Temporary plugging agent for a wellbore and methods thereof
The use of a diverting fracturing fluid with degradable and deformable components, along with flow additives, addresses the limitations of traditional TPAs by improving plugging and transport, enhancing fracture networks and hydrocarbon recovery in subterranean formations.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/088643
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-18
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-23
AI Technical Summary
Existing temporary plugging agents (TPAs) used in fracturing operations suffer from stiffness, lack of deformability, and inconsistent flow control, leading to ineffective plugging and migration in subterranean formations, particularly in slick water fracturing, which reduces transport and retention of TPAs in fractures.
A diverting fracturing fluid comprising a mixture of degradable powder, bridging agent, deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive such as a flocculant or dispersant, which controls flow rates to enhance plugging and migration by adjusting fluid flow through fractures, using a threshold flow rate to manage pressure differentials.
The solution enables improved plugging and transport of TPAs, enhancing fracture network creation and maintenance, thereby increasing the stimulated reservoir volume and hydrocarbon recovery by optimizing fluid flow and pressure differentials in subterranean formations.
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Figure CN2024088643_23102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TEMPORARY PLUGGING AGENT FOR A WELLBORE AND METHODS THEREOF
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to temporary plugging agents and methods of use thereof to improve stimulated reservoir volume during re-fracturing operations. In particular, this disclosure describes a composition applicable for near-wellbore or far-field operations.
[0003] BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0004] Hydrocarbons such as crude oils and natural gases have traditionally been exploited for energy production by the excavation of oil and gas wells that extract the hydrocarbons from reservoirs within subterranean formations. Drilling methods using high-pressure fluid fracturing are used to increase the recovery of extracted hydrocarbons from such reservoirs, particularly from subterranean formations with low porosity or permeability.
[0005] The petroleum industry has an increasing demand for methods of re-fracturing previously fractured subterranean formations to improve hydrocarbon recovery. One avenue for reconstructing new fractures includes diverting fracturing, a method of injecting a fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent (TPA) via a surface pump, wherein the TPA plugs the first fractures in the subterranean formations. The plugging results in a rise of wellbore pressure or the fracture net pressure, effectively increasing the fluidity of the hydrocarbon. The following pumping pressure can then be directed to open new fractures or initiate natural fractures to form a generated fracture network, known as the stimulated reservoir volume. After the work is completed, the temporary plugging agent is efficiently removed from the formation.
[0006] Typical TPAs include fiber-type, particle-type, and / or ball-type TPAs. TPAs plug fractures by compaction within the fractures. TPAs are generally mixtures of larger TPAs, which bridge fractures, and smaller TPAs, which fill pores among the larger TPAs. Many TPAs are chemical TPAs, which are removable from fractures by chemical means after the diverting fracturing process. Chemical TPAs are generally prepared from degradable materials. Nonlimiting examples of chemical TPAs include polymers, surfactants, and the like. Typical TPA compositions are a mixture of fibers and particles of differing size. Many degradable TPA materials are made from polylactic acid (PLA) type materials and the like. One drawback of typical TPA materials is their stiffness and lack of deformability. Thus, while fiber-type, particle-type, and / or ball-type TPA compositions are considered effective at producing stable and firm plugging within oil or gas reservoirs, such compositions lack control over flow or migration of the plugging agents.
[0007] One popular diverting fracturing technique is slick water fracturing, where a mixture of chemicals, water, and a TPA is introduced into an oil or gas well. Low viscosity slick water is used to avoid fracture conductivity damage associated with using more viscous fluids in ultra-tight formations. However, in addition to the drawbacks described above, slick water fracturing and the TPAs they employ have several further challenges. Slick water’s low viscosity reduces its solid transportation and migration ability, thereby reducing the transport of TPAs. Additionally, high flow rates in narrow and long fractures induce retention of TPAs along the fracture surfaces, leading to inconsistent particle flow.
[0008] SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0009] Various details of the present disclosure are hereinafter summarized to provide a basic understanding. This summary is not an exhaustive overview of the disclosure and is neither intended to identify certain elements of the disclosure, nor to delineate the scope thereof. Rather, the primary purpose of this summary is to present some concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form prior to the more detailed description that is presented hereinafter.
[0010] According to embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, methods comprise: introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof; wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential; and / or wherein, when the flow additive comprises the dispersant, introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at a flow rate above a threshold flow rate increases the flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a smaller fracture net pressure differential.
[0011] According to further embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, methods comprise: introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a near-wellbore fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof; wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid into the fracture at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential.
[0012] According to further embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, methods comprise: introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a far-field fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof; wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential; and / or wherein, when the flow additive comprises the dispersant, introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at a flow rate above a threshold flow rate increases the flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture, as shown by a smaller fracture net pressure differential.
[0013] Any combinations of the various embodiments and implementations disclosed herein can be used in a further embodiment, in accordance with the present disclosure. These and other aspects and features can be appreciated from the following description of certain embodiments presented herein in accordance with the present disclosure and the accompanying drawings and claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 is a graph showing maximum pressure buildup in an artificial metal plug fracture for slick water fracturing fluids comprising TPA materials as a function of flowrate and TPA additive as described below in the Examples.
[0015] FIG. 2A-2B are depictions of TPA materials migration in an artificial metal plug fracture for slick water fracturing fluids without dispersant (FIG. 2A) versus with dispersant (FIG. 2B) as described below in the Examples.
[0016] FIG. 3 is a graph depicting pressure buildup in an artificial metal plug fracture for slick water fracturing fluids without deformable TPA materials versus with deformable TPA materials as described below in the Examples.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying Figures. Like elements in the various figures may be denoted by like reference numerals for consistency. Further, in the following detailed description of embodiments of the present disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the claimed subject matter. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments disclosed herein may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the description. Additionally, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the scale of the elements presented in the accompanying Figures may vary without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
[0018] Embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure generally relate to temporary plugging agents (TPAs) and methods of use thereof for plugging fractures within an oil or a gas well during subterranean operations. In various embodiments, subterranean operations are diverting fracturing operations (e.g., slick water fracturing or the like) . In various embodiments, the TPAs of the present disclosure display enhanced plugging capability as compared to traditional powder / fiber TPA systems. In various embodiments, the TPAs of the present disclosure display enhanced TPA transport capability as compared to traditional powder / fiber TPA systems.
[0019] Accordingly, methods in accordance with the present disclosure may comprise: introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a fracture of a subterranean formation; wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure; and / or wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at a flow rate above a threshold flow rate increases the flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a smaller fracture net pressure. In embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, the diverting fracturing fluid comprises a temporary plugging agent that comprises a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive, wherein the flow additive comprises a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, and any combination thereof.
