Positioning, stabilising, and interfacing structures and system incorporating same

Abstract

A positioning and stabilising structure for a head-mounted display system, wherein the positioning and stabilizing structure comprises a headgear strap including: a central portion configured to engage a posterior, superior or anterior portion of the user's head in use; and a pair of side portions connected to the central portion and configured to be located on respective sides of the user's head in use, wherein at least the central portion is formed in one-piece as a single piece of material, wherein the central portion includes a ribbed textile structure having repeating rows of protrusions formed as hollow portions configured to provide greater compliance as compared to the side portions, and wherein the side portions include a textile structure that is different from the ribbed textile structure of the central portion.

Description

POSITIONING, STABILISING, AND INTERFACING STRUCTURES AND SYSTEM INCORPORATING SAME

[0001] A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in Patent Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.1 CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to Singaporean Patent Application No. 10202401060X filed 11 April 2024, Australian Patent Application No. 2024901174 filed 26 April 2024 and Australian Patent Application No. 2024901339 filed 9 May 2024, the entire contents of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.2 BACKGROUND OF THE TECHNOLOGY2.1 FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY

[0003] The present technology relates generally to head mounted displays, positioning and stabilizing structures, user interfacing structures, and other components for use in head mounted displays, associated head-mounted display assemblies and systems including a display unit and positioning and stabilizing structure, interfacing structures and or components, and methods. The present technology finds particular application in the use of immersive reality head mounted displays and is herein described in that context. It is to be appreciated that the present technology may have broader application and may be used in any type of headmounted display arrangement including, but not limited to, virtual reality displays, augmented reality displays, and / or mixed reality displays.2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

[0004] It is to be understood that, if any prior art is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the prior art forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any other country.2.2.1 Immersive Technology

[0005] An immersive technology refers to technology that attempts to replicate or augment a physical environment through the means of a digital or virtual environment by creating a surrounding sensory feeling, thereby creating a sense of immersion.

[0006] In particular, an immersive technology provides the user visual immersion, and creates virtual objects and / or a virtual environment. The immersive technology may also provide immersion for at least one of the other five senses.2.2.2 Virtual Reality

[0007] Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-generated three-dimensional image or environment that is presented to a user. In other words, the environment may be entirely virtual. Specifically, the user observes an electronic screen in order to observe virtual or computer generated images in a virtual environment. Since the created environment is entirely virtual, the user may be blocked and / or obstructed from interacting with their physical environment (e.g., they may be unable to hear and / or see the physical objects in the physical environment that they are currently located).

[0008] The electronic screen may be supported in the user’s line of sight (e.g., mounted to the user’s head). While observing the electronic screen, visual feedback output by the electronic screen and observed by the user may produce a virtual environment intended to simulate an actual environment. For example, the user may be able to look around (e.g., 360°) by pivoting their head or their entire body, and interact with virtual objects observable by the user through the electronic screen. This may provide the user with an immersive experience where the virtual environment provides stimuli to at least one of the user’ s five senses, and replaces the corresponding stimuli of the physical environment while the user uses the VR device. Typically, the stimuli relates at least to the user’s sense of sight (i.e., because they are viewing an electronic screen), but other senses may also be included. The electronic screens are typically mounted to the user’s head so that they may be positioned in close proximity to the user’s eyes, which allows the user to easily observe the virtual environment.

[0009] The VR device may produce other forms of feedback in addition to, or aside from, visual feedback. For example, the VR device may include and / or be connected to a speaker in order to provide auditory feedback. The VR device may also include tactile feedback (e.g., in the form of haptic response), which may correspond to the visual and / or auditory feedback. This may create a more immersive virtual environment, because the user receives stimuli corresponding to more than one of the user’s senses.

[0010] While using a VR device, a user may wish to limit or block ambient stimulation. For example, the user may want to avoid seeing and / or hearing the ambient environment in order to better process stimuli from the VR device in the virtual environment. Thus, VR devices may limit and / or prevent the user’s eyes from receiving ambient light. In some examples, this may be done by providing a seal against the user’s face. In some examples, a shield may be disposed proximate to (e.g., in contact or close contact with) the user’s face, but may not seal against the user’s face. In either example, ambient light may not reach the user’s eyes, so that the only light observable by the user is from the electronic screen.

[0011] In other examples, the VR devices may limit and / or prevent the user’s ears from hearing ambient noise. In some examples, this may be done by providing the user with headphones (e.g., noise cancelling headphones), which may output sounds from the VR device and / or limit the user from hearing noises from their physical environment. In some examples, the VR device may output sounds at a volume sufficient to limit the user from hearing ambient noise.

[0012] In any example, the user may not want to become overstimulated (e.g., by both their physical environment and the virtual environment). Therefore, blocking and / or limiting the ambient from stimulating the user assists the user in focusing on the virtual environment, without possible distractions from the ambient.

[0013] Different types of VR devices are described below. Generally, a single VR device may include at least two different classifications. For example, the VR device may be classified by its portability and by how the display unit is coupled to the rest of the interface. These classifications may be independent, so that classification in one group (e.g., the portability of the unit) does not predetermineclassification into another group. There may also be additional categories to classify VR devices, which are not explicitly listed below.2.2.2.1 Portability2.2.2.1.1 Fixed Unit

[0014] In some forms, a VR device may be used in conjunction with a separate device, like a computer or video game console. This type of VR device may be fixed, since it cannot be used without the computer or video game console, and thus locations where it can be used are limited (e.g., by the location of the computer or video game console).

[0015] Since the VR device can be used in conjunction with the computer or video game console, the VR device may be connected to the computer or video game console. For example, an electrical cord may tether the two systems together. This may further “fix” the location of the VR device, since the user wearing the VR device cannot move further from the computer or video game console than the length of the electrical cord. In other examples, the VR device may be wirelessly connected (e.g., via Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.), but may still be relatively fixed by the strength of the wireless signal.

[0016] The connection to the computer or video game console may provide control functions to the VR device. The controls may be communicated (i.e., through a wired connector or wirelessly) in order to help operate the VR device. In examples of a fixed unit VR device, these controls may be necessary in order to operate the display screen, and the VR device may not be operable without the connection to the computer or video game console.

[0017] In some forms, the computer or video game console may provide electrical power to the VR device, so that the user does not need to support a battery on their head. This may make the VR device more comfortable to wear, since the user does not need to support the weight of a battery.

[0018] The user may also receive outputs from the computer or video game console at least partially through the VR device, as opposed to through a television or monitor, which may provide the user with a more immersive experience while usingthe computer or video game console (e.g., playing a video game). In other words, the display output of the VR device may be substantially the same as the output from a computer monitor or television. Some controls and / or sensors necessary to output these images may be housed in the computer or video game console, which may further reduce the weight that the user is required to support on their body.

[0019] In some forms, movement sensors may be positioned remote from the VR device, and connected to the computer or video game console. For example, at least one camera may face the user in order to track movements of the user’s head. The processing of the data recorded by the camera(s) may be done by the computer or video game console, before being transmitted to the VR device. While this may assist in weight reduction of the VR device, it may also further limit where the VR device can be used. In other words, the VR device must be in the sight line of the camera(s).2.2.2.1.2 Portable Unit

[0020] In some forms, the VR device may be a self-contained unit, which includes a power source and sensors, so that the VR device does not need to be connected to a computer or video game console. This provides the user more freedom of use and movement. For example, the user is not limited to using the VR device near a computer or video game console, and could use the VR device outdoors, or in other environments that do not include computers or televisions.

[0021] Since the VR device is not connected to a computer or video game console in use, the VR device is required to support all necessary electronic components. This includes batteries, sensors, and processors. These components add weight to the VR device, which the user must support on their body. Appropriate weight distribution may be needed so that this added weight does not increase discomfort to a user wearing the VR device.

[0022] In some forms, the electrical components of the VR device are contained in a single housing, which may be disposed directly in front of the user’s face, in use. This configuration may be referred to as a “brick.” In this configuration, the center of gravity of the VR device without the positioning and stabilizing structure is directly in front of the user’s face. In order to oppose the moment created by the force of gravity, the positioning and stabilizing structure coupled to the brick configuration mustprovide a force directed into the user’s face, for example created by tension in headgear straps. While the brick configuration may be beneficial for manufacturing (e.g., since all electrical components are in close proximity) and may allow interchangeability of positioning and stabilizing structures (e.g., because they include no electrical connections), the force necessary to maintain the position of the VR device (e.g., tensile forces in headgear) may be uncomfortable to the user. Specifically, the VR device may dig into the user’s face, leading to irritation and markings on the user’s skin. The combination of forces may feel like “clamping” as the user’s head receives force from the display housing on their face and force from headgear on the back of their head. This may make a user less likely to wear the VR device.

[0023] As VR and other mixed reality devices may be used in a manner involving vigorous movement of the user’ s head and / or their entire body (for example during gaming), there may be significant forces / moments tending to disrupt the position of the device on the user’s head. Simply forcing the device more tightly against the user’s head to tolerate large disruptive forces may not be acceptable as it may be uncomfortable for the user or become uncomfortable after only a short period of time.

[0024] In some forms, electrical components may be spaced apart throughout the VR device, instead of entirely in front of the user’s face. For example, some electrical components (e.g., the battery) may be disposed on the positioning and stabilizing structure, particularly on a posterior contacting portion. In this way, the weight of the battery (or other electrical components) may create a moment directed in the opposite direction from the moment created by the remainder of the VR device (e.g., the display). Thus, it may be sufficient for the positioning and stabilizing structure to apply a lower clamping force, which in turn creates a lower force against the user’s face (e.g., fewer marks on their skin). However, cleaning and / or replacing the positioning and stabilizing structure may be more difficult in some such existing devices because of the electrical connections.

[0025] In some forms, spacing the electrical components apart may involve positioning some of the electrical components separate from the rest of the VR device. For example, a battery and / or a processor may be electrically connected, but carried separately from the rest of the VR device. Unlike in the “fixed units” described above,the battery and / or processor may be portable, along with the remainder of the VR device. For example, the battery and / or the processor may be carried on the user’s belt or in the user’s pocket. This may provide the benefit of reduced weight on the user’s head, but would not provide a counteracting moment. The tensile force provided by the positioning and stabilizing structure may still be less than the “brick” configuration, since the total weight supported by the head is less.2.2.2.2 Display Connection2.2.2.2.1 Integrated Display Screen

[0026] In some forms, the display screen is an integral piece of the VR device, and generally cannot be detached or removed from the rest of the VR device.

[0027] The display screen may be fixed within a housing, and protected from damage. For example, the display screen may be completely covered by the housing, which may reduce the occurrence of scratches. Additionally, integrating display screen with the rest of the VR device eliminates the occurrence of losing the display screen.

[0028] In these forms, the display screen functions purely as an immersive technology display. The vast majority of “fixed units” will include an integrated display screen. “Portable units” may include an integrated display screen, or may include a removable display screen (described below).2.2.2.2.2 Removable Display screen

[0029] In some forms, the display screen is a separate structure that can be removed from the VR device, and used separately.

[0030] In some forms, a portable electronic device (e.g., a cell phone) may be selectively inserted into a housing of the VR device. The portable electronic device may include most or all of the sensors and / or processors, and may create a virtual environment through a downloadable app.

[0031] Portable electronic devices are generally light weight, and may not require the positioning and stabilizing structure to apply a large force to the user’s head.2.2.3 Augmented Reality

[0032] In some forms, augmented reality (AR) is a computer-generated three- dimensional image or environment that is presented to a user.

[0033] While similar to VR, AR differs in that the virtual environment created at least in part by the electronic screen is observed in combination with the user’s physical environment. In other words, AR creates virtual objects in order to alter and / or enhance the user’s physical environment with elements of a virtual environment. The result of AR is a combined environment that includes physical and virtual objects, and therefore an environment that is both physical and virtual.

[0034] For example, images created by the electronic screen may be overlayed into the user’s physical environment. Only a portion of an AR combination environment presented to the user includes virtual objects. Thus, the user may wish to continue to receive ambient stimulation from their physical environment while using an AR device (e.g., in order to continue to observe the physical or non-virtual component of the combination environment).

[0035] Since AR may be used with the user’s physical environment, an AR device may not be electrically connected, or otherwise tethered, to a computer or video game console. Instead the AR device may include a battery, or other power source. This may provide the user with the greatest freedom of movement, so that they can explore a variety of physical environments while using the AR device.

[0036] This key difference between VR and AR may lead to different types of wearable electronic screens. As described above, a user of a VR device may wish to block ambient light, so the housing of the electronic screen may be opaque in order to limit or prevent ambient light from reaching the user. However, the user of an AR device may want to see the virtual environment blended with their actual environment. The electronic screen in an AR device may be similarly supported in front of the user’s eyes, but, screens in AR devices may be transparent or translucent, and the screens may not be supported by an opaque housing (or opaque material may not substantially obstruct the user’s line of sight). This may allow the user to continue receiving ambient stimulation, where the virtual environment is simultaneously present. Notwithstanding, some VR devices that do not have a transparent screenthrough which the user can see their real world surroundings may be configurable for AR by acquiring real-time video of the user’s real- world surroundings from the user’s perspective (e.g., with cameras on the display housing) and displaying it on the display screen.

[0037] Additionally, a person using an AR device may be more mobile than a person using a VR device (e.g., because an AR user can see their physical environment and / or are not tethered to a computer or video game console). Thus, a person using an AR device may wish to wear the device for an extended period of time, while also moving around (e.g., walking, running, biking, etc.). Including components, like batteries, on the AR device may make the AR device uncomfortable for the user’s head and / or neck, and may discourage the user from wearing the AR device for long periods of time.2.2.4 Mixed Reality

[0038] Mixed reality (MR) is similar to AR but may be more immersive because the MR device may provide the user more ways to interact with virtual objects or environment than an AR device. The virtual reality in MR may also be overlayed and / or blended with the user’s physical environment. Unlike AR however, a user may be able to interact with the virtual environment akin to what occurs in VR. In other words, while AR may present only a computer generated image in the physical environment, MR may present the user with the same or similar computer generated image but allow for interaction with the image in the physical environment (e.g., using a hand to “grab” an object produced virtually). Thus, the virtual environment may further merge with a physical environment so that the combined environment better replicates an actual environment.2.2.5 Head-Mounted Display Interface

[0039] A head-mounted display interface enables a user to have an immersive experience of a virtual environment and have broad application in fields such as communications, training, medical and surgical practice, engineering, and video gaming.

[0040] Different head-mounted display interfaces can each provide a different level of immersion. For example, some head-mounted display interfaces can providethe user with a total immersive experience. One example of a total immersive experience is virtual reality (VR). The head-mounted display interface can also provide partial immersion consistent with using an AR device.

[0041] VR head-mounted display interfaces typically are provided as a system that includes a display unit which is arranged to be held in an operational position in front of a user’s face. The display unit typically includes a housing containing a display and a user interface structure constructed and arranged to be in opposing relation with the user’s face. The user interface structure may extend about the display and define, in conjunction with the housing, a viewing opening to the display. The user interfacing structure may engage with the face and include a cushion for user comfort and / or be light sealing to block ambient light from the display. The headmounted display system further comprises a positioning and stabilizing structure that is disposed on the user’s head to maintain the display unit in position.

[0042] Other head-mounted display interfaces can provide a less than total immersive experience. In other words, the user can experience elements of their physical environment, as well as a virtual environment. Examples of a less than total immersive experience are augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR).

[0043] AR and / or MR head-mounted display interfaces are also typically provided as a system that includes a display unit which is arranged to be held in an operational position in front of a user’s face. Likewise, the display unit typically includes a housing containing a display and a user interface structure constructed and arranged to be in opposing relation with the user’s face. The head-mounted display system of the AR and / or MR head-mounted display is also similar to VR in that it further comprises a positioning and stabilizing structure that is disposed on the user’s head to maintain the display unit in position. However, AR and / or MR head-mounted displays do not include a cushion that totally seals ambient light from the display, since these less than total immersive experience require an element of the physical environment. Instead, head-mounted displays in augmented and / or mixed allow the user to see the physical environment in combination with the virtual environment.

[0044] In any types of immersive technology, it is important that the headmounted display interface is comfortable in order to allow the user to wear the head-mounted display for extended periods of time. Additionally, it is important that the display is able to provide changing images with changing position and / or orientation of the user’ s head in order to create an environment, whether partially or entirely virtual, that is similar to or replicates one that is entirely physical.2.2.5.1 Interfacing structure

[0045] The head-mounted displays may include a user interfacing structure. Since it is in direct contact with the user’s face, the shape and configuration of the interfacing portion can have a direct impact on the effectiveness and comfort of the display unit.

[0046] The design of a user interfacing structure presents a number of challenges. The face has a complex three-dimensional shape. The size and shape of noses and heads varies considerably between individuals. Since the head includes bone, cartilage and soft tissue, different regions of the face respond differently to mechanical forces.

[0047] One type of interfacing structure extends around the periphery of the display unit and is intended to seal against the user’s face when force is applied to the user interface with the interfacing structure in confronting engagement with the user’s face. The interfacing structure may include a pad made of a polyurethane (PU). With this type of interfacing structure, there may be gaps between the interfacing structure and the face, and additional force may be required to force the display unit against the face in order to achieve the desired contact.

[0048] The regions not engaged at all by the user interface may allow gaps to form between the facial interface and the user’s face through which undesirable light pollution may ingress into the display unit (e.g., particularly when using virtual reality). The light pollution or “light leak” may decrease the efficacy and enjoyment of the overall immersive experience for the user. In addition, previous systems may be difficult to adjust to enable application for a wide variety of head sizes. Further still, the display unit and associated stabilizing structure may often be relatively heavy and may be difficult to clean which may thus further limit the comfort and useability of the system.

[0049] Another type of interfacing structure incorporates a flap seal of thin material positioned about a portion of the periphery of the display unit so as toprovide a sealing action against the face of the user. Like the previous style of interfacing structure, if the match between the face and the interfacing structure is not good, additional force may be required to achieve a seal, or light may leak into the display unit in-use. Furthermore, if the shape of the interfacing structure does not match that of the user, it may crease or buckle in-use, giving rise to undesirable light penetration.

[0050] A user interface may be partly characterised according to the design intent of where the interfacing structure is to engage with the face in-use. Some interfacing structures may be limited to engaging with regions of the user’s face that protrude beyond the arc of curvature of the face engaging surface of the interfacing structure. These regions may typically include the user’s forehead and cheek bones. This may result in user discomfort at localised stress points. Other facial regions may not be engaged at all by the interfacing structure or may only be engaged in a negligible manner that may thus be insufficient to increase the translation distance of the clamping pressure. These regions may typically include the sides of the user’s face, or the region adjacent and surrounding the users nose. To the extent to which there is a mismatch between the shape of the users’ face and the interfacing structure, it is advantageous for the interfacing structure or a related component to be adaptable in order for an appropriate contact or other relationship to form.2.2.5.2 Positioning and stabilizing

[0051] To hold the display unit in its correct operational position, the headmounted display system further comprises a positioning and stabilizing structure that is disposed on the user’s head. These structures may be responsible for providing forces to counter gravitational forces of the head-mounted display and / or interfacing structure. In the past these structures have been formed from expandable rigid structures that are typically applied to the head under tension to maintain the display unit in its operational position. Such systems have been prone to exert a clamping pressure on the user’s face which can result in user discomfort at localised stress points. Also, previous systems may be difficult to adjust to allow wide application head sizes. Further, the display unit and associated stabilizing structure are often heavy, difficult to clean which further limit the comfort and useability of the system.

[0052] Certain other head mounted display systems may be functionally unsuitable for the present field. For example, positioning and stabilizing structures designed for ornamental and visual aesthetics may not have the structural capabilities to maintain a suitable pressure around the face. For example, an excess of clamping pressure may cause discomfort to the user, or alternatively, insufficient clamping pressure on the users’ face may not effectively seal the display from ambient light.

[0053] Certain other head mounted display systems may be uncomfortable or impractical for the present technology. For example, if the system is used for prolonged time periods.

[0054] As a consequence of these challenges, some head mounted displays suffer from being one or more of obtrusive, aesthetically undesirable, costly, poorly fitting, difficult to use, and uncomfortable especially when worn for long periods of time or when a user is unfamiliar with a system. Wrongly sized positioning and stabilizing structures can give rise reduced comfort and in turn, shortened periods of use.

[0055] Therefore, an interfacing portion of a user interface used for the fully immersive experience of a virtual environment are subject to forces corresponding to the movement of a user during the experience.2.2.5.3 Materials

[0056] Materials used in head mounted display assemblies have included dense foams for contacting portions in the interfacing structures, rigid shells for the housings, and positioning and stabilizing structures formed from rigid plastic clamping structures. These materials have various drawbacks including not permitting the skin covered by the material to breath, being inflexible, difficult to clean and to prone trapping bacteria. As a result, products made with such material may be uncomfortable to wear for extended periods of time, causes skin irritation in some individuals and limit the application of the products.3 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE TECHNOLOGY

[0057] The present technology may be directed toward providing positioning and stabilizing structures used in the supporting, stabilizing, mounting, utilizing, and / orsecuring of a head-mounted display having one or more of improved comfort, cost, efficacy, ease of use and manufacturability.

[0058] A first aspect of the present technology relates to apparatuses used in the supporting, stabilizing, mounting, utilizing, and / or securing of a head-mounted display.

[0059] Another aspect of the present technology relates to methods used in the supporting, stabilizing, mounting, utilizing, and / or securing of a head-mounted display.

[0060] Another aspect is a positioning and stabilizing structure for a headmounted display that comprising a rear (or posterior) support structure (or portion) arranged, in use, to contact a posterior region of the user’s head.

[0061] In some forms, the posterior support portion or at least a portion thereof is disposed posterior of the otobasion superior of the user.

[0062] In some forms, the posterior support portion is biased into contact with the occipital region of the user.

[0063] In some forms, the positioning and stabilizing structure further comprises opposing connectors that are disposed on opposing sides of, and extending along the temporal regions of, the user’s head to interconnect the posterior support portion to the head-mounted display unit. In some forms the positioning and stabilising structure comprises an anterior support portion connecting the posterior support portion to the head-mounted display unit.

[0064] The present technology may also be directed toward providing interfacing structures used in the supporting, cushioning, stabilizing, positioning, and / or sealing a head-mounted display in opposing relation with the user’s face.

[0065] Another aspect relates to apparatuses used in the supporting, cushioning, stabilizing, positioning, and / or sealing a head-mounted display in opposing relation with the user’s face.

[0066] Another aspect relates to methods used in supporting, cushioning, stabilizing, positioning, and / or sealing a head-mounted display in opposing relation with the user’s face.

[0067] One form of the present technology relates to a headgear strap having a hollow textile structure.

[0068] Another aspect of the present technology relates to a positioning and stabilising structure for a head-mounted display system, the positioning and stabilising structure having a strap with first and second sections having different textile structures. In a further example, the first textile structure is a ribbed textile structure.

[0069] The ribbed textile structure may be provided to either or both of 1) a usercontacting layer or side of a headgear strap, and 2) a non-user contacting layer or side of the headgear strap.

[0070] Another aspect of the present technology relates to a positioning and stabilising structure for a head-mounted display system, the positioning and stabilising structure having a slit that bifurcates a headgear portion having a ribbed textile structure into a superior strap portion and an inferior strap portion. In a further example, the ribbed textile structure is a hollow ribbed textile structure.

[0071] Another aspect of the present technology relates to a positioning and stabilising structure for a head-mounted display system comprising a head-mounted display unit comprising a display, the positioning and stabilising structure constructed and arranged to hold the head-mounted display unit of the head-mounted display system in an operative position on a user’s head.

[0072] In examples, the positioning and stabilising structure comprises headgear strap including: 1) a central portion configured to engage a posterior, superior or anterior portion of the user’s head in use; and 2) a pair of side portions connected to the central portion and configured to be located on respective sides of the user’ s head in use; b) at least the central portion is formed in one-piece as a single piece of material; c) the central portion includes a ribbed textile structure having repeating rows of protrusions formed as hollow portions configured to provide greater compliance (e.g. enhanced cushioning) as compared to the side portions; d) the side portions include a textile structure that is different from the ribbed textile structure ofthe central portion; and / or e) the central portion has increased lengthwise stretchability as compared to the side portions.

[0073] In examples: f) the ribbed textile structure comprises a hollow rib knit and / or a hollow rib weave; g) at least one area of the central portion has a thickness that is greater than a thickness of an area of the side portions; h) the at least one area of the central portion is configured to compress a further distance than the area of the side portions when the positioning and stabilising structure is worn; i) the side portions include a textile structure that comprises pique, mesh, interlock, honeycomb, and / or plain jersey; and / or j) the central portion is configured to engage a posterior portion of the user’s head and includes a slit separating the central portion into a superior strap portion and an inferior strap portion, the central portion being configured such that the superior strap portion is movable relative to the inferior strap portion when the positioning and stabilising structure is worn.

[0074] In examples the central portion may comprise an outer portion comprising the ribbed textile structure and an inner portion comprising a mesh structure of monofilament or multifilament yams.

[0075] Another aspect of the present technology relates to a positioning and stabilising structure for a head-mounted display system comprising a head-mounted display unit comprising a display, the positioning and stabilising structure constructed and arranged to hold the head-mounted display unit of the head-mounted display system in an operative position on a user’s head.

[0076] The positioning and stabilizing structure comprises a headgear strap including a central portion configured to contact a posterior, superior or anterior portion of the user’s head in use.

[0077] In examples: a) the headgear strap further includes a pair of side portions connected to the central portion and configured to be located on respective sides of the user’s head in use; b) at least the central portion is formed in one-piece as a single piece of material; c) the central portion includes a first section having a first textile structure and a second section having a second textile structure, the second textile structure being different from the first textile structure; d) the first textile structure is a ribbed textile structure; and / or e) the first section is disposed in an interior section of the central portion, and the second section at least partially surrounds the first section.

[0078] In examples: f) when the positioning and stabilising structure is worn, the second section is disposed between 1) the first section; and 2) superior and inferior edges of the central portion; g) the first section of the central portion has increased lengthwise stretchability as compared to the second section; h) the ribbed textile structure of the first section has a vertical orientation; i) the first section of the central portion has increased stretchability in a width direction of the headgear strap, as compared to the second section; j) the ribbed textile structure of the first section has a horizonal orientation; k) the central portion has increased lengthwise stretchability as compared to the side portions; 1) the central portion is configured to engage a posterior portion of the user’s head in use and the central portion includes a slit separating the central portion into a superior strap portion and an inferior strap portion, the central portion being configured such that the superior strap portion is movable relative to the inferior strap portion when the positioning and stabilising structure is worn.

