Solar cell having an intrinsic cdsete thin film and method for producing it
The CdSeTe-based solar cell with intrinsic and uniform composition addresses copper diffusion and asymmetry issues, enhancing efficiency and design flexibility.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/107105
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-04-24
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-23
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-30
AI Technical Summary
CdTe-based solar cells face issues with copper diffusion reducing long-term stability, non-uniform composition complexity, and asymmetrical band diagrams, limiting efficiency and suitability for bifacial designs.
A solar cell with a p-i-n structure featuring an intrinsic CdSeTe layer, an n-type transparent conductive layer, and a p-type hole transport layer, utilizing a uniform CdSeTe composition and selective charge transport mechanisms to enhance symmetry and efficiency.
The solution achieves improved charge carrier lifetimes and radiative efficiency, supporting both monofacial and bifacial designs with reduced material usage and costs.
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Figure CN2024107105_30102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Solar cell having an intrinsic CdSeTe thin film and method for producing it
[0001] The present invention refers to a solar cell having an intrinsic CdSeTe thin film as the photoactive layer and to a method for producing such a solar cell.
[0002] In the state of the art, a CdTe solar cell has the following structure, wherein the layers are arranged in the mentioned sequence: a transparent conducting oxide layer (TCO) formed as front contact layer; a layer of cadmium sulfide (CdS) formed as an n-doped window layer; alayer of cadmium telluride (CdTe) being the p-doped photoactive layer; and a back contact layer to collect the charge carriers. The CdS layer and the CdTe layer form a p-n junction. The front contact layer and the back contact layer may also be formed as a layer stack comprising different layers of different materials, wherein at least one back contact layer may be a highly p-doped semiconducting layer for hole transport. In other CdTe-based solar cells, the p-n junction is formed at the interface of an n-doped front contact layer to the photoactive layer. For instance, a p-type CdSeTe layer is formed as the photoactive layer, wherein the CdSeTe layer has a gradient of the selenium concentration over its extension between the front and the back contact layers.
[0003] There are some challenges resulting from this structure: First, the photoactive layer is usually between 3μm and 5μm thick and is p-doped, for instance by dopants like copper. However, copper is known to diffuse within the CdTe-based photoactive layer and to reduce the long-term stability of the solar cell. Further, defects caused by excess copper within the photoactive layer reduce the lifetime of the charge carriers and thus the efficiency of the solar cell. Moreover, ahigh amount of CdTe–and, if applicable, further elements, for instance selenium–is needed for forming the photoactive layer. Second, maximizing performance to date requires an absorber of nonuniform composition, increasing complexity. Therefore, special efforts for designing a graded photoactive layer are made, for instance with respect to the selenium concentration within a CdSeTe photoactive layer. Usually, the selenium concentration near the p-n junction is higher than at the other side of the photoactive layer. Third, the band diagram of the solar cell structure is not symmetric. The electron and hole selectivity are achieved by different mechanisms. Therefore, state-of-the-art solar cell structures having a CdTe-based photoactive layer are not really suitable for bifacial designs.
[0004] US 4,710,589 A describes a solar cell having a p-i-n structure comprising an n-type CdS layer, an intrinsic CdTe photoactive layer and a p-type ZnTe layer. For collecting charges, a conductive grid or a transparent conductive oxide layer is formed on that layer which faces the impinging light and a conductive layer, for instance of metal, is formed on the other layer not facing the impinging light. The produced solar cells reach fill factors up to 64%and efficiencies up to 10.7%.
[0005] It is an object of the invention to provide another solar cell having a p-i-n structure and even better device properties and a method for producing it.
[0006] This object is solved by a solar cell and a method according to the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are given in the dependent claims.
