System and method for representation of reference frame for geometry point cloud coding
The novel syntax element representation and organization scheme for G-PCC standards ensures consistent TLV types for geometry and attribute data units within a frame, addressing flexibility and generality issues, thereby enhancing the efficiency and compatibility of point cloud coding across various applications.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/086260
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-01
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-31
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-09
AI Technical Summary
Existing G-PCC standards face challenges in flexibility and generality, particularly in handling a wide range of point cloud coding inputs across various applications, due to complex syntax element representation and organization, which increases parsing complexity.
A novel syntax element representation and organization scheme is introduced, ensuring consistent TLV types for both geometry and attribute data units within a frame, allowing for improved flexibility and generality in point cloud coding, compatible with standards like AVS G-PCC and MPEG G-PCC.
This approach simplifies the parsing process and enhances the compatibility and efficiency of point cloud coding across diverse applications, reducing complexity and improving decoding and encoding performance.
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Figure CN2025086260_09102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REPRESENTATION OF REFERENCE FRAME FOR GEOMETRY POINT CLOUD CODINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U. S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 572, 710, filed April 1, 2024, entitled “REPRESENTATION OF REFERENCE FRAME FOR GEOMETRY POINT CLOUD CODING, ” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.BACKGROUND
[0002] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to point cloud coding.
[0003] Point clouds are one of the major three-dimension (3D) data representations, which provide, in addition to spatial coordinates, attributes associated with the points in a 3D world. Point clouds in their raw format require a huge amount of memory for storage or bandwidth for transmission. Furthermore, the emergence of higher resolution point cloud capture technology imposes, in turn, even a higher requirement on the size of point clouds. In order to make point clouds usable, compression is necessary. Two compression technologies have been proposed for point cloud compression / coding (PCC) standardization activities: video-based PCC (V-PCC) and geometry-based PCC (G-PCC) . V-PCC approach is based on 3D to two-dimension (2D) projections, while G-PCC, on the contrary, encodes the content directly in 3D space. In order to achieve that, G-PCC utilizes data structures, such as an octree that describes the point locations in 3D space.SUMMARY
[0004] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method of decoding by a decoder is provided. The method may include decoding, by a processor, all geometry type-length-value (TLV) data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The method may include decoding, by the processor, a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0005] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a decoder is provided. The decoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to decode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to decode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0006] According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus for decoding is provided. The apparatus for decoding may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to decode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to decode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0007] According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for a decoder is provided. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to decode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to decode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0008] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method of encoding by an encoder is provided. The method may include encoding, by a processor, all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The method may include encoding, by the processor, a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0009] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an encoder is provided. The encoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to encode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to encode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0010] According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus for encoding is provided. The apparatus for encoding may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to encode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to encode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0011] According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for an encoder is provided. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to encode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to encode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0012] According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a bitstream is provided. The bitstream may be generated using one or more operations described herein.
[0013] These illustrative embodiments are mentioned not to limit or define the present disclosure, but to provide examples to aid understanding thereof. Additional embodiments are described in the Detailed Description, and further description is provided there.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the present disclosure and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary encoding system, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary decoding system, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed block diagram of an exemplary encoder in the encoding system in FIG. 1, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates a detailed block diagram of an exemplary decoder in the decoding system in FIG. 2, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIGs. 5A and 5B illustrate an exemplary octree structure of G-PCC and the corresponding digital representation, respectively, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary structure of cube and the relationship with neighboring cubes in an octree structure of G-PCC, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary 1D array of points representing a point cloud, a set of candidate points, and a set of prediction points, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary hierarchy of parameter sets of G-PCC, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) laser array and its corresponding cylindrical distribution, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary method for decoding by a decoder, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 11 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary method for encoding by an encoder, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0026] Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] Although some configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that other configurations and arrangements can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the pertinent art that the present disclosure can also be employed in a variety of other applications.
[0028] It is noted that references in the specification to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” “certain embodiments, ” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it would be within the knowledge of a person skilled in the pertinent art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0029] In general, terminology may be understood at least in part from usage in context. For example, the term “one or more” as used herein, depending at least in part upon context, may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in a singular sense or may be used to describe combinations of features, structures or characteristics in a plural sense. Similarly, terms, such as “a, ” “an, ” or “the, ” again, may be understood to convey a singular usage or to convey a plural usage, depending at least in part upon context. In addition, the term “based on” may be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may, instead, allow for existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described, again, depending at least in part on context.
