L1 event based LTM methods and procedures

Abstract

Embodiments herein include layer 1 event based L1 / L2-triggered Mobility (LTM) enhancements. In some embodiments, a UE may receive a Radio Resource Control (RRC) comprising a layer 1 event based LTM configuration. The LTM configuration may include measurement events corresponding to one or more source cell beams and one or more neighbor cell beams. The LTM configuration may also include thresholds and event index values associated with the measurement events. The event index may be used in a medium access control control element (MAC CE) by the UE to identify that an event has occurred.

Description

L1 EVENT BASED LTM METHODS AND PROCEDURESTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] This application relates generally to wireless communication systems, including Ll / L2-triggered Mobility (LTM) for user equipment.BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless mobile communication technology uses various standards and protocols to transmit data between a base station and a wireless communication device. Wireless communication system standards and protocols can include, for example. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) (e.g., 4G). 3GPP New Radio (NR) (e g., 5G), and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) (commonly known to industry groups as Wi-Fi®).

[0003] As contemplated by the 3GPP, different wireless communication systems' standards and protocols can use various radio access networks (RANs) for communicating between a base station of the RAN (which may also sometimes be referred to generally as a RAN node, a network node, or simply a node) and a wireless communication device known as a user equipment (UE). 3GPP RANs can include, for example, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) RAN (GERAN), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), and / or Next-Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN).

[0004] Each RAN may use one or more radio access technologies (RATs) to perform communication between the base station and the UE. For example, the GERAN implements GSM and / or EDGE RAT. the UTRAN implements Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) RAT or other 3GPP RAT, the E-UTRAN implements LTE RAT (sometimes simply referred to as LTE), and NG-RAN implements NR RAT (sometimes referred to herein as 5G RAT, 5G NR RAT, or simply NR). In certain deployments, the E-UTRAN may also implement NR RAT. In certain deployments, NG-RAN may also implement LTE RAT.

[0005] A base station used by a RAN may correspond to that RAN. One example of an E-UTRAN base station is an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Node B (also commonly denoted as evolved Node B, enhanced Node B, eNodeB. or eNB). One example of an NG-RAN base station is a next generation Node B (also sometimes referred to as a g Node B or gNB).

[0006] A RAN provides its communication services with external entities through its connection to a core network (CN). For example, E-UTRAN may utilize an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) while NG-RAN may utilize a 5G Core Network (5GC).BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the figure number in which that element is first introduced.

[0008] FIG. 1 illustrates an example signal flow diagram for intra- Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)ZUser Plane Function (UPF) handover based on L3 measurements in accordance with some embodiments.

[0009] FIG. 2 illustrates an example measurement model for handovers based on L3 measurements in accordance with some embodiments.

[0010] FIG. 3 illustrates an example signal flow diagram for intra-AMF / UPF conditional handover (CHO) based on L3 measurements in accordance with some embodiments.

[0011] FIG. 4 illustrates an example for Ll / L2-triggered Mobility (LTM) in accordance with some embodiments.

[0012] FIG. 5 illustrates components of mobility latency in accordance with some embodiments.

[0013] FIG. 6 illustrates mobility latency for RACH-based LTM in accordance with some embodiments.

[0014] FIG. 7 illustrates mobility latency for RACH-less LTM in accordance with some embodiments.

[0015] FIG. 8 illustrates an example diagram of a UE traveling through beams of a source network node and a neighbor network node of a wireless communication system in accordance with some embodiments.

[0016] FIG. 9 illustrates an example RRC LTM event configuration in accordance with some embodiments.

[0017] FIG. 10 illustrates an example MAC CE for a LTM event report in accordance with some embodiments.

[0018] FIG. 11 illustrates an example signal flow diagram in accordance with some embodiments.

[0019] FIG. 12 illustrates an example method performed by a UE in accordance with some embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 13 illustrates an example method performed by a network node in accordance with some embodiments.

[0021] FIG. 14 illustrates an example architecture of a wireless communication system, according to embodiments disclosed herein.

[0022] FIG. 15 illustrates a system for performing signaling between a wireless device and a network device, according to embodiments disclosed herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Various embodiments are described with regard to a UE. However, reference to a UE is merely provided for illustrative purposes. The example embodiments may be utilized with any electronic component that may establish a connection to a network and is configured with the hardware, software, and / or firmware to exchange information and data with the network. Therefore, the UE as described herein is used to represent any appropriate electronic component.

[0024] One of the goals in wireless communication is to provide seamless service to users while they are moving. This ability , known as mobility , has been a cornerstone in the development of mobile communication technologies, ensuring that users have continuous and reliable access to services, regardless of their geographical location or movement. With the introduction of 5G New Radio (NR), significant advancements have been made to enhance mobility, acknowledging the increasingly dynamic nature of how devices are used — ranging from high-speed vehicular movement to dense urban environments with high user mobility. New Radio (NR), as part of the 5G standard developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), introduces several mobility enhancements designed to cater to the diverse requirements of next-generation wireless communication.

[0025] For example, enhancements have been introduced related to measurements for mobility. In Release 18 of the 3GPP standard, Ll / L2-triggered Mobility (LTM) based onlayer 2 was introduced for inter-Centralized Unit (CU). One objective for further enhancements in Release 19 is to extend LTM from intra-CU to include inter-CU. Further, there is a desire to introduce measurements related enhancements for the purpose of supporting LTM.

[0026] Some embodiments herein relate to measurement enhancements for intra-CU Master Cell Group (MCG) and Secondary Cell Group (SCG) LTM and inter-CE MCG / SCG LTM. Further some embodiments may include enhancements that specify components to support event triggered layer 1 (LI) measurement reporting. Further, some embodiments may include enhancements that specify support for Channel State Information-Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurements for LTM procedures and enable CSI-RS based beam management, and / or other physical layer operations on candidate cells before LTM. In some embodiments, there may be support for triggering mechanisms for conditional LTM.