[0007] According to a first aspect of the invention, a solar cell comprises an n-type transparent conductive layer as an electron transport layer, an intrinsic CdSeTe layer as a photoactive layer and a p-type hole transport layer. The n-type transparent conductive layer serves as an electron transport layer and is transparent with respect to wavelengths of light, which will be absorbed in the photoactive layer. That is, the n-type transparent conductive layer has an absorptance lower than 10%for wavelengths in the range of 400 nm to 900 nm. The photoactive layer is intrinsic, i.e. not doped or not doped intentionally to a specific conduction type, and serves for generating electrons and holes, if light impinges on the solar cell. The electron transport layer and the hole transport layer allow selective transport of these electrons or holes, respectively, by equivalent mechanisms in opposite directions and thus produces electrical power. That is, the electron transport layer allows electrons to pass from the photoactive layer while forming a barrier to holes, and the hole transport layer allows holes to pass from the photoactive layer while forming a barrier to electrons. This requires a large negative valence band offset and a very low conductive band offset of the electron transport layer to the photoactive layer and, vice versa, a large positive conductive band offset and a very low valence band offset of the hole transport layer to the photoactive layer. “Large” means here an offset higher than 0.5 eV and “very low” means an offset smaller than 0.2 eV, maybe even zero.
[0008] According to the invention, the term “CdSeTe layer” means a layer comprising Cd, Se and Te in an alloy in this invention. In embodiments, the CdSeTe layer may comprise a further element, for instance Zn, in an alloy.
[0009] In embodiments, the n-type transparent conductive layer comprises an n-doped transparent conductive oxide and no further heavily-doped layer is present between the n-type transparent conductive layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer. In embodiments, no further heavily-doped layer is present between the p-type hole transport layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer. A heavily-doped layer means a layer having a carrier concentration above 1017 cm-3 and / or an electrical conductivity above 100 S / m allowing a sufficient conductivity of electrical charge carriers. In contrast thereto, a lightly-doped layer has a carrier concentration lower than 1016 cm-3 and / or an electrical conductivity lower than 10 S / m. Such a lightly-doped layer or an undoped layer may be present between the n-type transparent conductive layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer. In special embodiments, the n-type transparent conductive layer is a layer of tin oxide doped with fluorine (SnO2: F) , wherein an undoped tin oxide (SnO2) layer is provided between the n-type transparent conductive layer and the photoactive layer. Other examples for the n-type transparent conductive layer are indium tin oxide (ITO) , aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO: Al) , cadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4) , and titanium dioxide (TiO2) . A layer present between the n-type transparent conductive layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer may function as a buffer layer or as a passivating layer. A buffer layer maintains the carrier-selective band offset, but reduces recombination of charge carriers by putting distance between the electron transport layer (with a large concentration of majority carriers) and the photoactive layer (with a sizeable concentration of the corresponding minority carrier) . A passivating layer bonds cleanly to both the photoactive layer and the electron transport layer, while being thin enough to not impede charge carrier transport, i.e. electron transport. Further examples of buffer layers or passivating layers are zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) , intrinsic tin oxide, ZnTe or intrinsic zinc oxide. Any kind of intermediate layer, i.e. a layer between the n-type transparent conductive layer and the photoactive layer, is transparent as described above with respect to the n-type transparent conductive layer.
[0010] In embodiments, the CdSeTe layer has a composition of CdSexTe1-x with 0<x≤0.4, in particular with 0.2≤x≤0.4, and more particular x=0, 3.
[0011] In emobdiments, the CdSeTe layer is the band gap of 1.35 eV<x≤1.55 eV, in particular with 1.35 eV<x≤1.43 eV, and more particular 1.38≤x≤1.40 eV
[0012] In embodiments, the CdSeTe layer has a uniform composition over its whole thickness. The thickness is that extension of the CdSeTe layer which extends in a direction from the n-type transparent conductive layer to the p-type hole transport layer. “Uniform” means that the content of each of the different elements within the CdSeTe layer differs within the CdSeTe layer only by 10%absolute between a minimum value and a maximum value of the respective element content. That is: In a CdSexTe1-x layer the selenium content and the tellurium content are uniform.
[0013] In embodiments, the CdSeTe layer has a thickness in the range of 200 nm to 3μm, in particular in the range of 700 nm to 1.5μm, more particular in the range of 900 nm to 1.1μm and for instance 1μm. This is less than the thickness of doped absorber layers used in the state of the art which is often in the range of 3μm to 5μm. Thus, less material has to be used and costs can be saved.
