the segment.
[0271] Aspect 22: The method of any of aspects 17 through 21, wherein decoding the information comprises: decoding, in the segment, the cyclic prefix and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, wherein each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol, and wherein a final Manchester symbol in the segment is the same as a first Manchester symbol in the segment.
[0272] Aspect 23: The method of any of aspects 17 through 22, wherein decoding the information comprises: decoding, in the segment, the cyclic prefix and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, wherein a final Manchester symbol in the segment is the same as a final Manchester symbol in a first segment that is prior to the segment in the information.
[0273] Aspect 24: The method of any of aspects 17 through 23, wherein the cyclic prefix is appended to the initial portion of the first segment.
[0274] Aspect 25: The method of any of aspects 17 through 24, wherein the network entity comprises a device that is capable of backscattering, energy harvesting, or both.
[0275] Aspect 26: A network entity for wireless communication, comprising: a processing system configured to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 16.
[0276] Aspect 27: A network entity for wireless communication, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 16.
[0277] Aspect 28: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 16.
[0278] Aspect 29: A network entity for wireless communication, comprising: a processing system configured to perform a method of any of aspects 17 through 25.
[0279] Aspect 30: A network entity for wireless communication, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 17 through 25.
[0280] Aspect 31: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 17 through 25.
[0281] The methods described herein describe possible implementations. The operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0282] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0283] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0284] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a neural processing unit (NPU) , an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0285] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other aspects and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0286] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0287] As used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” unless limiting language is used relative to the alternatives listed. For example, reference to “X being based on A or B” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A, X being based on B, and X being based on A and B. In this regard, reference to “X being based on A or B” refers to “at least one of A or B” or “one or more of A or B” due to “or” being inclusive. Similarly, reference to “X being based on A, B, or C” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A, X being based on B, X being based on C, X being based on A and B, X being based on A and C, X being based on B and C, and X being based on A, B, and C. In this regard, reference to “X being based on A, B, or C” refers to “at least one of A, B, or C” or “one or more of A, B, or C” due to “or” being inclusive. As an example of limiting language, reference to “X being based on only one of A or B” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A as well as X being based on B, but not X being based on A and B. Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently. Also, as used herein, the phrase “a set” shall be construed as including the possibility of a set with one member. That is, the phrase “a set” shall be construed in the same manner as “one or more” or “at least one of. ”
[0288] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “acomponent” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ”
[0289] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory) , and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.
[0290] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.
[0291] The description set forth herein, in connection with the drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “aspect” or “example” used herein means “serving as an aspect, example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other aspects. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0292] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A network entity for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system configured to:generate information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, wherein the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and wherein a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a cyclic prefix adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, wherein, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to add, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, wherein, after addition of the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme; andtransmit the information.2.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the processing system is further configured to:receive a control message that includes one or more communication parameters for generation of the information in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, wherein the one or more communication parameters comprise a type of Manchester symbol or a type of the Manchester coding scheme.3.The network entity of claim 1, wherein:the information is a waveform;the waveform transitions from the first value in the initial portion of the first segment to the second value in a middle portion of the first segment, and back to the first value in a terminal portion of the first segment; andthe first segment indicates a first bit based on the waveform.4.The network entity of claim 3, wherein:a first duration of the initial portion of the first segment is less than a second duration of the terminal portion of the first segment before the cyclic prefix is added; andthe initial portion of the first segment and the terminal portion of the first segment comprise a same duration after the cyclic prefix is added.5.The network entity of claim 3, wherein each segment of one or more segments in the information indicates a single bit of data.6.The network entity of claim 3, wherein, to generate the waveform, the processing system is configured to:modulate the first bit into the waveform, wherein the first value and the second value are based on a value of the first bit.7.The network entity of claim 3, wherein, to generate the waveform, the processing system is configured to:encode the first bit into a plurality of bits in a coding domain; andmodulate, in accordance with a modulation scheme, the plurality of bits from the coding domain to a sequence of the first value and the second value, wherein the waveform is based on the sequence.8.The network entity of claim 1, wherein, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to:generate, in the first segment, a sequence of Manchester symbols to convey the one or more bits of data;generate a Manchester symbol based on a value of a first Manchester symbol of the sequence of Manchester symbols in the first segment; andadd the Manchester symbol to the end of the first segment, wherein the cyclic prefix is added adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment after the Manchester symbol is added to the end of the first segment, and wherein the start value and the first end value of the first segment are the same before and after the cyclic prefix is added.9.The network entity of claim 8, wherein, to generate the Manchester symbol, the processing system is configured to:generate the Manchester symbol based on an inversion of the value of the first Manchester symbol of the sequence of Manchester symbols in the first segment, and wherein each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol.10.The network entity of claim 8, wherein:each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol; andthe Manchester symbol comprises a first transition copied from the first Manchester symbol.11.The network entity of claim 8, wherein the processing system is further configured to:reduce a first duration of the initial portion of the