[0027] FIG. 1 illustrates an example signal flow diagram 102 for intra- Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)ZUser Plane Function (UPF) handover based on L3 measurements in accordance with some embodiments. In the illustrated embodiment, the handover is based on L3 measurement report from UE.

[0028] For example, the network (e.g., source network node) may provide L3 measurement configuration to UE. UE performs neighbor cell measurement and reports (e.g.. measurement report 104) the measurement result to the source network node.When the serving cell qualify becomes worse, UE may start neighbor measurement. The UE initiates the measurement report 104 when a report condition is met (e.g., periodical report, or event triggered report (e g., A3, A5)). Based on UE measurement report 104, the source network node decides 106 the target PCell for handover. Accordingly, in the illustrated embodiment, first the source node configures the UE measurement procedures and the UE reports according to the measurement configuration, and second, the source node decides to handover the UE, based on MeasruementReport and RRM information.

[0029] FIG. 2 illustrates an example measurement model 202 for handovers based on L3 measurements in accordance with some embodiments. L3 measurement may be based on cell specific measurement. Cell specific measurement result may be derived based on the average of measurement results of multiple beams of the cell. The measurement report may include the cell specific qualify, and optional beam results for the triggeredcell and serving cell(s) in MR. Note that whether to include the beam level result may be up to network configuration.

[0030] FIG. 3 illustrates an example signal flow diagram 302 for intra- AMF / UPF conditional handover (CHO) based on L3 measurements in accordance with some embodiments. The CHO may be executed by the UE when one or more CHO execution conditions are met. The UE may start to evaluate 304 the execution condition(s) upon receiving CHO configuration, and stop evaluating the execution condition(s) once a handover is executed. The CHO configuration may include the configuration of CHO candidate cell(s) and execution condition(s). The CHO may rely on YE measurements. The execution condition may comprise one or two trigger condition(s) (e.g., CHO events A3 / A5), and it may refer to the existing measurement configuration with new CHO condition events. The existing L3 measurement operation may be applicable on the condition evaluation of the candidate cell for CHO.

[0031] FIG. 4 illustrates an example 402 for L1 / L2 Triggered Mobility (LTM) in accordance with some embodiments. Based on L3 measurement report 410, the network node 406 may decide the LTM candidate cells and provide the LTM candidate cell configuration 412 to the UE 404 via RRC signaling. Based on the LI measurement report(s) from UE 404, the network node 406 may change UE serving cell by a cell switch command 408 (media access control control element (MAC CE)). The candidate configuration identification (ID) in the cell switch command 408 may refer to the configuration provided by RRC (e.g., LTM candidate cell configuration 412) in advance.

[0032] For example, the UE 404 may send an L3 measurement report 410 message to the network node 406. The network node 406 may decide to configure the LTM and initiate LTM preparation. The network node 406 may transmit a RRC reconfiguration message (e.g., LTM candidate cell configuration 412) to the UE 404 including the LTM candidate configurations. The UE 404 may perform LI measurements on the configured candidate cell(s) and transmit LI measurement report 414 to the network node 406. The LI measurements may be performed as long as the RRC reconfiguration (e g., LTM candidate cell configuration 412) is applicable.

[0033] There may be two level measurements for LTM. The UE may use both L3 and LI measurement procedures. For L3 measurements, the UE 404 may use existing L3 measurement procedures. The purpose of the L3 measurement may be to help the network node 406 decide and provide the LTM candidate configuration to the UE 404.For the LI measurement, the UE 404 may perform the LI measurement upon receiving the LTM candidate configuration. Based on the LI measurement report 414 of the candidate cell, network node 406 may make the LTM decision and sends LTM cell switch command 408 MAC CE to trigger UE 404 to perform cell switch.

[0034] FIGS. 5-7 illustrate example transmission timelines with mobility latency in accordance with some embodiments. Specifically, FIG. 5 illustrates components of mobility latency 502 in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 6 illustrates mobility latency 602 for RACH-based LTM. FIG. 7 illustrates mobility latency 702 for RACH- less LTM. TRRC is the processing time for RRCH reconfiguration carrying candidate configurations. Tcmd is the time for processing L1 / L2 command (HARQ and parsing). TLTM-RRC-processingis the early ASN. l decoding and validity / compliance check. TLTM- processing is UE processing including applying target cell parameters and L1 / L2 change. Tfirst-Rs is time for fine tracking and acquiring full timing information. TRS-PTOC is the time for synchronization signal block (SSB) processing. TLTM-IU is interruption uncertainty in acquiring the first UL transmission. TRAR is the time for RAR delay. Tfirst-data is the time for UE to perform the first downlink / uplink reception / transmission on the indicated beam of the target cell, after RAR.

[0035] Proposed mobility enhancements for Release 19 Mobility focus on general measurement and triggers. In some embodiments, the triggers were limited to UE starting or stopping measurements. There are several aspects that need further refinement / extension in design logic.

[0036] For example, there may be UE triggered mobility where the UE takes actions based on measurement triggers. These actions could be the UE actually performing a LTM switch by itself. Another aspect for enhancement could be reporting the measurement / triggered event to the current cell. This can result in LTM switch by the network node or can be used by the network node to re-configure the triggers or measurement activity.

[0037] Further, Release 19 will introduce CSI-RS as reference signals for LTM mobility. In some embodiments, there can be mixed interactions between different reference signals and the mobility7aspects / procedures could be different based on the reference signal used. The beam dynamics may be such that embodiments may have a main and side-lobes and so the measurements and associated thresholds may factor this in.