[0030] Various aspects of point cloud coding systems will now be described with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various modules, components, circuits, steps, operations, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, firmware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware, firmware, or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. The techniques described herein may be used for various point cloud coding applications. As described herein, point cloud coding includes both encoding and decoding a point cloud.
[0031] A point cloud is composed of a collection of points in a 3D space. Each point in the 3D space is associated with a geometry position together with the associated attribute information (e.g., color, reflectance, intensity, classification, etc. ) . In order to compress the point cloud data efficiently, the geometry of a point cloud can be compressed first, and then the corresponding attributes, including color or reflectance, can be compressed based upon the geometry information according to a point cloud coding technique, such as G-PCC. G-PCC has been widely used in virtual reality / augmented reality (VR / AR) , telecommunication, autonomous vehicle, etc., for entertainment and industrial applications, e.g., light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sweep compression for automotive or robotics and high-definition (HD) map for navigation. Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) released the first version G-PCC standard, and Audio Video Coding Standard (AVS) is also developing a G-PCC standard.
[0032] The existing G-PCC standards, however, cannot work well for a wide range of PCC inputs for many different applications. For example, besides the representation of levels (or coefficients in some cases) , the representation of other information (e.g., parameters) used for G-PCC may be coded in the forms of syntax elements in the bitstream as well. Since G-PCC is organized in different levels by dividing a collection of points into different pieces (e.g., sequence, slices, etc. ) associated with different properties (e.g., geometry, attributes, etc. ) , the parameter sets are also arranged in different levels (e.g., sequence-level, property-level, slice-level, etc. ) , for example, in the different headers. Moreover, multiple condition checks may be required for parsing some syntax elements in G-PCC, which further increases the complexity of organizing and parsing the representation of syntax elements
[0033] To improve the flexibility and generality of point cloud coding, the present disclosure provides various novel schemes of syntax element representation and organization, which are compatible with any suitable G-PCC standards, including, but not limited to, AVS G-PCC standards and MPEG G-PCC standards.
[0034] FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary encoding system 100, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary decoding system 200, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Each system 100 or 200 may be applied or integrated into various systems and apparatuses capable of data processing, such as computers and wireless communication devices. For example, system 100 or 200 may be the entirety or part of a mobile phone, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet, a vehicle computer, a gaming console, a printer, a positioning device, a wearable electronic device, a smart sensor, a virtual reality (VR) device, an argument reality (AR) device, or any other suitable electronic devices having data processing capability. As shown in FIGs. 1 and 2, system 100 or 200 may include a processor 102, a memory 104, and an interface 106. These components are shown as connected one to another by a bus, but other connection types are also permitted. It is understood that system 100 or 200 may include any other suitable components for performing functions described here.
[0035] Processor 102 may include microprocessors, such as graphic processing unit (GPU) , image signal processor (ISP) , central processing unit (CPU) , digital signal processor (DSP) , tensor processing unit (TPU) , vision processing unit (VPU) , neural processing unit (NPU) , synergistic processing unit (SPU) , or physics processing unit (PPU) , microcontroller units (MCUs) , application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functions described throughout the present disclosure. Although only one processor is shown in FIGs. 1 and 2, it is understood that multiple processors can be included. Processor 102 may be a hardware device having one or more processing cores. Processor 102 may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Software can include computer instructions written in an interpreted language, a compiled language, or machine code. Other techniques for instructing hardware are also permitted under the broad category of software.
[0036] Memory 104 can broadly include both memory (a.k.a, primary / system memory) and storage (a.k.a. secondary memory) . For example, memory 104 may include random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , static RAM (SRAM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , ferro-electric RAM (FRAM) , electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) or other optical disk storage, hard disk drive (HDD) , such as magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, Flash drive, solid-state drive (SSD) , or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions that can be accessed and executed by processor 102. Broadly, memory 104 may be embodied by any computer-readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium. Although only one memory is shown in FIGs. 1 and 2, it is understood that multiple memories can be included.