[0079] In examples the central portion may comprise an outer portion comprising the ribbed textile structure and an inner portion comprising a mesh structure of monofilament or multifilament yams.

[0080] Another aspect of the present technology relates to a head-mounted display system including a head-mounted display unit comprising: 1) a display unit housing comprising a display; and 2) an interfacing structure connected to the display unit housing and constructed and arranged to engage the user’s face in use. The headmounted display system further comprises a positioning and stabilising structure constructed and arranged to hold the head-mounted display unit in an operable position on the user’s head in use, the positioning and stabilising structure comprising: 1) a pair of arms connected in use to respective lateral sides of the display unit housing, the arms being constructed and arranged to project posteriorly from the display unit housing on respective lateral sides of the user’s head in use, a posterior portion of each arm comprising a superior arm connection portion and an inferior arm connection portion; 2) a top strap portion constructed and arranged to connect between each of the superior arm connection portions of the pair of arms, the top strap portion being configured to engage the user’s head at regions of the head superior to positions of the pair of arms during use; and 3) an occipital strap portion constructedand arranged to connect between the inferior arm connection portions and engage a portion of the user’s head overlying or lying inferior to an occipital region of the user’s head in use.

[0081] Another aspect of one form of the present technology is a positioning and stabilizing structure that is constructed with a shape which is complementary to that of an intended wearer.

[0082] Another aspect of one form of the present technology is an interfacing structure that is constructed with a shape which is complementary to that of an intended wearer.

[0083] An aspect of one form of the present technology is a method of manufacturing apparatus.

[0084] An aspect of certain forms of the present technology is a positioning and stabilizing structure that is easy to use, e.g., by a person who has limited dexterity, vision or by a person with limited experience in using a head-mounted display.

[0085] An aspect of certain forms of the present technology is an interfacing structure that is easy to use, e.g., by a person who has limited dexterity, vision or by a person with limited experience in using a head-mounted display.

[0086] The methods, systems, devices and apparatus described may be implemented so as to improve the functionality of a head-mounted display, such as an electronic display or computer. Moreover, the described methods, systems, devices and apparatus can provide improvements in the technological field of virtual reality, augmented reality, and / or mixed reality.

[0087] Of course, portions of the aspects may form sub-aspects of the present technology. Also, various ones of the sub-aspects and / or aspects may be combined in various manners and also constitute additional aspects or sub-aspects of the present technology.

[0088] Other features of the technology will be apparent from consideration of the information contained in the following detailed description, abstract, drawings and claims.4 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0089] The present technology is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements including:4.1 HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAY SYSTEMS

[0090] Fig. 1A shows a system including a user 100 wearing a head-mounted display system 1000, in the form of a face-mounted, virtual reality (VR) headset, displaying various images to the user 100. The user is standing while wearing the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0091] Fig. IB shows a system including a user 100 wearing a head-mounted display system 1000, in the form of a floating virtual reality (VR) headset, displaying various images to the user. The user is sitting while wearing the display interface 100.

[0092] Fig. 1C shows a system including a user 100 wearing a head-mounted display system 1000, in the form of a floating augmented reality (AR) headset, displaying various images to the user. The user is standing while wearing the headmounted display system 1000.4.2 DISPLAY SYSTEM AND FACIAL ANATOMY

[0093] Fig. 2A shows a view of a human upper airway including the nasal cavity, nasal bone, lateral nasal cartilage, greater alar cartilage, nostril, lip superior, lip inferior, larynx, hard palate, soft palate, oropharynx, tongue, epiglottis, vocal folds, oesophagus and trachea.

[0094] Fig. 2B is a front view of a face with several features of surface anatomy identified including the lip superior, upper vermilion, lower vermilion, lip inferior, mouth width, endocanthion, a nasal ala, nasolabial sulcus and cheilion. Also indicated are the directions superior, inferior, radially inward and radially outward.

[0095] Fig. 2C is a side view of a head with several features of surface anatomy identified including glabella, sellion, pronasale, subnasale, lip superior, lip inferior, supramenton, nasal ridge, alar crest point, otobasion superior and otobasion inferior. Also indicated are the directions superior & inferior, and anterior & posterior.

[0096] Fig. 2D is a further side view of a head. The approximate locations of the Frankfort horizontal and nasolabial angle are indicated. The coronal plane is also indicated.

[0097] Fig. 2E shows a base view of a nose with several features identified including naso-labial sulcus, lip inferior, upper Vermilion, naris, subnasale, columella, pronasale, the major axis of a naris and the midsagittal plane.

[0098] Fig. 2F shows a side view of the superficial features of a nose.

[0099] Fig. 2G shows subcutaneal structures of the nose, including lateral cartilage, septum cartilage, greater alar cartilage, lesser alar cartilage, sesamoid cartilage, nasal bone, epidermis, adipose tissue, frontal process of the maxilla and fibrofatty tissue.

[0100] Fig. 2H shows a medial dissection of a nose, approximately several millimeters from the midsagittal plane, amongst other things showing the septum cartilage and medial crus of greater alar cartilage.

[0101] Fig. 21 shows a front view of the bones of a skull including the frontal, nasal and zygomatic bones. Nasal concha are indicated, as are the maxilla, and mandible.

[0102] Fig. 2J shows a lateral view of a skull with the outline of the surface of a head, as well as several muscles. The following bones are shown: frontal, sphenoid, nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, parietal, temporal and occipital. The mental protuberance is indicated. The following muscles are shown: digastricus, masseter, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius.

[0103] Fig. 2K shows an anterolateral view of a nose. The following bones are shown: frontal, supraorbital foramen, nasal, septal cartilage, lateral cartilage, orbit and infraorbital foramen.

[0104] Fig. 2L shows another front view of the face with several features of surface anatomy identified including the epicranius, the sphenoid, the nasal ridge, the outer and inner cheek regions, the zygomatic arch, and the alar crest.

[0105] Fig. 2M shows another side view of the face with several features of surface anatomy identified including the epicranius, the sphenoid, the nasal ridge, the outer and inner cheek regions, the zygomatic arch, and the alar crest.4.3 SHAPE OF STRUCTURES

[0106] Fig. 3A shows a schematic of a cross-section through a structure at a point. An outward normal at the point is indicated. The curvature at the point has a positive sign, and a relatively large magnitude when compared to the magnitude of the curvature shown in Fig. 3B.

[0107] Fig. 3B shows a schematic of a cross-section through a structure at a point. An outward normal at the point is indicated. The curvature at the point has a positive sign, and a relatively small magnitude when compared to the magnitude of the curvature shown in Fig. 3A.

[0108] Fig. 3C shows a schematic of a cross-section through a structure at a point. An outward normal at the point is indicated. The curvature at the point has a value of zero.

[0109] Fig. 3D shows a schematic of a cross-section through a structure at a point. An outward normal at the point is indicated. The curvature at the point has a negative sign, and a relatively small magnitude when compared to the magnitude of the curvature shown in Fig. 3E.

[0110] Fig. 3E shows a schematic of a cross-section through a structure at a point. An outward normal at the point is indicated. The curvature at the point has a negative sign, and a relatively large magnitude when compared to the magnitude of the curvature shown in Fig. 3D.

[0111] Fig. 3F shows the surface of a structure, with a one dimensional hole in the surface. The illustrated plane curve forms the boundary of a one dimensional hole.

[0112] Fig. 3G shows a cross-section through the structure of Fig. 3F. The illustrated surface bounds a two dimensional hole in the structure of Fig. 3F.

[0113] Fig. 3H shows a perspective view of the structure of Fig. 3F, including the two dimensional hole and the one dimensional hole. Also shown is the surface that bounds a two dimensional hole in the structure of Fig. 3F.

[0114] Figs. 3I-3J shows a seal forming structure. An exterior surface of the cushion is indicated. An edge of the surface is indicated. A path on the surface between points A and B is indicated. A straight-line distance between A and B is indicated. Two saddle regions and a dome region are indicated.

[0115] Fig. 3K illustrates a left-hand rule.

[0116] Fig. 3L illustrates a right-hand rule.

[0117] Fig. 3M shows a left ear, including the left ear helix.

[0118] Fig. 3N shows a right ear, including the right ear helix.

[0119] Fig. 30 shows a right-hand helix.4.4 HEAD-MOUNTED VIRTUAL REALITY DISPLAY

[0120] Fig. 4A shows a front perspective view of a head-mounted display interface in accordance with one form of the present technology.

[0121] Fig. 4B shows a rear perspective view of the head-mounted display of Fig. 4A.

[0122] Fig. 4C shows a perspective view of a positioning and stabilizing structure used with the head-mounted display of Fig. 4A.

[0123] Fig. 4D shows a front view of a user’s face, illustrating a location of an interfacing structure, in use.4.5 HEAD-MOUNTED AUGMENTED REALITY DISPLAY

[0124] Fig. 5A shows a front perspective view of a head-mounted display interface in accordance with one form of the present technology.

[0125] Fig. 5B shows a side view of the head-mounted display interface of Fig. 5A. 14.6 CONTROLS

[0126] Fig. 6 shows a schematic view of a control system of one form of the present technology.4.7 POSITIONING AND STABILISING STRUCTURES

[0127] Fig. 7A is posterolateral perspective view of a positioning and stabilising structure according to an example of the present technology.

[0128] Fig. 7B is a lateral view of a head-mounted display system comprising the positioning and stabilising structure of Fig. 7A worn by a user.

[0129] Fig. 8A is an anterolateral view of a positioning and stabilising structure according to another example of the present technology.

[0130] Fig. 8B is a lateral view of a head-mounted display system comprising the positioning and stabilising structure of Fig. 8A worn by a user.

[0131] Fig. 9 is a posterolateral view of a positioning and stabilising structure according to another example of the present technology.

[0132] Fig. 10A is a lateral view of a head-mounted display system comprising a positioning and stabilising structure according to another example of the present technology worn by a user.

[0133] Fig. 10B is a lateral view of a head-mounted display system comprising a positioning and stabilising structure according to another example of the present technology worn by a user.

[0134] Fig. 10B-1 is an enlarged detail view taken from Fig. 10B.

[0135] Fig. 11A is a schematic representation of a ribbed textile in an extended position according to an example of the present technology.

[0136] Fig. 1 IB is a schematic representation of a ribbed textile in a contracted position according to an example of the present technology.

[0137] Fig. 12A-1 is a cross-sectional view of a ribbed textile according to an example of the present technology.

[0138] Fig. 12A-2 is a cross-sectional view of a ribbed spacer fabric according to an example of the present technology.

[0139] Fig. 12B-1 is a schematic representation of a ribbed textile structure having hollow portions in accordance with an example of the present technology.

[0140] Fig. 12B-2 is a side view of a headgear portion having a ribbed textile structure with hollow portions in accordance with an example of the present technology.

[0141] Fig. 13 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0142] Fig. 14A is a schematic representation of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0143] Fig. 14B is a schematic representation of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0144] Fig. 15 is a schematic representation of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0145] Fig. 16 is a schematic representation of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0146] Fig. 17 is a schematic representation of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0147] Fig. 18 is a schematic representation of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0148] Fig. 19 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0149] Fig. 20 is a schematic representation of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0150] Fig. 21 is a schematic representation of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0151] Fig. 22 is a schematic representation of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0152] Fig. 23 is a schematic representation of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0153] Fig. 24 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0154] Fig. 25 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0155] Fig. 26 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0156] Fig. 27 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0157] Fig. 28 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0158] Fig. 29 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0159] Fig. 30 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0160] Fig. 31 A is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0161] Fig. 3 IB is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0162] Fig. 32A is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0163] Fig. 32B is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0164] Fig. 33 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0165] Fig. 34 is a front view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.

[0166] Fig. 35 is a side view of a headgear strap according to an example of the present technology.5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES OF THETECHNOLOGY

[0167] Before the present technology is described in further detail, it is to be understood that the technology is not limited to the particular examples described herein, which may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in thisdisclosure is for the purpose of describing only the particular examples discussed herein, and is not intended to be limiting.

[0168] The following description is provided in relation to various examples which may share one or more common characteristics and / or features. It is to be understood that one or more features of any one example may be combinable with one or more features of another example or other examples. In addition, any single feature or combination of features in any of the examples may constitute a further example.

[0169] In the following detailed description, reference is made to accompanying drawings which form a part of the detailed description. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, depicted in the drawings and defined in the claims, are not intended to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilised and other changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein and illustrated in the drawings can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are contemplated in this disclosure.5.1 IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGIES

[0170] Immersive technologies may present a user with a combination of a virtual environment and the user’s physical environment, or the real world. The user may interact with the resulting immersive or combined reality.

[0171] The device immerses the user by augmenting or replacing stimuli associated with one of the user’s five senses with a virtual stimuli. Typically this is a virtual stimuli, although there could be additional stimuli that augment or replace stimuli associated with one of the additional four senses.

[0172] In some forms, a particular immersive technology may present a user with a combination of a virtual environment and the user’s environment. At least a portion of the resulting environment may include a virtual environment. In some examples, the entire resulting environment may be a virtual environment (e.g., meaning the user’s environment may be block from view or otherwise obstructed). In other forms, at least a portion of the user’s physical environment may still be visually observable.

[0173] In some forms, the user may use different types of immersive technologies, which may include, but are not limited to, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), or mixed reality (MR). Each type of immersive technology may present the user with a different environment and / or a different way to interact with the environment.

[0174] In some forms, a display system may be used with each type of immersive technology. A display screen of the display system may provide a virtual environment component to the combination environment (i.e., the combination of the virtual and user’s environments). In certain forms, the display screen may be an electronic screen.

[0175] In at least some types of immersive technologies (e.g., VR, AR, MR, etc.), positioning and stabilizing the electronic screen may be useful in operating a respective device. For example, the user may desire the electronic screen to be positioned close enough to their eyes to allow for easy viewing, but far enough away so as not to cause discomfort. Additionally, the electronic screen may need to be spaced far enough away so that users may simultaneously wear corrective lenses, like glasses. In addition, users may seek to maintain the orientation of the electronic screen relative to their eyes. In other words, users who walk, or otherwise move, while using these devices may not want the device to bounce or otherwise move on their head (e.g., particularly relative to their eyes), as this may cause dizziness and / or discomfort to the user. Therefore, these devices may be supported snuggly against the user’s head in order to limit relative movement between the user’s eyes and the device.

[0176] In one form, the present technology comprises a method for using a VR device comprising supporting the device on the user’s head proximate to at least one of the user’ s eyes, and within the user’ s line of sight.

[0177] In certain examples of the present technology, a head-mounted display unit is supported in front of both of the user’s eyes in order to block, obstruct, and / or limit ambient light from reaching the user’s eyes.

[0178] Any features disclosed below in the context of a device configured for VR are to be understood as being applicable to devices configured for AR, unless the context clearly requires otherwise. Likewise features disclosed below in the context ofa device configured for AR are to be understood as being applicable to devices configured for VR, unless the context clearly requires otherwise. For the avoidance of doubt, a feature disclosed in the context of a device that does not have a transparent display, through which the user can view the real world, is to be understood as being applicable to a device having such a transparent display unless the context clearly requires otherwise. Likewise a feature disclosed in the context of a device that has a transparent display, through which the real-world can be viewed, is to be understood to be applicable to a device in which the display is electronic and through which the real- world cannot be viewed directly through a transparent material.5.2 VIRTUAL REALITY DISPLAY SYSTEM

[0179] As shown in Figs. 4A and 4B, a display apparatus, display system, display interface or head-mounted display system 1000 in accordance with one aspect of the present technology comprises the following functional aspects: an interfacing structure 1100, a head-mounted display unit 1200, and a positioning and stabilizing structure 1300. In some forms, a functional aspect may provide one or more physical components. In some forms, one or more physical components may provide one or more functional aspects. The head-mounted display unit 1200 may comprise a display. In use, the head-mounted display unit 1200 is arranged to be positioned proximate and anterior to the user’s eyes, so as to allow the user to view the display.

[0180] In other aspects, the head-mounted display system 1000 may also include a display unit housing 1205, an optical lens 1240, a controller 1270, a speaker 1272, a power source 1274, and / or a control system 1276. In some examples, these may be integral pieces of the head-mounted display system 1000, while in other examples, these may be modular and incorporated into the head-mounted display system 1000 as desired by the user.5.2.1 Head-mounted Display Unit

[0181] The head-mounted display unit 1200 may include a structure for providing an observable output to a user. Specifically, the head-mounted display unit 1200 is arranged to be held (e.g., manually, by a positioning and stabilizing structure, etc.) in an operational position in front of a user’s face.

[0182] In some examples, the head-mounted display unit 1200 may include a display screen 1220, a display unit housing 1205, an interfacing structure 1100, and / or an optical lens 1240. These components may be permanently assembled in a single head-mounted display unit 1200, or they may be separable and selectively connected by the user to form the head-mounted display unit 1200. Additionally, the display screen 1220, the display unit housing 1205, the interfacing structure 1100, and / or the optical lens 1240 may be included in the head-mounted display system 1000, but may not be part of the head-mounted display unit 1200.5.2.1.1 Display Screen

[0183] Some forms of the head-mounted display unit 1200 include a display, for example a display screen - not shown in Fig. 4B, but provided within the display housing 1205. The display screen may include electrical components that provide an observable output to the user.

[0184] In one form of the present technology, a display screen provides an optical output observable by the user. The optical output allows the user to observe a virtual environment and / or a virtual object.

[0185] The display screen may be positioned proximate to the user’s eyes, in order to allow the user to view the display screen. For example, the display screen may be positioned anterior to the user’s eyes. The display screen can output computer generated images and / or a virtual environment.

[0186] In some forms, the display screen is an electronic display. The display screen may be a liquid crystal display (LCD), or a light emitting diode (LED) screen.

[0187] In certain forms, the display screen may include a backlight, which may assist in illuminating the display screen. This may be particularly beneficial when the display screen is viewed in a dark environment.

[0188] In some forms, the display screen may extend wider a distance between the user’s pupils. The display screen may also be wider than a distance between the user’s cheeks.

[0189] In some forms, the display screen may display at least one image that is observable by the user. For example, the display screen may display images that change based on predetermined conditions (e.g., passage of time, movement of the user, input from the user, etc.).

[0190] In certain forms, portions of the display screen may be visible to only one of the user’s eyes. In other words, a portion of the display screen may be positioned proximate and anterior to only one of the user’s eyes (e.g., the right eye), and is blocked from view from the other eye (e.g., the left eye).

[0191] In one example, the display screen may be divided into two sides (e.g., a left side and a right side), and may display two images at a time (e.g., one image on either side).

[0192] Each side of the display screen may display a similar image. In some examples, the images may be identical, while in other examples, the images may be slightly different.

[0193] Together, the two images on the display screen may form a binocular display, which may provide the user with a more realistic VR experience. In other words, the user’s brain may process the two images from the display screen 1220 together as a single image. Providing two (e.g., un-identical) images may allow the user to view virtual objects on their periphery, and expand their field of view in the virtual environment.

[0194] In certain forms, the display screen may be positioned in order to be visible by both of the user’s eyes. The display screen may output a single image at a time, which is viewable by both eyes. This may simplify the processing as compared to the multi-image display screen.5.2.1.2 Display Housing

[0195] In some forms of the present technology as shown in Figs. 4A and 4B, a display unit housing 1205 provides a support structure for the display screen, in order to maintain a position of at least some of the components of the display screen relative to one another, and may additionally protect the display screen and / or other components of the head-mounted display unit 1200. The display unit housing 1205may be constructed from a material suitable to provide protection from impact forces to the display screen. The display unit housing 1205 may also contact the user’s face, and may be constructed from a biocompatible material suitable for limiting irritation to the user.

[0196] A display unit housing 1205 in accordance with some forms of the present technology may be constructed from a hard, rigid or semi-rigid material, such as plastic.

[0197] In certain forms, the rigid or semi-rigid material may be at least partially covered with a soft and / or flexible material (e.g., a textile, silicone, etc.). This may improve biocompatibility and / or user comfort because the at least a portion of the display unit housing 1205 that the user engages (e.g., grabs with their hands) includes the soft and / or flexible material.

[0198] A display unit housing 1205 in accordance with other forms of the present technology may be constructed from a soft, flexible, resilient material, such as silicone rubber.

[0199] In some forms, the display unit housing 1205 may have a substantially rectangular or substantially elliptical profile. The display unit housing 1205 may have a three-dimensional shape with the substantially rectangular or substantially elliptical profile.

[0200] In certain forms, the display unit housing 1205 may include a superior face 1230, an inferior face 1232, a lateral left face 1234, a lateral right face 1236, and an anterior face 1238. The display screen 1220 may be held within the faces in use.

[0201] In certain forms, the superior face 1230 and the inferior face 1232 may have substantially the same shape.

[0202] In one form, the superior face 1230 and the inferior face 1232 may be substantially flat, and extend along parallel planes (e.g., substantially parallel to the Frankfort horizontal in use).

[0203] In certain forms, the lateral left face 1234 and the lateral right face 1236 may have substantially the same shape.

[0204] In one form, the lateral left face 1234 and the lateral right face 1236 may be curved and / or rounded between the superior and inferior faces 1230, 1232. The rounded and / or curved faces 1234, 1236 may be more comfortable for a user to grab and hold while donning and / or doffing the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0205] In certain forms, the anterior face 1238 may extend between the superior and inferior faces 1230, 1232. The anterior face 1238 may form the anterior most portion of the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0206] In one form, the anterior face 1238 may be a substantially planar surface, and may be substantially parallel to the coronal plane, while the head-mounted display system 1000 is worn by the user.

[0207] In one form, the anterior face 1238 may not have a corresponding opposite face (e.g., a posterior face) with substantially the same shape as the anterior face 1238. The posterior portion of the display unit housing 1205 may be at least partially open (e.g., recessed in the anterior direction) in order to receive the user’s face.

[0208] In some forms, the display screen is permanently integrated into the headmounted display system 1000. The display screen may be a device usable only as a part of the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0209] In some forms, the display unit housing 1205 may enclose the display screen, which may protect the display screen and / or limit user interference (e.g., moving and / or breaking) with the components of the display screen.

[0210] In certain forms, the display screen may be substantially sealed within the display unit housing 1205, in order to limit the collection of dirt or other debris on the surface of the display screen, which could negatively affect the user’s ability to view an image output by the display screen. The user may not be required to break the seal and access the display screen, since the display screen is not removable from the display unit housing 1205.

[0211] In some forms, the display screen is removably integrated into the headmounted display system 1000. The display screen may be a device usableindependently of the head-mounted display system 1000 as a whole. For example, the display screen may be provided on a smart phone, or other portable electronic device.

[0212] In some forms, the display unit housing 1205 may include a compartment. A portion of the display screen may be removably receivable within the compartment. For example, the user may removably position the display screen in the compartment. This may be useful if the display screen performs additional functions outside of the head-mounted display unit 1200 (e.g., is a portable electronic device like a cell phone). Additionally, removing the display screen from the display unit housing 1205 may assist the user in cleaning and / or replacing the display screen.

[0213] Certain forms of the display housing include an opening to the compartment, allowing the user to more easily insert and remove the display screen from the compartment. The display screen may be retained within the compartment via a frictional engagement.

[0214] In certain forms, a cover may selectively cover the compartment, and may provide additional protection and / or security to the display screen 1220 while positioned within the compartment.

[0215] In certain forms, the compartment may open on the superior face. The display screen may be inserted into the compartment in a substantially vertical direction while the display interface 1000 is worn by the user.5.2.1.3 Interfacing Structure

[0216] As shown in Figs. 4A and 4B, some forms of the present technology include an interfacing structure 1100 is positioned and / or arranged in order to conform to a shape of a user’s face, and may provide the user with added comfort while wearing and / or using the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0217] In some forms, the interfacing structure 1100 is coupled to a surface of the display unit housing 1205.

[0218] In some forms, the interfacing structure 1100 may extent at least partially around the display unit housing 1205, and may form a viewing opening. The viewing opening may at least partially receive the user’s face in use. Specifically, the user’seyes may be received within the viewing opening formed by the interfacing structure 1100.

[0219] In some forms, the interfacing structure 1100 in accordance with the present technology may be constructed from a biocompatible material.

[0220] In some forms, the interfacing structure 1100 in accordance with the present technology may be constructed from a soft, flexible, and / or resilient material.

[0221] In certain forms, the interfacing structure 1100 in accordance with the present technology may be constructed from silicone rubber and / or foam.

[0222] In some forms, the interfacing structure 1100 may contact sensitive regions of the user’s face, which may be locations of discomfort. The material forming the interfacing structure 1100 may cushion these sensitive regions, and limit user discomfort while wearing the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0223] In certain forms, these sensitive regions may include the user’s forehead. Specifically, this may include the region of the user’s head that is proximate to the frontal bone, like the Epicranius and / or the glabella. This region may be sensitive because there is limited natural cushioning from muscle and / or fat between the user’s skin and the bone. Similarly, the ridge of the user’s nose may also include little to no natural cushioning.

[0224] In some forms, the interfacing structure 1100 may comprise a single element. In some embodiments the interfacing structure 1100 may be designed for mass manufacture. For example, the interfacing structure 1100 may be designed to comfortably fit a wide range of different face shapes and sizes.

[0225] In some forms, the interfacing structure 1100 may include different elements that overlay different regions of the user’s face. The different portions of the interfacing structure 1100 may be constructed from different materials, and provide the user with different textures and / or cushioning at different regions.5.2.1.3.1 Light Shield

[0226] Some forms of the head-mounted display system 1000 may include a light shield that may be constructed from an opaque material and can block ambient lightfrom reaching the user’s eyes. The light shield may be part of the interfacing structure 1100 or may be a separate element. In some examples the interfacing structure 1100 may form a light shield by shielding the user’s eyes from ambient light, in addition to providing a comfortable contacting portion for contact between the head-mounted display 1200 and the user’s face. In some examples a light shield may be formed from multiple components working together to block ambient light.

[0227] In certain forms, the light shield can obstruct ambient light from reaching an eye region, which may be formed on regions of the Epicranius, the user’s sphenoid, across the outer cheek region between the sphenoid to the left or right zygomatic arch, over the zygomatic arch, across the inner cheek region from the zygomatic arches towards the alar crests, and on the users’ nasal ridge inferior to the sellion to enclose a portion of the users’ face therebetween.