[0038] Rel-18 LTM does not cover any of the UE triggered LTM activity related measurement needs. Further Rel-18 LTM does not cover the associated handshake needed to facilitate further enhancements to measurements. Embodiments herein provide methods and associated configuration framework to facilitate such enhancements.

[0039] Embodiments herein may provide enhancements for different areas of LI event based LTM. For example, some embodiments include further communication between the UE and the network node (e.g., gNB Distributed Unit (DU)) for refined beam measurements, reporting and actions based on measurements.

[0040] Further, some embodiments include an introduction of framework that facilitates defining of triggers. Embodiments may define what constitutes a trigger that causes a UE to perform further actions such as triggered LTM switch. In some embodiments, the triggers can be applied for UE triggered LTM switch. The triggers can also be used based on whether the UE has LTM configured in the Master Node (MN) or Secondary Node (SN). In some embodiments, the triggers can also be used for intra-LTM and inter- LTM. Some embodiments describe differences based on intra-LTM and inter-LTM.

[0041] FIG. 8 illustrates an example diagram of a UE 808 traveling through beams of a source network node 804 and a neighbor network node 806 of a wireless communication system 802 in accordance with some embodiments. To maintain a high quality connection with the network, the UE may switch between beams of the source network node 804 and the neighbor network node 806 as the UE moves. Accordingly, the source network node 804 may provide a configuration for multiple beams. Such a configuration may include one or more beams of the source network node 804 and the beams of the neighbor network node 806.

[0042] In some embodiments, the source network node 804 may use RRC to configure multiple sets of beam information. The RRC configuration may include references to Beam IDs for the beams configured in the RRC. For instance, the RRC may include a SSB burst index, and / or CSI-RS index for beams configured by the RRC. The RRC configuration may also include thresholds / triggers based on the index. For example, a threshold may be set for beam 5, and if the beam strength for beam 5 drops below the threshold, it may trigger the UE to perform LTM related actions.

[0043] In some embodiments, the RRC configuration may include thresholds based on differences between different indexes. For example, the UE may be triggered to perform LTM related actions if the difference between the index X from source network node804 is lower / higher than index Y from target cell (e.g., neighbor network node 806). For instance, a threshold may be set to be a value that the UE compares to the difference between beam 5 of the source network node 804 and beam N3 of the neighbor network node 806. If the difference crosses the threshold, the UE may perform LTM related actions. In some embodiments, the RRC configuration can be beam specific. For instance, the configuration can use the beam ID as the reference.

[0044] Provisioning of UE reporting measurements and / or events may be based on UE measurements of source and / or target beams. For example, the UE 808 may report an event based on whether the measurements of the source or target beams exceeds a threshold. In some embodiments, the UE 808 may report the measurement.

[0045] An event can be defined as occurring when a neighbor beam is higher than a source beam. In some embodiments, the event can be defined as occurring when the neighbor beam is higher than the source beam by a predefined amount (X). The amount can be absolute value as reference or a decibel (ratio) to the reference.

[0046] As shown, a typical beam is not a simple ellipse shape. Instead, the beam may have a main lobe and a series of side lobes. Between the lobes there may be a significant change in beam strength based on the position of the UE 808. The fading between lobes may cause the UE 808 to perform LTM related actions. Some embodiments herein may define thresholds and events that take into account changes side lobes in changes in beam strength. For example, in some embodiments, the event can be defined as occurring when the neighbor beam is higher than the source beam by a predefined amount (X) where the UE 808 averages multiple measurements for the comparison.

[0047] In some embodiments, the UE 808 may average the measurements across time. For instance, the UE may average a predefined number of measurements (N) in a predefined time interval (Z). In some embodiments, averaging of measurements can be from a combination of measurements. For example, the UE 808 may use the highest beam measurement compared with the lowest to form an average. The averaging may account for main / side-lobes which is specific to beam based measurements. The UE may use the average of the source beam measurements and the neighbor beam measurements and determine if the average neighbor beam measurement is higher than the average source beam measurement. If the average neighbor beam measurement is higher than the average source beam measurement, the UE may determine that an event has occurred and proceed with LTM related actions.

[0048] In some embodiments, an event can be defined as occurring when a neighbor beam is higher than a source beam for a specific time period (Y). In some embodiments, the predefined amount (X), the predefined number of measurements (N), the predefined time interval (Z), and / or the specific time period (Y) defining the event may be configured by the source network node 804 via the RRC configuration.

[0049] In some embodiments, the event definition can be for specific beams. For example, an event may be defined based on measurements of beam 5 from source network node 804 and N3 or N1 from neighbor network node 806. In some embodiments certain beams of the neighbor network node 806 may be excluded from the event determination. For example, the UE 808 may find N1 and NOT N3 to determine occurrence of the event. In some embodiments, the event definition may be based on a comparison between neighbor beams alone. In some embodiments, the event definition may be based on a comparison between source beams alone.

[0050] In some embodiments, the event definition may be a mix of source and Ncell beam actions. For example, the event may be based on one or more beams from the source network node 804 and beams from the neighbor network node 806. In some embodiments, event triggering can be restricted to particular source and Ncell beams applying measured thresholds.

[0051] The UE 808 may report to the source network node 804 triggered measurements or occurrence of events. In some embodiments, the UE 808 may report via LI Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) or Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) enhancements. In some embodiments, the report of may be MAC CE based. In some embodiments, the report of may be RRC based. Further actions the UE may take based on the triggered events may include switching between different sets of configurations and performing LTM switch.

[0052] FIG. 9 illustrates an example RRC LTM event configuration 902 in accordance with some embodiments. The RRC LTM event configuration 902 may include configurations for one or more LTM events. For each configured LTM event, the RRC LTM event configuration 902 may include an event ID 904, resource configuration 906, a report configuration 908, and a trigger configuration 910. The event ID 904 may be used to identify the event.