[0020] As used herein, the term “subterranean formation, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer to naturally occurring rock beneath the Earth’s surface, including subsea surfaces. Subterranean formations may be formed from a variety of natural rock, referred to as a formation matrix, including, but not limited to, carbonate-based rock (e.g., calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ) , calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg (CO3) 2) (also referred to as dolomite) , sandstone-based rock comprising clays (e.g., smectite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, the like, and any combination thereof) , each of which include minerals (e.g., siliceous material) the like, and any combination thereof. The subterranean formations described herein encompass reservoir zones (i.e., zones comprising hydrocarbons, also referred to herein as “hydrocarbon reservoirs” ) and non-reservoir zones (i.e., zones that do not include hydrocarbons, such as water-producing zones) . Suitable subterranean formations, or a hydrocarbon reservoir contained therein, may comprise kerogen or other organic matter that may impede reservoir conductivity. Suitable examples of subterranean formations include, but are not limited to, shales, cherts, marls, the like, and any combination thereof.
[0021] As used herein, the terms “subterranean operation, ” “upstream operation, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer to any operation (e.g., drilling, completion, stimulation, enhanced recovery, production, and waste storage) involved in production of petroleum, natural gas, as well as other resources, such as water or helium, from a subterranean formation. In various embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, a subterranean operation is at least one of a group consisting of a drilling operation, a perforation operation, a cementing operation, a fracturing operation, a completion operation, and any combination thereof.
[0022] As used herein, the terms “well, ” “wellbore, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer to a drilled hole or borehole penetrating a subterranean formation, which may be cased (cemented) or uncased (open hole) . A subterranean formation may contain an existing injection well, an existing production well, a deep abandoned shallow single and / or multi-lateral well.
[0023] As used herein, the term “fracture network, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the access conduits, fractures, and / or branches, man-made or otherwise, within a subterranean formation that are in fluid communication with the wellbore. As used herein, an “access conduit” refers to a passageway that provides fluid communication between the wellbore and the subterranean formation, which may include, but is not limited to, sliding sleeves, open holes in non-cased areas, hydra-jetted holes, holes in the casing, perforations, and the like. As used herein, the term “fracture, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to any crack or open space that penetrates at least a portion of a subterranean formation, which may exist naturally, be created in the course of a subterranean operation, or some combination thereof (e.g., a naturally-occurring fracture that is enlarged or enhanced in the course of a subterranean operation) . As used herein, the term “branch, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to any smaller secondary fracture that extends from a larger primary fracture.
[0024] As used herein, the term “hydraulic fracturing fluid, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to a fluid comprising a combination of water, chemicals, and proppant particulates. As used herein, the term “hydraulic fracturing operation, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to injection of a hydraulic fracturing fluid at high speed and / or high pressure into a subterranean formation to form a fracture network therein. As used herein, the terms “proppant, ” “proppant particulates, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to particulates holding open the fracture network, thereby maintaining the ability for fluids to flow through the fracture network to ultimately be produced at the surface and to enhance production of oil or gas from the subterranean formation.
[0025] As used herein, the terms “diverting fracturing fluid, ” “diverting fracturing operation fluid, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to a hydraulic fracturing fluid comprising temporary plugging agents which enter into and seal existing access conduits, fractures, and / or branches of a fracture network (natural or man-made) within a subterranean formation that tend to accept the greatest fluid flow, thereby diverting the remaining fracturing fluid to generate new access conduits, fractures, and / or branches within the fracture network.
[0026] As used herein, the term “slickwater fracturing fluid, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to a hydraulic fracturing fluid further comprising a friction reducer additive. A slickwater fracturing fluid also comprising a temporary plugging agent can be used as a diverting fracturing fluid within a subterranean formation having a previously generated fracture network.
[0027] Hydraulic fracturing operations may generate various flow rates at various locations within a wellbore and / or within a portion of the formation fluidically connected to a wellbore. As used herein, a flow rate may be defined in units of pounds per gallon (ppg) , kilograms per liter (kg / l) , or specific gravity (SG) .
[0028] In one embodiment in accordance with the present disclosure, as used herein, the term “threshold flow rate, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer to a flow rate of a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA of the present disclosure at or below which the TPA is capable of substantially closing (or completely closing) existing access conduits, fractures, micro-fractures, and / or branches of a fracture network, thus substantially reducing (or completely stopping) fluid flow through the fracture network (e.g., a threshold flow rate for plugging) . At or below said threshold flow rate, a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA of the present disclosure may be capable of creating and / or extending the fracture network and / or maintaining the fracture network in an open state. Above the threshold flow rate, a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA of the present disclosure may be capable of increased migration of the TPA within the fracture network (e.g., a threshold flow rate for TPA migration) . As used herein, the term “migration, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to transport of the TPA along the longest length of an access conduit, a fracture, a micro-fracture, and / or a branch of the fracture network. Above the threshold flow rate, a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA of the present disclosure may be capable of creating and / or extending the fracture network and / or maintaining the fracture network in an open state.
[0029] In one embodiment in accordance with the present disclosure, the threshold flow rate may be determined by injecting a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA of the present disclosure into a fracture at a fixed flow rate. In one embodiment, the injection pressure buildup of a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA of the present disclosure may be determined in a subterranean formation or in the laboratory using an artificial fracture. After a fixed injection volume, whether plugging has occurred may be determined by measurement of any injection pressure buildup. As used herein, the term “injection pressure buildup, ” “injection pressure drop, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to a greater pressure at the inlet versus at the outlet of a fracture, e.g., an artificial fracture (aka, an injection pressure drop across the fracture) , measured during injection at a fixed flow rate after a fixed injection volume. The threshold flow rate is the highest flow rate that results in detectable plugging.
[0030] In one embodiment, the threshold flow rate may be controlled by changing the flow additive type and / or concentration. In one embodiment, using a dispersant as the flow additive may enhance TPA migration, thereby decreasing the threshold flow rate. In one embodiment, the threshold flow rate varies inversely with the dispersant concentration. In one embodiment, using a flocculant as the flow additive may enhance TPA plugging, thereby increasing the threshold flow rate. In one embodiment, the threshold flow rate increases proportionally with the flocculant concentration. In one embodiment, the presence or absence of deformable polymeric gel powders does not affect threshold flow rate.
[0031] Hydraulic fracturing operations may generate various pressures at various locations within a wellbore and / or within a formation fluidically connected to the wellbore, e.g., a fracture net pressure. As used herein, the term “fracture net pressure, ” and grammatical variations thereof, generally refers to the excess pressure in a diverting fracturing fluid inside a fracture (i.e., in excess of the pressure required to simply keep the fracture open) . As used herein, a fracture net pressure may be defined by units of pounds per square inch ( “psi” ) , bar, kilopascal ( “kPa” ) , or the like.