[0014] In embodiments, the p-type hole transport layer is a CdxZn1-xTe layer with x being in the range of zero (0) to 0.6 and being doped with an element of group 15, for instance N, P, Sb or As. Further or other dopants may be Ag or Au, however Cu is excluded. Instead of a CdxZn1-xTe layer other materials may be used as the p-type hole transport layer, e.g. CdTe, CdSeTe, AgAlTe2, CuAlTe2, ZnSiAs2, and others or organic materials like, for instance, PTAA (poly [bis (4-phenyl) (2, 4, 6-trimethylphenyl) amine] ) , Spiro-OMeTAD (2, 2′, 7, 7′-tetrakis (N, N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine) -9, 9-spirobifluorene) , PEDOT: PSS (poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate) . For bifacial solar cells, in particular PTAA and PEDOT: PSS may be used, wherein in some embodiments the p-type hole transport layer comprises a bilayer or a layer stack comprising one of these organic materials and a degenerately-doped n-type transparent conductive oxide, for instance indium tin oxide or hydrogen-doped indium oxide (In2O3: H) , as a contact layer.
[0015] In other embodiments, the p-type hole transport layer is or comprises a p-doped transparent conductive oxide and no further heavily-doped layer is present between the p-type hole transport layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer. That is, a lightly-doped layer or an undoped layer may be present between the p-type hole transport layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer. In special embodiments, the p-type hole transport layer is a layer of CuSCN, BaCu4S3, CuxAlOy or even Cu nanowires, wherein an undoped ZnTe layer is provided between the p-type hole transport layer and the photoactive layer and serves as a copper diffusion barrier. A layer present between the p-type hole transport layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer may function as a buffer layer or as a passivating layer. With respect to the meanings of the terms “heavily-doped” , “lightly-doped” , buffer layer and passivating layer, it is referred to the statements made above with respect to the n-type transparent conductive layer and an intermediate layer. A transparent p-type hole transport layer is applicable, for instance, in a bifacial solar cell, where light may impinge from both main surfaces of the solar cell.
[0016] In embodiments, the p-type hole transport layer has a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 500 nm, in particular in the range of 10 nm to 100 nm.
[0017] In embodiments not being a bifacial solar cell, the solar cell further comprises a metal electrode adjacent to the p-type hole transport layer. For instance, the metal electrode is a layer stack comprising a Mo layer having a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 20 nm, an Al layer having a thickness of 100 nm and a Cr layer having a thickness of 50 nm, wherein the Mo layer is adjacent to the p-type hole transport layer and the Al layer is arranged between the Mo layer and the Cr layer.
[0018] According to a second aspect of the invention, a method for producing a solar cell according to the invention comprises the steps of providing a transparent substrate stack comprising a n-type transparent conductive layer, forming an intrinsic CdSeTe layer on the transparent substrate stack, and forming a p-type hole transport layer on the intrinsic CdSeTe layer after forming the CdSeTe layer. The step of providing a transparent substrate stack comprising an n-type transparent conductive layer may comprise a step of depositing the n-type transparent conductive layer on a transparent substrate. However, often the transparent substrate stack already comprising the n-type transparent conductive layer is sold and available. The n-type transparent conductive layer later serves as an electron transport layer of the formed solar cell. According to the invention, the step of forming the intrinsic CdSeTe layer comprises depositing a layer or a layer stack comprising Cd, Se and Te, and performing an activation treatment at a temperature in the range of 400℃ to 500℃ in the presence of an activation agent comprising a halogen after depositing the layer or the layer stack comprising Cd, Se and Te.
[0019] The methods for depositing or forming layers, for instance thermal evaporation, sputtering, close-space-sublimation (CSS) , spin-coating, or others, as well as the activation treatment are well-known to a person skilled in the art. Examples will be given later with respect to the figures.
[0020] In embodiments, the formed CdSeTe layer has a composition of CdSexTe1-x with 0<x≤0.4, in particular x=0.3, and a thickness in the range of 200 nm to 3μm, in particular in the range of 700 nm to 1.5μm, more particular in the range of 900 nm to 1.1μm and for instance 1μm.
[0021] In embodiments, depositing the layer or the layer stack comprising Cd, Se and Te comprises depositing one or more CdSe layers and one or more CdTe layers, wherein the CdSe layers and the CdTe layers are deposited alternately. In the subsequent activation treatment, the layers intermix and form the intrinsic CdSeTe layer having a uniform composition over its whole thickness.