[0228] In one form, the light shield may not contact the user’s face around its entire perimeter. For example, the light shield may be spaced from the user’s nasal rigid. The width of this spacing may be substantially small, so as to substantially limit the ingress of ambient light. However, the user’s nasal ridge may be sensitive and easily irritated. Thus, avoiding direct contact with the user’s nasal ridge may improve user comfort while wearing the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0229] In certain forms, the light shield may be a portion of the display unit housing 1205, and may be integrally or removably coupled to the display unit housing 1205. In one form, if the display unit housing 1205 is usable with a display screen outputting AR or MR, and VR, the light shield may be removable from the display unit housing 1205, and only coupled to the display unit housing 1205 while using VR.5.2.1.3.1.1 Seal-forming structure

[0230] As shown in Fig. 4D, in one form of the present technology, the interfacing structure 1100 acts as a seal-forming structure, and provides a target sealforming region. The target seal-forming region is a region on the seal-forming structure where sealing may occur. The region where sealing actually occurs- the actual sealing surface- may change within a given session, from day to day, and from user to user, depending on a range of factors including but not limited to, where thedisplay unit housing 1205 is placed on the face, tension in the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300, and / or the shape of a user’s face.

[0231] In one form the target seal-forming region is located on an outside surface of the interfacing structure 1100.

[0232] In some forms, the light shield may form the seal-forming structure and seal against the user’s face.

[0233] In certain forms, the entire perimeter of the light shield or interfacing structure 1100 may seal against the user’s skin, and can block ambient light from reaching an eye region. The eye region may be formed on regions of the Epicranius, the user’s sphenoid, across the outer cheek region between the sphenoid to the left or right zygomatic arch, over the zygomatic arch, across the inner cheek region from the zygomatic arches towards the alar crests, and on the users’ nasal ridge inferior to the sellion to enclose a portion of the users’ face therebetween.

[0234] When acting as a seal-forming structure, the light shield or interfacing structure 1100 may contact sensitive areas the user’s face, like the user’s nasal ridge. This contact may entirely prevent the ingress of ambient light. Sealing around the entire perimeter of the display unit housing 1205 may improve performance of the head-mounted display system 1000. Additionally, biocompatible materials may be selected so that direct contact with the user’s nasal ridge does not significantly reduce user comfort while wearing the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0235] In certain forms of the present technology, a system is provided comprising more than one interfacing structure 1100, each being configured to correspond to a different size and / or shape range. For example the system may comprise one form of interfacing structure 1100 suitable for a large sized head, but not a small sized head and another suitable for a small sized head, but not a large sized head. The different interfacing structures 1100 may be removable and replaceable so that different users with different sized heads may use the same headmounted display system 1000.

[0236] In some forms, the seal-forming structure may be formed on regions of the Epicranius, the user’s sphenoid, across the outer cheek region between thesphenoid to the left or right zygomatic arch, over the zygomatic arch, across the inner cheek region from the zygomatic arches towards the alar crests, and on the users’ nasal ridge inferior to the sellion to enclose a portion of the users’ face therebetween. This defined region may be an eye region.

[0237] In certain forms, this may seal around the user’s eyes. The seal created by the seal-forming structure or interfacing structure 1100 may create a light seal, in order to limit ambient light from reaching the user’s eyes.5.2.1.3.2 Material Biocompatibility

[0238] Biocompatible materials are considered to be materials that undergo a full evaluation of their biological responses, relevant to their safety in use, according to ISO 10993-1 standard. The evaluation considers the nature and duration of anticipated contact with human tissues when in-use. In some forms of the present technology, the materials utilised in the positioning and stabilizing structure and interfacing structure may undergo at least some of the following biocompatibility tests: Cytotoxicity - Elution Test (MeM Extract): ANSVAAMVISO 10993-5; Skin Sensitisation: ISO 10993-10; Irritation: ISO 10993-10; Genotoxicity - Bacterial Mutagenicity Test: ISO 10993-3; Implantation: ISO 10993-6.5.2.1.4 Optical Lenses

[0239] As shown in Fig. 4B, at least one lens 1240 may be disposed between the user’s eyes and the display screen 1220. The user may view an image provided by the display screen 1220 through the lens 1240. The at least one lens 1240 may assist in spacing the display screen 1220 away from the user’s face to limit eye strain. The at least one lens 1240 may also assist in better observing the image being displayed by the display screen 1220.

[0240] In some forms, the lenses 1240 are Fresnel lenses.

[0241] In some forms, the lens 1240 may have a substantially frustoconical shape. A wider end of the lens 1240 may be disposed proximate to the display screen 1220, and a narrower end of the lens 1240 may be disposed proximate to the user’s eyes, in use.

[0242] In some forms, the lens 1240 may have a substantially cylindrical shape, and may have substantially the same width proximate to the display screen 1220, and proximate to the user’s eyes, in use.

[0243] In some forms, the at least one lens 1240 may also magnify the image of the display screen 1220, in order to assist the user in viewing the image.

[0244] In some forms, the head-mounted display system 1000 includes two lenses 1240 (e.g., binocular display), one for each of the user’s eyes. In other words, each of the user’s eyes may look through a separate lens positioned anterior to the respective pupil. Each of the lenses 1240 may be identical, although in some examples, one lens 1240 may be different than the other lens 1240 (e.g., have a different magnification).

[0245] In certain forms, the display screen 1220 may output two images simultaneously. Each of the user’s eyes may be able to see only one of the two images. The images may be displayed side-by-side on the display screen 1220. Each lens 1240 permits each eye to observe only the image proximate to the respective eye. The user may observe these two images together as a single image.

[0246] In some forms, the posterior perimeter of each lens 1240 may be approximately the size of the user’s orbit. The posterior perimeter may be slightly larger than the size of the user’s orbit in order to ensure that the user’s entire eye can see into the respective lens 1240. For example, the outer edge of the each lens 1240 may be aligned with the user’s frontal bone in the superior direction (e.g., proximate the user’s eyebrow), and may be aligned with the user’s maxilla in the inferior direction (e.g., proximate the outer cheek region).

[0247] The positioning and / or sizing of the lenses 1240 may allow the user to have approximately 360° of peripheral vision in the virtual environment, in order to closely simulate the physical environment.

[0248] In some forms, the head-mounted display system 1000 includes a single lens 1240 (e.g., monocular display). The lens 1240 may be positioned anterior to both eyes (e.g., so that both eyes view the image from the display screen 1220 through thelens 1240), or may be positioned anterior to only one eye (e.g., when the image from the displace screen 1220 is viewable by only one eye).5.2.1.4.1 Lens Mounting

[0249] The lenses 1240 may be coupled to a spacer positioned proximate to the display screen 1220 (e.g., between the display screen 1220 and the interfacing structure 1100), so that the lenses 1240 are not in direct contact with the display screen 1220 (e.g., in order to limit the lenses 1240 from scratching the display screen 1220).

[0250] For example, the lenses 1240 may be recessed relative to the interfacing structure 1100 so that the lenses 1240 are disposed within the viewing opening. In use, each of the user’s eyes are aligned with the respective lens 1240 while the user’s face is received within the viewing opening (e.g., an operational position).

[0251] In some forms, the anterior perimeter of each lens 1240 may encompass approximately half of the display screen 1220. A substantially small gap may exist between the two lenses 1240 along a center line of the display screen 1220. This may allow a user looking through both lenses 1240 to be able to view substantially the entire display screen 1220, and all of the images being output to the user.

[0252] In certain forms, the center of the display screen 1220 (e.g., along the center line between the two lenses 1240) may not output an image. For example, in a binocular display (e.g., where each side of the display screen 1220 outputs substantially the same image), each image may be spaced apart on the display screen 1220. This may allow two lenses 1240 to be positioned in close proximity to the display screen 1220, while allowing the user to view the entirety of the image displayed on the display screen 1220.

[0253] In some forms, a protective layer 1242 may be formed around at least a portion of the lenses 1240. In use, the protective layer 1242 may be positioned between the user’s face and the display screen 1220.

[0254] In some forms, a portion of each lens 1240 may project through the protective layer 1242 in the posterior direction. For example, the narrow end of each lens 1240 may project more posterior than the protective layer 1242 in use.

[0255] In some forms, the protective layer 1242 may be opaque so that light from the display screen 1220 is unable to pass through. Additionally, the user may be unable to view the display screen 1220 without looking through the lenses 1240.

[0256] In some forms, the protective layer 1242 may be non-planar, and may include contours that substantially match contours of the user’s face. For example, a portion of the protective layer 1242 may be recessed in the anterior direction in order to accommodate the user’s nose.

[0257] In certain forms, the user may not contact the protective layer 1242 while wearing the head-mounted display system 1000. This may assist in reducing irritation from additional contact with the user’s face (e.g., against the sensitive nasal ridge region).5.2.1.4.2 Corrective Lenses

[0258] In some examples, additional lenses may be coupled to the lenses 1240 so that the user looks through both the lens 1240 and the additional lens in order to view the image output by the display screen 1220.

[0259] In some forms, the additional lenses are more posterior than the lenses 1240, in use. Thus, the additional lenses are positioned closer to the user’s eyes, and the user looks through the additional lenses before looking through the lenses 1240.

[0260] In some forms, the additional lenses may have a different magnification than the lenses 1240.

[0261] In some forms, the additional lenses, may be prescription strength lenses. The additional lenses may allow a user to view the display screen 1220 without glasses, which may be uncomfortable to wear while using the head-mounted display system 1000. The additional lenses may be removable so that users that do not require the additional lenses may still clearly view the display screen 1220.5.2.2 Positioning and stabilizing structure

[0262] As shown in Figs. 4A and 4B, the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205 of the head-mounted display system 1000 of the present technology may be held in position in use by the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300.

[0263] To hold the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205 in its correct operational position, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 is ideally comfortable against the user’s head in order to accommodate the induced loading from the weight of the display unit in a manner that minimise facial markings and / or pain from prolonged use. There is also need to allow for a universal fit without trading off comfort, usability and cost of manufacture. The design criteria may include adjustability over a predetermined range with low-touch simple set up solutions that have a low dexterity threshold. Further considerations include catering for the dynamic environment in which the head-mounted display system 1000 may be used. As part of the immersive experience of a virtual environment, users may communicate, i.e., speak, while using the head-mounted display system 1000. In this way, the jaw or mandible of the user may move relative to other bones of the skull. Additionally, the whole head may move during the course of a period of use of the head-mounted display system 1000. For example, movement of a user’s upper body, and in some cases lower body, and in particular, movement of the head relative to the upper and lower body.

[0264] In one form the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 provides a retention force to overcome the effect of the gravitational force on the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205.

[0265] In one form of the present technology, a positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 is provided that is configured in a manner consistent with being comfortably worn by a user. In one example the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 has a low profile, or cross-sectional thickness, to reduce the perceived or actual bulk of the apparatus. In one example, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 comprises at least one strap having a rectangular cross-section. In one example the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 comprises at least one flat strap.

[0266] In one form of the present technology, a positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 is provided that is configured so as not to be too large and bulky to prevent the user from comfortably moving their head from side to side.

[0267] In one form of the present technology, a positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 comprises a strap constructed from a laminate of a textile user-contacting layer, a foam inner layer and a textile outer layer. In one form, the foam is porous to allow moisture, (e.g., sweat), to pass through the strap. In one form, a skin contacting layer of the strap is formed from a material that helps wick moisture away from the user’s face. In one form, the textile outer layer comprises loop material to engage with a hook material portion.

[0268] In certain forms of the present technology, a positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 comprises a strap that is extensible, e.g., resiliently extensible. For example the strap may be configured in use to be in tension, and to direct a force to draw the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205 toward a portion of a user’s face, particularly proximate to the user’s eyes and in line with their field of vision. In an example the strap may be configured as a tie.

[0269] In one form of the present technology, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 comprises a first tie, the first tie being constructed and arranged so that in use at least a portion of an inferior edge thereof passes superior to an otobasion superior of the user’s head and overlays a portion of a parietal bone without overlaying the occipital bone.

[0270] In one form of the present technology, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 includes a second tie, the second tie being constructed and arranged so that in use at least a portion of a superior edge thereof passes inferior to an otobasion inferior of the user’s head and overlays or lies inferior to the occipital bone of the user’s head.

[0271] In one form of the present technology, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 includes a third tie that is constructed and arranged to interconnect the first tie and the second tie to reduce a tendency of the first tie and the second tie to move apart from one another.

[0272] In certain forms of the present technology, a positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 comprises a strap that is bendable and e.g., non-rigid. An advantage of this aspect is that the strap is more comfortable against a user’ s head.

[0273] In certain forms of the present technology, a positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 comprises a strap constructed to be breathable to allow moisture vapour to be transmitted through the strap,

[0274] In certain forms of the present technology, a system is provided comprising more than one positioning and stabilizing structure 1300, each being configured to provide a retaining force to correspond to a different size and / or shape range. For example the system may comprise one form of positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 suitable for a large sized head, but not a small sized head, and another. Suitable for a small sized head, but not a large sized head.

[0275] In some forms, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 may include cushioning material (e.g., a foam pad) for contacting the user’s skin. The cushioning material may provide added wearability to the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300, particularly if positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 is constructed from a rigid or semi-rigid material.5.2.2.1 Temporal Connectors

[0276] As shown in Fig. 4C, some forms of the head-mounted display system 1000 or positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 include temporal connectors 1250, each of which may overlay a respective one of the user’s temporal bones in use. A portion of the temporal connectors 1250, in-use, are in contact with a region of the user’s head proximal to the otobasion superior, i.e., above each of the user’s ears. In some examples, temporal connectors are strap portions of a positioning and stabilising structure 1300. In other examples, temporal connectors are arms of a head-mounted display unit 1200. In some examples a temporal connector of a head-mounted display system 1000 may be formed partially by a strap portion (e.g., a lateral strap portion 1330) of a positioning and stabilising structure 1300 and partially by an arm 1210 of a head-mounted display unit 1200.

[0277] The temporal connectors 1250 may be lateral portions of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300, as each temporal connector 1250 is positioned on either the left or the right side of the user’s head.

[0278] In some forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may extend in an anterior- posterior direction, and may be substantially parallel to the sagittal plane.

[0279] In some forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may be coupled to the display unit housing 1205. For example, the temporal connectors 1250 may be connected to lateral sides of the display unit housing 1205. For example, each temporal connector 1250 may be coupled to a respective one of the lateral left face 1234 and the lateral right face 1236.

[0280] In certain forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may be pivotally connected to the display unit housing 1205, and may provide relative rotation between each temporal connector 1250, and the display unit housing 1205.

[0281] In certain forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may be removably connected to the display unit housing 1205 (e.g., via a magnet, a mechanical fastener, hook and loop material, etc.).

[0282] In some forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may be arranged in-use to run generally along or parallel to the Frankfort Horizontal plane of the head and superior to the zygomatic bone (e.g., above the user’s cheek bone).

[0283] In some forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may be positioned against the user’s head similar to arms of eye-glasses, and be positioned more superior than the anti-helix of each respective ear.

[0284] In some forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may have a generally elongate and flat configuration. In other words, each temporal connector 1250 is far longer and wider (direction from top to bottom in the paper plane) than thick (direction into the paper plane).

[0285] In some forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may each have a three- dimensional shape which has curvature in all three axes (X, Y and Z). Although the thickness of each temporal connector 1250 may be substantially uniform, its height varies throughout its length. The purpose of the shape and dimension of each temporal connector 1250 is to conform closely to the head of the user in order to remain unobtrusive and maintain a low profile (e.g., not appear overly bulky).

[0286] In some forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may be constructed from a rigid or semi-rigid material, which may include plastic, hytrel (thermoplastic polyesterelastomer), or another similar material. The rigid or semi-rigid material may be self- supporting and / or able to hold its shape without being worn. This can make it more intuitive or obvious for users to understand how to use the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 and may contrast with a positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 that is entirely floppy and does not retain a shape. Maintaining the temporal connectors 1250 in the in-use state prior to use may prevent or limit distortion whilst the user is donning the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 and allow a user to quickly fit or wear the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0287] In certain forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may be rigidizers, which may allow for a more effective (e.g., direct) translation of tension through the temporal connectors 1250 because rigidizers limit the magnitude of elongation or deformation of the arm while in-use.

[0288] In certain forms, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 may be designed so that the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 springs ‘out of the box’ and generally into its in-use configuration. In addition, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 may be arranged to hold its in-use shape once out of the box (e.g., because rigidizers may be formed to maintain the shape of some or part of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300). Advantageously, the orientation of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 is made clear to the user as the shape of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 is generally curved much like the rear portion of the user’s head. That is, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 is generally dome shaped.

[0289] In certain forms, a flexible and / or resilient material may be disposed around the rigid or semi-rigid material of the temporal connectors 1250. The flexible material may be more comfortable against the user’s head, in order to improve wearability and provide soft contact with the user’s face. In one form, the flexible material is a textile sleeve at is permanently or removably coupled to each temporal connector 1250.

[0290] In one form, a textile may be over-moulded onto at least one side of the rigidizer. In one form, the rigidizer may be formed separately to the resilient component and then a sock of user contacting material (e.g., Breath-O-Prene™) maybe wrapped or slid over the rigidizer. In alternative forms, the user contacting material may be provided to the rigidizer by adhesive, ultrasonic welding, sewing, hook and loop material, and / or stud connectors.

[0291] In some forms, the user contacting material may be on both sides of the rigidizer, or alternatively may only be on the user contacting side (e.g., the user contacting side) of the rigidizer to reduce bulk and cost of materials.

[0292] In some forms, the temporal connectors 1250 are constructed from a flexible material (e.g., a textile), which may be comfortable against the user’s skin, and may not require an added layer to increase comfort.5.2.2.2 Posterior support portion

[0293] As shown in Fig. 4C, some forms of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 may include a posterior support portion 1350 for assisting in supporting the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205 (shown in Fig. 4B) proximate to the user’s eyes. The posterior support portion 1350 may assist in anchoring the display screen and / or the display unit housing 1205 to the user’s head in order to appropriately orient the display screen proximate to the user’ s eyes.

[0294] In some forms, the posterior support portion 1350 may be coupled to the display unit housing 1205 via the temporal connectors 1250.

[0295] In certain forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may be directly coupled to the display unit housing 1205 and to the posterior support portion 1350.

[0296] In some forms, the posterior support portion 1350 may have a three- dimensional contour curve to fit to the shape of a user’s head. For example, the three- dimensional shape of the posterior support portion 1350 may have a generally round three-dimensional shape adapted to overlay a portion of the parietal bone and the occipital bone of the user’s head, in use.

[0297] In some forms, the posterior support portion 1350 may be a posterior portion of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300. The posterior support portion 1350 may provide an anchoring force directed at least partially in the anterior direction.

[0298] In certain forms, the posterior support portion 1350 is the inferior-most portion of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300. For example, the posterior support portion 1350 may contact a region of the user’s head between the occipital bone and the trapezius muscle. The posterior support portion 1350 may hook against an inferior edge of the occipital bone (e.g., the occiput). The posterior support portion 1350 may provide a force directed in the superior direction and / or the anterior direction in order to maintain contact with the user’s occiput.

[0299] In certain forms, the posterior support portion 1350 is the inferior-most portion of the entire head-mounted display system 1000. For example, the posterior support portion 1350 may be positioned at the base of the user’s neck (e.g., overlaying the occipital bone and the trapezius muscle more inferior than the user’s eyes) so that the posterior support portion 1350 is more inferior than the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205.

[0300] In some forms, the posterior support portion 1350 may include a padded material, which may contact the user’s head (e.g., overlaying the region between the occipital bone and the trapezius muscle). The padded material may provide additional comfort to the user, and limit marks caused by the posterior support portion 1350 pulling against the user’s head.5.2.2.3 Forehead Support

[0301] Some forms of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 may include a forehead support or frontal support portion 1360 configured to contact the user’s head superior to the user’s eyes, while in use. The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 shown in Fig. 5B includes a forehead support 1360. In some examples the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 shown in Fig. 4A may include a forehead support 1360. The forehead support 1360 may overlay the frontal bone of the user’s head. In certain forms, the forehead support 1360 may also be more superior than the sphenoid bones and / or the temporal bones. This may also position the forehead support 1360 more superior than the user’s eyebrows.

[0302] In some forms, the forehead support 1360 may be an anterior portion of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300, and may be disposed more anterior on the user’s head than any other portion of the positioning and stabilizing structure1300. The posterior support portion 1350 may provide a force directed at least partially in the posterior direction.

[0303] In some forms, the forehead support 1360 may include a cushioning material (e.g., textile, foam, silicone, etc.) that may contact the user, and may help to limit marks caused by the straps of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300. The forehead support 1360 and the interfacing structure 1100 may work together in order to provide comfort to the user.

[0304] In some forms, the forehead support 1360 may be separate from the display unit housing 1205, and may contact the user’s head at a different location (e.g., more superior) than the display unit housing 1205.

[0305] In some forms, the forehead support 1360 can be adjusted to allow the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 to accommodate the shape and / or configuration of a user’s face.

[0306] In some forms, the temporal connectors 1250 may be coupled to the forehead support 1360 (e.g., on lateral sides of the forehead support 1360). The temporal connectors 1250 may extend at least partially in the inferior direction in order to couple to the posterior support portion 1350.

[0307] In certain forms, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 may include multiple pairs of temporal connectors 1250. For example, one pair of temporal connectors 1250 may be coupled to the forehead support 1360, and one pair of temporal connectors 1250 may be coupled to the display unit housing 1205.

[0308] In some forms, the forehead support 1360 can be presented at an angle which is generally parallel to the user’s forehead to provide improved comfort to the user. For example, the forehead support 1360 may position the user in an orientation that overlays the frontal bone, and is substantially parallel to the coronal plane.Positioning the forehead support substantially parallel to the coronal plane can reduce the likelihood of pressure sores which may result from an uneven presentation.

[0309] In some forms, the forehead support 1360 may be offset from a rear support or posterior support portion that contacts a posterior region of the user’s head(e.g., an area overlaying the occipital bone and the trapezius muscle). In other words, an axis along a rear strap would not intersect the forehead support 1360, which may be disposed more inferior and anterior than the axis along the rear strap. The resulting offset between the forehead support 1360 and the rear strap may create moments that oppose the weight force of the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205. A larger offset may create a larger moment, and therefore more assistance in maintaining a proper position of the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205. The offset may be increased by moving the forehead support 1360 closer to the user’s eyes (e.g., more anterior and inferior along the user’s head), and / or increasing the angle of the rear strap so that it is more vertical.5.2.2.4 Adjustable Straps

[0310] As shown in Fig. 4C, portions of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 may be adjustable, in order to impart a selective tensile force on the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205 in order to secure a position of the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205.

[0311] In some forms, the display unit housing 1205 may include at least one loop or eyelet 1254 (as shown in Fig. 4B), and at least one of the temporal connectors 1250 may be threaded through that loop, and doubled back on itself. The length of the temporal connector 1250 threaded through the respective eyelet 1254 may be selected by the user in order to adjust the tensile force provided by the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300. For example, threading a greater length of the temporal connector 1250 through the eyelet 1254 may supply a greater tensile force.

[0312] In some forms, at least one of the temporal connectors 1250 may include an adjustment portion 1256 and a receiving portion 1258 (as shown in Fig. 4C). The adjustment portion 1256 may be positioned through the eyelet 1254 on the display unit housing 1205, and may be coupled to the receiving portion 1258 (e.g., by doubling back on itself). The adjustment portion 1256 may include a hook material, and the receiving portion 1258 may include a loop material (or vice versa), so that the adjustment portion 1256 may be removably held in the desired position. In some examples, the hook material and the loop material may be Velcro.

[0313] In certain forms, adjusting the position of the adjustment portion 1256 relative to the receiving portion 1258 may apply a posterior force to the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205, and increase or decrease a sealing force of the light shield against the user’s head (e.g., when the light shield acts as a sealforming structure).

[0314] In certain forms, the adjustment portion 1256 may be constructed from a flexible and / or resilient material, which may conform to a shape of the user’s head and / or may allow the adjustment portion to be threaded through the eyelet 1254. For example, the adjustment portion(s) 1256 may be constructed from an elastic textile, which may provide an elastic, tensile force. The remainder of the temporal connectors 1250 may be constructed from the rigid or semi-rigid material described above (although it is contemplated that additional sections of the temporal connectors 1250 may also be constructed from a flexible material).5.2.2.4.1 Top Strap

[0315] In some forms, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 may include a top strap portion, which may overlay a superior region of the user’s head. The headmounted display system 1000 shown in Fig. 1A has a top strap portion, for example.

[0316] In some forms, the top strap portion may extend between an anterior portion of the head-mounted display system 1000 and a posterior region of the headmounted display system 1000.

[0317] In some forms, the top strap portion may be constructed from a flexible material, and may be configured to compliment the shape of the user’s head.

[0318] In certain forms, the top strap portion may be connected to the display unit housing 1205. For example, the top strap portion may be coupled to the superior face 1230. The top strap portion may also be coupled to the display unit housing 1205 proximate to a posterior end of the display unit housing 1205.

[0319] In certain forms, the top strap portion may be coupled to the forehead support 1360. For example, the top strap portion may be coupled to the forehead support 1360 proximate to a superior edge. The top strap portion may be connected to the display unit housing 1205 through the forehead support 1360.

[0320] In some forms, the top strap portion may be connected to the posterior support portion 1350. For example, the top strap portion may be connected proximate to a superior edge of the posterior support portion 1350.

[0321] In some forms, the top strap portion may overlay the frontal bone and the parietal bone of the user’s head.

[0322] In certain forms, the top strap portion may extend along the sagittal plane as it extends between the anterior and posterior portions of the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0323] In certain forms, the top strap portion may apply a tensile force oriented at least partially in the superior direction, which may oppose the force of gravity.

[0324] In certain forms, the top strap portion may apply a tensile force oriented at least partially in the posterior direction, which may pull the interfacing structure 1100 toward the user’s face (and supply a portion of the sealing force when the light shield acts as a seal-forming structure).

[0325] In some forms, the top strap portion may be adjustable in order to impart a selective tensile force on the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205 in order to secure a position of the display screen 1220 and / or the display unit housing 1205.

[0326] In certain forms, the display unit housing 1205 and / or the forehead support 1360 (as the case may be) may include at least one loop or eyelet 1254, and the top strap portion may be threaded through that eyelet 1254, and doubled back on itself. The length of the top strap portion threaded through the eyelet 1254 may be selected by the user in order to adjust the tensile force provided by the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300. For example, threading a greater length of the top strap portion through the eyelet 1254 may supply a greater tensile force.