[0037] Interface 106 can broadly include a data interface and a communication interface that is configured to receive and transmit a signal in a process of receiving and transmitting information with other external network elements. For example, interface 106 may include input / output (I / O) devices and wired or wireless transceivers. Although only one memory is shown in FIGs. 1 and 2, it is understood that multiple interfaces can be included.
[0038] Processor 102, memory 104, and interface 106 may be implemented in various forms in system 100 or 200 for performing point cloud coding functions. In some embodiments, processor 102, memory 104, and interface 106 of system 100 or 200 are implemented (e.g., integrated) on one or more system-on-chips (SoCs) . In one example, processor 102, memory 104, and interface 106 may be integrated on an application processor (AP) SoC that handles application processing in an operating system (OS) environment, including running point cloud encoding and decoding applications. In another example, processor 102, memory 104, and interface 106 may be integrated on a specialized processor chip for point cloud coding, such as a GPU or ISP chip dedicated to graphic processing in a real-time operating system (RTOS) .
[0039] As shown in FIG. 1, in encoding system 100, processor 102 may include one or more modules, such as an encoder 101. Although FIG. 1 shows that encoder 101 is within one processor 102, it is understood that encoder 101 may include one or more sub-modules that can be implemented on different processors located closely or remotely with each other. Encoder 101 (and any corresponding sub-modules or sub-units) can be hardware units (e.g., portions of an integrated circuit) of processor 102 designed for use with other components or software units implemented by processor 102 through executing at least part of a program, i.e., instructions. The instructions of the program may be stored on a computer-readable medium, such as memory 104, and when executed by processor 102, it may perform a process having one or more functions related to point cloud encoding, such as voxelization, transformation, quantization, arithmetic encoding, etc., as described below in detail.
[0040] Similarly, as shown in FIG. 2, in decoding system 200, processor 102 may include one or more modules, such as a decoder 201. Although FIG. 2 shows that decoder 201 is within one processor 102, it is understood that decoder 201 may include one or more sub-modules that can be implemented on different processors located closely or remotely with each other. Decoder 201 (and any corresponding sub-modules or sub-units) can be hardware units (e.g., portions of an integrated circuit) of processor 102 designed for use with other components or software units implemented by processor 102 through executing at least part of a program, i.e., instructions. The instructions of the program may be stored on a computer-readable medium, such as memory 104, and when executed by processor 102, it may perform a process having one or more functions related to point cloud decoding, such as arithmetic decoding, dequantization, inverse transformation, reconstruction, synthesis, as described below in detail.
[0041] FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed block diagram of exemplary encoder 101 in encoding system 100 in FIG. 1, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, encoder 101 may include a coordinate transform module 302, a voxelization module 304, a geometry analysis module 306, and an arithmetic encoding module 308, together configured to encode positions associated with points of a point cloud into a geometry bitstream (i.e., geometry encoding) . As shown in FIG. 3, encoder 101 may also include a color transform module 310, an attribute transform module 312, a quantization module 314, and an arithmetic encoding module 316, together configured to encode attributes associated with points of a point cloud into an attribute bitstream (i.e., attribute encoding) . It is understood that each of the elements shown in FIG. 3 is independently shown to represent characteristic functions different from each other in a point cloud encoder, and it does not mean that each component is formed by the configuration unit of separate hardware or single software. That is, each element is included to be listed as an element for convenience of explanation, and at least two of the elements may be combined to form a single element, or one element may be divided into a plurality of elements to perform a function. It is also understood that some of the elements are not necessary elements that perform functions described in the present disclosure but instead may be optional elements for improving performance. It is further understood that these elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, firmware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware, firmware, or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on encoder 101. It is still further understood that the modules shown in FIG. 3 are for illustrative purposes only, and in some examples, different modules may be included in encoder 101 for point cloud encoding.
[0042] As shown in FIG. 3, geometry positions and attributes associated with points may be encoded separately. A point cloud may be a collection of points with positions Xk= (xk, yk, zk) , k=1, …, K, where K is the number of points in the point cloud, and attributes Ak= (A1k, A2k, …, ADk) , k=1, …, K, where D is the number of attributes for each point. In some embodiments, attribute coding depends on decoded geometry. As a consequence, point cloud positions may be coded first. Since geometry positions may be represented by floating-point numbers in an original coordinate system, coordinate transform module 302 and a voxelization module 304 may be configured to perform a coordinate transformation followed by voxelization that quantizes and removes duplicate points. The process of position quantization, duplicate point removal, and assignment of attributes to the remaining points is called voxelization. The voxelized point cloud may be represented using, for example, an octree structure in a lossless manner. Geometry analysis module 306 may be configured to perform geometry analysis using, for example, the octree or trisoup scheme. Arithmetic encoding module 308 may be configured to arithmetically encode the resulting structure from geometry analysis module 306 into the geometry bitstream.