first segment based on the Manchester symbol added to the end of the first segment, wherein the first duration of the initial portion of the first segment is reduced by a second duration of the cyclic prefix.12.The network entity of claim 1, wherein, to generate the information, the processing system is configured to:generate, in the first segment, a first sequence of Manchester symbols to convey the one or more bits of data, wherein the previous segment that is before the first segment within the information comprises a previous sequence of Manchester symbols;generate a Manchester symbol based on a value of a final Manchester symbol of the previous sequence of Manchester symbols in the previous segment; andadd the Manchester symbol to the end of the first segment, wherein the cyclic prefix is added adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment after the Manchester symbol is added to the end of the first segment, and wherein the first end value of the first segment and the previous end value of the previous segment are the same before and after the cyclic prefix is added.13.The network entity of claim 12, wherein:each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol; andthe Manchester symbol comprises a first transition copied from the final Manchester symbol.14.The network entity of claim 12, wherein:each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol; andthe Manchester symbol comprises the value copied from the final Manchester symbol.15.The network entity of claim 12, wherein the processing system is further configured to:reduce a first duration of a terminal portion of the final Manchester symbol of the previous segment based on the Manchester symbol added to the end of the first segment, wherein the first duration of the terminal portion of the previous segment is reduced by a second duration of the cyclic prefix.16.The network entity of claim 12, wherein, to add the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the processing system is configured to:append the cyclic prefix to the initial portion of the first segment.17.A network entity for wireless communication, comprising:a processing system configured to:receive a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol;receive, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a cyclic prefix added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, wherein a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and wherein the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme; anddecode the information based on the one or more communication parameters.18.The network entity of claim 17, wherein:the information is a waveform;the waveform transitions from the first value in the initial portion of the segment to the second value in a middle portion of the segment, and back to the first value in an terminal portion of the segment; andthe segment indicates a first bit based on the waveform.19.The network entity of claim 18, wherein the initial portion of the segment and the terminal portion of the segment comprise a same duration.20.The network entity of claim 18, wherein each segment of one or more segments in the information indicates a single bit of data.21.The network entity of claim 17, wherein, to decode the information, the processing system is configured to:decode, in the segment, the cyclic prefix and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, wherein each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level within a respective Manchester symbol, and wherein a final Manchester symbol in the segment is an inverse of a first Manchester symbol in the segment.22.The network entity of claim 17, wherein, to decode the information, the processing system is configured to:decode, in the segment, the cyclic prefix and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, wherein each bit of the one or more bits of data is conveyed via a respective transition from a first level to a second level and back to the first level within a respective Manchester symbol, and wherein a final Manchester symbol in the segment is the same as a first Manchester symbol in the segment.23.The network entity of claim 17, wherein, to decode the information, the processing system is configured to:decode, in the segment, the cyclic prefix and a sequence of Manchester symbols that convey the one or more bits of data, wherein a final Manchester symbol in the segment is the same as a final Manchester symbol in a first segment that is prior to the segment in the information.24.The network entity of claim 17, wherein the cyclic prefix is appended to the initial portion of the segment.25.The network entity of claim 17, wherein the network entity comprises a device that is capable of backscattering, energy harvesting, or both.26.A method for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising:generating information in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme, wherein the information alternates between a first value and a second value during a first segment associated with one or more bits of data, and wherein a first end value of the first segment, before addition of a cyclic prefix adjacent to an initial portion of the first segment, is one of the first value or the second value and is the same as a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion, or is the same as a previous end value of a previous segment that is before the first segment in the information, wherein, to generate the information, the method comprises adding, in accordance with an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, wherein, after addition of the cyclic prefix adjacent to the initial portion of the first segment, the start value of the information at the start of the initial portion is the same as the first end value of the information at an end of the first segment based on the Manchester coding scheme; andtransmitting the information.27.The method of claim 26, further comprising:receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters for generation of the information in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, wherein the one or more communication parameters comprise a type of Manchester symbol or a type of the Manchester coding scheme.28.The method of claim 26, wherein:the information is a waveform;the waveform transitions from the first value in the initial portion of the first segment to the second value in a middle portion of the first segment, and back to the first value in a terminal portion of the first segment; andthe first segment indicates a first bit based on the waveform.29.A method for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising:receiving a control message that includes one or more communication parameters associated with information received in accordance with a Manchester coding scheme and an orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol;receiving, in accordance with the Manchester coding scheme and the orthogonal division multiplexing communication protocol, the information that includes a segment associated with one or more bits of data and a cyclic prefix added adjacent to an initial portion of the segment, wherein a start value of the information at a start of the initial portion is one of a first value or a second value and is the same as an end value of the information at an end of the segment, and wherein the start value and the end value are the same based on the Manchester coding scheme; anddecoding the information based on the one or more communication parameters.30.The method of claim 29, wherein:the information is a waveform;the waveform transitions from the first value in the initial portion of the segment to the second value in a middle portion of the segment, and back to the first value in an terminal portion of the segment; andthe segment indicates a first bit based on the waveform.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Manchester encoding and decoding method
CN109217875A
Manchester signal decoding method and device
CN112235218A
Coaxial cable Manchester encoding and decoding method
CN112311401A
Method, Transmitter, Structure, Transceiver and Access Point for Provision of Multi-Carrier On-Off Keying Signal
US20210351964A1