[0053] The resource configuration 906 may be used to define beams that the UE is to measure to determine the occurrence of the event. For example, resource configuration906 may include one or more beams of the source network node and one or more beams of the neighbor / target network node. In some embodiments, an event may be associated with a subset of neighbor network nodes that correspond to a similar geographic area as the one or more beams of the source node configured for the event. In other words, in some embodiments the beams of the different network nodes may be selected for an event based on deployment topology.

[0054] For example, in FIG. 8 an event may be configured that includes measurements related to beam 5 of the source network node 804 and beams N1 and N3 of the neighbor network node 806. As shown, beams N1 and N3 project in a direction toward beam 5. In some embodiments, the subsets of neighbor beams associated with a beam of the source network node 804 may be preconfigured. In some embodiments, the neighbor network node 806 may send the associated beams to the source network node 804 during the handover request and acknowledgment operation. In some embodiments, operation management may provide the deployment topology to the source network node 804.

[0055] Returning to FIG. 9, the report configuration 908 may detail how' the UE is to report an event. The trigger configuration 910 may include the defining attributes of the event. For example, the trigger configuration 910 may include thresholds for one or more beams, a threshold for differences between beam measurements, and / or how to average measurements for the event detection.

[0056] The RRC LTM event configuration 902 may provide protection for the specifics of the event (e.g., which beams are associated with the event). To protect the location of the UE, in some embodiments, MAC CEs may refer to the event ID rather than the specific beams measured. This is because MAC CEs may be intercepted and the location of the beams and the measurements may be used to determine a location of the UE. In contrast RRC messages include protection for the contents. A device that receives the MAC CE with the event ID would not be able to determine the location without the RRC LTM event configuration 902.

[0057] FIG. 10 illustrates an example MAC CE 1002 for a LTM event report in accordance with some embodiments. When the UE determines that an event has occurred based on measurements of the beams configured in the RRC configuration, the UE may report the event to the source network node via MAC CE 1002.

[0058] The report includes a reference to an index 1004 provided in the prior RRC configuration. For example, if the event as configured by RRC is indexed by ‘3’, theMAC CE includes the index. In some embodiments, the MAC CE 1002 may include the event ID 904. The MAC CE 1002 may not provide UE location / cell information in plain text, but instead provide indices to RRC configuration which is protected.

[0059] In some embodiments, the MAC CE 1002 may include measured values 1006. In some embodiments, if there are measurement values to be reported, then they can be reported as absolute values (of RSRP or path-loss, SNR, Angle of arrival etc.) In some embodiments, the measured values 1006 may be reported in dB or dBm. In some embodiments, the measured values 1006 may be a range based on a look-up table.

[0060] FIG. 11 illustrates an example signal flow diagram 1108 in accordance with some embodiments. As shown, the UE 1102 may receive 1110 an RRC configuration (e.g., RRC LTM event configuration 902 of FIG. 9) from the source cell 1104. The RRC configuration may include information about neighbor beams (e.g., beams N3 and N5), source cell beams, events, trigger criteria, and reporting format.

[0061] The UE 1102 may measure 1112 the target beams (e.g., neighbor beams and source cell beams) included in the RRC configuration. Based on the measurements, the UE 1102 may perform measurement evaluation against the configured events in the RRC configuration. The UE 1102 may determine 1114 that event criteria is satisfied at LI beam level and event ID ‘x’ is triggered.

[0062] The UE 1102 may send 1116 a LTM MAC CE (e.g., MAC CE 1002 of FIG. 10) reporting the event to the source cell 1104. The LTM MAC CE may include an event index pointing to the prior RRC configuration. In some embodiments this may result in the initiation of a handover.

[0063] In some embodiments, the LTM MAC CE event report may initiate a procedure for further refinement of the candidate beams. For instance, RRC or MAC CE based downlink re-configuration may be based on the UE report. A MAC CE may be used to switch between different prior RRC configurations, between the beam configurations, between different event configurations, or re-configuration of event.

[0064] For example, re-configuration of an event may allow multiple options / configurations within each event itself. In the illustrated embodiment, the source cell 1104 and candidate cell 1106 perform an inter-node exchange 1118 based on the UE triggered event ‘x’. The candidate cell 1106 provides the source cell 1104 with a more refined beam (N5) based on the event and / or measured values from the LTM MAC CE from the UE 808. The source cell 1104 may send the UE 1102 a LTM MAC CE basedRRC reconfiguration 1120. The LTM MAC CE based RRC reconfiguration 1120 may ask the UE 1102 to evaluate using the beam N5. N5 may be based on index switch references the prior RRC configuration. Accordingly the actual beam resource information may not be transmitted in the LTM MAC CE used for RRC reconfiguration. In some embodiments, the reconfiguration may result in the UE 1102 measuring a different t pe of reference signal. For example, the initial event report may be based on measurements of an SSB. and after the RRC reconfiguration the UE 1102 may measure a CSI-RS.

[0065] In some embodiments, the RRC framework shown in FIG. 11 can include the option to have events / triggers work such that the type of reference signal used (e.g., CSI- RS) between the source cell 1104 and target (e.g., candidate cell 1106) would also allow the UE 1102 to have different actions / comparison thresholds. For example, in some embodiments if the source beam is SSB based and target beam (of NCell) is CSI-RS based, then the NCell beam value should be higher by more than if the NCell beam was SSB. The reasoning for such a difference may be that the CSI-RS beam is narrower and so the UE 1102 should not trigger event unless the sufficient threshold criteria is satisfied - to allow the next set of UE actions. Also the side-lobe fall-off of CSI-RS can be different than SSB based and this may allow the network to have different triggers, actions, and / or measurements based on the used reference signal.