[0043] In some embodiments, geometry analysis module 306 is configured to perform geometry analysis using the octree scheme. Under the octree scheme, a cubical axis-aligned bounding box B may be defined by the two extreme points (0, 0, 0) and (2d, 2d, 2d) where d is the maximum size of the given point cloud along the x, y, or z direction. All point cloud points may be included in this defined cube. A cube may be divided into eight sub-cubes, which creates the octree structure allowing one parent to have 8 children, and an octree structure may then be built by recursively subdividing sub-cubes, as shown in FIG. 5A. As shown in FIG. 5B, an 8-bit code may be generated by associating a 1-bit value with each sub-cube to indicate whether it contains points (i.e., full and has value 1) or not (i.e., empty and has value 0) . Only full sub-cubes with a size greater than 1 (i.e., non-voxels) may be further subdivided. The geometry information (x, y, z) for one position may be represented by this defined octree structure. Since points may be duplicated, multiple points may be mapped to the same sub-cube of size 1 (i.e., the same voxel) . In order to handle such a situation, the number of points for each sub-cube of dimension 1 is also arithmetically encoded. By construction of the octree, a current cube associated with a current node may be surrounded by six cubes of the same depth sharing a face with it. Depending on the location of the current cube, one cube may have up to six same-sized cubes to share one face, as shown in FIG. 6. In addition, the current cube may also have some neighboring cubes which share lines or points with the current cube.
[0044] Referring back to FIG. 3, as to attribute encoding, optionally, color transform module 310 may be configured to convert red / green / blue (RGB) color attributes of each point to YCbCr color attributes if the attributes include color. Attribute transform module 312 may be configured to perform attribute transformation based on the results from geometry analysis module 306 (e.g., using the octree scheme) , including but not limited to, the region adaptive hierarchical transform (RAHT) , interpolation-based hierarchical nearest-neighbor prediction (predicting transform) , and interpolation-based hierarchical nearest-neighbor prediction with an update / lifting step (lifting transform) . Optionally, quantization module 314 may be configured to quantize the transformed coefficients of attributes from attribute transform module 312 to generate quantization levels of the attributes associated with each point to reduce the dynamic range. Arithmetic encoding module 316 may be configured to arithmetically encode the resulting transformed coefficients of attributes associated with each point or the quantization levels thereof into the attribute bitstream.
[0045] In some embodiments, a prediction may be formed from neighboring coded attributes, for example, in predicting transform and lifting transform by attribute transform module 312. Then, the difference between the current attribute and the prediction may be coded. According to some aspects of the present disclosure, in the AVS G-PCC standard, after the geometry positions are coded, a Morton code or Hilbert code may be used to convert a point cloud in a 3D space (e.g., a point cloud cube) into a 1D array, as shown in FIG. 7. Each position in the cube will have a corresponding Morton or Hilbert code, but some positions may not have any corresponding point cloud attribute. In other words, some positions may be empty. The attribute coding may follow the predefined Morton order or Hilbert order. A predictor may be generated from the previous coded points in the 1D array following the Morton order or Hilbert order. The attribute difference between the current point and its prediction points may be encoded into the bitstream. In some embodiments, the point cloud in the 3D space (e.g., a point cloud cube) is converted into a 1D array without any pre-defined order, but instead in its native input order, for example, the order in which the point cloud data is collected. That is, in some examples, the attribute coding may follow the native input order of the point cloud, instead of the predefined Morton order or Hilbert order. In other words, the order followed by the points in the 1D array may be either a Morton order, a Hilbert order, or the native input order.