[0022] In embodiments, the n-type transparent conductive layer comprises a transparent conductive oxide, and no further heavily-doped layer is formed between the n-type transparent conductive layer and the formed intrinsic CdSeTe layer. However, a buffer layer and / or a passivating layer as described above may be formed on the n-type transparent conductive layer before forming the intrinsic CdSeTe layer. Examples of the n-type transparent conductive layer and a buffer layer are described above.
[0023] In embodiments, the p-type hole transport layer is a CdxZn1-xTe layer with x being in the range of zero (0) to 0.6, being doped with an element of group 15, for instance N, P, Sb or As and having a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 500 nm, in particular in the range of 10 nm to 100 nm. Instead of a CdxZn1-xTe layer other materials may be used as the p-type hole transport layer, e.g. CdTe, CdSeTe, AgAlTe2, CuAlTe2, ZnSiAs2, and others or organic materials like, for instance, PTAA (poly [bis (4-phenyl) (2, 4, 6-trimethylphenyl) amine] ) , Spiro-OMeTAD (2, 2′, 7, 7′-tetrakis (N, N-di-p-methoxy-phenylamine) -9, 9-spirobifluorene) , PEDOT: PSS (poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate) . Further, the p-type hole transport layer may also be doped with other dopants, for instance Ag or Au, wherein, however, Cu is excluded. Moreover, a buffer or a passivating layer may be formed on the CdSeTe layer before forming the p-type hole transport layer.
[0024] In embodiments, the method further comprises a step of forming a metal electrode adjacent to the p-type hole transport layer after forming the p-type hole transport layer. For instance, the metal electrode is a layer stack comprising a Mo layer having a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 20 nm, an Al layer having a thickness of 100 nm and a Cr layer having a thickness of 50 nm, wherein the Mo layer is adjacent to the p-type hole transport layer and the Al layer is arranged between the Mo layer and the Cr layer. Such a metal electrode may be formed, if the solar cell is not a bifacial solar cell. If the solar cell is a bifacial solar cell, the p-type hole transport layer and other layers formed on the CdSeTe layer are formed as transparent layers.
[0025] In the above specification, the solar cell is formed in superstrate configuration. Nevertheless, the solar cell may also be formed in substrate configuration, wherein the method starts with providing a base substrate, on which at least the p-type hole transport layer, the intrinsic CdSeTe layer and the n-type transparent conductive layer are formed subsequently in this sequence. The base substrate may be a transparent base substrate in case of forming a bifacial solar cell or may be any type of substrate suitable for forming the solar cell on it. Further, a metallic electrode may be formed before forming the p-type hole transport layer and one or more buffer layers and / or passivating layers may be formed after forming the p-type hole transport layer and before forming the CdSeTe layer and / or after forming the CdSeTe layer and before forming the n-type transparent conductive layer.
[0026] In any case a p-i-n structure is formed as the solar cell, wherein at least the n-type layer is irradiated with light when the solar cell operates.
[0027] Although not separately described, different cleaning or intermediated processes may be performed before, between or after some of the mentioned method steps, wherein these processes are known to a person skilled in the art.
[0028] In the following detailed description reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which specific embodiments are illustrated, in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily to scale relative to each other. Like reference numbers designate corresponding similar parts.
[0029] Figures
[0030] Fig. 1A schematically shows the layer structure of a first embodiment of the solar cell according to the invention.
[0031] Fig. 1B schematically shows the layer structure of a second embodiment of the solar cell according to the invention.
[0032] Fig. 2 schematically shows a band diagram of the solar cell according to the invention.
[0033] Fig. 3 schematically shows an embodiment of the method for producing a solar cell according to the invention.