[0032] A decreased fluid flow through a fracture network may be evidenced by an increase in a pressure of a hydraulic fracturing operation of the present disclosure, such as an increase in a fracture net pressure within a formation fracture, while an increased fluid flow through a fracture network may be evidenced by a decrease of said pressure. In an embodiment, a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA of the present disclosure may have a positive fracture net pressure differential below a threshold flow rate within a formation fracture. In an embodiment, a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA of the present disclosure may have a negative fracture net pressure differential above a threshold flow rate within a formation fracture.
[0033] As used herein, the term “fracture net pressure differential, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the difference between the fracture net pressures of a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA of the present disclosure and of a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a control TPA. As used herein, the term “control TPA, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to a TPA of the present disclosure in the absence of the flow additive and / or the deformable polymeric gel powders of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the fracture net pressure differential of a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA of the present disclosure versus a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a control TPA may be determined in a subterranean formation or in the laboratory using an artificial fracture. A fracture net pressure differential may be determined by injecting a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA into a fracture and measuring the injection pressure buildup at a fixed flow rate and after a fixed injection volume. As used herein, the term “maximum fracture net pressure differential, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the highest injection pressure buildup observed over time for a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA when injected into a fracture at a fixed flow rate. Maximum fracture net pressure differential for a given diverting fracturing fluid comprising a TPA may be determined from a plot of injection pressure buildup versus injection volume. A larger fracture net pressure differential indicates a greater plugging effect in a fracture for diverting fracturing fluids comprising the TPA of the present disclosure versus a control TPA. A smaller fracture net pressure differential indicates a decreased plugging effect and / or increased migration effect for diverting fracturing fluids comprising a TPA of the present disclosure versus a control TPA.
[0034] In one embodiment, the fracture net pressure differential may be controlled by changing the particle type and / or concentration. In one embodiment, using a TPA of the present disclosure comprising a deformable polymeric gel powder may enhance TPA plugging. The fracture net pressure differential of a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a deformable polymeric gel powder of the present disclosure may be positive as compared to a diverting fracturing fluid comprising a control TPA excluding the deformable polymeric gel powder. In one embodiment, the fracture net pressure differential increases proportionally with the deformable polymeric gel powder concentration. In one embodiment, the presence or absence of dispersant or flocculants does not affect the fracture net pressure differential.
[0035] In embodiments disclosed herein of the present disclosure, the diverting fracturing fluid comprises a temporary plugging agent (TPA) that comprises a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive, wherein the flow additive comprises a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, and any combination thereof.
[0036] The TPAs suitable for use in the present disclosure include various weight ratios of degradable powder to bridging agents (e.g., fibers) to deformable polymeric gel powders. In an embodiment, TPAs comprise a weight ratio of degradable powder / bridging agent / deformable polymeric gel powder of from about 5: 1 to about 100: 1, including all weight ratio values and ranges therebetween (e.g., about 19: 1) .
[0037] A variety of degradable powders may be suitable for use in the TPAs of the present disclosure. As used herein, the term “degradable, ” “degradable powders, ” and “degradable materials, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the capability (e.g., of a powder or a material thereof) to undergo disintegration, dissolution, degradation, or the like to at least some appreciable extent. As used herein, the term “disintegration, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the process of substantially breaking of a powder or a material thereof into two or more fragments thereof, wherein the chemical structure is not altered. As used herein, the term “dissolution, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the process of substantially dissolving a powder or a material thereof in a solvent, thereby forming a solution therefrom. As used herein, the term “degradation, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the process of substantially breaking a powder or a material thereof into two or more fragments, wherein the chemical structure is altered.
[0038] Degradable powders may be a mixture of different degradable powders. Degradable powders may comprise a mono-modal or multi-modal particle size (e.g., diameter) distribution. Degradable powders may have an average particle size (e.g., diameter) range of from about 60 mesh to about 80 mesh, including all mesh values and ranges therebetween (e.g., 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 mesh) .
[0039] Degradable powders may comprise one or more degradable materials. Degradable powders may be a mixture of different degradable powders comprising one or more different degradable materials. As used herein, the term “material, ” and grammatical variations thereof, generally refers to oligomers, polymers, co-polymers, the like, and any combination thereof. Suitable examples of degradable materials include, but are not limited to polyester (e.g., aliphatic polyester) materials, polyolefin (e.g., polypropylene) materials, polyurethane materials, polyether materials, polylactone materials, polyamide materials, the like, and any combination thereof. In an embodiment, a degradable material is a polylactic acid (PLA) material, a polyglycolic acid (e.g., a poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid material) , a polycaprolactone, a polyhydroxyalkanoiate, a polyhydroxybutyrate, a polyethylene adipate, a polybutylene succinate, a polyhydroxyalkanoate (e.g., a poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hyroxyvalerate material) , a polycarbonate, the like, or any combination thereof.
[0040] A variety of bridging agents may be used in the TPAs of the present disclosure. A bridging agent may be a mixture of different bridging agents. A variety of structures of bridging agents may be used. Examples of bridging agent structures include, but are not limited to, fibers, particles, balls, flakes, the like, and any combination thereof. In an embodiment, bridging agents have a fiber structure. Bridging agents may comprise a mono-modal or multi-modal structure size (e.g., diameter, length, width, or the like) distribution. Bridging agents may have an average structure size range of from about 1 millimeter (mm) to about 10 mm, including all mm values and ranges therebetween (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mm) . In an embodiment, fiber bridging agents have an average length of from about 1 mm to about 10 mm, including all mm values and ranges therebetween (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 mm) . In an embodiment, bridging agents have an average size (e.g., diameter, length, width, or the like) which is greater than the average size (e.g., diameter) of the degradable powders and / or the deformable polymeric gel powders.
[0041] Bridging agents may comprise a mixture of different bridging agents comprising one or more different materials. In an embodiment, bridging agents comprise one or more non-degradable materials. Examples of non-degradable materials include, but are not limited to, cellulose, polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, the like, and any combination thereof. In an embodiment, bridging agents comprise one or more degradable materials of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, bridging agents comprise one or more same or different degradable materials as the degradable powders. In an embodiment, bridging agents comprise a polylactic acid ( “PLA” ) material (e.g., a PLA oligomer or polymer or copolymer or the like) . In an embodiment, degradable powders and bridging agents each comprise a PLA material.
[0042] In an example of suitable TPAs according to the present disclosure, the TPAs may comprise a weight ratio of degradable powder / bridging agent of from about 1: 10 to about 100: 1, including all weight ratio values and ranges therebetween (e.g., about 4: 1) .