[0046] FIG. 4 illustrates a detailed block diagram of exemplary decoder 201 in decoding system 200 in FIG. 2, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, decoder 201 may include an arithmetic decoding module 402, a geometry synthesis module 404, a reconstruction module 406, and a coordinate inverse transform module 408, together configured to decode positions associated with points of a point cloud from the geometry bitstream (i.e., geometry decoding) . As shown in FIG. 4, decoder 201 may also include an arithmetic decoding module 410, a dequantization module 412, an attribute inverse transform module 414, and a color inverse transform module 416, together configured to decode attributes associated with points of a point cloud from the attribute bitstream (i.e., attribute decoding) . It is understood that each of the elements shown in FIG. 4 is independently shown to represent characteristic functions different from each other in a point cloud decoder, and it does not mean that each component is formed by the configuration unit of separate hardware or single software. That is, each element is included to be listed as an element for convenience of explanation, and at least two of the elements may be combined to form a single element, or one element may be divided into a plurality of elements to perform a function. It is also understood that some of the elements are not necessary elements that perform functions described in the present disclosure but instead may be optional elements for improving performance. It is further understood that these elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, firmware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware, firmware, or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on decoder 201. It is still further understood that the modules shown in FIG. 4 are for illustrative purposes only, and in some examples, different modules may be included in decoder 201 for point cloud decoding.
[0047] When a point cloud bitstream (e.g., a geometry bitstream or an attribute bitstream) is input from a point cloud encoder (e.g., encoder 101) , the input bitstream may be decoded by decoder 201 in a procedure opposite to that of the point cloud encoder. Thus, the details of decoding that are described above with respect to encoding may be skipped for ease of description. Arithmetic decoding modules 402 and 410 may be configured to decode the geometry bitstream and attribute bitstream, respectively, to obtain various information encoded into the bitstream. For example, arithmetic decoding module 410 may decode the attribute bitstream to obtain the attribute information associated with each point, such as the quantization levels or the coefficients of the attributes associated with each point. Optionally, dequantization module 412 may be configured to dequantize the quantization levels of attributes associated with each point to obtain the coefficients of attributes associated with each point. Besides the attribute information, arithmetic decoding module 410 may parse the bitstream to obtain various other information (e.g., in the form of syntax elements) , such as the syntax element indicative of the order followed by the points in the 1D array for attribute coding.
[0048] Inverse attribute transform module 414 may be configured to perform inverse attribute transformation, such as inverse RAHT, inverse predicting transform, or inverse lifting transform, to transform the data from the transform domain (e.g., coefficients) back to the attribute domain (e.g., luma and / or chroma information for color attributes) . Optionally, color inverse transform module 416 may be configured to convert YCbCr color attributes to RGB color attributes.
[0049] As to the geometry decoding, geometry synthesis module 404, reconstruction module 406, and coordinate inverse transform module 408 of decoder 201 may be configured to perform the inverse operations of geometry analysis module 306, voxelization module 304, and coordinate transform module 302 of encoder 101, respectively.
[0050] Consistent with the scope of the present disclosure, encoder 101 and decoder 201 may be configured to adopt various novel schemes of syntax element representation and organization, as disclosed herein, to improve the flexibility and generality of point cloud coding.
[0051] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, various attribute-presence syntax elements are introduced at different levels to control the enablement / disablement of all attributes or an individual attribute in point cloud coding. In some embodiments, the different parameters under the same condition check at the same level (e.g., associated with the same attribute) can be grouped altogether to reduce the number of condition checks, thereby further simplifying the scheme. FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary hierarchy of parameter sets of G-PCC, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. A point cloud may be represented in a 1D array including a set of points each associated with a property, such as geometry and attributes (e.g., color and reflectance) . The set of points associated with different time stamps may be viewed as a “sequence. ”
[0052] As shown in FIG. 8, the syntax elements (e.g., parameters, flags, etc. ) used for coding the headers of the point cloud may be organized in a hierarchy having various levels. At the top level, the hierarchy may include a sequence header, for example, a header of a sequence parameter set (SPS) associated with the sequence representing the point cloud. At the second level, the hierarchy may include one or more property headers belonging to the sequence header, such as a geometry parameter header and one or more attribute parameter headers. In some embodiments, geometry parameter headers, and attribute parameter headers can also be at the same level as SPS. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the next level under the SPS may include one header of a geometry parameter set belonging to the SPS and associated with the geometry, as well as one or more headers (1 to n) of attribute parameter sets belonging to the SPS and each associate with a respective attribute (e.g., color or reflectance) . At the third level, the hierarchy may include one or more slice property headers belonging to each property header, such as slice geometry parameter headers and slice attribute parameter headers. That is, the sequence representing the point cloud may be divided into one or more slices each including a slice of points, and each slice of points may be associated with one or more slice property headers. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the next level under the geometry parameter set may include one or more headers of slice geometry parameter sets each belonging to the geometry parameter set and associated with a respective slice of points. Similarly, the next level under each attribute parameter set may include one or more headers of slice attribute parameter sets each belonging to the respective attribute parameter set and associated with a respective slice of points. It is understood that in some examples, the hierarchy may include fewer or more levels, such as picture / frame level (s) .