[0327] In some forms, the top strap portion may include an adjustment portion and a receiving portion. The adjustment portion may be positioned through the eyelet 1254, and may be coupled to the receiving portion (e.g., by doubling back on itself). The adjustment portion may include a hook material, and the receiving portion mayinclude a loop material (or vice versa), so that the adjustment portion may be removably held in the desired position. In some examples, the hook material and the loop material may be Velcro.5.2.2.5 Rotational Control

[0328] In some forms, the display unit housing 1205 and / or the display screen 1220 may pivot relative to the user’s face while the user has donned the positioning and stabilizing structure. This may allow the user to see the physical environment while still wearing the user interface 1100. This may be useful for users who want to take a break for viewing the virtual environment, but do not wish to doff the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300.

[0329] In some forms, a pivot connection 1260 may be formed between a superior portion of the display unit housing 1205 and the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300. For example, the pivot connection 1260 may be formed on the superior face 1230 of the display unit housing 1205.

[0330] In certain forms, the pivot connection 1260 may be coupled to the forehead support 1360. The display unit housing 1205 may be able to pivot about an inferior edge of the forehead support 1360.

[0331] In one form, the temporal connectors 1250 may be coupled to the forehead support 1360 in order to allow the display unit housing 1205 to pivot.

[0332] In some forms, the pivot connection 1260 may be a ratchet connection, and may maintain the display unit housing 1205 in a raised position without additional user intervention.5.2.3 Controller

[0333] As shown in Fig. 6, some forms of the head-mounted display system 1000 include a controller 1270 that can be engageable by the user in order to provide user input to the virtual environment and / or to control the operation of the head-mounted display system 1000. The controller 1270 can be connected to the head-mounted display unit 1200, and provide the user the ability to interact with virtual objects output to the user from the head-mounted display unit 1200.5.2.3.1 Handheld Controller

[0334] In some forms, the controller 1270 may include a handheld device, and may be easily grasped by a user with a single hand.

[0335] In certain forms, the head-mounted display system 1000 may include two handheld controllers. The handheld controllers may be substantially identical to one another, and each handheld controller may be actuatable by a respective one of the user’s hands.

[0336] In some forms, the user may interact with the handheld controller(s) in order to control and / or interact with virtual objects in the virtual environment.

[0337] In some forms, the handheld controller includes a button that may be actuatable by the user. For example, the user’s fingers may be able to press the button while grasping the handheld controller.

[0338] In some forms, the handheld controller may include a directional control (e.g., a joystick, a control pad, etc.). The user’s thumb may be able to engage the directional control while grasping the handheld controller.

[0339] In certain forms, the controller 1270 may be wirelessly connected to the head-mounted display unit 1200. For example, the controller 1270 and the headmounted display unit 1200 may be connected via Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or any similar means.

[0340] In certain forms, the controller 1270 and the head-mounted display unit 1200 may be connected with a wired connection.5.2.3.2 Fixed Controller

[0341] In some forms, at least a portion of the controller 1270 may be integrally formed on the display unit housing 1205.

[0342] In some forms, the controller 1270 may include control buttons that are integrally formed on the display unit housing 1205. For example, the control buttons may be formed on the superior face 1230 and / or the inferior face 1232, so as to be engageable by the user’s fingers when holding the user’s palm rests against the lateralleft or right face 1234, 1236 of the display unit housing 1205. Control buttons may also be disposed on other faces of the display unit housing 1205.

[0343] In some forms, the user may interact with the control buttons in order to control at least one operation of the head-mounted display system 1000. For example, the control button may be an On / Off button, which may selectively control whether the display screen 1220 is outputting an image to the user.

[0344] In certain forms, the control buttons and the head-mounted display unit 1200 may be connected with a wired connection.

[0345] In some forms, the head-mounted display system 1000 may include both the handheld controller and the control buttons.5.2.4 Speaker

[0346] With reference to Fig. 6, in some forms the head-mounted display system 1000 includes a sound system or speakers 1272 that may be connected to the headmounted display unit 1200 and positionable proximate to the user’s ears in order to provide the user with an auditory output.

[0347] In some forms, the speakers 1272 may be positionable around the user’s ears, and may block or limit the user from hearing ambient noise.

[0348] In certain forms, the speakers 1272 may be wirelessly connected to the head-mounted display unit 1200. For example, the speakers 1272 and the headmounted display unit 1200 may be connected via Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or any similar means.

[0349] In some forms, the speaker 1272 includes a left ear transducer and a right ear transducer. In some forms, the left and right ear transducers may output different signals, so that the volume and or noise heard by the user in one ear (e.g., the left ear) may be different than the volume and or noise heard by the user in the other ear (e.g., the right ear).

[0350] In some forms, the speaker 1272 (e.g., the volume of the speaker 1272) may be controlled using the controller 1270.5.2.5 Power Source

[0351] With reference to Fig. 6, some forms of the head-mounted display system 1000 may include an electrical power source 1274 can provide electrical power to the head-mounted display unit 1200 and any other electrical components of the headmounted display system 1000.

[0352] In certain forms, the power source 1274 may include a wired electrical connection that may be coupled to an external power source, which may be fixed to a particular location.

[0353] In certain forms, the power source 1274 may include a portable battery that may provide power to the head-mounted display unit 1200. The portable battery may allow the user greater mobility than compared to a wired electrical connection.

[0354] In certain forms, the head-mounted display system 1000 and / or other electronic components of the head-mounted display system 1000 may include internal batteries, and may be usable without the power source 1274.

[0355] In some forms, the head-mounted display system 1000 may include the power source 1274 in a position remote from the head-mounted display unit 1200. Electrical wires may extend from the distal location to the display unit housing 1205 in order to electrically connect the power source 1274 to the head-mounted display unit 1200.

[0356] In certain forms, the power source 1274 may be coupled to the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300. For example, the power source 1274 may be coupled to a strap of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300, either permanently or removably. The power supply 1274 may be coupled to a posterior portion of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300, so that it may be generally opposite the display unit housing 1205 and / or the head-mounted display unit 1200. The weight of the power source 1274, and the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200 and the display unit housing 1205 may therefore be spread throughout the head-mounted display system 1000, instead of concentrated at the anterior portion of the headmounted display system 1000. Shifting weight to the posterior portion of the headmounted display system 1000 may limit the moment created at the user’s face, whichmay improve comfort and allow the user to wear the head-mounted display system 1000 for longer periods of time.

[0357] In certain forms, the power source 1274 may be supported by a user distal to the user’s head. For example, the power source 1274 may connected to the headmounted display unit 1200 and / or the display unit housing 1205 only through an electrical connector (e.g., a wire). The power source 1274 may be stored in the user’s pants pocket, on a belt clip, or a similar way which supports the weight of the power source 1274. This removes weight that the user’s head is required to support, and may make wearing the head-mounted display system 1000 more comfortable for the user.

[0358] In some forms, the head-mounted display unit 1200 may include the power source 1274. For example, the display unit 1220 may be a cell phone, or other similar electronic device, which includes an internal power source 1274.5.2.6 Control System

[0359] With reference to Fig. 6, some forms of the head-mounted display system 1000 include a control system 1276 that assists in controlling the output received by the user. Specifically, the control system 1276 can control visual output from the display screen 1220 and / or auditory output from the speakers 1272.

[0360] In some forms, the control system 1276 may include sensors that monitor different parameters (e.g., in the physical environment), and communicates measured parameters to a processor. The output received by the user may be affected by the measured parameters.

[0361] In some forms, the control system 1276 is integrated into the headmounted display unit 1200. In other forms, the control system 1276 is housed in a control system support 1290 that is separate from, but connected to (e.g., electrically connected to) the head-mounted display unit 1200.5.2.6.1 Power Source

[0362] In some forms, the control system 1276 may be powered by the power source 1274, which may be at least one battery used for powering components of the control system 1276. For example, sensors of the control system 1276 may be powered by the power source 1274.

[0363] In some forms, the at least one battery of the power source 1274 may be a low power system battery 1278 and a main battery 1280.

[0364] In certain forms, the low power system battery 1278 may be used to power a real time (RT) clock 1282 of the control system 1276.5.2.6.1.1 Integrated Power Support Portion

[0365] In some forms, a battery support portion 1288 may support the low power system battery 1278 and / or the main battery 1280. The battery support portion 1288 may be directly supported on the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0366] In some forms, the battery support portion 1288 may be disposed within the display unit housing 1205.

[0367] In some forms, the battery support portion 1288 may be disposed on the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300. For example, the battery support portion 1288 may be coupled to the posterior support portion 1350. The weight of the headmounted display system 1000 may be better balanced around the user’s head. One form of a battery support portion 1288 is a battery pack housing, which will be described in more detail herein.5.2.6.1.2 Remote Power Support Portion

[0368] In some forms, a battery support portion 1288 may support the low power system battery 1278 and / or the main battery 1280. The battery support portion 1288 may be coupled to the user independently of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 and / or the display unit housing 1205 (e.g., it may be coupled via a belt clip). The battery support portion 1288 also may be supported remote from the user’s body (e.g., if the head-mounted display system 1000 receives power from a computer or video game console). A tether may couple the battery support portion 1288 to the control system 1276 and / or other electronics. The positioning of the battery support portion may improve comfort for the user, since the weight of the low power system battery 1278 and / or the main battery 1280 are not supported by the user’s head.5.2.6.2 Orientation Sensor

[0369] In some forms, the control system 1276 includes an orientation sensor 1284 that can sense the orientation of the user’s body. For example, the orientationsensor 1284 may sense when the user rotates their body as a whole, and / or their head individually. In other words, the orientation sensor 1284 may measure an angular position (or any similar parameter) of the user’s body. By sensing the rotation, the sensor 1284 may communicate to the display screen 1220 to output a different image.

[0370] In some examples, an external orientation sensor may be positioned in the physical environment where the user is wearing the head-mounted display system 1000. The external position sensor may track the user’s movements similar to the orientation sensor 1284 described above. Using an external orientation sensor may reduce the weight required to be supported by the user.5.2.6.2.1 Camera

[0371] In some forms, the control system 1276 may include at least one camera, which may be positioned to view the physical environment of the user.

[0372] In some forms, the orientation sensor 1284 is a camera, which may be configured to observe the user’s physical environment in order to determine the orientation of the user’s head (e.g., in what direction the user’s head has tilted).

[0373] In some forms, the orientation sensor 1284 includes multiple cameras positioned throughout the head-mounted display system 1000 in order to provide a more complete view of the user’s physical environment, and more accurately measure the orientation of the user’s head.

[0374] In some forms, the cameras 1284 are coupled to the anterior face 1238 of the display unit housing 1205. The cameras 1284 may be positioned in order to in order to provide a “first-person” view.

[0375] In certain forms, the display screen 1220 may display the user’s physical environment by using the cameras 1284, so that the user may feel as though they are viewing their physical environment without assistance from the head-mounted display system 1000 (i.e., the first person view). This may allow the user to move around their physical environment without removing the head-mounted display system 1000.

[0376] In one form, virtual objects may be displayed while the display screen 1220 is displaying the user’s physical environment. The cameras 1284 may allow thehead-mounted display system 1000 to operate as an MR device. The control system 1276 may include a control to switch operation between a VR device and an MR device.5.2.6.3 Eye Sensor

[0377] In some forms, the control system 1276 may include an eye sensor that can track movement of the user’s eyes. For example, the eye sensor may be able to measure a position of at least one of the user’s eyes, and determine which direction at least one of the user’s eyes are looking.

[0378] In some forms, the control system 1276 may include two eye sensors. Each sensor may correspond to one of the user’s eyes.

[0379] In some forms, the eye sensors may be disposed in or proximate to the lenses 1240.

[0380] In some forms, the eye sensors may measure an angular position of the user’s ears in order to determine the visual output from the display screen 1220.5.2.6.4 Processing System

[0381] In some forms, the control system 1276 includes a processing system that may receive the measurements from the various sensors of the control system 1276.

[0382] In some forms, the processing system may receive measurements recorded by the orientation sensor 1284 and / or the eye sensors. Based on these measured values, the processor can communicate with the display screen 1220 in order to change the image being output. For example, if the user’s eyes and / or the user’s head pivots in the superior direction, the display screen 1220 may display a more superior portion of the virtual environment (e.g., in response to direction from the processing system).5.3 AUGMENTED REALITY DISPLAY INTERFACE

[0383] As shown in Figs. 5A and 5B, a display apparatus or head-mounted display system 1000 in accordance with one aspect of the present technology comprises the following functional aspects: a display screen 1220 configured for augmented reality, a display unit housing 1205, and a positioning and stabilizingstructure 1300. In some forms, a functional aspect may provide one or more physical components. In some forms, one or more physical components may provide one or more functional aspects. In use, the display screen 1220 is arranged to be positioned proximate and anterior to the user’s eyes, so as to allow the user to view the display screen 1220.

[0384] In other aspects, the head-mounted display system 1000 may also include an interfacing structure 1100, a controller 1270, a speaker 1272, a power source 1274, and / or a control system 1276. In some examples, these may be integral pieces of the head-mounted display system 1000, while in other examples, these may be modular and incorporated into the head-mounted display system 1000 as desired by the user.5.4 POSITIONING AND STABILISING STRUCTURES

[0385] Figs. 7A to 10B-1 show positioning and stabilising structures 1300 and head-mounted display systems 1000 comprising positioning and stabilising structures 1300. The positioning and stabilising structures 1300 disclosed herein may be constructed and arranged in particular for use in head-mounted display systems 1000 for use in VR. However, it is to be understood that the positioning and stabilising structures 1300 and head-mounted display systems 1000 described herein, or individual features thereof, may be applied in any of VR, MR, AR or other artificial reality. The head-mounted display system 1000 may otherwise have any of the features, configurations, aspects, functions and the like as described elsewhere herein.

[0386] The head-mounted display systems 1000 shown throughout Figs. 7A to 10B-1 may comprise a head-mounted display unit 1200 comprising a display unit housing 1205. The display unit housing 1205 may comprise a display. The display may be as described elsewhere herein or as known in the art. The head-mounted display unit 1200 may comprise an interfacing structure 1100 connected to the display unit housing 1205 and constructed and arranged to engage the user’s face in use.

[0387] The positioning and stabilising structures 1300 shown in Figs. 7A to 10B- 1 are constructed and arranged to hold the head-mounted display unit 1200 in an operable position on the user’s head in use (e.g., such that the display is positioned in a viewing position anterior to the user’s eyes and such that the interfacing structure1100 engages the user’s face to form a light seal, such as at least in forehead, sphenoid and cheek regions of the user’s face).

[0388] The interfacing structure 1100 may be configured to engage the user’s face around a periphery of the user’s eyes in use. The interfacing structure 1100 may be configured to engage the sides of the user’s face lateral of the user’s eyes and engage the user’s forehead in use. The interfacing structure 1100 may engage the user’s cheeks, the sides of the user’s face lateral of the user’s eyes and the user’s forehead. The interfacing structure 1100 may engage the user’s face at regions overlying the user’s nose, maxilla, zygomatic bones, sphenoid bones and frontal bones. The interfacing structure 1100 may engage the user’s face in regions shown in Fig. 4D, for example.

[0389] With reference to Fig. 7B, for example,, the interfacing structure 1100 may comprise a face engaging flange 1118 structured and arranged to be provided around a periphery of an eye region of the user’s face and configured to engage the user’s face in use. The face engaging flange 1118 may be flexible and resilient. The face engaging flange 1118 may be formed from an elastomeric material, for example silicone or TPE. In some examples the interfacing structure 1100 comprises a cushion (not visible in the drawings). The cushion may be at least partially covered by the face engaging flange 1118. The cushion may be formed from foam, silicone, gel or another suitable cushion material or structure constructed to behave as a cushion. In some examples, the interfacing structure 1100 comprises a cushion but no face engaging flange 1118.

[0390] The interfacing structure 1100 may be configured to engage the user’s face and resist compression when the head-mounted display unit 1200 is fastened securely to the user’s face, while remaining comfortable to the user. The cushion (if present) may contribute to the resilience of the interfacing structure 1100. The interfacing structure 1100 may comprise a pair of cheek portions 1140 configured to engage the user’s cheeks in use, a forehead portion 1175 configured to engage the user’s forehead in use, and a pair of sphenoid portions 1170 located on respective lateral sides of the interfacing structure connecting between the forehead portion and the cheek portions and configured to engage the user’s head proximate the sphenoid bone.

[0391] In some examples, the interfacing structure 1100 comprises a nasal portion 1180 between the cheek portions 1140. The nasal portion 1180 may be configured to engage the user’s nose in use and may be configured to at least partially block light from reaching the user’s eyes from the user’s nose region (e.g., block light travelling via a path proximate the surfaces of the user’s nose). The nasal portion 1180 may for example be configured to engage anterior, superior and / or lateral surfaces of the user’s nose in use. The nasal portion 1180 may be attached to the cheek portions 1140.5.4.1 Lateral Strap Portions and Top Strap Portion

[0392] Fig. 7A shows a positioning and stabilising structure 1300 according to an example of the present technology and Fig. 7B shows a head-mounted display system 1000 comprising the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 shown in Fig. 7A. The head-mounted display system 1000 comprises a head-mounted display unit 1200 comprising a display unit housing 1205 and an interfacing structure 1100.

[0393] The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 in this example comprises a pair of arms 1210 connected in use (e.g., fixedly attached or removably connected) to respective lateral sides of the display unit housing 1205 (e.g., to the housing and / or a pair of lateral support arms on the housing). The arms 1210 are in this example semirigid and are constructed and arranged to project posteriorly (e.g., in parallel at least along a portion of its length with the lateral support arms) from the display unit housing 1205 on respective lateral sides of the user’s head in use. Anterior portions of the arms 1210 may include a connector 1208 (e.g., snap-fit connector) to facilitate removeable connection to the display unit housing 1205. The connector 1208 may be a plastic material adhered to the arm 1210 to form a one-piece structure. Each connector may include a flange 1209 to facilitate snap-fit connection to the housing unit. The connectors 1208 are elongate in the direction of the arms 1210 and are arranged to extend posteriorly from the housing unit along a portion of the arm.

[0394] The arms 1210 may be configured to resist bending about one or more axes and may therefore be described as rigidised or at least semi-rigid (i.e., semi-rigid or rigid). In this example, each arm 1210 comprises a posterior portion 1215 comprising a superior arm connection portion 1211 and an inferior arm connection portion 1212. The arms 1210 may comprise a textile outer layer and may be rigidisedto be substantially rigid. In some examples the arms 1210 may comprise a substantially rigid component covered in a textile layer (e.g., textile on both sides or textile on one side). In some examples only a user-facing side of the arms comprises a textile layer.

[0395] In some examples each arm 1210 is at least partially covered by a textile sleeve. In some particular examples each arm 1210 is encapsulated within a textile sleeve. Partially or fully covering the arms 1210 may provide for comfortable contact between the arm 1210 and the user’s head, may be aesthetically pleasing, may provide for a perception of comfort and may conceal or protect other components provided to the arms 1210, such as electronics, sensors, transducers or the like, or wiring running along an arm 1210 to a posterior battery pack or any other components.

[0396] The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 further comprises a top strap portion 1340 constructed and arranged to connect between each of the superior arm connection portions 1211 of the pair of arms 1210 (e.g., via posterior legs 1341 of the top strap portion 1340). In the example shown in Figs. 7A and 7B, the top strap portion connects to the head-mounted display unit 1200 (e.g., via an anterior leg 1342 of the top strap portion 1340) in addition to each of the superior arm connection portions 1211 of the pair of arms 1210. The top strap portion 1340 is configured to apply a force to the head-mounted display unit 1200 in an at least partially superior direction which advantageously balances at least some of the weight of the headmounted display unit 1200. The force applied by the top strap portion 1340 may also be applied in a partially posterior direction, which may advantageously help hold the head-mounted display unit 1200 against the user’s face. In this example, the top-strap portion 1340 may be generally Y-shape. In other examples, the top strap portion 1340 connects only between the superior arm connection portions 1211 and not also to the head-mounted display unit 1200. In such an example, the top strap portion 1340 may overlie the parietal bones and / or frontal bone of the user’s head in use and may be a superior transverse strap portion having any one or more features of a superior transverse strap portion described elsewhere herein.

[0397] The top strap portion 1340 may comprise a textile material. In some examples, the top strap portion 1340 may comprise a textile outer layer and a foaminner layer. The top strap portion 1340 may comprise a textile-foam laminate for example.

[0398] The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 further comprises an occipital strap portion 1320 constructed and arranged to connect between the inferior arm connection portions 1212 of the arms 1210 and engage a portion of the user’s head overlying or lying inferior to an occipital region of the user’s head in use, as shown in Fig. 7B. The occipital strap portion 1320 may be in tension in use and may apply a force to each arm 1210 in an at least partially posterior direction. This force may be transmitted through each arm 1210 to pull the head-mounted display unit 1200 in a partially posterior direction towards the user’s face, which may advantageously provide for stable engagement between the interfacing structure 1100 and the user’s face. The occipital strap portion 1320 may comprise a textile material. In some examples, the occipital strap portion 1320 may comprise a textile outer layer (on one or both sides) and a foam inner layer. The occipital strap portion 1320 may comprise a textile-foam laminate, for example.

[0399] The arms 1210 may be pivotably attached to the display unit housing1205, which may advantageously allow the angle of head-mounted display unit 1200 to be adjusted to suit the user’s particular anatomy. As shown in Fig. 7B, the arms 1210 may pivot relative to the display unit housing 1205 about axis 1203 such that the display unit housing is rotatable relative to the arms 1210 in the directions of arrows1206. Alternatively, as described above, the arms 1210 may be attached to lateral support arms of the display unit housing and the lateral support arms may be pivotably connected to the remainder of the housing (e.g., about the same axis 1203). Thus, when the arms 1210 are connected to the lateral support arms of the display unit housing 1205, the arms 1210 will move along with the pivotal rotation of the lateral support arms.

[0400] The top strap portion 1340 may connect to the head-mounted display unit 1200 at a single location. The single location may be a medial location on the display unit housing 1200, for example. The single location may be aligned with the sagittal plane of the user’s head in use. The top strap portion 1340 may be substantially Y- shaped, connected to two points (the superior arm connection portions 1211 of thearms 1210) proximate the posterior of the user’s head and one point (on the headmounted display unit 1200) anterior to the user’s head in use.

[0401] The top strap portion 1340 may be permanently connected to the superior connection portions 1211 of the arms 1210. For example, the top strap portion 1340 may be sewn, welded (e.g., ultrasonic welded) or glued to the arms 1210 at the superior connection portions 1211, or may be permanently connected by another manner (e.g., permanent snap fit components). In other examples, the top strap portion 1340 may be removably connected to the arms 1210, for example by magnetic connectors or other suitable connectors.

[0402] The top strap portion 1340 or a portion thereof may be selectively adjustable in length (e.g., having a length that is able to be adjusted by the user as required, for example to achieve a good fit). When attached to the head-mounted display unit 1200, the top strap portion 1340 may pass through an eyelet on the headmounted display unit 1200 and may be looped back and secured to itself, for example with a hook-and-loop connection. The user can then pull more or less of the top strap portion 1340 through the eyelet to adjust an effective length of the top strap portion 1340. Alternatively, the top strap portion 1340 may loop back after passing through the eyelet and may be secured to itself by another suitable connection, such as a slidable buckle or by attachment to one of a selection of domes or magnetic connection points. The domes may be protrusions that are configured to mate with corresponding structure disposed on the portion of the top strap portion 1340 that is looped back onto itself.

[0403] As illustrated in Figs. 7A and 7B, the occipital strap portion 1320 comprises an occipital strap connector 1322 at one end of the occipital strap portion 1320 constructed and arranged to releaseably attach to a corresponding one of the inferior connection portions 1212 of the arms 1210. In other examples, the occipital strap portion 1320 may be permanently attached to the arms 1210.

[0404] However, in this particular example, the occipital strap connector 1322 is constructed and arranged to magnetically attach to the corresponding one of the inferior connection portions 1212. A magnetic connector may be particularly user friendly. The occipital strap portion 1320 may also be selectively adjustable in length(e.g., having a length that is able to be adjusted by the user as required, for example to achieve a good fit). The occipital strap portion 1320 may pass through an eyelet on the occipital strap connector 1322 and may be looped back and secured to itself, for example with a hook-and-loop connection. The user can then pull more or less of the occipital strap portion 1320 through the eyelet to adjust an effective length of the occipital strap portion 1320. Alternatively, the occipital strap portion 1320 may loop back after passing through the eyelet and may be secured to itself by another suitable connection, such as a slidable buckle or connection to one of a series of domes.

[0405] The top strap portion 1340, arms 1210 and occipital strap portion 1320 may together form a ring portion which engages and fits stably against posterior surfaces of the user’s head. The ability to adjust the length of the occipital strap portion 1320, for example in the manner describe above, may advantageously allow the user to adjust the effective length / circumference of the ring portion and achieve a good (e.g., stable and comfortable) fit of the ring portion against the posterior surfaces of their head.

[0406] The combination of the magnetic connection between the occipital strap connector 1322 and the inferior connection portion 1212 of the arm 1210 and the selectively adjustable length of the occipital strap portion 1320 advantageously provides a set-and-forget adjustment and quick-connect arrangement. A user can adjust the length of the occipital strap portion 1320 once and then use the magnetic connector to quickly connect and disconnect the occipital strap portion 1320 during donning and doffing the head-mounted display system 1000 without having to readjust its length each time. This may be identified as a set-and-forget adjustable releaseable connection whereby the user only needs to make adjustments once, but can quickly release and reconnect the occipital strap portion 1320 from the arm 1210 during donning and doffing. The quick-connect / quick-disconnect arrangement may also advantageously allow users with long hair, for example in a ponytail, to easily don and doff the head-mounted display system 1000 by connecting the occipital strap portion 1320 underneath their hair rather than being required to feed their hair over the top of a strap portion.

[0407] In addition, or as an alternative, to an adjustable occipital strap portion 1320, in some examples, one or both of the arms 1210 may be formed in two partsreleaseably connected to each other. The two parts of such an arm 1210 may be connected to each other (e.g., by a magnetic connection), to provide for quick and easy disconnection and reconnection during donning and doffing of the head-mounted display system 1000. Alternatively or additionally, one or both of the arms may be releaseably connected to the head-mounted display system 1000, to provide for quick connection and disconnection during donning and doffing or to enable the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 to be separated from the head-mounted display unit 1200 for cleaning, replacement, transport or the like. In further examples, the two parts of each arm 1210 may be moveably connected to each other. This may provide for size adjustment of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300. For example, a user with a larger head may adjust the length of the arms 1210 to increase a spacing between a posterior portion of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 and the head-mounted display unit 1200.