[0043] A variety of deformable polymeric gel powders may be used in the TPAs of the present disclosure. As used herein, the term “deformable polymeric gel powder, ” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to powders comprising three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked polymer networks which form a deformable semi-solid with elastic properties when swollen in a solvent such as water. Deformable polymeric gel powders may have various elastic properties. In an embodiment, deformable polymeric gel powders have an elastic modulus range of from about 3000 pascal ( “Pa” ) to about 30,000 Pa, including all Pa values and ranges therebetween (e.g., as measured by a rheometer) . The ability to deform at high pressure enables deformable polymeric gel powders according to the present disclosure to fill the inter-particle pores of traditional TPA materials. The ability of TPAs of the present disclosure to pack into tighter, less permeable plugs allows improved bridging and sealing of permeable formations in a subterranean formation. In contrast, traditional TPAs (e.g., PLA-based TPAs) are stiff without the ability to deform at high pressure, which results in formation of TPA plugs which are more like sand packs (i.e., having inter-particle pores which are permeable, resulting in poor plugging ability) .
[0044] A variety of deformable polymeric gel powders may be used in TPAs of the present disclosure. Deformable polymeric gel powders may be a mixture of different deformable polymeric gel powders and / or may comprise a mixture of different polymer materials. A variety of polymers may be used to form a deformable polymeric gel powder of the present disclosure. Examples of polymers include, but are not limited to polyacrylamide, alginate polymer, chitosan, starch, xanthan gum, gluten, the like, and any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the polymer comprises a polyacrylamide based material.
[0045] Suitable deformable polymeric gel powders may comprise degradable materials. Suitable deformable polymeric gel powders may comprise one or more degradable materials of the present disclosure. Deformable polymeric gel powders may comprise a mixture of different deformable polymeric gel powders comprising one or more different degradable materials. Deformable polymeric gel powders may comprise one or more same or different degradable materials as a degradable powder. In an embodiment, a thermally sensitive group is present in a deformable polymeric gel powder to render the material degradable. In an embodiment, a pH-sensitive starch group that degrades in low pH conditions may serve as the thermally sensitive degradable group in a polymeric gel comprising an acrylamide-grafted starch crosslinked by N, N-methylenebisacrylamide. In another embodiment, the thermally sensitive degradable group may comprise a thermally-sensitive polyethylene glycol diacrylate group that degrades at high temperature in a polymeric gel comprising an acrylamide polymer crosslinked by polyethylene glycol diacrylate. Thus, deformable polymeric gel powders comprising degradable materials do not result in formation damage after flow back with other fracturing fluids.
[0046] A variety of polymer gel structures may be used in the TPAs according to the present disclosure. Examples of suitable polymeric gel structures include, but are not limited to, physical gels, hydrogels, macrogels, microgels, nanogels, organogels, emulgels, aerogels, xerogels, cryogels, the like, and any combination thereof. In an embodiment, a suitable polymeric gel is a crosslinked acrylamide polymer (e.g., acrylamide-grafted starch crosslinked by N, N-methylenebisacrylamide, acrylamide polymer crosslinked by polyethylene glycol diacrylate, and the like) .
[0047] Suitable deformable polymeric gel powders may comprise a mono-modal or multi-modal particle size (e.g., diameter) distribution. Deformable polymeric gel powders may have an average particle size (e.g., diameter) of from about 80 mesh to about 100 mesh, including all mesh values and ranges therebetween (e.g., about 100 mesh) . Deformable polymeric gel powders may comprise an average particle size (e.g., diameter) which is the same as or different from the average particle size (e.g., diameter) of the degradable powders.
[0048] Additives
[0049] TPAs that are suitable for the diverting fracturing fluids of the present disclosure may further comprise various additives suitable for either near-wellbore or far-field plugging operations. One or more additives can be included in TPAs to control the flow and plugging behaviors of TPAs in a fracture. In an embodiment, for example, a dispersant may add a layer of remote plugging by suspending the TPAs homogenously throughout a slick water fracturing fluid, thereby improving migration ability and allowing for plugging of fractures further from the well bore. In an embodiment, for example, a flocculant may increase the packing ability of TPAs in a fracture network, e.g., in near-wellbore diverting fracturing operations, far field diverting fracturing operations, or the like. In an embodiment, the additive comprises at least one of a dispersant, a flocculant, or any combination thereof.
[0050] Suitable dispersants may be chemical agents typically used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) . Suitable dispersants may be capable of enhancing the migration of the TPAs according to the present disclosure within a fracture in a subterranean formation. Suitable dispersants may be capable of controlling the flow and packing behavior of TPAs in a fracture by changing the TPA dispersion status in a slick water fracturing fluid. Suitable dispersants may be capable of suspending TPAs in a brine homogeneously, thus improving the TPA migration ability for far-field diverting fracturing operations. At the same time, the formed TPAs packed into fractures are much more homogenous, which produces firmer plugging to brine than heterogeneous cases.
[0051] A variety of dispersants may be suitable as TPA additives according to the present disclosure. Suitable dispersants may be a mixture of different dispersants. Examples of dispersants include, but are not limited to, surfactants, hexametaphosphate, sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, the like, and any combination thereof. Examples of suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, petroleum sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl polyoxypropylene sulfates, betaines, sodium dodecyl sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, the like, and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, dispersants may be betaine type surfactants. Betaine type surfactants are zwitterionic in nature, and are attractive surfactants due to low toxicity and biodegradability. Examples of betaine type surfactants include, but are not limited to, 3-sulfonyltetradecyldimethylbetaine, trimethylglycine, alkyl C12-14 hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine, betaine erucate, the like, and any combination thereof.
[0052] In an embodiment, a dispersant concentration in TPAs has a range of from about 500 milligrams / liter (mg / L) to about 5,000 mg / L, including all mg / L values and ranges therebetween (e.g., 500 mg / L to 2000 mg / L, or 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, or 5000 mg / L) .
[0053] Flocculants may be used as TPA additives as they may enhance the packing ability of TPAs within fractures by causing the TPAs to partially aggregate together. Suitable flocculants may be a mixture of different flocculants. Examples of suitable flocculants include, but are not limited to, polymeric compounds (e.g., polymers ranging from medium to high molecular weight) , inorganic salts of multivalent metals the like, and any combination thereof. Polymeric compounds or inorganic salts of multivalent metals serve well in the role of a flocculant as they bridge to form agglomerates. Suitable examples of polymeric flocculants include, but are not limited to, cationic polyacrylamide, polyaluminum chloride, the like, and any combination thereof. Suitable examples of inorganic flocculants include, but are not limited to, aluminum salt, ferric salts the like, and any combination thereof. In an embodiment, inorganic flocculants include metal salts such as aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, which are commonly used in both water treatment and energy production due to low cost and being environmentally benign. In an embodiment, flocculants comprise inorganic flocculants utilizing aluminum salts, including but not limited to aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, sodium aluminate, aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chloride, the like, and any combination thereof. In an embodiment, flocculants comprise aluminum chloride.