[0053] FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) laser array 902 and its corresponding cylindrical distribution 904, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0054] Referring to FIG. 9, a three-dimensional coordinate (x, y, z) in the original point cloud may be represented by using a Cartesian coordinate. However, for some GPCC applications, different coordinate representations may be more efficient for coding purposes. For example, planar and azimuthal geometry coding modes for geometry coding may be used for the LiDAR acquisition system. In LiDAR, points are obtained by sampling the reflectance of lights emitted by the vertically arranged lasers in the rotating head. The captured point cloud is in the shape of a cylinder as shown in FIG. 9, where the points can be represented in the cylindrical coordinate system with radial, azimuthal, and elevation angular directional sampling with a limited elevation angle range.
[0055] The data units (DUs) of a G-PCC bitstream may be delivered as an ordered stream of bytes. A bytestream format was proposed for this purpose. The bytestream format includes a sequence of type-length-value (TLV) encapsulation structures that each represents a single coded DU syntax structure. Tables 1 and 2 show the syntax and semantics of the bytestream format, respectively. Table 1: Syntax of Bytestream Format
[0056] Referring to Table 1, tlv_num_payload_bytes specifies the length in bytes of the syntax element array tlv_payload_byte [] . tlv_payload_byte [i ] is the i-th byte of payload data.
[0057] The order of tlv_encapsulation structures follows the decoding order for the encapsulated syntax structures.
[0058] tlv_type identifies the syntax structure represented by tlv_payload_byte as specified in Table 2. Table 2: Mapping of tlv_type and associated data unit to syntax tables
[0059] Some G-PCC frames may serve as references for the future frame while some G-PCC frames may not. In order to differentiate reference frame or non-reference frame, two additional TLV types (type 10 and 11) are added to indicate geometry and attribute non-reference frames in Table 3. More specifically, TLV type 2 represent the current data is a reference geometry data; TLV type 4 represent the current data is a reference attribute data; TLV type 10 represent the current data is a non-reference geometry data; and TLV type 11 represent the current data is a non-reference attribute data. Table 3: Mapping of tlv_type and associated data unit to syntax tables
[0060] Existing G-PCC cannot work well for a wide range of G-PCC applications, e.g., multiple slices of a G-PCC frame. It is desirable to design a general G-PCC system and method that can be used in many applications.
[0061] For instance, one G-PCC frame may be coded with multiple slices and the number of slices for a frame is coded in the bitstream. If one G-PCC frame has more than one slice, e.g., two slices per G-PCC frame, there may be multiple geometry and attribute slice data packed in the different TLV data units. For example, different slice geometry data for the same frame may be packed in the different TLV data units. Similarly, different slice attribute data for the same frame may also be packed in the different TLV data units. Because each TLV data unit carries individual reference information, it may result in different reference information for different slices within the same frame. As one example, assume there are two slices for a G-PCC frame. Two geometry slices are coded and packed in two separate TLV geometry data units. Two attribute slices are also coded and packed in two separate TLV attribute data units. Four TLV data units for this frame may have four TLV types, which indicate if the current TLV data unit serves as a reference or not for future frames. Therefore, the current frame which includes two slices may have an undetermined status to set the current frame as a reference or not for the future frames.