[0408] In some examples, either or both of the inferior connection portions 1212 may be moveable relative to the respective arm 1210 to which it is connected. That is, one or both inferior connection portions 1212 may be moveble relative to a remainder of the respective arm 1210. In some examples, one or both of the inferior connection portions 1212 may be slideable with respect to the remainder of the respective arm 1210. The inferior connection portions 1212 may be selectively adjustable in their positions with respect to other components of the head-mounted display system 1000, such as the head-mounted display unit 1200, the anterior portions of the arms 1210 or the superior connection portions 1211. An optimal location for each inferior connection portion 1212 may be proximate to the ear without contacting the ear, which may help the occipital strap portion 1320 engage the head in a low and stable position, which may help prevent the occipital strap portion from riding up in use. Movable inferior connection portions 1212 may enable each user to position the inferior connection portions 1212 at or close to the optimal location for the user’s specific head shape and size.

[0409] The superior connection portion 1211 and the inferior connection portion 1212 of each arm 1210 may be spaced apart vertically from each other such that the inferior connection portion 1212 is closer to the Frankfort horizontal plane of the user’s head than the superior connection portion 1211. The superior connectionportion 1211 may be positioned proximate a superior portion of the user’s head and the inferior connection portion 1211 may be positioned vertically proximate an eye level of the user’s head. In some examples, the inferior connection portions 1211 are configured to be positioned superior to the otobasion superior of the user’s head.

[0410] In some examples, the inferior connection portion 1212 may be spaced posteriorly from the superior connection portion 1211 in a horizontal direction. In some examples, the superior connection portion 1211 and the inferior connection portion 1212 may both be positioned posterior to the otobasion superior of the user’s head.

[0411] Each arm 1210 may project posteriorly and curve towards a superior direction away from the display unit housing. In the illustrated example, the inferior connection portions 1212 are approximately at the same level in the superior-inferior axis as the connections of the arms 1210 to the display unit housing 1205. In an example, each arm 1210 may be narrower at an anterior location proximate its connection to the display unit housing 1205 and may be wider (in the superior-inferior axis) proximate the superior connection portion 1211 and the inferior connection portion 1212 to position the superior connection portion 1211 proximate a superior portion of the user’s head in use (e.g., proximate a junction between the parietal bones and the frontal bone) and to position the inferior connection portion 1212 at an inferior and posterior portion of the user’s head in use (e.g., proximate the occipital bone of the user’s head in use). In some examples, such as the illustrated example, each arm 1210 widens in a posterior direction (e.g., gradually) (e.g., from a location aligned with a coronal plane intersecting each otobasion superior of the user’s head).

[0412] Each arm 1210 may also curve medially to follow the shape of the user’s head. Each arm 1210 may project posteriorly away from the display unit housing 1205 and curve medially proximate the posterior portion of the user’s head.

[0413] In some examples, each arm 1210 may be structured to resist bending towards the superior and inferior directions and in some particular examples may be structured to allow for bending towards a medial direction to engage posteriorly- facing surfaces of the user’s head. Advantageously, this may allow the arms 1210 to bend inwards to wrap around or “hug” the user’s head in use for a secure and stablefit. A transverse cross section of each arm 1210 may have a height aligned substantially with the superior-inferior directions that is greater than a width aligned substantially with the medial-lateral directions. The relatively large height of the arm 1210 in cross section may provide a greater resistance to bending in superior and inferior directions as compared to the resistance to bending in a medial direction provided by the relatively smaller width of the arm 1210.

[0414] In some examples, the height of the cross section of each arm 1210 may be in the range of 15-30mm while the width of the cross section may be in the range of 2-8mm. The height may be 3-10 times as large as the width, in some particular examples. The actual dimensions may vary depending on the stiffness of the material(s) used to form the arms 1210 and the particular cross-sectional shape of each arm 1210. More generally, each arm may comprise a greater resistance to bending towards the superior and inferior directions than to bending towards a medial direction. Advantageously, the high stiffness to bending in the superior-inferior directions may allow the arms 1210 to support some of the weight of the headmounted display unit 1200 while the low stiffness to bending medially allows the arms 1210 to conform to the curvature of the user’s head.

[0415] In some examples, each arm 1210 comprises one or more hinges to facilitate bending of the respective arm to conform to the shape of the user’s head. Such hinges may be formed by thinned portions of the arm 1210 and may act in addition to bending of non-hinge portions of the arm 1210.

[0416] In some examples, when the top strap portion 1340 is in tension, for example due to weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200 and / or shortening of the top strap portion 1340 by the user, the superior connection portions 1211 are urged towards the surface of the user’s head. The top strap portion 1340 may pull the superior connection portions 1211 partially medially towards the surface of the user’s head and in some examples into engagement with the user’s head, or if the superior connection portions 1211 are already in contact with the user’s head, the top strap portion 1340 may increase a force with which the superior connection portions 1211 are pulled against the user’s head, in order to provide for a secure and stable fit.

[0417] Similarly, in some examples, when the occipital strap portion 1320 is in tension, for example when the occipital strap portion 1320 is tightened, the inferior connection portions 1212 may be urged towards the surface of the user’s head. The occipital strap portion 1320 may pull the inferior connection portions 1212 partially medially towards the surface of the user’s head and in some examples into engagement with the user’s head, or if the inferior connection portions 1212 are already in contact with the user’s head, the occipital strap portion 1320 may increase a force with which the inferior connection portions 1211 are pulled against the user’s head, in order to provide for a secure and stable fit.

[0418] In some examples the occipital strap portion 1320 may be wider than shown in Figs. 7A and 7B (the width being the length of the line or curve lying in the sagittal plane of the user’s head produced by the occipital strap portion 1320 intersecting the sagittal plane when the user has donned the head-mounted display system 1000). A wider occipital strap portion 1320 may provide a low pressure on the user’s head than a narrow occipital strap portion 1320, due to the greater surface area engaging the user’s head. In some examples the occipital strap portion 1320 may be within the range of 25-50mm wide, such as within the range of 30-40mm wide, for example 35mm wide.

[0419] In other examples of the present technology, some or all of the portions of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 may comprise materials other than or in addition to textile or textile and foam. In some examples some or all strap portions may comprise silicone, rigid plastic, foam, leather or another suitable material.5.4.2 Ring Strap Portion

[0420] Figs. 8A-9 show further examples of head-mounted display systems. Figs. 8A and 8B show a head-mounted display system 1000 comprising a head-mounted display unit 1200 which may be as described with reference to Figs. 7A-7B (or elsewhere herein). The head-mounted display unit 1200 may comprise a display unit housing 1205 comprising a display, and an interfacing structure 1100 connected to the display unit housing 1205 and constructed and arranged to engage the user’s face in use.

[0421] As shown in Figs. 8A-8B, the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 comprises a ring strap portion 1360. The ring strap portion 1360 is in this example constructed and arranged to lie on a path surrounding a posterosuperior region of the user’s head, which may be known as the crown of the user’s head. The ring strap portion 1360 may lie on a path over a superior region of the user’s head, for example overlying the parietal bones proximate the frontal bone, lateral and posterior regions of the user’ s head, for example overlying the parietal bones proximate the temporal bones, and a posterior region of the user’s head, for example overlying the occipital bone or overlying the parietal bones proximate the occipital bone.

[0422] The ring strap portion 1360 may surround a posterosuperior region of the user’s head, as shown in Fig. 8B for example. The ring strap portion 1360 may lie on a path that is, e.g., continuously / steadily curved, without discrete / sudden changes in direction. In some examples, the ring strap portion 1360 may be semi rigid and / or may be structured to substantially hold an in-use shape when the head-mounted display system 1000 is not donned by the user. The ring strap portion 1360 may be configured to at least hold a partially round shape when not donned by the user, as opposed to being completely flaccid / floppy. The ring strap portion 1360, and, in some examples, substantially all of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 (e.g., the ring strap portion 1360 and lateral strap portions 1330) may be at least sufficiently stiff (e.g., at least semi-rigid) to hold an in-use shape when not in use, and optionally may be sufficiently flexible to deform from an in-use shape under deliberate finger pressure alone.

[0423] The ring strap portion 1360 may be semi-rigid and formed from a textile and foam laminate material (e.g., textile covered foam) where the foam has increased rigidity as compared to the textile and therefore imparts rigidity to the ring strap portion 1360. Alternatively, the ring strap portion 1360 may have stiffness imparted by a rigidiser provided to the ring strap portion 1360 either internally or on a surface of the ring strap portion 1360. Such a rigidiser may have increased rigidity as compared to other materials of the ring strap portion thereby imparting rigidity to the ring strap portion. As described elsewhere in this disclosure, other strap portions may be provided with a rigidiser. The rigidisers may be formed from a plastic material(e.g., a thermoplastic material), or other suitable materials, in some examples. In some examples, the rigidiser is formed from Hytrel.

[0424] The ring strap portion 1360 may be structured to anchor in place against a posterosuperior region of the user’s head such that the ring strap portion 1360 remains in place in use and substantially in an in-use shape in use. Because the posterosuperior region is convex and the ring strap portion 1360 engages the user’s head surrounding a convex surface, when the ring strap portion 1360 is pulled against the posterosuperior portion by other strap portions of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 the ring strap portion 1360 may become substantially immovable, providing for a stable engagement of the ring strap portion 1360 to the user’s head. In some examples, the ring strap portion 1360 may comprise a small amount of elastic extensibility. A small amount of stretch may advantageously assist the ring strap portion 1360 to fit to the user’s head snugly and securely although excessive stretch may result in excessive force applied to the user’s head and / or may result in instability or movement of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 in use.

[0425] In other examples the ring strap portion 1360 may be substantially inextensible. In some examples, the lateral strap portions 1330 are substantially inextensible. In other examples, the lateral strap portions 1330 may comprise portion(s) that are at least semi-rigid and / or substantially inextensible and other portion(s) that are elastic (e.g., relatively more elastic than the semi-rigid / inextensible portion(s)).

[0426] The ring strap portion 1360 in the example shown in Figs. 8A and 8B forms a superior transverse strap portion 1370 constructed and arranged to engage a superior region of the user’s head at or proximate a coronal plane aligned with each otobasion superior of the user’s head. The ring strap portion 1360 further comprises an occipital strap portion 1320 being constructed and arranged to engage a region of the user’s head overlying the occipital bone or overlying the parietal bones proximate occipital bone.

[0427] The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 in this example also comprises a pair of lateral strap portions 1330 connected to the ring strap portion 1360 and being constructed and arranged to connect to respective lateral sides of the head-mounted display unit 1200. The lateral strap portions 1330 may be in tension in use, which pulls the head-mounted display unit 1200 towards the user’s face and pulls the ring strap portion 1360 against the posterosuperior region of the user’s head, which causes the ring strap portion 1360 to be substantially fixed in place due to the convex shape of the surface of the user’s head at the posterosuperior region.

[0428] The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 may be configured to partially resist angular change between the superior transverse strap portion 1370 and the occipital strap portion 1320 when the lateral strap portions 1330 are in tension. For example, the junction between the superior transverse strap portion 1370 and the occipital strap portion 1320 may be formed to have a sufficient stiffness to resist angular changes between the path of the superior transverse strap portion 1370 and the path of the occipital strap portion 1320 proximate the junction. Such a stiffness may be provided by material thickness or by the addition of stiffening components (e.g., rigidisers) or the like, by way of example only. The junction between the superior transverse strap portion 1370 and the occipital strap portion 1320 may be seamless. For example, the superior transverse strap portion 1370 and the occipital strap portion 1320 may be integrally formed at least at the junctions (although may be formed in segments elsewhere around the ring strap portion 1360. This may help to distribute tension in the lateral strap portions 1330 around the ring strap portion 1360 as a whole and may advantageously allow the ring strap portion 1360 to resist deformation and / or stretching due to transference of tension from the lateral strap portions 1330 and support some of the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200 while remaining comfortable.

[0429] Other examples in which an upper rear strap is freely movable with respect to a low rear strap, while highly adjustable, may rely on higher forces exerted directly on the user’s head under the straps to counter tension in the lateral side straps. Advantageously, the ring strap portion 1360 in the example shown in Figs. 8A and 8B may distribute the force around the ring strap portion 1360 in the manner of “hoop stress” which may be found to be more comfortable by the user.

[0430] In the examples shown in Figs. 8A and 8B, the lateral strap portions 1330 support at least some of the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200 and may transfer some of the weight to the superior transverse strap portion 1370 and / or ringstrap portion 1360 as a whole. In particular, the ring strap portion 1360 may support at least a majority of the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200 via the lateral strap portions 1330. In some examples, the lateral strap portions 1330 and the superior transverse strap portion 1370 may support at least a majority of the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200.

[0431] The lateral strap portions 1330 and superior transverse strap portion 1370 may support the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200 by pulling it against the user’s face snugly such that static friction and upwards components of normal forces exerted on the head-mounted display unit 1200 by the user’s face counter the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200. Additionally, or alternatively, the lateral strap portions 1330, anchored by their connections to the superior transverse strap portion 1370 as part of the ring strap portion 1360, may apply a partially superiorly directed force to the head-mounted display unit 1200 to counter at least some of the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200. Each of the lateral strap portions 1330 may extend at least partially superiorly away from its respective connection to the head-mounted display unit 1200. For example, a posterior end portion (e.g., at the connection locations 1333 to the ring strap portion 1360) of the lateral strap 1330 portions may be positioned superiorly to an anterior end portion (e.g., at the connection point with the head-mounted display unit or arms 1210) of the lateral strap portions. This may result in tension in the lateral strap portions 1330 having a vertically upwards (e.g., superior) component to counter some of the weight.

[0432] In some examples, the lateral strap portions 1330 connect to the ring strap portion 1360 between (e.g., substantially midway between) the superior-most part of the ring strap portion 1360 and the inferior-most part of the ring strap portion 1360. The lateral strap portions 1330 may be positioned so as to be unlikely to contact the user’s ears but may connect to the ring strap portion 1360 proximate to the user’s ears. In some particular examples, the lateral strap portions 1330 may comprise rigidisers provided to the lateral strap portions 1330 and which extend posteriorly in use past the user’s ear, optionally extending into the occipital strap portion.

[0433] Each of the lateral strap portions 1330 may be selectively adjustable in length (e.g., having a length that is able to be adjusted by the user as required, for example to achieve a good fit). Each lateral strap portion 1330 may pass through arespective eyelet on the head-mounted display unit 1200 and may be looped back and secured to itself, for example with a hook-and-loop connection. In other examples, an arm including the eyelet may be part of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 and configured for attachment to the display unit housing 1205. The user can then pull more or less of the lateral strap portion 1330 through the eyelet to adjust an effective length of the lateral strap portion 1330. Alternatively, each lateral strap portion 1330 may loop back after passing through an eyelet and may be secured to itself by another suitable connection, such as a slidable buckle or connection to one of a series of domes.

[0434] In the example shown in Fig. 8B, the head-mounted display unit 1200 comprises a pair of arms 1210 extending posteriorly from respective lateral sides of the display unit housing 1205. In other examples, the arms 1210 may be part of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 and configured for attachment to the display unit housing 1205. It will be appreciated that the arms 1210 in any of the other illustrated examples herein, may be formed as part of the head-mounted display housing, or alternatively, may form part of the positioning and stabilising structure configured for attachment to the display unit housing. The lateral strap portions 1330 are each attached to a respective one of the arms 1210. In this particular example the lateral strap portions 1330 each pass through a respective guide 1213 located proximate a posterior end of a respective arm 1210 and then pass through an eyelet proximate an anterior end of the arm 1210 before looping back and securing to itself.

[0435] The arms 1210 may be pivotably attached to the display unit housing 1205, which may advantageously allow the angle of head-mounted display unit 1200 to be adjusted to suit the user’s particular anatomy. The arms 1210 may be substantially rigid. For example, the arms 1210 may be formed of a rigid plastic material.

[0436] As indicated above, in some examples the lateral strap portions 1330 apply a force on the head-mounted display unit 1200 having a superiorly directed component. As shown in Fig. 8B, when the head-mounted display system 1000 is worn by the user, the lateral strap portions 1330 may connect to the ring strap portion 1360 at respective connection locations 1333 which are spaced superiorly from the arms 1210 (e.g. at the connection point of the arms with the head-mounted displayunit). The connection locations 1333 may also be spaced superiorly with respect to the user’s eyes in use. With this arrangement, the lateral strap portions 1330 when tensioned in use may pull the head-mounted display unit 1200 both posteriorly into engagement with the user’s face as well as partially superiorly to take up some of the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200, which may provide for a comfortable fit.

[0437] The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 further comprises a top strap portion 1340 in this particular example. The top strap portion 1340 is connected to the superior transverse strap portion 1370 and is constructed and arranged to connect to the head-mounted display unit, for example at a single location. The top strap portion 1340 may be aligned in use with the sagittal plane of the user’s head and may apply a partially posterior and partially superior force to the head-mounted display unit 1200 to both pull the head-mounted display unit into engagement with the user’s face and support some of the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200 in use, providing for a stable and comfortable fit. The top strap portion 1340 may be selectively adjustable in length in the manner described with reference to Figs. 7A-7B or elsewhere herein (e.g., by looping through an eyelet and securing to itself with a hook-and-loop or other suitable connection).

[0438] In some examples, the top strap portion 1340 is substantially non-rigid, such as floppy, flaccid or the like. In some examples the top strap portion 1340 is semi-rigid. In some examples, the top strap portion 1340 may be flexible, and in some examples the top strap portion may comprise a stiffness that is less than a stiffness of the superior transverse strap portion 1370, the lateral strap portions 1330 and / or the occipital strap portion 1320. It is to be understood that the top strap portion 1340 is optional - in some examples the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 does not comprise a top strap portion 1340.

[0439] Fig. 9 shows another example of a positioning and stabilising structure 1300 similar to those shown in Figs. 8 A and 8B. In this example the ring strap portion 1360 comprises a greater width in the superior transverse strap portion 1370 proximate the sagittal plane of the user’s head (e.g., in a medial location) compared to lateral locations such as proximate the occipital strap portion 1320. The superior transverse strap portion 1370 comprises an anterior edge and a posterior edge. In thisparticular example the anterior edge is more curved than the posterior edge to form the greater width at the medial location along the superior transverse strap portion 1370. The anterior edge curves anteriorly in lateral-to-medial directions. More particularly, the anterior edge first curves anteriorly along a lateral-to-medial direction and then curves back towards a medial direction proximate the sagittal plane of the user’s head to form a rounded anterior edge. Thus, from relatively more lateral portions, the anterior edge curves anteriorly towards a medial portion of the superior transverse strap portion 1370. In this way, a medial portion of the superior transverse strap portion configured to engage at least proximate the sagittal plane of the user’s head may form an anterior-most portion of the superior transverse strap portion. In further examples, the superior transverse strap portion 1370 may again curve anteriorly proximate the lateral strap portions 1330 to form a wider strap at the connection area with the lateral strap portions. The posterior edge may be substantially not curved anteriorly or posteriorly. The differences in curvature between the anterior edge and posterior edge may form the wider medial portion of the superior transverse strap portion 1370.

[0440] In some examples, such as those shown in Figs. 8A-9, the superior transverse strap portion 1370 and the occipital strap portion 1320 are integrally formed. For example, the ring strap portion 1360 in some examples may comprise a seamless strap forming the superior transverse strap portion 1370 and the occipital strap portion 1320. The lateral strap portions 1330 and / or top strap portion 1340 may then be attached to the ring strap portion by sewing, welding (e.g., ultrasonic welding), gluing or by another suitable manner of connection.

[0441] The ring strap portion 1360 in Fig. 9 may be semi-rigid and / or structured to substantially hold an in-use shape when not donned by the user, and may be as described with reference to Fig. 8A-8B, for example.

[0442] The various strap portions in the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 shown in Figs. 8A-9, such as the lateral strap portions 1330, top strap portion 1340, ring strap portion 1360 (e.g., superior transverse strap portion 1370 and occipital strap portion) may each comprise a textile material. In some examples any or all of these strap portions may comprise a textile outer layer (on one or both sides) and a foaminner layer. Any or all of these strap portions may comprise a textile-foam laminate for example.

[0443] In other examples of the present technology, some or all of the portions of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 may comprise materials other than or in addition to textile or textile and foam. In some examples some or all strap portions may comprise silicone, rigid plastic, foam, leather or another suitable material.

[0444] In other examples, rigidisers may be added to the lateral strap portions 1330 and / or the ring strap portion 1360 to provide for additional stability.5.4.3 Band Strap Portions

[0445] Figs. 10A and 10B show head-mounted display systems 1000 each comprising a head-mounted display unit 1200 which may be as described with reference to Figs. 7A-7B (or elsewhere herein). The head-mounted display unit 1200 may comprises a display unit housing 1205 comprising a display, and an interfacing structure 1100 connected to the display unit housing 1205 and being constructed and arranged to engage the user’s face in use.

[0446] As shown in Figs. 10A-10B, the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 in each of these examples comprises a band strap portion 1380. The band strap portion 1380 is in each of these examples constructed and arranged to encircle the user’s head in use and engage a region of the user’s head overlying the frontal bone and engage a region of the user’s head overlying or lying inferior to the occipital bone. The band strap portion 1380 engages the user’s head and provides an anchor to which other strap portions connect.

[0447] In the examples shown in Figs. 10A-10B, the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 comprises a pair of lateral strap portions 1330 connected to the band strap portion 1380 at respective lateral sides of the user’s head in use and being constructed and arranged to connect to respective lateral sides of the head-mounted display unit 1200. The lateral strap portions 1330 may be in tension in use to pull the head-mounted display unit 1200 into engagement with the user’s face. The relatively immovable band strap portion 1380 provides an anchor from which the lateral strap portions 1330 may pull the head-mounted display unit 1200 towards the user’s face.

[0448] The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 may further comprise an adjustment mechanism constructed and arranged to allow the user to selectively adjust the length of the band strap portion 1380. The band strap portion may have a pair of end portions that are connected to respective sides of the adjustment mechanism. The band strap portion may be considered to have two opposing sections each extending on opposite sides of the user’s head and intersecting the sagittal plane at two locations (one location at a posterior portion of the user’s head and one location at an anterior portion of the user’s head). The adjustment mechanism may be configured to adjust an effective length of both sections of the band strap portion simultaneously and equally such that the head-mounted display unit remains in proper alignment for viewing when the length of the band strap portion is adjusted.

[0449] As illustrated in each of Figs. 10A-10B for example, the adjustment mechanism comprises a dial adjustment mechanism 1390 comprising a dial 1392 which when turned adjusts the length of the band strap portion 1380. The dial 1392 may be a ratchet dial, for example. As illustrated, the dial 1392 is provided to the band strap portion 1380 in the region of the user’s head overlying or lying inferior to the occipital bone. More particularly, the dial 1392 is aligned with the sagittal plane of the user’s head in use (e.g., centred with respect to the user’s head in use). In other examples, the dial 1392 may be provided elsewhere, for example at a side portion of the user’s head.

[0450] In an example, as shown in Fig. 10B-1, the dial adjustment mechanism 1390 may comprise a rack and pinion assembly 1601. The dial 1392 may comprise a pinion 1602 meshed with a rack or a pair of racks connected to (e.g., within) the band strap portion 1380 such that rotation of the dial 1392 causes the racks to be pulled together or pushed apart to adjust the effective length of the band strap portion 1380.

[0451] In the illustrated example of Fig. 10B-1, the band strap portion 180 may include first and second end portions 1380(1), 1380(2) having racks 1604 extending therefrom. For example, a rack 1604 may extend from an upper portion of the first end portion 1380(1) and another rack 1604 may extend from a lower portion of the second end portion 1380(2), as those skilled in the art will understand. The pinion 1602 may be arranged to mesh with the racks 1604 of both the first and second end portions such that rotation of the pinion (via the dial 1392) will cause the end portionsof the band strap portion to be pulled towards one another (e.g., in overlapping fashion) or pushed apart to adjust the effective length of the band strap portion 1380. When the dial is rotated, the length adjustment may be equal for both end portions 1380(1), 1380(2) of the band strap portion so that the head-mounted display unit remains in proper alignment for viewing by the user.

[0452] In other examples, the dial 1392 is connected to one or more wires, cables or the like which are connected to points on the band strap portion 1380. The wires or cables may be wound around a spool connected to the dial 1392 such that rotation of the dial 1392 causes more or less of the wires or cables to be wound around the spool, adjusting the effective length of the band strap portion 1380. The dial adjustment mechanism discussed here may be applicable to the dial adjustment mechanism in any other example of this disclosure.

[0453] In other examples, the adjustment mechanism does not comprise a dial and instead comprises another suitable mechanism such as a hook-and-loop connection, magnetic connector, connections between a plurality of domes and / or adjustable buckles or the like.

[0454] The band strap portion 1380 may be at least partially rigidised (e.g., at least semi-rigid) at the region of the user’s head overlying or lying inferior to the occipital bone. This may provide for a stable fit around the back of the user’s head. The band strap portion 1380 may comprise an internal rigidiser within external layers of the band strap portion 1380 or may comprise an external rigidiser, such as provided to a non-user facing side of the strap. In further examples the entire band strap portion 1380 is rigidised in this manner.

[0455] In the examples shown in Figs. 10A-10B, the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 comprises a forehead pad 1395 attached to the band strap portion 1380 which is constructed and arranged to engage the user’s forehead. The forehead pad 1395 may comprise a cushion, for example formed from foam, silicone, gel or the like and may provide for a comfortable engagement of the band strap portion 1380 to the user’s forehead.

[0456] The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 in the illustrated examples comprises a top strap portion 1340 connected to the band strap portion 1380proximate the user’s forehead and constructed and arranged to connect to the headmounted display unit 1200. The top strap portion 1340 may be constructed and arranged to connect to the head-mounted display unit 1200, for example at a single location. The top strap portion 1340 may be aligned in use with the sagittal plane of the user’s head and may apply a partially posterior and partially superior force to the head-mounted display unit 1200 to both pull it into engagement with the user’s face and support some of the weight of the head-mounted display unit 1200 in use, providing for a stable and comfortable fit. The top strap portion 1340 may be selectively adjustable in length in the manner described with reference to Figs. 7A-7B or elsewhere herein (e.g., by looping through an eyelet and securing to itself with a hook-and-loop or other suitable connection).

[0457] In some examples, the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 does not comprise a top strap portion 1340.

[0458] The head-mounted display unit 1200 in the examples shown in Figs. 10A- 10B comprises a pair of arms 1210 provided to respective lateral sides of the headmounted display unit 1200 and the lateral strap portions 1330 are attached to the arms 1210. In other examples, the arms 1210 may be part of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 and configured for attachment to the display unit housing 1205. The arms 1210, their connection to the head-mounted display unit 1200 and the attachment of the lateral strap portions 1330 to the arms 1210 may be as described with reference to Figs. 8A-8B.