[0054] In an embodiment, a flocculant concentration in TPAs has a range of from about 100 mg / L to about 1000 mg / L, including all mg / L values and ranges therebetween (e.g., 100 mg / L to 500 mg / L, or 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg / L) .
[0055] Diverting fracturing fluids according to the present disclosure may comprise any TPAs according to the present disclosure. Methods according to the present disclosure may use any diverting fracturing fluids of the present disclosure. Examples of diverting fracturing fluids include, but are not limited to, slick water fracturing fluids, guar gum fracturing fluids, polymer gel fracturing fluids, the like, and any combination thereof. In an embodiment, diverting fracturing fluids are slick water fracturing fluids.
[0056] Diverting fracturing fluids according to the present disclosure may comprise various concentrations of TPAs of the present disclosure, for example, a total TPA concentration of from about 1,000 mg / L to about 10,000 mg / L, including all mg / L values and ranges therebetween (e.g., 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, or 10,000 mg / L) . In an embodiment, a diverting fracturing fluid is a slick water fracturing fluid comprising a total TPA concentration of about 5,000 mg / L.
[0057] Diverting fracturing fluids, may comprise a dispersion of TPAs according to the present disclosure. In an embodiment, TPAs of the present disclosure are homogenously dispersed into diverting fracturing fluids. In an embodiment, TPAs of the present disclosure are homogeneously dispersed in diverting fracturing fluids comprising brines.
[0058] In addition to TPAs according to the present disclosure, diverting fracturing fluids may comprise various additional components. In an embodiment, diverting fracturing fluids may be slick water fracturing fluids further comprising at least one of a group consisting of a friction reducer polymer, a flow back enhancer, a clay stabilizer, a biocide, the like, and any combination thereof.
[0059] In an aspect, an embodiment according to the present disclosure provides methods of using temporary plugging agents (TPAs) of the present disclosure to improve fracture complexity and thus to increase stimulated reservoir volume in oil or gas reservoirs during diverting fracturing operations. In an embodiment, the operations are near-wellbore, wellbore or far-field operations. In an embodiment, the operations are slick water fracturing operations.
[0060] In an embodiment, a method of the present disclosure may comprise providing a TPA of the present disclosure to a diverting fracturing operation, e.g., a slick water fracturing operation. In an embodiment, a diverting fracturing operation is a near-wellbore or a far-field diverting fracturing operation. In an embodiment, providing a TPA of the present disclosure comprises providing any diverting fracturing fluid of the present disclosure (e.g., comprising any TPA of the present disclosure) . In an embodiment, providing a TPA of the present disclosure comprises providing a slick water fracturing fluid comprising any TPA according to the present disclosure.
[0061] In an embodiment according to the present disclosure, a TPA comprises one or more of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, and a deformable polymeric gel powder. In an embodiment according to the present disclosure, the bridging agent is a fiber bridging agent. In an embodiment according to the present disclosure, the deformable polymeric gel powder is formed by crosslinking a polymer prior to providing the TPA. In an embodiment, providing the TPA further comprises adding an uncrosslinked polymeric precursor and a crosslinker to the diverting fracturing fluid, e.g., a slick water fracturing fluid, to form the deformable polymeric gel powder in situ. Examples of a crosslinker may include, but are not limited to, organic chromium ions, organoboron ions, phenolic crosslinking agent, the like, and any combination thereof. The crosslinker may be in a liquid state or in a water soluble powder. An uncrosslinked polymeric precursor may react with a crosslinker to form a deformable polymeric gel shell around the other TPA components, thereby forming a deformable polymeric gel powder comprising the other TPA components. An uncrosslinked polymeric precursor may be a powder which may react with a crosslinker to form a deformable polymeric gel powder. In an example embodiment, the crosslinker may be capsulized into microcapsules for a delayed release. In an example embodiment, the crosslinker may be blended with one or more components of the TPA at melting point, with the crosslinker being released as the TPA components dissolve or degrade.
[0062] In another embodiment according to the present disclosure, said TPA further comprises a flow additive (e.g., a dispersant or a flocculant) . In an embodiment, a method comprises providing a TPA of the present disclosure to a far-field plugging operation, and the flow additive comprises a dispersant, e.g., wherein the dispersant is homogeneously dispersed, e.g., within a slick water fracturing fluid, e.g., a brine. In an embodiment, said method comprises providing a TPA of the present disclosure to a near-wellbore plugging operation, and the flow additive is a flocculant.
[0063] A method of the present disclosure may further comprise introducing said TPA into a fracture in a subterranean formation (e.g., an oil or gas reservoir or the like) . Said method may further comprise forming a plug within said fracture. The plug may comprise at least a portion of or all of the provided TPA and may have a pore space therein. At least a portion of the provided TPA may occlude at least a portion of the pore space within the formed plug. In an embodiment, the deformable polymeric gel powder occludes at least a portion of the pore space within the formed plug.
[0064] Example Embodiments
[0065] Embodiments disclosed herein include:
[0066] A. Diverting fracturing methods. The methods comprise: introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof; wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential; and / or wherein, when the flow additive comprises the dispersant, introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at a flow rate above a threshold flow rate increases the flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a smaller fracture net pressure differential.
[0067] B: Diverting fracturing methods. The methods comprise: introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a near-wellbore fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof; wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid into the fracture at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential.
[0068] C: Diverting fracturing methods. The methods comprise: introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a far-field fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive a comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof; wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential; and / or wherein, when the flow additive comprises the dispersant, introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at a flow rate above a threshold flow rate increases the flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture, as shown by a smaller fracture net pressure differential.
[0069] Each of Embodiments A, B, or C may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination.
[0070] Element 1: wherein the method further comprises: changing the threshold flow rate by:proportionally changing the concentration of the flocculant, when present; and / or inversely changing the concentration of the dispersant, when present; and / or changing the fracture net pressure differential by proportionally changing the deformable polymeric gel powder concentration.
[0071] Element 2: wherein: the larger fracture net pressure differential is an at least 45 percent (%) to at least 300 %larger fracture net pressure differential; and / or the smaller fracture net pressure differential is an at least 95 %smaller fracture net pressure differential.
[0072] Element 3: wherein: the degradable powder and the bridging agent each comprise polylactic acid; the degradable powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh; and / or the bridging agent comprises a fiber having an average length of from about 1 mm to about 10 mm.