[0062] To overcome these and other challenges, the present disclosure provides an exemplary coding technique that ensures the geometry TLV type and attribute TLV type for the same frame will have the same reference or non-reference information. In other words, if the geometry TLV type of the current slice within a frame indicates the geometry of the current frame will serve as a geometry reference for future frames, the attribute TLV type of the current slice within the same frame also will indicate the attribute of the current frame will serve as an attribute reference for future frames. If the geometry TLV type of the current slice within a frame indicates the geometry of the current frame will not serve as a geometry reference for future frames, the attribute TLV type of the current slice within the same frame also will indicate the attribute of the current frame will not serve as an attribute reference for future frames. More specifically, as one example, if the TLV type of the current slice within a frame for the geometry TLV data unit is 2, the TLV type of the current slice within a same frame for the attribute TLV data unit will be 4. If the TLV type of the current slice within a frame for the geometry TLV data unit is 10, the TLV type of the current slice within a same frame for the attribute TLV data unit will be 11.
[0063] This present disclosure further provides that if there are more than one slice for a frame, the geometry TLV type for all slices within one frame should be the same. Similarly, the attribute TLV type for all slices within one frame should also be the same. For example, assume there are two slices for a frame. If the TLV type for the first slice geometry TLV data unit is 2, then the TLV type for the second slice geometry TLV data unit should also be 2. If the TLV type for the first slice geometry TLV data unit is 10, then the TLV type for the second slice geometry TLV data unit should also be 10.
[0064] Similarly, if there are two slices for a frame and the TLV type for the first slice attribute TLV data unit is 4, then TLV type for the second slice attribute TLV data unit should also be 4; likewise, if the TLV type for the first slice attribute TLV data unit is 11, the TLV type for the second slice attribute TLV data unit should also be 11.
[0065] As one example, when one point cloud frame has multiple slices, all the geometry TLV data units for all slices within a frame may have the same TLV type. When one point cloud frame has multiple slices, all the attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame may have the same TLV type.
[0066] FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary method 1000 of decoding by a decoder, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Method 1000 may be performed by an apparatus, e.g., decoder 201 of decoding system 200 or any other suitable point cloud encoding systems. Method 1000 may include operations 1002-1004 as described below. It is understood that some of the operations may be optional, and some of the operations may be performed simultaneously, or in a different order than shown in FIG. 10.
[0067] At 1002, the apparatus may decode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. In some implementations, all of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. In some implementations, all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type.
[0068] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2.
[0069] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4.
[0070] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10.
[0071] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11.
[0072] At 1004, the apparatus may decode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0073] FIG. 11 illustrates a flow chart of a first exemplary method 1100 of point cloud encoding, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. Method 1100 may be performed by encoder 101 of encoding system 100 or any other suitable point cloud encoding systems. Method 1100 may include operations 1102-1104, as described below. It is understood that some of the operations may be optional, and some of the operations may be performed simultaneously, or in a different order than shown in FIG. 11.
[0074] At 1102, the apparatus may encode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. In some implementations, all of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. In some implementations, all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type.
[0075] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2.
[0076] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4.
[0077] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10.
[0078] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11.
[0079] At 1104, the apparatus may encode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0080] In various aspects of the present disclosure, the functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored as instructions on a non-transitory computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a processor, such as processor 102 in FIGs. 1 and 2. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, HDD, such as magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, Flash drive, SSD, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a processing system, such as a mobile device or a computer. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital video disc (DVD) , and floppy disk where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
[0081] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method of decoding by a decoder is provided. The method may include decoding, by a processor, all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The method may include decoding, by the processor, a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0082] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2.
[0083] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4.
[0084] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10.
[0085] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11.
[0086] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a decoder is provided. The decoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to decode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to decode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0087] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2.
[0088] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4.
[0089] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10.
[0090] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11.
[0091] According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus for decoding is provided. The apparatus for decoding may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to decode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to decode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0092] According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for a decoder is provided. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to decode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the decoder, may cause the processor of the decoder to decode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0093] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2.
[0094] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4.
[0095] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10.
[0096] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11.
[0097] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method of encoding by an encoder is provided. The method may include encoding, by a processor, all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The method may include encoding, by the processor, a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0098] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2.
[0099] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4.
[0100] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10.
[0101] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11.
[0102] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an encoder is provided. The encoder may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to encode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to encode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0103] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2.
[0104] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4.
[0105] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10.
[0106] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11.
[0107] According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus for encoding is provided. The apparatus for encoding may include a processor and memory storing instructions. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to encode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The memory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to encode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0108] According to yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for an encoder is provided. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to encode all geometry TLV data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame. All of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a first TLV type. All of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame may be of a second TLV type. The instructions, which when executed by the processor of the encoder, may cause the processor of the encoder to encode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.