[0459] The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 in the example shown in Fig. 10B further comprises a parietal strap portion 1310 constructed and arranged to engage a region of the user’s head overlying the parietal bones. The parietal strap portion is connected to the band strap portion proximate the lateral strap portions 1330 and extends around a posterior portion of the user’s head in spaced relation to an occipital portion of the band strap portion 1380. The parietal strap portion 1310 and the occipital portion of the band strap portion work together conforming to the shape at the posterior portion of the head at relatively high and low spaced locations thereby providing a stable engagement with the user’s head. The parietal strap portion 1310 and the occipital portion of the band strap portion each functions to help stabilize the other making it less likely that either strap portion will slide in use in superior / inferiordirections when both strap portions are present. The parietal strap portion 1310 may be elastically extendable to provide for a stable and comfortable fit for a range of users. In some examples the parietal strap portion 1310 is selectively adjustable by the user.

[0460] In some examples, such as the example shown in Fig. 10A, an anterior portion (e.g., forehead portion 1387) and a posterior portion (e.g., occipital portion 1320) of the band strap portion 1380 are integrally formed. For example, the band strap portion 1380 may comprise a seamless strap encircling the user’s head and comprising a forehead portion and an occipital strap portion, save for any joint at the adjustment mechanism. The lateral strap portions 1330 and / or top strap portion 1340 may then be attached to the band strap portion by sewing, welding (e.g., ultrasonic welding), gluing or by another suitable manner of connection. In the Fig. 10A example, the lateral strap portions 1330 are also integrally formed with the band strap portion 1380. In the Fig. 10B example, the lateral strap portions 1330, parietal strap portion 1310 and posterior / occipital portion of the band strap portion 1380 are integrally formed, and the anterior / forehead portion of the band strap portion 1380 is attached by sewing, welding, gluing or another suitable manner of connection.

[0461] The various strap portions in the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 shown in Figs. 10A and 10B such as the band strap portion 1380, lateral strap portions 1330, top strap portion 1340 and parietal strap portion 1310 may each comprise a textile material. In some examples any or all of these strap portions may comprise a textile outer layer (on one or both sides) and a foam inner layer. Any or all of these strap portions may comprise a textile-foam laminate for example.

[0462] In other examples of the present technology, some or all of the portions of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 may comprise materials other than or in addition to textile or textile and foam. In some examples some or all strap portions may comprise silicone, rigid plastic, foam, leather or another suitable material.

[0463] In other examples, rigidisers may be added to the lateral strap portions 1330, parietal strap portion 1310 and / or the anterior portion of the band strap portion 1380 to provide for additional stability.5.5 TEXTILE STRUCTURES AND COMPOSITION

[0464] Described below are various examples of strap portions suitable for use in headgear of or forming a positioning and stabilising structure 1300 according to examples of the present technology. Various examples of strap constructions and compositions are disclosed below, each of which is to be understood to be applicable to any portion of any of the positioning and stabilising structures 1300 described with reference to Figs. 7A to 10B-1.

[0465] In accordance with examples of this disclosure, headgear (e.g., a headgear strap) may be formed with physical properties and / or characteristics that vary across the headgear and / or portions thereof. The entire headgear or portions of the headgear may be formed as a single piece of textile material directly into its final shape. In examples, the variations in physical properties and / or characteristics may be provided by different textile structures, textile composition and / or combinations thereof.

[0466] The headgear may be formed by knitting (e.g., flat knitting or circular knitting, however other forms of knitting may also be possible) and / or weaving. In accordance with examples of the disclosed technology, headgear may be formed using narrow elastic technology on a jacquard Raschel machine or Santoni machine (Jacquardtronic 3D knitting). Additionally, a double needle bar machine for 4D knitted fabrics, spacer fabrics and double layer fabrics may be used. Headgear may be formed with a unitary, seamless structure.

[0467] In examples, the headgear may be formed primarily from multiple yarns that are mechanically manipulated either through an interlooping process (e.g., knitting) or a weaving process to produce a single unitary structure having various sections with different physical properties. Monofilaments and multifilament yarns may be used.

[0468] A measure of stretchability may be referred to by an amount of force required to elongate a material by a certain length; thus, a first material having increased stretchability (as compared to a second material) may require less force to elongate the material a certain length as compared to the second material.

[0469] Rigidity may refer to the relative stiffness of the textile or headgear in relation to bending in and out of planes (e.g., the planes extending in the lengthwise direction and height direction (also referred to as width) of the headgear). A textile with higher rigidity will have relatively increased resistance (less compliancy) tobending out of plane. An increase in rigidity may also result in reduced stretchability. It is also noted that the inverse of stiffness is flexibility.

[0470] In examples, the headgear may be formed as a unitary one-piece structure comprising a number of different textile structures used alternatively or in combination (e.g., a knit structure, a woven structure, different types of knit structures, different types of woven structures). The textile structures may vary across various sections and / or areas of the headgear. The various textile structures may impart the headgear with variations in physical properties or characteristics - e.g., cushioning ability, thickness, stretch, stretch-resistance, directional stretch, certain elongation ranges, elasticity, elastic recovery, rigidity, stiffness, porosity, breathability, stability, layering - across the sections and / or areas of the headgear. That is, the headgear (or portions thereof) may have a composite textile structure (i.e., a textile formation pattern across the headgear (or portions thereof)) that includes different textile structures.

[0471] Additionally, textile composition (e.g., material composition, yam count) may vary across the headgear to customize physical properties and / or characteristics of the headgear, e.g., stretch, rigidity, stiffness, elasticity, elastic recovery, porosity, cushioning level, thickness, weight, and / or bulk, etc.

[0472] The headgear may be comprised of one or more suitable materials (e.g., fibers or filaments of nylon, polyester, cotton, recycled polyester, recycled nylon, and any blend thereof, such as polyester and cotton blend, and nylon and polyester blend. Any of these materials may be mixed with a stretch fiber (e.g., nylon and stretch fiber mix)). The stretch fiber could be, for example, elastane or spandex. A material such as nylon may be provided over a stretch fiber core (e.g., elastane) to provide a nylon / elastane mix fiber. The material composition of the headgear may vary across the headgear in order to alter physical properties and / or characteristics (e.g., stretch, rigidity, elastic recovery, etc.) of the headgear in different portions, sections and / or areas of the headgear. For example, the ratio of different yarn materials may be different in different portions of the headgear in order to vary stretch and / or rigidity (or other properties). In an example, the ratio of stretch fiber (e.g., elastane) in the yarns may vary from one portion of the headgear to another portion, such that areas with a higher elastane ratio may have increased stretchability. For example, some yarns may not comprise any stretch fibers, whereas other yarns may comprise astretch fiber with a single-layer covering of another material (e.g., nylon) or a doublelayer covering of another material (e.g., nylon) to adjust stretchability as desired.

[0473] Further, in some examples, the yam count (i.e., denier (D) or liner density of the yarn) may vary across the headgear in order to alter physical properties and / or characteristics (e.g., cushioning level, thickness, stretch, rigidity, elastic recovery, porosity, etc.) of the headgear in different portions, sections and / or areas of the headgear. In an example, an area of the headgear having yarn(s) with relatively high denier may be thicker, have increased rigidity and / or reduced stretchability. Thus, portions of the headgear having yam(s) with relatively lower denier may be thinner, have a smoother surface texture, have increased elasticity and have increased elastic recovery. Also, in some examples multiple yarns (e.g., 2, 3 or 4 yarns) having different denier may be used in the same area of the headgear to tailor physical properties as desired. However, as noted above, the textile structure and material composition will also influence the physical properties and characteristics of the headgear.

[0474] Additionally, in some examples, the headgear may include one or more rigidizers that are structured to add rigidity, stiffness, form and / or stability to the headgear. For example, the headgear may be formed with a thermosetting, thermo- fusible, or thermo-bondable yam or thread, e.g., made from polymers such as copolyamides, co-polyester, and polyolefins. That is, the rigidizing yarn may have a lower melt temperature (e.g., in the range of 80° to 160°) than other yams. The headgear may be placed in a frame to hold the headgear in place, and then the headgear may be heated and cooled to heat-form, rigidize and set the rigidizing yam.

[0475] The percentage of rigidizing yam (i.e., percentage of the yam in a particular area that is rigidizing yarn vs. non-rigidizing yam) may vary across the headgear, such that a first area of the headgear may have a higher or lower percentage of rigidizing yam as compared to a second area of the headgear. In this way, the level of rigidity (and / or stretchability) may be controlled in different areas of the headgear. That is, areas with a relatively higher percentage of rigidizing yarn may achieve a higher level of rigidity (and reduced stretchability) once heated and cooled during the rigidizing process (it is noted that the rigidizing yarn will tend to reduce stretchability of the headgear, e.g., in some examples maintaining some stretchabilty and in other examples eliminating stretchability such that the headgear portion is non-stretchable). It is further noted that multiple areas (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more areas) of the headgearmay have different percentages of the rigidizing yarn to tailor the rigidity and / or stretchability of the headgear as desired.

[0476] Additionally, the percentage of rigidizing yarn may be varied across the headgear, in addition to variations in the textile structure, material composition, and yarn count, as described above, to achieve desired properties and / or characteristics in certain areas of the headgear.

[0477] Thus, the textile composition may be varied across the headgear, in addition to variations in the textile structure as described above, to achieve desired properties and / or characteristics in certain areas of the headgear.

[0478] Turning to Fig. 11 A, a schematic representation of a ribbed textile structure 3390 is shown. The ribbed textile structure is in a stretched or extended state due to a force (e.g. tension) being applied to the textile. The ribbed textile structure 3390 may provide a high degree of stretchability that is attributable to the textile structure rather than the yarn type (e.g., relatively high stretchability is achievable without use of elastane if desired). The ribbed textile structure 3390 may have increased stretchability as compared to other textile structures (e.g., jersey knit structure, honeycomb knit structure, mesh knit structure, pique knit structure, interlock knit structure, and plain weave, etc.). As is described in detail elsewhere herein, an orientation of the rib structure can be adjusted (e.g., vertical orientation, horizontal orientation) to orient the primary stretch direction as desired (e.g., along the length of the headgear or along a width (or height) of the headgear). However, when the textile is relaxed and under no strain, the textile tends to contract, as shown in Fig. 1 IB. Since the ribbed textile structure tends to naturally contract when no force is applied, the ribbed textile structure may have excellent elastic recovery / rebound (e.g., increased elastic recovery as compared to other knit structures (e.g., jersey knit structure, honeycomb knit structure, mesh knit structure, pique knit structure, interlock knit structure, and plain weave, etc.)). This is also advantageous since the headgear may have a smaller profile when not in use thereby making it easier to store or travel with the headgear.

[0479] In examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may include a monofilament. In some examples, the monofilament may be constructed (e.g., of relatively rigid material) to reduce stretchability (increase rigidity), and in other examples, the monofilament may be constructed (e.g., of relatively elastic material) to increase stretchability / elastic properties.

[0480] Referring to Fig. 12A-1, a cross-sectional view of a ribbed textile structure 3390 according to an example of the present technology is shown. The ribbed textile structure 3390 may be a rib knit structure (e.g., 1x1, 2x2, 2x1, etc. rib knit) or a ribbed woven structure (e.g., ribbed weave), for example. The ribbed textile structure 3390 may have protrusions 3392 and recesses 3394 on both the technical back and the technical face. For example, the technical back of the textile structure may be a user-contacting layer, and the technical face of the textile may be a layer which is outwardly facing with respect to the user in use.

[0481] In another example, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may be a spacer fabric with rib structure (e.g., a ribbed spacer fabric 3380 where the inner layer 3382 and the outer layer 3384 of the spacer fabric have a rib knit structure and are connected by an inner layer of (spacer) pile threads 3386), as shown in Fig. 12A-2. The thickness of the ribbed spacer fabric 3380 may be adjusted by altering the length of the pile threads 3386. In some examples, the spacer fabric 3380 may have increased cushioning as compared to some other textile structures (e.g., single knits). Further, the thickness of the ribbed spacer fabric 3380 vary across the headgear providing thicker more cushioned areas along desired portions of the headgear. Thus, the ribbed spacer fabric 3380 may provide a combination of increased stretchability and increased cushioning as compared to other textile structures.

[0482] Figs. 12B-1 and 12B-2 show a ribbed textile structure 3390 that has repeating rows of protrusions formed as hollow portions. This textile structure may be referred to as a hollow ribbed textile structure 3393, e.g., a hollow rib knit or a hollow rib weave (these textile structures may also be referred to as tubular rib knit and tubular rib weave, respectively). The hollow ribbed textile structure 3393 has a technical face and technical back formed by alternating rows of hollow portions 3395 and recessed portions 3397. As shown in Fig. 12B-1, the hollow portions 3395 may be formed as tubular shaped textile formations with a hollow interior. As can be seen in Fig. 12B-2, the hollow portions 3395 create protrusions on both sides of the textile, whereas the recessed portions 3397 form recesses between adjacent hollow portions. Superior and inferior edges of the hollow ribbed textile structure 3393 may be capped with piping 3398 such that the hollow interior portions are not exposed.

[0483] The protrusions formed by the hollow portions 3395 may provide the hollow ribbed textile structure with an increased thickness d, as compared to othertextile structures (e.g., jersey knit structure, honeycomb knit structure, mesh knit structure, pique knit structure, interlock knit structure, and plain weave, etc.). Even as compared to ribbed structures without hollow portions, such as the ribbed textile structure 3390 shown in Fig. 12A-1, a height of the hollow portions 3395 from a central plane 3396 will typically be greater than a height of the protrusions 3392 from a similar plane. Thus, the increased thickness d and the empty interior space created by the hollow portions 3395 may allow the hollow ribbed textile structure 3393 to compress a further distance (i.e., as compared to the other textile structures) in the thickness direction of the headgear in response to headgear tension, which may reduce pressure points and enhance comfort. In this way, the hollow ribbed textile structure 3393 may provide greater compliance (e.g. providing enhanced cushioning to the user), as compared to the other textile structures. Additionally, the recessed portions 3397 may allow airflow in an area between the headgear and user’s head which may enhance breathability, cooling and overall comfort.

[0484] It is also noted that a first section or portion of the headgear may have a different textile structure than other sections / portions (e.g., second, third, etc. sections or portions of the headgear). For example, a knit structure and a woven structure can be considered different textile structures. Also, a ribbed structure (e.g., rib knit or ribbed weave) and a non-ribbed structure (e.g., jersey knit structure, mesh knit structure, pique knit structure, interlock knit structure, and plain weave) can be considered different textile structures. Similarly, different types of textile structures, such as knit and interlock, or mesh and pique, can also be considered different textile structures. In addition to different types of textile structures, a rib knit having, e.g., a 1x1 construction, can also be considered a different textile structure than a rib knit having a different construction (e.g., a 2x1 construction).5.5.1 Illustrated Examples of Headgear and Headgear Straps

[0485] In the illustrated examples that follow, the headgear or headgear strap may include a ribbed textile structure 3390. It is noted that the ribbed textile structure 3390 could, for example, be a rib knit structure (e.g., 1x1, 2x2, 2x1), a ribbed woven structure, a ribbed spacer fabric 3380, or a hollow ribbed textile structure 3393 (e.g., a hollow rib knit or a hollow rib weave), having properties and features as described elsewhere herein. Features described with respect to one illustrated example may be applicable to other examples. For the sake of brevity, the discussion of a particularillustrated example may only describe differences in that illustrated example as compared to other examples. For illustrated examples where the side portions 3312 are not depicted, it is to be understood that the side portions may be the same as described with respect to Fig. 13, or may have a different construction, shape or configuration. Additionally, although the side portions 3312 may be connected to the central portion 3314 with a seam, the entire headgear strap 3315 (or portions thereof) may be formed in one-piece directly into its final shape in other examples. It is to be understood that any ribbed textile structure 3390 described herein may be provided to any portion of any headgear strap or portion of a positioning and stabilising structure 3300 described herein.

[0486] Referring to Fig. 13, the central portion 3314 of headgear strap 3315 has a bifurcated construction. A headgear strap 3315 with this bifurcated construction may be configured to engage a posterior portion of the user’s head in use and may include a superior strap portion 3316 and an inferior strap portion 3318, wherein the superior strap portion 3316 is configured to sit higher, or in a more superior position on the user’s head than the inferior strap portion 3318. In other examples, the headgear strap 3315 may not be bifurcated and the superior strap portion 3316 and inferior strap portion 3318 may be adjacent to each other with separation / spacing between them. Such a non-bifurcated strap 3315 may be configured to engage any of a posterior, superior or anterior portion of the user’s head in use. In the Fig. 13 example, the central portion 3314 includes a ribbed textile structure 3390 in a vertical orientation extending over both the superior strap portion 3316 and the inferior strap portion 3318 which are separated by slit 3313 to create multi-level stretch across the central section 3317 which, advantageously, may facilitate stretch across differently shaped portions of the user’ s head. Due to the vertical orientation, the ribbed textile structure may have greater stretchability in the length direction of the headgear strap as compared to stretchability in the width direction of the headgear strap. This may allow the headgear strap to comfortably accommodate a range of head sizes by stretching comfortably around the central portion of the user’s head. This arrangement also provides the headgear strap with good bending stiffness such that the headgear strap comfortably accommodates curvature of the user’ s head without succumbing to excessive deformation. While reference is made to “vertical” in the above paragraph describing Fig. 13, in an example in which the strap 3315 engages a superior portion of the user’s head, the ribs of the ribbed textile structure 3390 may extend in anterior-posterior directions in use. In examples in which the strap 3315 engages an anterior portion of the user’s head, e.g. overlying the frontal bone (e.g. on the forehead), the ribs of the ribbed textile structure 3390 may extend partially horizontally and partially vertically.

[0487] In other examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may include Jacquard sophisticated geometry, Jacquard Scotweave graphic, diamond weave, and / or basic weave structure (e.g., double-warp technique (2 warps, 1 weft) or triple warp technique (3 warps, 1 weft). These textile structures may be configured to create 3- dimensional technical effects that may form a raised profile that enhances cushioning (e.g. greater compliance and / or perceived softness).

[0488] In other examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may include tubular cord, open-worked twill weave in the weft direction, regular zig-zags in the warp direction, uniform ridge twill, balanced twills, and / or multiple-ridge twills.

[0489] In the illustrated example of Fig. 13, the entire central portion 3314 has the same textile structure. In other examples, the textile structure may vary across the central portion. For example, the lateral sections 3319 may have a different textile structure than the central section 3317. In other examples, the superior strap portion 3316 may have a different textile structure than the inferior strap portion 3318.

[0490] The side portions 3312 may be configured to have less stretch and less cushioning as compared to the central portion 3314, e.g., due to different textile structures and / or different textile composition. In examples, the side portions 3312 may have a textile structure that includes pique, mesh, interlock, honeycomb, and / or plain jersey. In other examples, some section(s) of the side portions 3312 may have a textile structure that includes pique, mesh, interlock, honeycomb, and / or plain jersey and other section(s) of the side portions 3312 may have a textile structure that includes rib knit or weave (e.g., plain weave, ribbed weave, hollow rib weave). Additionally, the side portions may include a rigidizer to impart rigidity to the side portions. In some examples, the rigidizer may be a thermo-fusible yarn.

[0491] In further examples, the side portions 3312 may form sleeves having hollow interior portions that receive rigidizers (e.g., relatively rigid elongate materials such as plastic (e.g., rigidizer arms)) to impart rigidity to the side portions. In such examples, the rigidizer arms may connect directly to the head-mounted display unit 1200.

[0492] Fig. 14A is a schematic representation of the central portion 3314 of another headgear strap 3315. Similar to the example in Fig. 13, the central portion 3314 includes a ribbed textile structure 3390 in a vertical orientation. However, in this example, the ribbed textile structure 3390 is provided to only the central section 3317 and not the lateral sections 3319. Thus, the stretch and cushioning in the superior strap portion 3316 and the inferior strap portion 3318 may be the same. The lateral sections 3319 may have a textile structure that is the same as the textile structure of the side portions 3312 as described above with regard to Fig. 13. Thus, the central section 3317 may be configured to have increased stretch and / or increased cushioning as compared to the lateral sections 3319. In examples, the central section 3317 may have warp elongation (i.e., lengthwise direction of headgear strap) in the range of 160%- 200%, and the lateral sections 3319 may have warp elongation in the range of 110%- 150%.

[0493] Fig. 14B is a schematic representation of the rear portion 3314 of the headgear strap 3315 according to another example. Similar to the example of Fig 14A, the rear portion 3314 includes a ribbed textile structure 3390 in a vertical orientation, although this depends on the orientation of the strap 3315 in use and, as described in relation to the other examples, this may alternatively be a ribbed textile structure 3390 in a horizontal orientation. In this example the slit 3313 comprises one or more monofilament or multifilament yams, which may for example form a mesh structure 3321 having one or more open spaces between the yarns. The mesh structure 3321 may join the superior portion 3316 to the inferior portion 3318. The mesh structure may have open spaces of between 1mm2and 100mm2inclusive, such as approximately 25mm2. In some examples, the mesh structure may be an eyelet mesh, or a pique mesh. In some examples the open spaces may have a quadrilateral shape, such as being substantially square, rectangular, diamond (including diamond meshes and thickened diamond structures, tetragonal, octagonal, triangular, dodecagonal, circular or a rhombus shape. For example, the mesh may include a biaxial four-thread square, biaxial six-thread square or four-axial six thread square shape. In some examples the mesh structure may be substantially irregular, such as an irregular hexagonal shape.

[0494] The monofilament or multifilament yarns may be constructed of any suitable material including nylon, polyester, polypropylene, silk, acrylic andfluorocarbon materials. Depending on the strap requirements, the monofilament or multifilament yams may be selected to provide desirable stretch or extensibility characteristics. For example, less extensible materials or thicker yams may be used to limit the stretch or extensibility characteristics in certain regions of the headgear, or conversely, thinner more extensible material may be used to provide greater stretch or extensibility characteristics.

[0495] In the illustrated example the mesh structure 3321 comprises a series of overlapping yams in provided at an angle with respect to the vertical or inferiorsuperior direction of the headgear strap 3315. For example, each of the yams may be provided at between 60 degrees and -60 degrees inclusive with respect to the vertical or inferior- superior direction, such as approximately 45 degrees. It should be appreciated that the angle of the yams may be structured to control or limit the extension of the central section 3317. For example, using monofilament or multifilament yams in a substantially vertical orientation may be used to limit the separation of the superior strap portion 3316 from the inferior strap portion 3318, i.e, in the weft direction, while not limiting the extension in the lengthwise or warp direction. Conversely, using monofilament or multifilament yarns in a substantially horizontal orientation may be used to limit the extension in the lengthwise or warp direction, while not limiting the separation of the superior strap portion 3316 from the inferior strap portion 3318, i.e., in the weft direction. Accordingly, angles between vertical and horizontal, such as between 60 degrees and -60 degrees inclusive with respect to the vertical or inferior-superior direction, can be used to adjust the warp and weft elongation characteristics of the headgear strap 3315.

[0496] The use of a mesh structure 3321 may advantageously provide headgear straps 3315 which are more comfortable, flexible or breathable. In addition, the mesh structure 3321 may be used to control or limit the extensibility characteristics of any one or more of the straps described herein, for example while maintaining high compliance benefits of the ribbed textile stmcture 3390, although this should not be seen as limiting.

[0497] The mesh structure 3321 may be attached to the central 3317 and or lateral sections 3319 using any suitable methods such as stitching, using adhesives, heat sealing, or ultrasonically welding. In another example the mesh structure 3321 may be positioned between an inner, user contacting layer, and an outer non user contacting layer of the headgear strap 3315.

[0498] The ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to the superior strap portion 3316 of the rear portion 3314 of a headgear strap 3315. Referring to Fig. 15, the ribbed textile structure 3390 is provided only to the superior strap portion 3316. All other areas (e.g., inferior strap portion 3318 and lateral sections 3319) of the central portion 3314 may have a textile structure that is the same as the textile structure of the side portions 3312 as described above with regard to Fig. 13. Thus, the superior strap portion 3316 may have increased stretch and / or increased cushioning as compared to the other areas of the central portion 3314. In examples, the superior strap portion 3316 may have warp elongation in the range of 160%- 200%, and the inferior strap portion 3318 and lateral sections 3319 may have warp elongation in the range of 110%-150%.

[0499] The ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to the inferior strap portion 3318 of the rear portion 3314 of a headgear strap 3315. Referring to Fig. 16, the ribbed textile structure 3390 extends only along the inferior strap portion 3318. All other areas (e.g., superior strap portion 3316 and lateral sections 3319) of the central portion 3314 may have a textile structure that is the same as the textile structure of the side portions 3312 as described above with regard to Fig. 13. Thus, the inferior strap portion 3318 may have increased stretch and / or increased cushioning as compared to the other areas of the central portion. In examples, the inferior strap portion 3318 may have warp elongation in the range of 160%-200%, and the superior strap portion 3316 and lateral sections 3319 may have warp elongation in the range of 110%- 150%.

[0500] The example in Fig. 17 is similar to the example in Fig. 15, except that the ribbed textile structure 3390 is provided to the superior strap portion 3316 as well as upper portions 3322 of the lateral sections 3319. All other areas (e.g., inferior strap portion 3318 and lower portions 3324 of the lateral sections 3319) may have a textile structure that is the same as the textile structure of the side portions 3312 as described above with regard to Fig. 13. Thus, the superior strap portion 3316 and the upper portions 3322 may have increased stretch and / or increased cushioning as compared to the other areas of the central portion. This may provide enhanced conformity and shaping in specific areas (e.g., areas of the user’s head corresponding to the superior strap portion 3316 and upper portions 3322) of the headgear strap), as well as better accommodation for various head sizes. In examples, the superior strap portion 3316and upper portions 3322 may have warp elongation in the range of 160%-200%, and the inferior strap portion 3318 and lower portions 3324 may have warp elongation in the range of 110%- 150%.

[0501] The example in Fig. 18 is similar to the example in Fig. 16, except that the ribbed textile structure 3390 is provided to the inferior strap portion 3318 as well as lower portions 3324 of the lateral sections 3319. All other areas (e.g., superior strap portion 3316 and upper portions 3322 of the lateral sections 3319) may have a textile structure that is the same as the textile structure of the side portions 3312 as described above with regard to Fig. 13. Thus, the inferior strap portion 3318 and the lower portions 3324 may have increased stretch and / or increased cushioning as compared to the other areas of the central portion. This may provide enhanced conformity and shaping in specific areas (e.g., areas of the user’s head corresponding to the inferior strap portion 3318 and lower portions 3324) of the headgear strap), as well as better accommodation for various head sizes. In examples, the inferior strap portion 3318 and lower portions 3324 may have warp elongation in the range of 160%-200%, and the superior strap portion 3316 and upper portions 3322 may have warp elongation in the range of 110%- 150%.