[0073] Element 5: wherein: the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a degradable polymer gel; the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a crosslinked polyacrylamide gel; the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh; the deformable polymeric gel powder has an elastic modulus of from about 3000 Pa to about 30,000 Pa; and / or the weight ratio of the deformable polymeric gel powder to the degradable powder, the bridging agent, or each thereof, is from 0.01 to about 0.1.
[0074] Element 6: wherein: the dispersant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 500 mg / L to 5,000 mg / L; the dispersant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactants, hexametaphosphate, sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, and any combination thereof; the flocculant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 100 mg / L to 1000 mg / L; and / or the flocculant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer, an organic aluminum compound, an inorganic aluminum compound, and any combination thereof.
[0075] Element 7: wherein the diverting fracturing operation fluid is a slick water fracturing fluid comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of a friction reducer polymer, a flow back enhancer, a clay stabilizer, and a biocide.
[0076] By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to A, B, and C include: any one, more, or all of Elements 1-7, without limitation.
[0077] The present disclosure is further directed to the following non-limiting embodiments.
[0078] Embodiment 1. A method comprising: introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof; wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential; and / or wherein, when the flow additive comprises the dispersant, introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at a flow rate above a threshold flow rate increases the flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a smaller fracture net pressure differential.
[0079] Embodiment 2. The method of Embodiment 1, wherein the method further comprises: changing the threshold flow rate by: proportionally changing the concentration of the flocculant, when present; and / or inversely changing the concentration of the dispersant, when present; and / or changing the fracture net pressure differential by proportionally changing the deformable polymeric gel powder concentration.
[0080] Embodiment 3. The method of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, wherein: the larger fracture net pressure differential is an at least 45 percent (%) to at least 300 %larger fracture net pressure differential; and / or the smaller fracture net pressure differential is an at least 95 %smaller fracture net pressure differential.
[0081] Embodiment 4. The method of any one of Embodiments 1-3, wherein: the degradable powder and the bridging agent each comprise polylactic acid; the degradable powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh; and / or the bridging agent comprises a fiber having an average length of from about 1 mm to about 10 mm.
[0082] Embodiment 5. The method of any one of Embodiments 1-4, wherein: the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a degradable polymer gel; the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a crosslinked polyacrylamide gel; the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh; the deformable polymeric gel powder has an elastic modulus of from about 3000 Pa to about 30,000 Pa; and / or the weight ratio of the deformable polymeric gel powder to the degradable powder, the bridging agent, or each thereof, is from 0.01 to about 0.1.
[0083] Embodiment 6. The method of any one of Embodiments 1-5, wherein: the dispersant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 500 mg / L to 5,000 mg / L; the dispersant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactants, hexametaphosphate, sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, and any combination thereof; the flocculant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 100 mg / L to 1000 mg / L; and / or the flocculant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer, an organic aluminum compound, an inorganic aluminum compound, and any combination thereof.
[0084] Embodiment 7. The method of any one of Embodiments 1-6, wherein the diverting fracturing operation fluid is a slick water fracturing fluid comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of a friction reducer polymer, a flow back enhancer, a clay stabilizer, and a biocide.
[0085] Embodiment 8. A method comprising: introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a near-wellbore fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof; wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid into the fracture at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential.
[0086] Embodiment 9. The method of Embodiment 8, wherein the method further comprises: changing the threshold flow rate by: proportionally changing the concentration of the flocculant, when present; and / or inversely changing the concentration of the dispersant, when present; and / or changing the fracture net pressure differential by proportionally changing the deformable polymeric gel powder concentration.
[0087] Embodiment 10. The method of Embodiment 8 or Embodiment 9, wherein the larger fracture net pressure differential is an at least 45 percent (%) to at least 300 %larger fracture net pressure differential.
[0088] Embodiment 11. The method of any one of Embodiments 8-10, wherein: the degradable powder and the bridging agent each comprise polylactic acid; the degradable powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh; the bridging agent comprises a fiber having an average length of from about 1 mm to about 10 mm; the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a degradable polymer gel; the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a crosslinked polyacrylamide gel; the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh; the deformable polymeric gel powder has an elastic modulus of from about 3000 Pa to about 30,000 Pa; and / or the weight ratio of the deformable polymeric gel powder to the degradable powder, the bridging agent, or each thereof, is from 0.01 to about 0.1.
[0089] Embodiment 12. The method of any one of Embodiments 8-11, wherein: the dispersant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 500 mg / L to 5,000 mg / L; the dispersant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactants, hexametaphosphate, sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, and any combination thereof; the flocculant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 100 mg / L to 1000 mg / L; and / or the flocculant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer, an organic aluminum compound, an inorganic aluminum compound, and any combination thereof.
[0090] Embodiment 13. The method of any one of Embodiments 8-12, wherein the diverting fracturing fluid is a slick water fracturing fluid comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of a friction reducer polymer, a flow back enhancer, a clay stabilizer, and a biocide.
[0091] Embodiment 14. A method comprising: introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a far-field fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive a comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof; wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential; and / or wherein, when the flow additive comprises the dispersant, introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at a flow rate above a threshold flow rate increases the flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture, as shown by a smaller fracture net pressure differential.
[0092] Embodiment 15. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the method further comprises: changing the threshold flow rate by: proportionally changing the concentration of the flocculant, when present; and / or inversely changing the concentration of the dispersant, when present; and / or changing the fracture net pressure differential by proportionally changing the deformable polymeric gel powder concentration.
[0093] Embodiment 16. The method of Embodiment 14 or Embodiment 15, wherein the larger fracture net pressure differential is an at least 45 percent (%) to at least 300 %larger fracture net pressure; and / or the smaller fracture net pressure differential is an at least 95 %smaller fracture net pressure.
[0094] Embodiment 17. The method of any one of Embodiments 14-16, wherein: the degradable powder and the bridging agent each comprise polylactic acid; the degradable powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh; the bridging agent comprises a fiber having an average length of from about 1 mm to about 10 mm; the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a degradable polymer gel; the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a crosslinked polyacrylamide gel; the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises an average particle size of from about 80 mesh to about 100 mesh; the deformable polymeric gel powder has an elastic modulus of from about 3000 Pa to about 30,000 Pa; and / or the weight ratio of the deformable polymeric gel powder to the degradable powder, the bridging agent, or each thereof, is from 0.01 to about 0.1.
[0095] Embodiment 18. The method of any one of Embodiments 14-17, wherein: the dispersant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 500 mg / L to 5,000 mg / L; the dispersant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactants, hexametaphosphate, sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, and any combination thereof; the flocculant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 100 mg / L to 1000 mg / L; and / or the flocculant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer, an organic aluminum compound, an inorganic aluminum compound, and any combination thereof.