[0066] In some embodiments, there may be a different set of configurations in the RRC LTM event configuration based on whether the LTM is in MN or SN. For instance, the UE may be pre-configured with LTM using RRC and LTM co-exists with legacy configuration, and so the events configured between the MN and SN can be re-used with differences. This may allow variations based on whether the current LTM is in MN or SN. Further, the RRC LTM event configuration can also have differing configuration, functionality, and / or operating thresholds based on whether it is for intra-LTM or inter- LTM (which can change dynamically based on mobility).

[0067] FIG. 12 illustrates an example method 1200 performed by a UE in accordance with some embodiments. The method 1200 includes receiving 1202, a RRC comprising a layer 1 event based LTM configuration. The LTM configuration may include measurement events corresponding to one or more source cell beams and one or more neighbor cell beams. Further, the LTM configuration may include thresholds and event index values associated with the measurement events. The method 1200 further includesdetecting 1204 that a first event of the measurement events from the LTM configuration has occurred based on the thresholds. The method 1200 further includes determining 1206, a first event index from the event index values that corresponds with the first event. The method 1200 further includes generating 1208 a MAC CE comprising the first event index to indicate that the first event occurred. The method 1200 further includes sending 1210 the MAC CE to a network node.

[0068] In some embodiments, detecting the first event comprises determining that a difference between a first measurement value of one of the source cell beams and a second measurement value of one of the neighbor cell beams exceeds a first threshold included in the LTM configuration.

[0069] In some embodiments, the method 1200 further comprises determining the first measurement value and the second measurement value by averaging a plurality of measurements over a time interval.

[0070] In some embodiments, the method 1200 further comprises determining the first measurement value and the second measurement value by averaging a highest beam measurement and a lowest beam measurement.

[0071] In some embodiments, the method 1200 further comprises receiving, from the network node, a RRC reconfiguration comprising a more refined neighbor beam based on the first event index in the MAC CE.

[0072] In some embodiments, the thresholds are based on a comparison between the one or more source cell beams and the one or more neighbor cell beams, and based on a type of reference signal used for the one or more source cell beams and the one or more neighbor cell beams.

[0073] In some embodiments, configurations for the measurement events are different based on whether LTM is in MN or SN.

[0074] In some embodiments, the one or more neighbor cell beams are associated with the one or more source cell beams.

[0075] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of the method 1200. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a UE (such as a wireless device 1502 that is a UE. as described herein).

[0076] Embodiments contemplated herein include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, uponexecution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of the method 1200. This non-transitory computer- readable media may be, for example, a memory of a UE (such as a memory 1506 of a wireless device 1502 that is a UE, as described herein).

[0077] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of the method 1200. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a UE (such as a wireless device 1502 that is a UE, as described herein).

[0078] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform one or more elements of the method 1200. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a UE (such as a wireless device 1502 that is a UE. as described herein).

[0079] Embodiments contemplated herein include a signal as described in or related to one or more elements of the method 1200.

[0080] Embodiments contemplated herein include a computer program or computer program product comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processor is to cause the processor to carry out one or more elements of the method 1200. The processor may be a processor of a UE (such as a processor(s) 1504 of a wireless device 1502 that is a UE, as described herein). These instructions may be, for example, located in the processor and / or on a memory of the UE (such as a memory 1506 of a wireless device 1502 that is a UE. as described herein).

[0081] FIG. 13 illustrates an example method 1300 performed by a network node in accordance with some embodiments. The method 1300 includes generating 1302 a RRC comprising a layer 1 event based LTM configuration. The ETM configuration may include measurement events corresponding to one or more source cell beams and one or more neighbor cell beams. Further, the LTM configuration may include thresholds and event index values associated with the measurement events. The method 1300 further includes sending 1304 the RRC to a UE. The method 1300 further includes receiving 1306, from the UE, a MAC CE comprising the first event index to indicate that a first event occurred. The method 1300 further includes identifying 1308 the first event based on the first index value.

[0082] In some embodiments, the thresholds include a first threshold for a difference between a first measurement value of one of the source cell beams and a second measurement value of one of the neighbor cell beams.

[0083] In some embodiments, the first measurement value and the second measurement value are averages of a plurality of measurements over a time interval.

[0084] In some embodiments, the first measurement value and the second measurement value are averages of a highest beam measurement and a lowest beam measurement.

[0085] In some embodiments, the method 1300 further comprises receiving, from a neighbor network node, a more refined neighbor beam based on the first event index in the MAC CE; and generating and sending an RRC reconfiguration comprising the more refined neighbor beam.

[0086] In some embodiments, the thresholds are based on a comparison between the one or more source cell beams and the one or more neighbor cell beams, and based on a type of reference signal used for the one or more source cell beams and the one or more neighbor cell beams.

[0087] In some embodiments, configurations for the measurement events are different based on whether LTM is in MN or SN.

[0088] In some embodiments, the one or more neighbor cell beams are associated with the one or more source cell beams.

[0089] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of the method 1300. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a base station (such as a network device 1518 that is a base station, as described herein).

[0090] Embodiments contemplated herein include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of the method 1300. This non-transitory computer- readable media may be, for example, a memory of a base station (such as a memory 1522 of a network device 1518 that is a base station, as described herein).

[0091] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of the method 1300. Thisapparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a base station (such as a network device 1518 that is a base station, as described herein).

[0092] Embodiments contemplated herein include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform one or more elements of the method 1300. This apparatus may be, for example, an apparatus of a base station (such as a network device 1518 that is a base station, as described herein).

[0093] Embodiments contemplated herein include a signal as described in or related to one or more elements of the method 1300.

[0094] Embodiments contemplated herein include a computer program or computer program product comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out one or more elements of the method 1300. The processor may be a processor of a base station (such as a processor(s) 1520 of a network device 1518 that is a base station, as described herein). These instructions may be, for example, located in the processor and / or on a memory of the base station (such as a memory 1522 of a network device 1518 that is a base station, as described herein).