[0034] Exemplary Embodiments
[0035] Figure 1A schematically shows a first embodiment 100 of a solar cell according to the invention. The layer structure of the solar cell 100 is shown, wherein the solar cell 100 comprises a first transparent substrate 10, an n-type transparent conductive layer 11, a first buffer layer 12, an intrinsic CdSeTe layer 13 as a photoactive layer, a p-type hole transport layer 141, and a metal electrode 15. The first transparent substrate 10 is made of glass or another transparent material, e.g. a polymer. The n-type transparent conductive layer 11 is a transparent conductive oxide, e.g. SnO2: F, and the first buffer layer 12 is made of undoped SnO2. The layer stack comprising the first transparent substrate 10, the n-type transparent conductive layer 11 and the first buffer layer 12 is a commercially available product also called a substrate stack. The CdSeTe layer 13 comprises Cd, Se and Te and may comprise a further element, wherein the elements form an alloy, for instance a CdSexTe1-x layer with x=0.3. The CdSeTe layer 13 has a uniform composition over its whole thickness, which is about 1μm, and is an intrinsic layer, i.e. it does not comprise dopants. The p-type hole transport layer 141 is ZnTe layer doped with N. The metal electrode 15 is a layer stack comprising a Mo layer adjacent to the p-type hole transport layer 141, an Al layer on the Mo layer and a Cr layer on top of the Al layer. The first embodiment 100 of the solar cell is a solar cell sensitive to light impinging on the first transparent substrate 10 as indicated by the arrows.
[0036] Figure 1B schematically shows a second embodiment 110 of a solar cell according to the invention, wherein the second embodiment 110 is a bifacial solar cell. The layer structure of the solar cell 110 is shown, wherein the solar cell 110 comprises a first transparent substrate 10, an n-type transparent conductive layer 11, a first buffer layer 12, an intrinsic CdSeTe layer 13 as a photoactive layer, a second buffer layer 16, a p-type hole transport layer 142, and a second transparent substrate 17. The first substrate 10, the n-type transparent conductive layer 11, the first buffer layer 12, and the CdSeTe layer 13 are formed as in the first embodiment 100 shown in Fig. 1A. The second buffer layer 16 may be made of the same material as the first buffer layer 12 or of another material, wherein the material corresponds to the material of the p-type hole transport layer 142. In the present case, the second buffer layer 16 is an undoped ZnTe layer. The p-type hole transport layer 142 is a layer stack comprising a PEDOT: PSS layer and a degenerate transparent conductive oxide, e.g. indium tin oxide, wherein the PEDOT: PSS layer is adjacent to the second buffer layer 16. The second transparent substrate 17 is made of glass or a transparent polymer, wherein the material may be the same as that of the first transparent substrate 10 or may be different. The solar cell 110 is sensitive to light impinging on the first transparent substrate 110 and / or impinging on the second transparent substrate 17 as indicated by the arrows
[0037] Although shown in one or both embodiments, the first and the second buffer layers 12, 16 are optional, i.e. one or both may be omitted.
[0038] Figure 2 schematically shows a band diagram of the solar cell at open circuit according to the invention, wherein no buffer layers are present. That is, only the n-type transparent conductive layer 11, the intrinsic CdSeTe layer 13 and the p-type hole transport layer 14 are shown for the sake of simplicity. As can be seen, the band diagram of the structure is roughly symmetric. The electron and hole selectivity is achieved by the equivalent mechanisms in opposite directions: through band alignment between the intrinsic CdSeTe layer 13, i.e. the photoactive layer, and the n-type transparent conductive layer 11 or the p-type hole transport layer 14, respectively. The n-type transparent conductive layer 11 receives electrons and reflects holes by a large negative valence band offset with the CdSeTe layer 13 and a conduction band offset as close to 0 (zero) as possible. The p-type hole transport layer 14 receives holes and reflects electrons by a large positive conduction band offset with the CdSeTe layer 13 and a valence band offset as close to 0 (zero) as possible. This approach facilitates maximizing radiative efficiency by minimizing nonradiative recombination losses in the photoactive layer and at the layer interfaces. In this configuration, charge carrier lifetimes of over 2μs have been reached in the CdSeTe layer 13 for charge carriers excited from the front side, i.e. the side of the n-type transparent conductive layer 11. Also, very good lifetimes (around 1.6μm) have been reached for charge carriers excited from the back side, i.e. the side of the p-type hole transport layer 14. It should be noted that Fig. 2 is only a schematically band diagram of a special embodiments in which the n-type transparent conductive layer 11 and the p-type hole transport layer 14 have the same thicknesses. In other embodiments, the thicknesses of the n-type transparent conductive layer and the p-type hole transport layer may be different, wherein, however, the scheme of the band diagram will be similar.