[0096] Embodiment 19. The method fluid of any one of Embodiments 14-18, wherein the subterranean operation is a slickwater fracturing operation, and wherein the diverting fracturing fluid is a slick water fracturing fluid comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of a friction reducer polymer, a flow back enhancer, a clay stabilizer, and a biocide.
[0097] Example 1
[0098] A flow and pack injection study was done to measure the migration and aggregation capacity of a novel TPA system including the addition of additives such as a dispersant or a flocculant, in contrast with a traditional powder / fiber TPA system. The test TPA system is a powder / fiber / additive TPA system.
[0099] Methods
[0100] In this example, the flow and pack behavior of the test TPA system was compared with traditional power / fiber system. The powder TPA was polylactic acid (PLA) material with particle size from 60 mesh to 80 mesh. The fiber TPA was also PLA material with length 6 mm. The dispersant was a betaine-type surfactant, 3-Sulfonyltetradecyldimethylbetaine. The flocculant was aluminum chloride. The TPA system was dispersed in a slick water fracturing fluid containing friction reducer polymer, flow back enhancer, clay stabilizer, and biocide. The total TPA concentration was fixed at 5000 mg / L (0.042 ppg) . Table 1 lists the test information:
[0101] Table 1.
[0102] The flow and pack injection test was conducted by a coreflooding method. An artificial fracture metal plug made of stainless steel was used. The fracture size was 7.0 cm x 0.5 cm x 2.0 cm (2.76 inch x 0.20 inch x 0.79 inch) by L x W x H. The procedure is listed below:
[0103] 1) Disperse the TPA system in brine at magnetic stirring of 800 r / min for 1 hour.
[0104] 2) Add slick water fracturing fluid into the solution at 800 r / min and stir for 1hour.
[0105] 3) Put the prepared TPA system into stirring accumulator and load the fractured plug into the coreflooding system.
[0106] 4) Pump the suspension into the fracture at flow rate of 20 mL / min or 5 mL / min for 200 mL.During the pumping, continually stir TPA sample inside of the accumulator. Record the pressures at the inlet and the outlet of the fracture during injection. The pressure buildup across the fracture is the difference between the inlet pressure and the outlet pressure. The maximum pressure buildup can be measured from the pressure buildup versus time curve.
[0107] Result
[0108] FIG. 1 is a graph showing maximum pressure buildup during injection of slick water fracturing fluids comprising TPA systems through artificial metal plug fractures as a function of flowrate and TPA additive. For the test using dispersant at 1500 mg / L, there was almost no pressure buildup at high flow rate of 20 mL / min. In comparison, the test without dispersant had high pressure. This confirmed that the dispersant lubricated and uniformly moved the powder / fiber TPA system forward rather than bridging and packing the powder / fiber TPA system across the channel. This is helpful for the deep migration of a TPA system in the fractures. FIG. 2A-2B are depictions during injection of slick water fracturing fluids of migration of TPA material through the artificial metal plug fracture for TPA systems without dispersant (FIG. 2A) versus TPA systems with dispersant (FIG. 2B) .
[0109] For the tests using flocculant at 400 mg / L, the particle / fiber TPA system produced much higher pressure at both high and low flow rates as compared to the tests using the powder / fiber TPA system without flocculant. This confirmed that flocculant could make aggregations of powder and fiber. The aggregation, on one hand, made the pack heterogeneous with poor plugging, on the other hand, improved the bridge of the mixture across the flow channel. More powder / fiber could be packed, producing much higher pressure.
[0110] Conclusion
[0111] The addition of the additives to the traditional powder / fiber TPA solution enhanced the migration or aggregation of a slick water fracturing fluid. With use of a dispersant such as trimethylglycine, the slick water fracturing fluid had an increase in mobility for far-field plugging application. In a separate formulation, the addition of a flocculant enhanced packing and possessed a better bridging ability that may be utilized in near-wellbore wellbore temporary plugging.
[0112] Example 2
[0113] The plugging ability of a traditional TPA powder / fiber system with the addition of a novel deformable polymeric gel powder was measured by a plugging test. The traditional powder / fiber TPA used in Example 1 is also used in Example 2.
[0114] Methods
[0115] Procedure as follows:
[0116] 1) Prepare TPA samples in brine and allow to fully swell overnight. As used herein, the term “swelling, ” and grammatical variations thereof, generally refer to the increase of the volume of the deformable polymeric gel powder after immersion in brine, as measured by the apparent volume of the deformable polymeric gel powder in a graduated cylinder. As used herein, “full swelling, ” and grammatical variations therein, refers to the maximum increase of the volume of the deformable polymeric gel powder upon immersion in brine, as measured by the apparent volume of the deformable polymeric gel powder in a graduated cylinder.
[0117] 2) Put quantitative TPA without free water on one side of the artificial fracture. Reassemble the other side with end plugs and O-rings to create an artificial fracture filling with TPA.
[0118] 3) Load into coreholder and set confining pressure to 1000 psi (6.9 Mpa) .
[0119] 4) Inject brine into the core at flow rate of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mL / min at ambient temperature and record the pressures at the inlet and the outlet of the fracture during injection. The pressure buildup across the fracture is the difference between the inlet pressure and the outlet pressure.
[0120] An artificial fracture metal plug with fracture size 7.0 cm x 0.2 cm x 2.0 cm (2.76 inch x 0.09 inch x 0.79 inch) by L x W x H was used. Total 2g TPA mixture was put into the fracture. Two tests were performed as listed in Table 2.
[0121] Table 2.
[0122] Results
[0123] FIG. 3 is a graph depicting pressure buildup in an artificial metal plug fracture for slick water fracturing fluids without deformable polymeric gel powder versus slick water fracturing fluids with deformable polymeric gel powder, as a function of flow rate and injection volume. For the TPA system without addition of the novel deformable polymeric gel powder, the TPA pack in the fracture was like a sand pack with inter-particle pores. The injected water permeated through them, producing a stable but low pressure. For the TPA system with the new powder / fiber / deformable polymeric gel powder, the pressure increased to a higher value at the beginning of each flow rate and then decreased slowly. The ultimate pressure was still much higher than the value at same flow rate for the TPA system without deformable polymeric gel powder.
[0124] Conclusion
[0125] The plugging test confirmed the hypothesis that the novel deformable polymeric gel powder filled the pores and made the pack less permeable with improved plugging. The slowly decreasing pressure resulted from the deformation of deformable polymeric gel powder at relatively high injection pressure.