[0095] FIG. 14 illustrates an example architecture of a wireless communication system 1400, according to embodiments disclosed herein. The following description is provided for an example wireless communication system 1400 that operates in conjunction with the LTE system standards and / or 5G or NR system standards as provided by 3GPP technical specifications.

[0096] As shown by FIG. 14, the wireless communication system 1400 includes UE 1402 and UE 1404 (although any number of UEs may be used). In this example, the UE 1402 and the UE 1404 are illustrated as smartphones (e.g.. handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device configured for wireless communication.

[0097] The UE 1402 and UE 1404 may be configured to communicatively couple with a RAN 1406. In embodiments, the RAN 1406 may be NG-RAN, E-UTRAN, etc. The UE 1402 and UE 1404 utilize connections (or channels) (shown as connection 1408 and connection 1410, respectively) with the RAN 1406, each of which comprises a physical communications interface. The RAN 1406 can include one or more base stations (such asbase station 1412 and base station 1414) that enable the connection 1408 and connection 1410.

[0098] In this example, the connection 1408 and connection 1410 are air interfaces to enable such communicative coupling, and may be consistent with RAT(s) used by the RAN 1406, such as. for example, an LTE and / or NR.

[0099] In some embodiments, the UE 1402 and UE 1404 may also directly exchange communication data via a sidelink interface 1416. The UE 1404 is shown to be configured to access an access point (shown as AP 1418) via connection 1420. By way of example, the connection 1420 can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 1418 may comprise a Wi-Fi® router. In this example, the AP 1418 may be connected to another network (for example, the Internet) without going through a CN 1424.

[0100] In embodiments, the UE 1402 and UE 1404 can be configured to communicate using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with the base station 1412 and / or the base station 1414 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as. but not limited to, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

[0101] In some embodiments, all or parts of the base station 1412 or base station 1414 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network. In addition, or in other embodiments, the base station 1412 or base station 1414 may be configured to communicate with one another via interface 1422. In embodiments where the wireless communication system 1400 is an LTE system (e.g., when the CN 1424 is an EPC), the interface 1422 may be an X2 interface. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more base stations (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to an EPC, and / or between two eNBs connecting to the EPC. In embodiments where the wireless communication system 1400 is an NR system (e.g.. when CN 1424 is a 5GC), the interface 1422 may be an Xn interface. The Xn interface is defined between two or more base stations (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) thatconnect to 5GC, between a base station 1412 (e.g., a gNB) connecting to 5GC and an eNB. and / or between two eNBs connecting to 5GC (e.g.. CN 1424).

[0102] The RAN 1406 is shown to be communicatively coupled to the CN 1424. The CN 1424 may comprise one or more network elements 1426, which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers / subscribers (e.g., users of UE 1402 and UE 1404) who are connected to the CN 1424 via the RAN 1406. The components of the CN 1424 may be implemented in one physical device or separate physical devices including components to read and execute instructions from a machine- readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium).

[0103] In embodiments, the CN 1424 may be an EPC, and the RAN 1406 may be connected with the CN 1424 via an SI interface 1428. In embodiments, the SI interface 1428 may be split into two parts, an S I user plane (Sl-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the base station 1412 or base station 1414 and a serving gateway (S-GW), and the SI -MME interface, which is a signaling interface between the base station 1412 or base station 1414 and mobility' management entities (MMEs).

[0104] In embodiments, the CN 1424 may be a 5GC, and the RAN 1406 may be connected with the CN 1424 via an NG interface 1428. In embodiments, the NG interface 1428 may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the base station 1412 or base station 1414 and a user plane function (UPF), and the SI control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the base station 1412 or base station 1414 and access and mobility management functions (AMFs).

[0105] Generally, an application server 1430 may be an element offering applications that use internet protocol (IP) bearer resources with the CN 1424 (e.g., packet switched data services). The application server 1430 can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, group communication sessions, etc.) for the UE 1402 and UE 1404 via the CN 1424. The application server 1430 may communicate with the CN 1424 through an IP communications interface 1432.

[0106] FIG. 15 illustrates a system 1500 for performing signaling 1534 between a wireless device 1502 and a network device 1518, according to embodiments disclosed herein. The system 1500 may be a portion of a wireless communications system as herein described. The wireless device 1502 may be, for example, a UE of a wirelesscommunication system. The network device 1518 may be, for example, a base station (e.g.. an eNB or a gNB) of a wireless communication system.

[0107] The wireless device 1502 may include one or more processor(s) 1504. The processor(s) 1504 may execute instructions such that various operations of the wireless device 1502 are performed, as described herein. The processor(s) 1504 may include one or more baseband processors implemented using, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a controller, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device, another hardware device, a firmware device, or any combination thereof configured to perform the operations described herein.

[0108] The wireless device 1502 may include a memory' 1506. The memory 1506 may be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions 1508 (which may include, for example, the instructions being executed by the processor(s) 1504). The instructions 1508 may also be referred to as program code or a computer program. The memory' 1506 may also store data used by, and results computed by, the processor(s) 1504.

[0109] The wireless device 1502 may include one or more transceiver(s) 1510 that may include radio frequency (RF) transmitter circuitry' and / or receiver circuitry' that use the antenna(s) 1512 of the wireless device 1502 to facilitate signaling (e.g.. the signaling 1534) to and / or from the wireless device 1502 yvith other devices (e.g., the network device 1518) according to corresponding RATs.