[0039] Figure 3 schematically shows the process steps of an embodiment of the method for producing a solar cell according to the invention, wherein the resulting solar cell is a monofacial solar cell. A method in superstrate configuration is shown. First, a transparent substrate stack is provided (step S1) , wherein the transparent substrate stack comprises an n-type transparent conductive layer. For example, the transparent substrate stack comprises a transparent substrate made of glass and a layer of SnO2: F as the n-type transparent conductive layer, wherein the n-type transparent conductive layer has a thickness of 400 nm. Furthermore, the transparent substrate stack may comprise a transparent buffer layer, e.g. a layer of undoped SnO2 having a thickness of 30 nm.
[0040] Then, an intrinsic CdSeTe layer is formed on the transparent substrate stack (step S2) . This step comprises different substeps, namely a first substep S21 of depositing a CdSe layer on the buffer layer, a second substep S22 of depositing a CdTe layer on the deposited CdSe layer, and a third substep S23 of annealing the deposited CdSe and CdTe layers in the presence of an activation agent. The CdSe and CdTe layers are formed by CSS, wherein the temperature of the substrate stack is held in a range of 500℃ to 580℃, e.g. 550℃. The CdSe layer is deposited with a thickness in the range of 300 nm to 400 nm and the CdTe layer is deposited with a thickness in the range of 600 nm to 700 nm such that the layer stack consisting of the CdSe layer and the CdTe layer has a thickness of around 1μm.
[0041] In other embodiments, a plurality of CdSe layers and of CdTe layers is deposited, wherein each CdSe layer and each CdTe layer are alternately deposited above one another. That is, substeps S21 and S22 are performed several times, wherein however, the thicknesses of the individual deposited CdSe and CdTe layers are correspondingly smaller such that the total thickness of the whole layer stack is again around 1μm.
[0042] The third substep S23 comprises deposition of a solution comprising CdCl2 in methanol or water, wherein a CdCl2 amount in the range of 0.04 mg / cm2 to 0.5 mg / cm2 (with respect to the surface of the CdTe layer) is achieved. Further, the third substep S23 comprises a high temperature annealing of the whole layer stack comprising the CdCl2 in a furnace at a temperature in the range of 400℃ to 500℃, in particular 440℃ to 450℃, for a time in the range of 1 min to 60 min, in particular 15 min to 25 min. The atmosphere in the furnace may be air or a nitrogen-rich atmosphere or any other suitable atmosphere, in particular in an inert atmosphere. The thermal budget of the annealing step (substep S23) , i.e. the temperature and time period of annealing, is controlled such that a complete intermixing of the CdSe layer (s) and the CdTe layer (s) is obtained. The amount x of selenium within the resulting CdSexTe1-x layer is controlled by the ratio of the thicknesses of the CdSe layer (s) and the CdTe layer (s) . That is, the annealing step results in complete intermixing of the deposited CdSe and CdTe layers and in forming a ternary alloy, i.e. a CdSexTe1-x layer with 0.3≤ x≤ 0.4 in the present embodiment. The formed CdSeTe layer has a uniform composition over its whole thickness and is undoped.
[0043] After forming the CdSeTe layer by process step S2, a p-type hole transport layer is formed in step S3. For instance, a ZnTe layer doped p-type in situ or ex situ with one or more of N, Sb, As, Ag, Au is formed by depositing the ZnTe layer by pulsed DC sputtering with a thickness in the range of 10 nm to 100 nm, for instance 80 nm. Although not shown here, a buffer layer or a passivating layer may be formed on the formed CdSeTe layer before forming the p-type hole transport layer, i.e. between steps S2 and S3.
[0044] Then, a metal electrode is formed on the p-type hole transport layer (step S4) . The metal electrode may comprise different layers of different materials as known from the state of the art. That is, step S4 may comprise different substeps, each substep performing deposition of a specific material layer. For instance, a Mo layer with a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 20 nm may be deposited on the p-type hole transport layer, followed by deposition of an Al layer having a thickness of 100 nm and by deposition of a Cr layer with a thickness of 50 nm. All of these layers may be deposited by DC sputtering.