[0126] *****
[0127] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, for example, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “contains, ” “containing, ” “includes, ” “including, ” “comprises, ” and / or “comprising, ” and variations thereof, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.
[0128] Terms of orientation used herein are merely for purposes of convention and referencing and are not to be construed as limiting. However, it is recognized these terms could be used with reference to an operator or user. Accordingly, no limitations are implied or to be inferred. In addition, the use of ordinal numbers (e.g., first, second, third, etc. ) is for distinction and not counting. For example, the use of “third” does not imply there must be a corresponding “first” or “second. ” Also, if used herein, the terms “coupled” or “coupled to” or “connected” or “connected to” or “attached” or “attached to” may indicate establishing either a direct or indirect connection, and is not limited to either unless expressly referenced as such.
[0129] While the disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes can be made, and equivalents can be substituted for elements thereof, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications will be appreciated by those skilled in the art to adapt a particular instrument, situation, or material to embodiments of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, or to the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, or component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative.
Claims
1.A method comprising:introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof;wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential; and / orwherein, when the flow additive comprises the dispersant, introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at a flow rate above a threshold flow rate increases the flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a smaller fracture net pressure differential.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:changing the threshold flow rate by:proportionally changing the concentration of the flocculant, when present; and / orinversely changing the concentration of the dispersant, when present; and / orchanging the fracture net pressure differential by proportionally changing the deformable polymeric gel powder concentration.3.The method of claim 1, wherein:the larger fracture net pressure differential is an at least 45 percent (%) to at least 300 %larger fracture net pressure differential; and / orthe smaller fracture net pressure differential is an at least 95 %smaller fracture net pressure differential.4.The method of claim 1, wherein:the degradable powder and the bridging agent each comprise polylactic acid;the degradable powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh; and / orthe bridging agent comprises a fiber having an average length of from about 1 mm to about 10 mm.5.The method of claim 1, wherein:the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a degradable polymer gel;the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a crosslinked polyacrylamide gel;the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh;the deformable polymeric gel powder has an elastic modulus of from about 3000 Pa to about 30,000 Pa; and / orthe weight ratio of the deformable polymeric gel powder to the degradable powder, the bridging agent, or each thereof, is from 0.01 to about 0.1.6.The method of claim 1, wherein:the dispersant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 500 mg / L to 5,000 mg / L;the dispersant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactants, hexametaphosphate, sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, and any combination thereof;the flocculant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 100 mg / L to 1000 mg / L; and / orthe flocculant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer, an organic aluminum compound, an inorganic aluminum compound, and any combination thereof.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the diverting fracturing operation fluid is a slick water fracturing fluid comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of a friction reducer polymer, a flow back enhancer, a clay stabilizer, and a biocide.8.A method comprising:introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a near-wellbore fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof;wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid into the fracture at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises:changing the threshold flow rate by:proportionally changing the concentration of the flocculant, when present; and / orinversely changing the concentration of the dispersant, when present; and / orchanging the fracture net pressure differential by proportionally changing the deformable polymeric gel powder concentration.10.The method of claim 8, wherein the larger fracture net pressure differential is an at least 45 percent (%) to at least 300 %larger fracture net pressure differential.11.The method of claim 8, wherein:the degradable powder and the bridging agent each comprise polylactic acid;the degradable powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh;the bridging agent comprises a fiber having an average length of from about 1 mm to about 10 mm;the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a degradable polymer gel;the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a crosslinked polyacrylamide gel;the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh;the deformable polymeric gel powder has an elastic modulus of from about 3000 Pa to about 30,000 Pa; and / orthe weight ratio of the deformable polymeric gel powder to the degradable powder, the bridging agent, or each thereof, is from 0.01 to about 0.1.12.The method of claim 8, wherein:the dispersant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 500 mg / L to 5,000 mg / L;the dispersant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactants, hexametaphosphate, sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, and any combination thereof;the flocculant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 100 mg / L to 1000 mg / L; and / orthe flocculant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer, an organic aluminum compound, an inorganic aluminum compound, and any combination thereof.13.The method of claim 8, wherein the diverting fracturing fluid is a slick water fracturing fluid comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of a friction reducer polymer, a flow back enhancer, a clay stabilizer, and a biocide.14.A method comprising:introducing a diverting fracturing fluid into a far-field fracture of a subterranean formation, the diverting fracturing fluid comprising a temporary plugging agent that comprises a mixture of a degradable powder, a bridging agent, a deformable polymeric gel powder, and a flow additive a comprising a component selected from the group consisting of a flocculant, a dispersant, or a combination thereof;wherein introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at or below a threshold flow rate reduces a flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture of the subterranean formation, as shown by a larger fracture net pressure differential; and / orwherein, when the flow additive comprises the dispersant, introducing the diverting fracturing fluid at a flow rate above a threshold flow rate increases the flow of the diverting fracturing fluid through the fracture, as shown by a smaller fracture net pressure differential.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the method further comprises:changing the threshold flow rate by:proportionally changing the concentration of the flocculant, when present; and / orinversely changing the concentration of the dispersant, when present; and / orchanging the fracture net pressure differential by proportionally changing the deformable polymeric gel powder concentration.16.The method of claim 14, wherein:the larger fracture net pressure differential is an at least 45 percent (%) to at least 300 %larger fracture net pressure; and / orthe smaller fracture net pressure differential is an at least 95 %smaller fracture net pressure.17.The method of claim 14, wherein:the degradable powder and the bridging agent each comprise polylactic acid;the degradable powder comprises an average particle size of from about 40 mesh to about 100 mesh;the bridging agent comprises a fiber having an average length of from about 1 mm to about 10 mm;the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a degradable polymer gel;the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises a crosslinked polyacrylamide gel;the deformable polymeric gel powder comprises an average particle size of from about 80 mesh to about 100 mesh;the deformable polymeric gel powder has an elastic modulus of from about 3000 Pa to about 30,000 Pa; and / orthe weight ratio of the deformable polymeric gel powder to the degradable powder, the bridging agent, or each thereof, is from 0.01 to about 0.1.18.The method of claim 14, wherein:the dispersant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 500 mg / L to 5,000 mg / L;the dispersant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a surfactants, hexametaphosphate, sodium polyacrylate, carboxymethylcellulose, and any combination thereof;the flocculant is present in the diverting fracturing fluid at from 100 mg / L to 1000 mg / L; and / orthe flocculant comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer, an organic aluminum compound, an inorganic aluminum compound, and any combination thereof.19.The method fluid of claim 14, wherein the subterranean operation is a slickwater fracturing operation, and wherein the diverting fracturing fluid is a slick water fracturing fluid comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of a friction reducer polymer, a flow back enhancer, a clay stabilizer, and a biocide.
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