[0110] The wireless device 1502 may include one or more antenna(s) 1512 (e.g., one, tyvo, four, or more). For embodiments with multiple antenna(s) 1512, the wireless device 1502 may leverage the spatial diversity of such multiple antenna(s) 1512 to send and / or receive multiple different data streams on the same time and frequency resources. This behavior may be referred to as, for example, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) behavior (referring to the multiple antennas used at each of a transmitting device and a receiving device that enable this aspect). MIMO transmissions by the wireless device 1502 may be accomplished according to precoding (or digital beamforming) that is applied at the yvireless device 1502 that multiplexes the data streams across the antenna(s) 1512 according to known or assumed channel characteristics such that each data stream is received with an appropriate signal strength relative to other streams and at a desired location in the spatial domain (e.g., the location of a receiver associated withthat data stream). Certain embodiments may use single user MIMO (SU-MIMO) methods (where the data streams are all directed to a single receiver) and / or multi user MIMO (MU-MIMO) methods (where individual data streams may be directed to individual (different) receivers in different locations in the spatial domain).[OHl] In certain embodiments having multiple antennas, the wireless device 1502 may implement analog beamforming techniques, whereby phases of the signals sent by the antenna(s) 1512 are relatively adjusted such that the (joint) transmission of the antenna(s) 1512 can be directed (this is sometimes referred to as beam steering).

[0112] The wireless device 1502 may include one or more interface(s) 1514. The interface(s) 1514 may be used to provide input to or output from the wireless device 1502. For example, a wireless device 1502 that is a UE may include interface(s) 1514 such as microphones, speakers, a touchscreen, buttons, and the like in order to allow for input and / or output to the UE by a user of the UE. Other interfaces of such a UE may be made up of transmitters, receivers, and other circuitry (e.g., other than the transceiver(s) 1510 / antenna(s) 1512 already described) that allow for communication between the UE and other devices and may operate according to known protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi®, Bluetooth®, and the like).

[0113] The wireless device 1502 may include an LTM module 1516. The LTM module 1516 may be implemented via hardware, software, or combinations thereof. For example, the LTM module 1516 may be implemented as a processor, circuit, and / or instructions 1508 stored in the memory 1506 and executed by the processor(s) 1504. In some examples, the LTM module 1516 may be integrated within the processor(s) 1504 and / or the transceiver(s) 1510. For example, the LTM module 1516 may be implemented by a combination of software components (e.g.. executed by a DSP or a general processor) and hardware components (e.g., logic gates and circuitry) within the processor(s) 1504 or the transceiver(s) 1510.

[0114] The LTM module 1516 may be used for various aspects of the present disclosure, for example, aspects of FIGS. 1-14. The LTM module 1516 is configured to process an LTM configuration and monitor measured values against thresholds in the LTM configuration.

[0115] The network device 1518 may include one or more processor(s) 1520. The processor(s) 1520 may execute instructions such that various operations of the network device 1518 are performed, as described herein. The processor(s) 1520 may include oneor more baseband processors implemented using, for example, a CPU, a DSP, an ASIC, a controller, an FPGA device, another hardware device, a firmware device, or any combination thereof configured to perform the operations described herein.

[0116] The network device 1518 may include a memory' 1522. The memory 1522 may be a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores instructions 1524 (which may include, for example, the instructions being executed by the processor(s) 1520). The instructions 1524 may also be referred to as program code or a computer program. The memory' 1522 may also store data used by, and results computed by, the processor(s) 1520.

[0117] The network device 1518 may include one or more transceiver(s) 1526 that may include RF transmitter circuitry' and / or receiver circuitry that use the antenna(s) 1528 of the network device 1518 to facilitate signaling (e.g., the signaling 1534) to and / or from the network device 1518 with other devices (e.g.. the wireless device 1502) according to corresponding RATs.

[0118] The network device 1518 may include one or more antenna(s) 1528 (e.g., one, two, four, or more). In embodiments having multiple antenna(s) 1528, the network device 1518 may perform MIMO, digital beamforming, analog beamforming, beam steering, etc., as has been described.

[0119] The network device 1518 may include one or more interface(s) 1530. The interface(s) 1530 may be used to provide input to or output from the network device 1518. For example, a network device 1518 that is a base station may include interface(s) 1530 made up of transmitters, receivers, and other circuitry' (e g., other than the transceiver(s) 1526 / antenna(s) 1528 already described) that enables the base station to communicate with other equipment in a core network, and / or that enables the base station to communicate with external networks, computers, databases, and the like for purposes of operations, administration, and maintenance of the base station or other equipment operably connected thereto.

[0120] The network device 1518 may include an LTM configuration module 1532. The LTM configuration module 1532 may be implemented via hardware, software, or combinations thereof. For example, the LTM configuration module 1532 may be implemented as a processor, circuit, and / or instructions 1524 stored in the memory 1522 and executed by7the processor(s) 1520. In some examples, the LTM configuration module 1532 may be integrated within the processor(s) 1520 and / or the transceiver(s)1526. For example, the LTM configuration module 1532 may be implemented by a combination of software components (e.g., executed by a DSP or a general processor) and hardware components (e.g., logic gates and circuitry) within the processor(s) 1520 or the transceiver(s) 1526.

[0121] The LTM configuration module 1532 may be used for various aspects of the present disclosure, for example, aspects of FIGS. 1-14. The LTM configuration module 1532 is configured to generate an LTM configuration.

[0122] For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and / or methods as set forth herein. For example, a baseband processor as described herein in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth herein. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE. base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth herein.