[0502] The example in Fig. 19 is similar to the example in Fig. 13, except that the ribs in the ribbed textile structure 3390 extend in a lateral to contra-lateral direction in use, or otherwise have a horizontal orientation. Due to the horizontal orientation, the ribbed textile structure may have increased stretchability in the width (e.g. height) direction of the headgear strap 3315 as compared to stretchability in the with direction of the vertically oriented ribbed textile structure in Fig. 13. This may allow the headgear strap to comfortably accommodate a range of head sizes by stretching in the width direction as needed. In examples, the central portion 3314 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%- 150% and weft (width direction) elongation in the range of 20%-100% depending on the width of the central portion 3314, as shown in Fig. 19.

[0503] Referring to Fig. 20, the ribbed textile structure 3390 (horizontally oriented) extends only along the superior strap portion 3316. All other areas (e.g., inferior strap portion 3318 and lateral sections 3319) of the central portion 3314 may have a textile structure that is the same as the textile structure of the side portions 3312 as described above with regard to Fig. 13. Thus, the superior strap portion 3316may have increased stretch in the width direction and / or increased cushioning as compared to the other areas of the central portion. In examples, the central portion 3314 may be configured such that the warp elongation of the inferior strap portion 3318 and the lateral sections 3319 is the same as the warp elongation of the superior strap portion 3316. By this arrangement, the central portion 3314 may have uniform lengthwise stretchability, whereas the superior strap portion 3316 may have increased stretchability in the width direction to accommodate a range of head sizes. If necessary, the textile composition of the superior strap portion 3316 and / or the other areas of the central portion may be altered (e.g., addition of stretch fiber, use of monofilament or rigidizing yams) to achieve the same warp elongation for the inferior strap portion 3318 (and lateral sections 3319) and the superior strap portion 3316. In examples, the superior strap portion 3316 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%-150% and weft elongation in the range of 20%-100% depending on the width of the superior strap portion 3316, and the inferior strap portion 3318 and lateral sections 3319 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%-150%.

[0504] Referring to Fig. 21, the ribbed textile structure 3390 (horizontally oriented) extends only along the inferior strap portion 3318. All other areas (e.g., superior strap portion 3316 and lateral sections 3319) of the central portion 3314 may have a textile structure that is the same as the textile structure of the side portions 3312 as described above with regard to Fig. 13. Thus, the inferior strap portion 3318 may have increased stretch in the width direction and / or increased cushioning as compared to the other areas of the central portion. In examples, the central portion 3314 may be configured such that the warp elongation of the superior strap portion 3316 and the lateral sections 3319 is the same as the warp elongation of the inferior strap portion 3318. By this arrangement, the central portion 3314 may have uniform lengthwise stretchability, whereas the inferior strap portion 3318 may have increased stretchability in the width direction to accommodate a range of head sizes. If necessary, the textile composition of the inferior strap portion 3318 and / or the other areas of the central portion may be altered (e.g., addition of stretch fiber, use of monofilament or rigidizing yams) to achieve the same warp elongation for the superior strap portion 3316 (and lateral sections 3319) and the inferior strap portion 3318. In examples, the inferior strap portion 3318 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%-150% and weft elongation in the range of 20%-100% depending onthe width of the inferior strap portion 3318, and the superior strap portion 3316 and lateral sections 3319 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%- 150%.

[0505] The example in Fig. 22 is similar to the example in Fig. 20, except that the ribbed textile structure 3390 extends across or forms the superior strap portion 3316 as well as upper portions 3322 of the lateral sections 3319. All other areas (e.g., inferior strap portion 3318 and lower portions 3324 of the lateral sections 3319) may have a textile structure that is the same as the textile structure of the side portions 3312 as described above with regard to Fig. 13. Thus, the superior strap portion 3316 and the upper portions 3322 may have increased stretch in the width direction and / or increased cushioning as compared to the other areas of the central portion. This may provide enhanced comfort and a snug fit that stays in place while providing the ability to stretch in the width direction to comfortably accommodate different head shapes and sizes. In examples, the superior strap portion 3316 and upper portions 3322 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%- 150% and weft elongation in the range of 20%-150% depending on the width of the superior strap portion and upper portions 3322, and the inferior strap portion 3318 and lower portions 3324 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%- 150%.

[0506] Th example in Fig. 23 is similar to the example in Fig. 21, except that the ribbed textile structure 3390 extends across or forms the inferior strap portion 3318 as well as lower portions 3324 of the lateral sections 3319. All other areas (e.g., superior strap portion 3316 and upper portions 3322 of the lateral sections 3319) may have a textile structure that is the same as the textile structure of the side portions 3312 as described above with regard to Fig. 13. Thus, the inferior strap portion 3318 and the lower portions 3324 may have increased stretch in the width direction and / or increased cushioning as compared to the other areas of the central portion. This may provide enhanced comfort and a snug fit that stays in place while providing the ability to stretch in the width direction to comfortably accommodate different head shapes and sizes. In examples, the inferior strap portion 3318 and lower portions 3324 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%- 150% and weft elongation in the range of 20%-150% depending on the width of the inferior strap portion 3318 and lower portions 3324, and the superior strap portion 3316 and upper portions 3322 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%-150%.

[0507] Turning to Fig. 24, the central portion 3314 of headgear strap 3315 may include an inner portion 3334 that surrounds (or at least partially surrounds) the slit3313 and an outer portion 3336 that is disposed between the inner portion 3334 and the superior and inferior edges 3372, 3374 of the central portion 3314 (e.g., the outer portion 3336 surrounds (or at least partially surrounds) the inner portion 3334). The inner portion 3334 may have an oval or elliptical shape and may extend to the side portions 3312. The inner portion 3334 and the outer portion 3336 may have different physical properties and / or characteristics. For example, the inner portion may have different stretchability as compared to the outer portion (e.g., due to differing textile structures and / or textile composition). In the illustrated example of Fig. 24, the inner portion 3334 may have increased lengthwise stretchability as compared to the outer portion 3336. The inner portion 3334 may include a ribbed textile structure 3390 in a vertical orientation to enhance stretchability in the lengthwise direction. A suitable yarn count for the inner portion 3334 may be in the range of 50-140 denier (D) (e.g., 60-120D, 70-110D, 80-100D, 60-90D, or 100-140D). The outer portion 3336 may have a textile structure that includes interlock, plain jersey, pique, pearl knit, waffle knit, plain weave, twill weave, adjacent weaves, and / or satin weave, etc.) to minimize stretch relative to the inner portion 3334, e.g. to provide lesser extension stiffness / elasticity in the outer portion 3336 than in the inner portion 3334. In some examples, the outer portion 3336 may include a ribbed textile structure 3390 (e.g., a rib knit, e.g., 1x1) or hollow ribbed textile structure 3393, and if necessary, the textile composition of the inner portion 3334 and / or the outer portion 3336 may be altered (e.g., addition of stretch fiber, use of monofilament or rigidizing yams) to achieve the desired stretch arrangement (i.e., the inner portion 3334 having increased stretchability as compared to the outer portion 3336). A suitable yarn count for the outer portion 3336 may be in the range of 70-200D (e.g., 90-180D, 110-160D, DO- MOD, 90-130D, or 13O-18OD). The arrangement of the inner portion and the outer portion may help the headgear strap comfortably conform to the user’s head while staying in place on the user’s head in use. This arrangement may also help prevent the headgear strap from folding during use. In examples, the inner portion 3334 may have warp elongation in the range of 160% -200%, and the outer portion 3336 may have warp elongation in the range of 75%-150%.

[0508] The example in Fig. 25 is similar to the example in Fig. 24, except that arrangement of the textile structures for the inner portion 3334 and the outer portion 3336 is opposite to that in Fig. 24. That is, in Fig. 25, the outer portion 3336 includesthe ribbed textile structure 3390 in vertical orientation to enhance relative stretchability of the outer portion (as compared to the inner portion) in the lengthwise direction. The inner portion 3334 may include the same textile structure described above for the outer portion 3336 in Fig. 24. This arrangement (e.g., the relatively higher stretch along the superior and inferior edges 3372, 3374 of the headgear strap 3315) may help to prevent the headgear strap from shrinking or reducing in size over the period of use. In examples, the inner portion 3334 may have warp elongation in the range of 75%-150%, and the outer portion may have warp elongation in the range of 160%-200%.

[0509] The example in Fig. 26 is similar to the example in Fig. 24, except that the ribbed textile structure 3390 of the inner portion 3334 is oriented horizontally. Thus, the inner portion 3334 may have increased stretchability in the width direction as compared to the outer portion. In examples, the inner portion 3334 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%-150% and weft elongation in the range of 20%-150% depending on the width of the inner portion, and the outer portion 3336 may have warp elongation in the range of 75%-150%.

[0510] The example in Fig. 27 is similar to the example in Fig. 25, except that the ribbed textile structure 3390 of the outer portion 3336 is oriented horizontally. Thus, the outer portion 3336 may have increased stretchability in the width direction as compared to the inner portion. In examples, the inner portion 3334 may have warp elongation in the range of 75%-150%, and the outer portion 3336 may have warp elongation in the range of 100%-150% and weft elongation in the range of 20%-150% depending on the width of the outer portion 3336.

[0511] The example in Fig. 28 is similar to the example in Fig. 13, except that the slit 3313 is eliminated such that the entire central portion 3314 moves together as a unitary piece and, for example, may be formed with unitary construction.

[0512] The example in Fig. 29 is similar to the example in Fig. 19, except that the slit 3313 is eliminated such that the entire central portion 3314 moves together as a unitary piece and, for example, may be formed with unitary construction.

[0513] The example in Fig. 30 is similar to the example in Fig. 24, except that the slit 3313 is eliminated such that the entire central portion 3314 moves together as a unitary piece. The warp elongation of the inner portion 3334 in the Fig. 30 example may be reduced as compared to the Fig. 24 example. In examples according to Fig.30, the inner portion 3334 may have warp elongation in the range of 110%-200%, and the outer portion 3336 may have warp elongation in the range of 50%-75%.

[0514] The example in Fig. 31 A is similar to the example in Fig. 25, except that the slit 3313 is eliminated such that the entire central portion 3314 moves together as a unitary piece. The warp elongation of the inner portion 3334 in the Fig. 31A example may be reduced as compared to the Fig. 25 example. In examples according to Fig. 31 A, the inner portion 3334 may have warp elongation in the range of 50%- 75%, and the outer portion 3336 may have warp elongation in the range of 110%- 200%.

[0515] The example in Fig. 3 IB is similar to the example in Fig. 31 A, except that the inner portion 3334 is provided with a mesh structure 3321 as described elsewhere herein, such as with reference to Fig. 14B. In some examples the mesh structure 3321 is configured to leave the overall extensibility of the outer portion 3336 substantially unaffected, and instead the mesh structure 3321 provides the central portion 3314 with an inner portion which is more breathable than the example of Fig. 31 A.

[0516] In other examples the selection of monofilament or multifilament yams in the mesh structure 3321 may be used to control or adjust the warp and weft elongation in the central portion 3314 as described herein. For example the thickness, material selection or angles of the yarns may be used to limit or otherwise alter the warp and weft elongation characteristics.

[0517] In the illustrated example the mesh structure 3321 comprises a series of overlapping yams provided at an angle with respect to the vertical or inferior- superior direction of the headgear strap 3315. For example, each of the yarns may be provided at between 60 degrees and -60 degrees inclusive with respect to the vertical or inferior- superior direction, such as approximately 45 degrees. It should be appreciated that the angle of the yarns may be structured to control or limit the extension of the inner portion 3334.

[0518] The example in Fig. 32A is similar to the example in Fig. 27, except that the slit 3313 is eliminated such that the entire central portion 3314 moves together as a unitary piece. The warp elongation of the inner portion 3334 in the Fig. 32A example may be reduced as compared to the Fig. 27 example. In examples according to Fig. 32A, the inner portion 3334 may have warp elongation in the range of 50%- 75%, and the outer portion 3336 may have warp elongation in the range of 110%- 200%.

[0519] The example in Fig. 32B is similar to the example in Fig. 32A, except that the inner portion 3334 is provided with a mesh structure 3321 as described elsewhere herein, such as with reference to Fig. 14B. In one example the mesh structure 3321 is configured to leave the overall extensibility of the outer portion 3336 substantially unaffected, and instead the mesh structure 3321 provides the central portion 3314 with an inner portion which is more breathable than the example of Fig. 32A.

[0520] In other examples the selection of monofilament or multifilament yams in the mesh structure 3321 may be used to control or adjust the warp and weft elongation in the central portion 3314 as described herein. For example the thickness, material selection or angles of the yarns may be used to limit or otherwise alter the warp and weft elongation characteristics.

[0521] In the illustrated example the mesh structure 3321 comprises a series of overlapping yams provided at an angle with respect to the vertical or inferior- superior direction of the headgear strap 3315. For example, each of the yarns may be provided at between 60 degrees and -60 degrees inclusive with respect to the vertical or inferior- superior direction, such as approximately 45 degrees. It should be appreciated that the angle of the yarns may be structured to control or limit the extension of the inner portion 3334.

[0522] The example in Fig. 33 is similar to the example in Fig. 26, except that the slit 3313 is eliminated such that the entire central portion 3314 moves together as a unitary piece. In examples according to Fig. 33, the inner portion 3334 may have warp elongation in the range of 110% -200%, and the outer portion 3336 may have warp elongation in the range of 50%-100%.

[0523] Referring to Fig. 34, the central portion 3314 of the headgear strap 3315 may have alternating vertically arranged sections having different textile structures. For example, a plurality of first vertical sections 3331 may be alternately disposed with a plurality of second vertical sections 3333. The first vertical sections 3331 may have a textile stmcture that is the same as the textile structure of the side portions 3312 as described above with regard to Fig. 13. The second vertical sections 3333 may include the ribbed textile structure 3390 and thus may have at least increased lengthwise stretchability as compared to the first vertical sections 3331. The size (e.g., length (in lengthwise direction)) of each individual vertical section may vary to adjust the overall stretch as desired. Thus, in the Fig. 34 example, the headgear strap 3315comprises a plurality of ribbed textile structure 3390 spaced apart / separated by a spacing. In examples, the first vertical sections 3331 may have warp elongation in the range of 50%-75%, and the second vertical sections 3333 may have warp elongation in the range of 110%-200%. It should be appreciated that while this example is described with respect to alternating vertically arranged sections, it could equally be applied to alternating horizontally arranged sections as described herein.

[0524] In some examples, the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 may comprise a rear strap portion comprising or formed by the ribbed textile structure 3390. Advantageously, this may provide increased cushioning at the rear of the user’s head. In some examples, the positioning and stabilising structure 1300 may comprise a crown strap comprising the ribbed textile structure 3390 over a portion (e.g., l-2cm) or its entire length. In some forms of the present technology, lateral strap portions connecting between a head-mounted display unit 1200 and the posterior of the user’s head, comprise the ribbed textile structure 3390 over a portion (e.g., 1-2 cm) of the straps to provide increased stretchability to accommodate extension of the straps for larger head sizes.

[0525] The ribbed textile structure 3390, or any of the features of a strap described with reference to Figs. 11 A to 34, may be provided to any strap portion of a positioning and stabilising structure 1300 described with reference to Fig. 1 to Fig. 10B. The positioning and stabilising structure 1300 may be constructed and arranged such that the headgear strap 3315 comprises a central portion configured to engage a posterior portion (e.g. overlying the occipital bone and / or parietal bones), a superior portion (e.g. overlying the parietal bones and / or frontal bones) or an anterior portion (e.g. overlying the frontal bone, e.g. the forehead) of the user’s head in use. In some examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to a top strap portion, such as top strap portion 1340. In some examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to an occipital strap portion such as occipital strap portion 1320. In some examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to one or more lateral strap portions positioned at lateral sides of the user’s head, such as lateral strap portions 1330. In some examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to a ring strap portion such as ring strap portion 1360. In some examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to a parietal strap portion constructed and arranged to engage the user’s head in a region overlaying the parietal bones of theuser’s head, such as parietal strap portion 1310. In some examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to a superior transverse strap portion extending from one lateral side to the other lateral side of the user’s head and engaging an at least partially superiorly facing surface of the user’s head, such as superior transverse strap portion 1370. In some examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to a band strap portion such as band strap portion 1380. In some examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to a forehead strap portion constructed and arranged to engage the user’s forehead in use, such as forehead portion 1387. In some examples, the ribbed textile structure 3390 may be provided to a frontal strap portion constructed and arranged to engage the user’s head in a region overlying the user’s frontal bone of the user’s head in use.5.5.2 Variable Extensibility of Straps

[0526] Fig. 35 shows an example of a connecting portion 3500 of a positioning and stabilising structure 1300. The connecting portion 3500 may be configured to connect to a head-mounted display unit 1200.

[0527] As shown the connecting portion includes a first end 3602 which is configured to facilitate connection to the head-mounted display unit 1200, and a second end 3604, which may be connected to another strap portion of the positioning and stabilising structure 1300, such as a ring strap portion 1360, band strap portion 1380 or a junction between other strap portions such as an occipital strap portion 1320 and a parietal strap portion 1310 or superior transverse strap portion 1370. In some examples the first end 3602 may be provided with a connection member (not shown) which is configured to connect to the head-mounted display unit 1200, while in other examples the first end 3602 may be configured to pass through an aperture in the head-mounted display unit 1200, and loop back onto itself. For example the connecting portion 3500 may be provided with a hook and loop fastener, for example an unbroken loop region 3612 may be provided in the outwardly, non-user contacting side of the connecting portion 3500, and a hook region 3614 may be provided on or adjacent to the first end 3602 (or vice versa), to thereby provide co-operating hook- and-loop regions (known commonly as under the trademark Velcro). Once the appropriate tension is set by the user, the first end 3602 may be positioned appropriately on the unbroken loop portion of the connecting portion 3500 to maintain the tension.

[0528] In the illustrated example the first end 3602 of the connecting portion 3500 is provided with rounded corners 3605. These rounded corners 3605 may advantageously allow the first end 3602 to be more easily inserted through the aperture in the head-mounted display unit 1200.

[0529] The connecting portion 3500 is also provided with a rounded-edge profile, such that the edges of the connecting portion 3500 lift outwardly from the skin of the user, which in some examples can aid to reduce occurrences of pressure sores and facial marking. For example, the rounded-edge profile may be provided using thermoforming, or other similar process. This rounded-edge profile may also be used in other straps of the headgear as described herein.

[0530] In some examples of the technology, the connecting portion may be divided into a first region 3606 having a first stretch characteristic and a second region 3608 having a second stretch characteristic. For example, the second region may be configured to have greater stretch or extensibility in a length or longitudinal direction ‘L’ than the first region. For example, the second region may be configured to have a maximum elongation in the range of 110% -200%, and the first region may be configured to have a maximum elongation in the range of 50%-75%.

[0531] In some examples the connecting portion 3500 may have a length (measured in the longitudinal axis L) of between approximately 140 mm to 40 mm, wherein the first region 3606 takes between approximately 80% and 90% of the total length. For example, the connecting portion may have a length of approximately 90mm wherein the first region has a length 3606 of approximately 80mm and the second region 3608 has a length of approximately 10mm.

[0532] In examples the connecting portion may have a width which is measured substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of between approximately 20mm and approximately 50mm, such as approximately 40mm. Use of a relatively wide connecting portion 3500 may advantageously aid in maintaining the head-mounted display unit 1200 in a stable position on the user’s face during use.

[0533] By providing these first 3606 and second regions 3608 having differing stretch / extensibility characteristics it may be possible to provide connecting portions 3500, which are easier to use, and can allow for some movement of the head-mounted display unit 1200 in use while maintaining effective engagement with the user’s face.

[0534] Furthermore, by positioning the unbroken loop material across the majority of the first region 3606 with comparatively low stretchability, theperformance of the hook and loop fastener may be more reliable, and less prone to slipping during use.5.6 CLEANING

[0535] In some forms, the head-mounted display system 1000 or at least a portion thereof, is designed to be used by a single user, and cleaned in a home of the user, e.g., washed in soapy water, without requiring specialised equipment for disinfection and sterilisation. Specifically, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 and the interfacing structure 1100 are designed to be cleaned, as they are both in direct contact with the user’s head.

[0536] In some other forms, the components of the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 and interfacing structure 1100 are used in labs, clinics and hospitals wherein a single head-mounted display may be reused on multiple persons or used during medical procedures. In each of the labs, clinics and hospitals the head-mounted displays, or relevant components thereof, can be reprocessed and be exposed to, for example, processes of thermal disinfection, chemical disinfection and sterilisation. As such, the design of the positioning and stabilizing structure and interfacing structure may need to be validated for disinfection and sterilisation of the mask in accordance with ISO 17664.

[0537] Materials may be chosen to withstand reprocessing. For example, robust materials may be used in the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 to withstand exposure to high level disinfection solutions and agitation with a brush. Further, some components of the positioning and stabilizing structure are separable, and in-use may be disconnected to improve the reprocessing efficacy.

[0538] In some examples, the interfacing structure 1100 may, in use, be in contact with the user’s head and therefor may become dirty (e.g., from sweat). The interfacing structure 1100 may be designed to be removed from the display unit housing 1205, to provide the ability to remove it for cleaning and / or replacement. It may be desirable to wash the interfacing structure 1100 while not getting the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 wet. Alternatively or in addition, the positioning and stabilizing structure 1300 may be dirty from contact with the user’s head, and may be removed for cleaning and / or replacement independently of theinterfacing structure 1100. In either case, this may be facilitated by allowing these components to disconnect for such a purpose.

[0539] In some examples, a cover (e.g., constructed from a textile, silicone, etc.) may be removably positioned over the interfacing structure and can be removed to be cleaned and / or replaced after each use. The cover may allow the interface structure 3400 to remain fixed to the display unit housing 1205, and still provide a surface that can be easily cleaned after being used.5.7 EXTERNAL COMPUTER

[0540] In some forms, the head-mounted display system 1000 (e.g., VR, AR, and / or MR) may be used in conjunction with a separate device, like a computer or video game console. For example, the display interface may be electrically connected to the separate device.

[0541] In some forms, at least some processing for the head-mounted display system 1000 may be performed by the separate device. The separate device may include a larger and / or more powerful processor than could be comfortably supported by the user (e.g., the processor of the separate device may be too heavy for the user to comfortably support on their head).6 GLOSSARY

[0542] For the purposes of the present technology disclosure, in certain forms of the present technology, one or more of the following definitions may apply. In other forms of the present technology, alternative definitions may apply.6.1 GENERAL

[0543] Ambient. In certain forms of the present technology, the term ambient will be taken to mean (i) external of the display interface and / or user, and (ii) immediately surrounding the display interface and / or user.

[0544] For example, ambient light with respect to a display interface may be the light immediately surrounding the user, e.g., the light in the same and / or adjacent room as a user, and / or natural light from the sun.

[0545] In certain forms, ambient (e.g., acoustic) noise may be considered to be the background noise level in the room where a user is located, other than for example, noise generated by the display device or emanating from speakers connected to the display device. Ambient noise may be generated by sources outside the room.

[0546] Leak'. The word leak will be taken to be an unintended exposure to light. In one example, leak may occur as the result of an incomplete seal between a display unit and a users’ face.

[0547] Noise, radiated (acoustic): Radiated noise in the present document refers to noise which is carried to the user by the ambient air. In one form, radiated noise may be quantified by measuring sound power / pressure levels of the object in question according to ISO 3744.

[0548] User: A person operating the display interface and / or viewing images provided by the display interface. For example, the person may be wearing, donning, and / or doffing the display interface..6.1.1 Materials

[0549] Silicone or Silicone Elastomer: A synthetic rubber. In this specification, a reference to silicone is a reference to liquid silicone rubber (LSR) or a compression moulded silicone rubber (CMSR). One form of commercially available LSR is SILASTIC (included in the range of products sold under this trademark), manufactured by Dow Corning. Another manufacturer of LSR is Wacker. Unless otherwise specified to the contrary, an exemplary form of LSR has a Shore A (or Type A) indentation hardness in the range of about 35 to about 45 as measured using ASTM D2240

[0550] Polycarbonate: a thermoplastic polymer of Bisphenol-A Carbonate.6.1.2 Mechanical properties

[0551] Resilience: Ability of a material to absorb energy when deformed elastically and to release the energy upon unloading.

[0552] Resilient: Will release substantially all of the energy when unloaded. Includes e.g., certain silicones, and thermoplastic elastomers.

[0553] Hardness'. The ability of a material per se to resist deformation (e.g., described by a Young’s Modulus, or an indentation hardness scale measured on a standardised sample size).• ‘Soft’ materials may include silicone or thermo-plastic elastomer (TPE), and may, e.g., readily deform under finger pressure.• ‘Hard’ materials may include polycarbonate, polypropylene, steel or aluminium, and may not e.g., readily deform under finger pressure.

[0554] Stiffness (or rigidity) of a structure or component'. The ability of the structure or component to resist deformation in response to an applied load. The load may be a force or a moment, e.g., compression, tension, bending or torsion. The structure or component may offer different resistances in different directions. The inverse of stiffness inflexibility.

[0555] Floppy structure or component: A structure or component that will change shape, e.g., bend, when caused to support its own weight, within a relatively short period of time such as 1 second.

[0556] Rigid structure or component'. A structure or component that will not substantially change shape when subject to the loads typically encountered in use. An example of such a use may be setting up and maintaining a user interface in sealing relationship.

[0557] As an example, an I-beam may comprise a different bending stiffness (resistance to a bending load) in a first direction in comparison to a second, orthogonal direction. In another example, a structure or component may be floppy in a first direction and rigid in a second direction.6.2 MATERIALS

[0558] Closed-cell foam'. Foam comprising cells that are completely encapsulated, i.e., closed cells.

[0559] Elastane'. A polymer made from polyurethane.

[0560] Elastomer: A polymer that displays elastic properties. For example, silicone elastomer.

[0561] Ethylene -vinyl acetate (EVA): A copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate.

[0562] Fiber. A filament (mono or poly), a strand, a yam, a thread or twine that is significantly longer than it is wide. A fiber may include animal-based material such as wool or silk, plant-based material such as linen and cotton, and synthetic material such as polyester and rayon. A fiber may specifically refer to a material that can be interwoven and / or interlaced (e.g., in a network) with other fibers of the same or different material.

[0563] Foam: Any material, for example polyurethane, having gas bubbles introduced during manufacture to produce a lightweight cellular form.