[0109] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 2.
[0110] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 4.
[0111] In some implementations, the frame may include N slices. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10. In some implementations, the first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 10.
[0112] In some implementations, the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices may be TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11. In some implementations, the second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices may be the TLV type 11.
[0113] According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a bitstream is provided. The bitstream may be generated using one or more operations described herein.
[0114] The foregoing description of the embodiments will so reveal the general nature of the present disclosure that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and / or adapt for various applications such embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present disclosure. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance.
[0115] Embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed.
[0116] The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure as contemplated by the inventor (s) , and thus, are not intended to limit the present disclosure and the appended claims in any way.
[0117] Various functional blocks, modules, and steps are disclosed above. The arrangements provided are illustrative and without limitation. Accordingly, the functional blocks, modules, and steps may be reordered or combined in different ways than in the examples provided above. Likewise, some embodiments include only a subset of the functional blocks, modules, and steps, and any such subset is permitted.
[0118] The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1.A method of decoding by a decoder, comprising:decoding, by a processor, all geometry type-length-value (TLV) data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame, all of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a first TLV type, and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a second TLV type; anddecoding, by the processor, a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.2.The method of claim 1, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 2,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2.3.The method of claim 2, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 4,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4.4.The method of claim 1, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 10,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10.5.The method of claim 4, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 11,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11.6.A decoder, comprising:a processor; andmemory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:decode all geometry type-length-value (TLV) data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame, all of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a first TLV type, and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a second TLV type; anddecode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.7.The decoder of claim 6, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 2,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2.8.The decoder of claim 7, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 4,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4.9.The decoder of claim 6, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 10,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10.10.The decoder of claim 9, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 11,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11.11.An apparatus for decoding, comprising:a processor; andmemory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:decode all geometry type-length-value (TLV) data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame, all of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a first TLV type, and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a second TLV type; anddecode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.12.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, which when executed by a processor of a decoder, cause the processor of the decoder to:decode all geometry type-length-value (TLV) data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame, all of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a first TLV type, and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a second TLV type; anddecode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.13.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 12, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 2,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2.14.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 4,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4.15.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 12, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 10,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10.16.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 11,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11.17.A method of encoding by an encoder, comprising:encoding, by a processor, all geometry type-length-value (TLV) data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame, all of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a first TLV type, and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a second TLV type; andencoding, by the processor, a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.18.The method of claim 17, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 2,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2.19.The method of claim 18, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 4,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4.20.The method of claim 17, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 10,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10.21.The method of claim 20, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 11,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11.22.An encoder, comprising:a processor; andmemory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:encode all geometry type-length-value (TLV) data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame, all of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a first TLV type, and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a second TLV type; andencode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.23.The encoder of claim 22, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 2,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2.24.The encoder of claim 23, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 4,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4.25.The encoder of claim 22, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 10,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10.26.The encoder of claim 25, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 11,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11.27.An apparatus for encoding, comprising:a processor; andmemory storing instructions, which when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:encode all geometry type-length-value (TLV) data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame, all of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a first TLV type, and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a second TLV type; andencode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.28.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, which when executed by a processor of an encoder, cause the processor of the encoder to:encode all geometry type-length-value (TLV) data units and all attribute TLV data units for all slices within a frame, all of the geometry TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a first TLV type, and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame being of a second TLV type; andencode a point cloud based on all of the geometry TLV data units and all of the attribute TLV data units for all of the slices within the frame.29.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 28, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 2,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 2.30.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 29, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 4,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 4.31.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 28, wherein:the frame comprises N slices,the first TLV type of a first geometry TLV data unit for a first slice of the N slices is TLV type 10,the first TLV type of a second geometry TLV data unit for a second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10, andthe first TLV type of an Nth geometry TLV data unit for an Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 10.32.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 31, wherein:the second TLV type of a first attribute TLV data unit for the first slice of the N slices is TLV type 11,the second TLV type of a second attribute TLV data unit for the second slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11, andthe second TLV type of an Nth attribute TLV data unit for the Nth slice of the N slices is the TLV type 11.33.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a bitstream, the bitstream being generated a based on one or more of the operations of claims 17-21.
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