[0123] Any of the above described embodiments may be combined with any other embodiment (or combination of embodiments), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

[0124] Embodiments and implementations of the systems and methods described herein may include various operations, which may be embodied in machine-executable instructions to be executed by a computer system. A computer system may include one or more general-purpose or special-purpose computers (or other electronic devices). The computer system may include hardware components that include specific logic for performing the operations or may include a combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0125] It should be recognized that the systems described herein include descriptions of specific embodiments. These embodiments can be combined into single systems, partially combined into other systems, split into multiple systems or divided or combined in other ways. In addition, it is contemplated that parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. ofone embodiment can be used in another embodiment. The parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. are merely described in one or more embodiments for clarity, and it is recognized that the parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. can be combined with or substituted for parameters, attributes, aspects, etc. of another embodiment unless specifically disclaimed herein.

[0126] It is well understood that the use of personally identifiable information should follow privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable information data should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users.

[0127] Although the foregoing has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be made without departing from the principles thereof. It should be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing both the processes and apparatuses described herein. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered illustrative and not restrictive, and the description is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving a Radio Resource Control (RRC) comprising a layer 1 event based Ll / L2-triggered Mobility (LTM) configuration, wherein the LTM configuration comprises measurement events corresponding to one or more source cell beams and one or more neighbor cell beams, and wherein the LTM configuration further comprises thresholds and event index values associated with the measurement events; detecting that a first event of the measurement events from the LTM configuration has occurred based on the thresholds; determining a first event index from the event index values that corresponds with the first event; generating a medium access control control element (MAC CE) comprising the first event index to indicate that the first event occurred; and sending the MAC CE to a network node.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the first event comprises determining that a difference between a first measurement value of one of the source cell beams and a second measurement value of one of the neighbor cell beams exceeds a first threshold included in the LTM configuration.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising determining the first measurement value and the second measurement value by averaging a plurality’ of measurements over a time interval.

4. The method of claim 2, further comprising determining the first measurement value and the second measurement value by averaging a highest beam measurement and a lowest beam measurement.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, from the network node, a RRC reconfiguration comprising a more refined neighbor beam based on the first event index in the MAC CE.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the thresholds are based on a comparison between the one or more source cell beams and the one or more neighbor cell beams, and based on atype of reference signal used for the one or more source cell beams and the one or more neighbor cell beams.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein configurations for the measurement events are different based on whether LTM is in Master Node (MN) or Secondary Node (SN).

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more neighbor cell beams are associated with the one or more source cell beams.

9. A method performed by a network node, the method comprising: generating a Radio Resource Control (RRC) comprising a layer 1 event based Ll / L2-triggered Mobility7(LTM) configuration, wherein the LTM configuration comprises measurement events corresponding to one or more source cell beams and one or more neighbor cell beams, and wherein the LTM configuration further comprises thresholds and event index values associated with the measurement events; sending the RRC to a user equipment (UE); receiving, from the UE, a medium access control control element (MAC CE) comprising the first event index to indicate that a first event occurred; and identifying the first event based on the first event index.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the thresholds include a first threshold for a difference between a first measurement value of one of the source cell beams and a second measurement value of one of the neighbor cell beams.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the first measurement value and the second measurement value are averages of a plurality of measurements over a time interval.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the first measurement value and the second measurement value are averages of a highest beam measurement and a lowest beam measurement.

13. The method of claim 9, further comprising: receiving, from a neighbor network node, a more refined neighbor beam based on the first event index in the MAC CE; and generating and sending a RRC reconfiguration comprising the more refined neighbor beam.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the thresholds are based on a comparison between the one or more source cell beams and the one or more neighbor cell beams, and based on a type of reference signal used for the one or more source cell beams and the one or more neighbor cell beams.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein configurations for the measurement events are different based on whether LTM is in MN or SN.

16. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more neighbor cell beams are associated with the one or more source cell beams.

17. A user equipment (UE) apparatus comprising: a processor; and a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, configure the UE apparatus to: receive a Radio Resource Control (RRC) comprising a layer 1 event based L1 / L2- triggered Mobility (LTM) configuration, wherein the LTM configuration comprises measurement events corresponding to one or more source cell beams and one or more neighbor cell beams, and wherein the LTM configuration further comprises thresholds and event index values associated with the measurement events; detect that a first event of the measurement events from the LTM configuration has occurred based on the thresholds; determine a first event index from the event index values that corresponds with the first event; generate a medium access control control element (MAC CE) comprising the first event index to indicate that the first event occurred; and send the MAC CE to a network node.

18. The UE apparatus of claim 17, wherein detecting the first event comprises determine that a difference between a first measurement value of one of the source cell beams and a second measurement value of one of the neighbor cell beams exceeds a first threshold included in the LTM configuration.

19. The UE apparatus of claim 18, wherein the instructions further configure the apparatus to determine the first measurement value and the second measurement value by averaging a plurality of measurements over a time interval.

20. The UE apparatus of claim 18, wherein the instructions further configure the apparatus to determine the first measurement value and the second measurement value by averaging a highest beam measurement and a lowest beam measurement.

21. The UE apparatus of claim 17, wherein the instructions further configure the apparatus to receive, from the network node, a RRC reconfiguration comprising a more refined neighbor beam based on the first event index in the MAC CE.

22. The UE apparatus of claim 17, wherein the thresholds are based on a comparison between the one or more source cell beams and the one or more neighbor cell beams, and based on a type of reference signal used for the one or more source cell beams and the one or more neighbor cell beams.

23. The UE apparatus of claim 17, wherein configurations for the measurement events are different based on whether LTM is in MN or SN.

24. The UE apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more neighbor cell beams are associated with the one or more source cell beams.

25. An apparatus comprising means to perform the method of any of claim 1 to claim 16.

26. A computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform the method of any of claim 1 to claim 16.

27. An apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform the method of any of claim 1 to claim 16.

28. A baseband processor for a user equipment (UE) that is configured to cause the UE to perform one or more elements of any one of claim 1 to claim 8.

29. A baseband processor for a base station that is configured to cause the base station to perform one or more elements of any one of claim 9 to claim 16.

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