[0564] Neoprene: A synthetic rubber that is produced by polymerization of chloroprene. Neoprene is used in trade products: Breath-O-Prene.

[0565] Nylon: A synthetic polyamide that has elastic properties and can be used, for example, to form fibres / filaments for use in textiles.

[0566] Open-cell foam: Foam comprising cells, i.e., gas bubbles that aren’t completely encapsulated, i.e., open cells.

[0567] Polycarbonate: a typically transparent thermoplastic polymer of Bisphenol-A Carbonate.

[0568] Polyethylene: A thermoplastic that is resistant to chemicals and moisture.

[0569] Polyurethane (PU): A plastic material made by copolymerizing an isocyanate and a polyhydric alcohol and, for example, can take the form of foam (polyurethane foam) and rubber (polyurethane rubber).

[0570] Semi-open foam: Foam comprising a combination of closed and open (encapsulated) cells.

[0571] Silicone or Silicone Elastomer: A synthetic rubber. In this specification, a reference to silicone is a reference to liquid silicone rubber (LSR) or a compression moulded silicone rubber (CMSR). One form of commercially available LSR is SILASTIC (included in the range of products sold under this trademark), manufactured by Dow Corning. Another manufacturer of LSR is Wacker. Unlessotherwise specified to the contrary, an exemplary form of LSR has a Shore A (or Type A) indentation hardness in the range of about 35 to about 45 as measured using ASTM D2240.

[0572] Spacer Fabric. A composite construction comprised of two outer textile substrates joined together and kept apart by an intermediate layer of monofilaments.

[0573] Spandex'. An elastic fibre or fabric, primarily comprised of polyurethane. Spandex is used in trade products: Lycra.

[0574] Textile. A material including at least one natural or artificial fiber. In this specification, a textile may refer to any material that is formed as a network of interwoven and / or interlaced fibers. A type of textile may include a fabric, which is constructed by interlacing the fibers using specific techniques. These include weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, tatting, tufting, or braiding. Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric, although may specifically refer to a processed piece of fabric. Other types of textiles may be constructed using bonding (chemical, mechanical, heat, etc.), felting, or other nonwoven processes. Textiles created through one of these processes are fabric-like, and may be considered synonymous with fabric for the purposes of this application.

[0575] Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE)'. Are generally low modulus, flexible materials that can be stretched at room temperature with an ability to return to their approximate original length when stress is released. Trade products that use TPE include: Hytrel, Dynaflex, Medalist

[0576] Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)'. A thermoplastic elastomer with a high durability and flexibility.6.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

[0577] Resilience: Ability of a material to absorb energy when deformed elastically and to release the energy upon unloading.

[0578] Resilient: Will release substantially all of the energy when unloaded. Includes e.g., certain silicones, and thermoplastic elastomers.

[0579] Hardness: The ability of a material per se to resist deformation (e.g., described by a Young’s Modulus, or an indentation hardness scale measured on a standardised sample size).• ‘Soft’ materials may include silicone or thermo-plastic elastomer (TPE), and may, e.g., readily deform under finger pressure.• ‘Hard’ materials may include polycarbonate, polypropylene, steel or aluminium, and may not e.g., readily deform under finger pressure.

[0580] Stiffness (or rigidity) of a structure or component: The ability of the structure or component to resist deformation in response to an applied load. The load may be a force or a moment, e.g., compression, tension, bending or torsion. The structure or component may offer different resistances in different directions.

[0581] Floppy structure or component: A structure or component that will change shape, e.g., bend, when caused to support its own weight, within a relatively short period of time such as 1 second.

[0582] Rigid structure or component: A structure or component that will not substantially change shape when subject to the loads typically encountered in use.• As an example, an I-beam may comprise a different bending stiffness (resistance to a bending load) in a first direction in comparison to a second, orthogonal direction. In another example, a structure or component may be floppy in a first direction and rigid in a second direction.6.4 ANATOMY

[0583] The following definitions correspond references identified in Figs. 1-2.6.4.1 Anatomy of the face

[0584] Ala: the external outer wall or "wing" of each nostril (plural: alar)

[0585] Alare: The most lateral point on the nasal ala.

[0586] Alar curvature (or alar crest) point'. The most posterior point in the curved base line of each ala, found in the crease formed by the union of the ala with the cheek.

[0587] Auricle: The whole external visible part of the ear.

[0588] (nose) Bony framework: The bony framework of the nose comprises the nasal bones, the frontal process of the maxillae and the nasal part of the frontal bone.

[0589] Bridge (nasal): The nasal bridge is the midline prominence of the nose, extending from the Sellion to the Pronasale.

[0590] (nose) Cartilaginous framework: The cartilaginous framework of the nose comprises the septal, lateral, major and minor cartilages.

[0591] Cheilion: A point located at the corner of the mouth.

[0592] Columella: the strip of skin that separates the nares and which runs from the pronasale to the upper lip.

[0593] Columella angle: The angle between the line drawn through the midpoint of the nostril aperture and a line drawn perpendicular to the Frankfort horizontal while intersecting subnasale.

[0594] Endocanthion: The point at which the upper and lower eyelids meet, proximal to the Sellion.

[0595] Epicranius: The Epicranius, or frontal belly, refers to structures that cover the cranium.

[0596] External occipital protuberance: A protuberance on the outer surface of the occipital bone.

[0597] Frankfort horizontal plane: A line extending from the most inferior point of the orbital margin to the left tragion. The tragion is the deepest point in the notch superior to the tragus of the auricle.

[0598] Glabella: Located on the soft tissue, the most prominent point in the midsagittal plane of the forehead.

[0599] Interpupillary Distance: The distance between the centres of the pupils of the eyes.

[0600] Lateral nasal cartilage-. A generally triangular plate of cartilage. Its superior margin is attached to the nasal bone and frontal process of the maxilla, and its inferior margin is connected to the greater alar cartilage.

[0601] Lip, inferior (labrale inferius): A point on the face between the mouth and supramenton, lying in the median sagittal plane.

[0602] Lip, superior (labrale superius): A point on the face between the mouth and nose, lying in the median sagittal plane.

[0603] Greater alar cartilage: A plate of cartilage lying below the lateral nasal cartilage. It is curved around the anterior part of the naris. Its posterior end is connected to the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane containing three or four minor cartilages of the ala.

[0604] Nares (Nostrils): Approximately ellipsoidal apertures forming the entrance to the nasal cavity. The singular form of nares is naris (nostril). The nares are separated by the nasal septum.

[0605] Naso-labial sulcus or Naso -labial fold: The skin fold or groove that runs from each side of the nose to the comers of the mouth, separating the cheeks from the upper lip.

[0606] Naso-labial angle: The angle between the columella and the upper lip, while intersecting subnasale.

[0607] Otobasion inferior: The lowest point of attachment of the auricle to the skin of the face.

[0608] Otobasion superior: The highest point of attachment of the auricle to the skin of the face.

[0609] Pronasale: the most protruded point or tip of the nose, which can be identified in lateral view of the rest of the portion of the head.

[0610] Philtrum: the midline groove that runs from lower border of the nasal septum to the top of the lip in the upper lip region.

[0611] Pogonion: Located on the soft tissue, the most anterior midpoint of the chin.

[0612] Ridge (nasal): The nasal ridge is the midline prominence of the nose, extending from the Sellion to the Pronasale.

[0613] Sagital plane: A vertical plane that passes from anterior (front) to posterior (rear). The midsagittal plane is a sagittal plane that divides the body into right and left halves.

[0614] Sellion: Located on the soft tissue, the most concave point overlying the area of the frontonasal suture.

[0615] Septal cartilage (nasal): The nasal septal cartilage forms part of the septum and divides the front part of the nasal cavity.

[0616] Subalare: The point at the lower margin of the alar base, where the alar base joins with the skin of the superior (upper) lip.

[0617] Subnasal point: Located on the soft tissue, the point at which the columella merges with the upper lip in the midsagittal plane.

[0618] Supramenton: The point of greatest concavity in the midline of the lower lip between labrale inferius and soft tissue pogonion.

[0619] Superciliary arch: A protuberance of the frontal bone above the eye.

[0620] Temporalis muscle: A muscle in the temporal fossa that serves to raise the lower jaw.

[0621] Temporomandibular joint: A freely moveable joint between the temporal bone and mandible that allows for the opening, closing, protrusion, retraction, and lateral movement of the mandible.

[0622] Vermillion, upper: A red part of the lips covered with stratified squamous epithelium which is in continuity with the oral mucosa of the gingivolabial groove.6.4.2 Anatomy of the skull

[0623] Frontal bone. The frontal bone includes a large vertical portion, the squama frontalis, corresponding to the region known as the forehead.

[0624] Lateral cartilage: Portion of cartilage lateral of the Septal cartilage and inferior to the Nasal bones.

[0625] Mandible: The mandible forms the lower jaw. The mental protuberance is the bony protuberance of the jaw that forms the chin.

[0626] Masseter minor: A lower portion of the Masseter muscle of which raises the lower jaw.

[0627] Maxilla: The maxilla forms the upper jaw and is located above the mandible and below the orbits. The frontal process of the maxilla projects upwards by the side of the nose, and forms part of its lateral boundary.

[0628] Nasal bones: The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, the "bridge" of the nose.

[0629] Nasion: The intersection of the frontal bone and the two nasal bones, a depressed area directly between the eyes and superior to the bridge of the nose.

[0630] Occipital bone: The occipital bone is situated at the back and lower part of the cranium. It includes an oval aperture, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. The curved plate behind the foramen magnum is the squama occipitalis.

[0631] Orbit: The bony cavity in the skull to contain the eyeball.

[0632] Parietal bones: The parietal bones are the bones that, when joined together, form the roof and sides of the cranium.

[0633] Septal cartilage: Cartilage of the nasal septum.

[0634] Sphenoid bone: A wedge shaped bone of the base of the cranium.

[0635] Supraorbital foramen: An opening in the inferior bone of the orbit for the passage of the Supraorbital nerve, artery and vein.

[0636] Temporal bones The temporal bones are situated on the bases and sides of the skull, and support that part of the face known as the temple.

[0637] Trapezius minor: A triangular- shaped superficial muscle of the upper back.

[0638] Zygomatic bones: The face includes two zygomatic bones, located in the upper and lateral parts of the face and forming the prominence of the cheek.6.5 USER INTERFACE

[0639] Frame: Frame will be taken to mean a display housing unit that bears the load of tension between two or more points of connection with a headgear and / or a hoop. The frame may seal against the user’s face in order to limit and / or prevent the ingress and / or egress of light.

[0641] Hoop: Hoop will be taken to mean a form of positioning and stabilizing structure designed for use on a head. For example the hoop may comprise a collection of one or more struts, ties and stiffeners configured to locate and retain a user interface in position on a users’ face for holding a display unit in an operational position in front of a user’s face. Some ties are formed of a soft, flexible, elastic material such as a laminated composite of foam and fabric / textile. In some forms, the term headgear may be synonymous with the term hoop.

[0642] Membrane: Membrane will be taken to mean a typically thin element that has, preferably, substantially no resistance to bending, but has resistance to being stretched.

[0643] Seal: May be a noun form ("a seal") which refers to a structure, or a verb form (“to seal”) which refers to the effect. Two elements may be constructed and / or arranged to ‘seal’ or to effect ‘sealing’ therebetween without requiring a separate ‘seal’ element per se.

[0644] Shell: A shell will be taken to mean a curved, relatively thin structure having bending, tensile and compressive stiffness. For example, a curved structuralwall of a mask may be a shell. In some forms, a shell may be faceted. In some forms a shell may be airtight. In some forms a shell may not be airtight.

[0645] Stiffener: A stiffener will be taken to mean a structural component designed to increase the bending resistance of another component in at least one direction.

[0646] Strut: A strut will be taken to be a structural component designed to increase the compression resistance of another component in at least one direction.

[0647] Swivel (noun): A subassembly of components configured to rotate about a common axis, preferably independently, preferably under low torque. In one form, the swivel may be constructed to rotate through an angle of at least 360 degrees. In another form, the swivel may be constructed to rotate through an angle less than 360 degrees.

[0648] Tie (noun): A structure designed to resist tension.6.6 SHAPE OF STRUCTURES

[0649] Products in accordance with the present technology may comprise one or more three-dimensional mechanical structures, for example a mask cushion or an impeller. The three-dimensional structures may be bounded by two-dimensional surfaces. These surfaces may be distinguished using a label to describe an associated surface orientation, location, function, or some other characteristic. For example a structure may comprise one or more of an anterior surface, a posterior surface, an interior surface and an exterior surface. In another example, a seal-forming structure may comprise a face-contacting (e.g., outer) surface, and a separate non-facecontacting (e.g., underside or inner) surface. In another example, a structure may comprise a first surface and a second surface.

[0650] To facilitate describing the shape of the three-dimensional structures and the surfaces, we first consider a cross-section through a surface of the structure at a point, p. See Fig. 3A to Fig. 3E, which illustrate examples of cross-sections at point p on a surface, and the resulting plane curves. Figs. 3A to 3E also illustrate an outward normal vector at p. The outward normal vector at p points away from the surface. Insome examples we describe the surface from the point of view of an imaginary small person standing upright on the surface.6.6.1 Curvature in one dimension

[0651] The curvature of a plane curve at p may be described as having a sign (e.g., positive, negative) and a magnitude (e.g., 1 / radius of a circle that just touches the curve at p).

[0652] Positive curvature: If the curve at p turns towards the outward normal, the curvature at that point will be taken to be positive (if the imaginary small person leaves the point p they must walk uphill). See Fig. 3A (relatively large positive curvature compared to Fig. 3B) and Fig. 3B (relatively small positive curvature compared to Fig. 3A). Such curves are often referred to as concave.

[0653] Zero curvature: If the curve at p is a straight line, the curvature will be taken to be zero (if the imaginary small person leaves the point p, they can walk on a level, neither up nor down). See Fig. 3C.

[0654] Negative curvature: If the curve at p turns away from the outward normal, the curvature in that direction at that point will be taken to be negative (if the imaginary small person leaves the point p they must walk downhill). See Fig. 3D (relatively small negative curvature compared to Fig. 3E) and Fig. 3E (relatively large negative curvature compared to Fig. 3F). Such curves are often referred to as convex.6.6.2 Curvature of two dimensional surfaces

[0655] A description of the shape at a given point on a two-dimensional surface in accordance with the present technology may include multiple normal crosssections. The multiple cross-sections may cut the surface in a plane that includes the outward normal (a “normal plane”), and each cross-section may be taken in a different direction. Each cross-section results in a plane curve with a corresponding curvature. The different curvatures at that point may have the same sign, or a different sign.Each of the curvatures at that point has a magnitude, e.g., relatively small. The plane curves in Figs. 3A to 3E could be examples of such multiple cross-sections at a particular point.

[0656] Principal curvatures and directions: The directions of the normal planes where the curvature of the curve takes its maximum and minimum values are called the principal directions. In the examples of Fig. 3 A to Fig. 3E, the maximum curvature occurs in Fig. 3A, and the minimum occurs in Fig. 3E, hence Fig. 3A and Fig. 3E are cross sections in the principal directions. The principal curvatures at p are the curvatures in the principal directions.

[0657] Region of a surface: A connected set of points on a surface. The set of points in a region may have similar characteristics, e.g., curvatures or signs.

[0658] Saddle region: A region where at each point, the principal curvatures have opposite signs, that is, one is positive, and the other is negative (depending on the direction to which the imaginary person turns, they may walk uphill or downhill).

[0659] Dome region: A region where at each point the principal curvatures have the same sign, e.g., both positive (a “concave dome”) or both negative (a “convex dome”).

[0660] Cylindrical region: A region where one principal curvature is zero (or, for example, zero within manufacturing tolerances) and the other principal curvature is non-zero.

[0661] Planar region: A region of a surface where both of the principal curvatures are zero (or, for example, zero within manufacturing tolerances).

[0662] Edge of a surface: A boundary or limit of a surface or region.

[0663] Path: In certain forms of the present technology, ‘path’ will be taken to mean a path in the mathematical - topological sense, e.g., a continuous space curve from / (0) to / (I) on a surface. In certain forms of the present technology, a ‘path’ may be described as a route or course, including e.g., a set of points on a surface. (The path for the imaginary person is where they walk on the surface, and is analogous to a garden path).

[0664] Path length: In certain forms of the present technology, ‘path length’ will be taken to mean the distance along the surface from / (0) to / (I), that is, the distance along the path on the surface. There may be more than one path between two pointson a surface and such paths may have different path lengths. (The path length for the imaginary person would be the distance they have to walk on the surface along the path).

[0665] Straight-line distance: The straight-line distance is the distance between two points on a surface, but without regard to the surface. On planar regions, there would be a path on the surface having the same path length as the straight-line distance between two points on the surface. On non-planar surfaces, there may be no paths having the same path length as the straight-line distance between two points. (For the imaginary person, the straight-line distance would correspond to the distance ‘as the crow flies’.)6.6.3 Space curves

[0666] Space curves: Unlike a plane curve, a space curve does not necessarily lie in any particular plane. A space curve may be closed, that is, having no endpoints. A space curve may be considered to be a one-dimensional piece of three-dimensional space. An imaginary person walking on a strand of the DNA helix walks along a space curve. A typical human left ear comprises a helix, which is a left-hand helix, see Fig. 3M. A typical human right ear comprises a helix, which is a right-hand helix, see Fig. 3N. Fig. 30 shows a right-hand helix. The edge of a structure, e.g., the edge of a membrane or impeller, may follow a space curve. In general, a space curve may be described by a curvature and a torsion at each point on the space curve. Torsion is a measure of how the curve turns out of a plane. Torsion has a sign and a magnitude. The torsion at a point on a space curve may be characterised with reference to the tangent, normal and binormal vectors at that point.

[0667] Tangent unit vector (or unit tangent vector): For each point on a curve, a vector at the point specifies a direction from that point, as well as a magnitude. A tangent unit vector is a unit vector pointing in the same direction as the curve at that point. If an imaginary person were flying along the curve and fell off her vehicle at a particular point, the direction of the tangent vector is the direction she would be travelling.

[0668] Unit normal vector: As the imaginary person moves along the curve, this tangent vector itself changes. The unit vector pointing in the same direction that thetangent vector is changing is called the unit principal normal vector. It is perpendicular to the tangent vector.

[0669] Binormal unit vector: The binormal unit vector is perpendicular to both the tangent vector and the principal normal vector. Its direction may be determined by a right-hand rule (see e.g., Fig. 3L), or alternatively by a left-hand rule (Fig. 3K).

[0670] Osculating plane: The plane containing the unit tangent vector and the unit principal normal vector. See Figures 3K and 3L.

[0671] Torsion of a space curve: The torsion at a point of a space curve is the magnitude of the rate of change of the binormal unit vector at that point. It measures how much the curve deviates from the osculating plane. A space curve which lies in a plane has zero torsion. A space curve which deviates a relatively small amount from the osculating plane will have a relatively small magnitude of torsion (e.g., a gently sloping helical path). A space curve which deviates a relatively large amount from the osculating plane will have a relatively large magnitude of torsion (e.g., a steeply sloping helical path). With reference to Fig. 30, since T2>T1, the magnitude of the torsion near the top coils of the helix of Fig. 30 is greater than the magnitude of the torsion of the bottom coils of the helix of Fig. 30

[0672] With reference to the right-hand rule of Fig. 3M, a space curve turning towards the direction of the right-hand binormal may be considered as having a righthand positive torsion (e.g., a right-hand helix as shown in Fig. 30). A space curve turning away from the direction of the right-hand binormal may be considered as having a right-hand negative torsion (e.g., a left-hand helix).

[0673] Equivalently, and with reference to a left-hand rule (see Fig. 3K), a space curve turning towards the direction of the left-hand binormal may be considered as having a left-hand positive torsion (e.g., a left-hand helix). Hence left-hand positive is equivalent to right-hand negative.6.6.4 Holes

[0674] A surface may have a one-dimensional hole, e.g., a hole bounded by a plane curve or by a space curve. Thin structures (e.g., a membrane) with a hole, maybe described as having a one-dimensional hole. See for example the one dimensional hole in the surface of structure shown in Fig. 3F, bounded by a plane curve.

[0675] A structure may have a two-dimensional hole, e.g., a hole bounded by a surface. For example, an inflatable tyre has a two dimensional hole bounded by the interior surface of the tyre. In another example, a bladder with a cavity for air or gel could have a two-dimensional hole. In a yet another example, a conduit may comprise a one-dimension hole (e.g., at its entrance or at its exit), and a two-dimension hole bounded by the inside surface of the conduit. See also the two dimensional hole through the structure shown in Fig. 3H, bounded by a surface as shown.6.7 OTHER REMARKS

[0676] Unless the context clearly dictates otherwise and where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit, between the upper and lower limit of that range, and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the technology. The upper and lower limits of these intervening ranges, which may be independently included in the intervening ranges, are also encompassed within the technology, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the technology.

[0677] Furthermore, where a value or values are stated herein as being implemented as part of the technology, it is understood that such values may be approximated, unless otherwise stated, and such values may be utilized to any suitable significant digit to the extent that a practical technical implementation may permit or require it.

[0678] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this technology belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present technology, a limited number of the exemplary methods and materials are described herein.

[0679] When a particular material is identified as being used to construct a component, obvious alternative materials with similar properties may be used as a substitute. Furthermore, unless specified to the contrary, any and all components herein described are understood to be capable of being manufactured and, as such, may be manufactured together or separately.

[0680] It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include their plural equivalents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0681] All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials which are the subject of those publications. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present technology is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates, which may need to be independently confirmed.

[0682] The terms "comprises" and "comprising" should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced.

[0683] The subject headings used in the detailed description are included only for the ease of reference of the reader and should not be used to limit the subject matter found throughout the disclosure or the claims. The subject headings should not be used in construing the scope of the claims or the claim limitations.

[0684] Although the technology herein has been described with reference to particular examples, it is to be understood that these examples are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the technology. In some instances, the terminology and symbols may imply specific details that are not required to practice the technology. For example, although the terms "first" and "second" may be used, unless otherwise specified, they are not intended to indicate any order but may be utilised to distinguish between distinct elements. Furthermore, although process stepsin the methodologies may be described or illustrated in an order, such an ordering is not required. Those skilled in the art will recognize that such ordering may be modified and / or aspects thereof may be conducted concurrently or even synchronously.

[0685] It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative examples and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the technology.

Claims

7 CLAIMS1. A positioning and stabilising structure for a head-mounted display system comprising a head-mounted display unit comprising a display, the positioning and stabilising structure constructed and arranged to hold the head-mounted display unit of the head-mounted display system in an operative position on a user’s head in use, wherein the positioning and stabilizing structure comprises a headgear strap including: a central portion configured to engage a posterior, superior or anterior portion of the user’s head in use; and a pair of side portions connected to the central portion and configured to be located on respective sides of the user’s head in use, wherein at least the central portion is formed in one-piece as a single piece of material, wherein the central portion includes a ribbed textile structure having repeating rows of protrusions formed as hollow portions configured to provide greater compliance as compared to the side portions, and wherein the side portions include a textile structure that is different from the ribbed textile structure of the central portion.

2. The positioning and stabilising structure of claim 1, wherein the central portion has increased lengthwise stretchability as compared to the side portions.

3. The positioning and stabilising structure of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the ribbed textile structure comprises a hollow rib knit and / or a hollow rib weave.

4. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 1-3, wherein at least one area of the central portion has a thickness that is greater than a thickness of an area of the side portions.

5. The positioning and stabilising structure of claim 4, wherein the at least one area of the central portion is configured to compress a further distance than the area of the side portions when the positioning and stabilising structure is worn.

6. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the side portions include a textile structure that comprises pique, mesh, interlock, honeycomb, and / or plain jersey.

7. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the central portion is configured to engage a posterior portion of the user’s head and includes a slit separating the central portion into a superior strap portion and an inferior strap portion, the central portion being configured such that the superior strap portion is movable relative to the inferior strap portion when the positioning and stabilising structure is worn.

8. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the central portion comprises an outer portion comprising the ribbed textile structure and an inner portion comprising a mesh structure of monofilament or multifilament yarns.

9. A head-mounted display system comprising: a head-mounted display unit comprising a display, the positioning and stabilising structure according to any one of claims 1-8, the positioning and stabilising structure constructed and arranged to hold the head-mounted display unit of the head-mounted display system in an operative position on a user’s head in use.

10. A positioning and stabilising structure for a head-mounted display system comprising a head-mounted display unit comprising a display, the positioning and stabilising structure constructed and arranged to hold the head-mounted display unit of the head-mounted display system in an operative position on a user’s head in use,wherein the positioning and stabilizing structure comprises a headgear strap including: a central portion configured to engage a posterior, superior or anterior portion of the user’s head in use; and a pair of side portions connected to the central portion and configured to be located on respective sides of the user’s head in use, wherein at least the central portion is formed in one-piece as a single piece of material, wherein the central portion includes a first section having a first textile structure and a second section having a second textile structure, the second textile structure being different from the first textile structure, and wherein the first textile structure is a ribbed textile structure.

11. The positioning and stabilising structure of claim 10, wherein the first section is disposed in an interior section of the central portion portion, and the second section at least partially surrounds the first section.

12. The positioning and stabilising structure of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein, when the positioning and stabilising structure is worn, the second section is disposed between 1) the first section; and 2) superior and inferior edges of the central portion.

13. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 10-12, wherein the first section of the central portion has increased lengthwise stretchability as compared to the second section.

14. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 10-13, wherein the ribbed textile structure of the first section has a vertical orientation.

15. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 10-14, wherein the first section of the central portion has increased stretchability in a width direction of the headgear strap, as compared to the second section.

16. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 10-13 or 15, wherein the ribbed textile structure of the first section has a horizonal orientation.

17. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 10-16, wherein the central portion has increased lengthwise stretchability as compared to the side portions.

18. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 10-17, wherein the central portion is configured to engage a posterior portion of the user’s head in use and the central portion includes a slit separating the central portion into a superior strap portion and an inferior strap portion, the central portion being configured such that the superior strap portion is movable relative to the inferior strap portion when the positioning and stabilising structure is worn.

19. The positioning and stabilising structure of any one of claims 10-18, wherein the central portion comprises an outer portion comprising the ribbed textile structure and an inner portion comprising a mesh structure of monofilament or multifilament yarns.

20. A head-mounted display system comprising: a head-mounted display unit comprising a display, the positioning and stabilising structure according to any one of claims 10-19, the positioning and stabilising structure constructed and arranged to hold the head-mounted display unit of the head-mounted display system in an operative position on a user’s head in use.

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