[0045] Although not mentioned here, the method may comprise further steps, like for instance cleaning steps, between individual of the mentioned steps.
[0046] Modelling assuming parameter values consistent with proven measurement results show very good electrical characteristics of the resulting solar cell:
[0047] VOC=1002 mV,
[0048] JSC=28.76 mA / cm2,
[0049] FF=82.61%, and
[0050] η=23.8%,
[0051] wherein VOC is the open-circuit voltage, JSC is the short-circuit current density, FF is the fill factor and η is the efficiency.
[0052] The embodiments of the invention described in the foregoing description are examples given by way of illustration and the invention is nowise limited thereto. Any modification, variation and equivalent arrangement as well as combinations of embodiments should be considered as being included within the scope of the invention.
[0053] Reference numerals 100, 110 Solar cell 10 First transparent substrate 11 n-type transparent conductive layer 12 First buffer layer 13 CdSeTe layer 14, 141, 142 p-type hole transport layer 15 Metal electrode 16 Second buffer layer 17 Second transparent substrate
Claims
1.Solar cell comprising:- an n-type transparent conductive layer as an electron transport layer,- an intrinsic CdSeTe layer as a photoactive layer, and- a p-type hole transport layer.2.The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the n-type transparent conductive layer comprises a transparent conductive oxide and wherein no further heavily-doped layer is present between the n-type transparent conductive layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer.3.The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein no further heavily-doped layer is present between the p-type hole transport layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer.4.The solar cell according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the CdSeTe layer has a composition of CdSexTe1-x with 0<x≤0.4.5.The solar cell according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the CdSeTe layer has a uniform composition over its whole thickness.6.The solar cell according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the CdSeTe layer has a thickness in the range of 200 nm to 3μm.7.The solar cell according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the p-type hole transport layer is a CdxZn1-xTe layer with x being in the range of zero to 0.6 and being doped with an element of group 15.8.The solar cell according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the p-type hole transport layer comprises CdTe, CdSeTe, AgAlTe2, CuAlTe2, ZnSiAs2, PTAA, Spiro-OMeTAD, PEDOT: PSS, CuSCN, BaCu4S3, CuxAlOy or Cu nanowires.9.The solar cell according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the p-type hole transport layer has a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 500 nm.10.The solar cell according to any of claims 1 to 9, further comprising a metal electrode adjacent to the p-type hole transport layer.11.The solar cell according to any of claims 1 to 10, wherein one or more buffer layers are provided between the n-type transparent conductive layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer or between the p-type hole transport layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer.12.The solar cell according to any of claims 1 to 11, wherein one or more passivating layers are provided between the n-type transparent conductive layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer or between the p-type hole transport layer and the intrinsic CdSeTe layer.13.Method for producing a solar cell according to any of claims 1 to 12, the method comprising the steps:a) providing a transparent substrate stack comprising an n-type transparent conductive layer,b) forming an intrinsic CdSeTe layer on the transparent substrate stack, andc) forming a p-type hole transport layer on the intrinsic CdSeTe layer after forming the intrinsic CdSeTe layer,wherein forming the intrinsic CdSeTe layer comprises depositing a layer or a layer stack comprising Cd, Se and Te, and performing an activation treatment at a temperature in the range of 400℃ to 500℃ in the presence of an activation agent comprising a halogen after depositing the layer or the layer stack comprising Cd, Se and Te.14.The method according to claim 10, wherein the formed CdSeTe layer has a composition of CdSexTe1-x with 0<x≤0.4 and a thickness in the range of 200 nm to 3μm.15.The method according to claim 10 or 11, wherein depositing the layer or the layer stack comprising Cd, Se and Te comprises depositing one or more CdSe layers and one or more CdTe layers, wherein the CdSe layers and the CdTe layers are deposited alternately.16.The method according to any of claims 10 to 12, wherein the n-type transparent conductive layer comprises a transparent conductive oxide and wherein no further heavily-doped layer is formed between the n-type transparent conductive layer and the formed intrinsic CdSeTe layer.17.The method according to any of claims 10 to 13, wherein the p-type hole transport layer is a CdxZn1-xTe layer with x being in the range of zero to 0.6, being doped with an element of group 15 and having a thickness in the range of 5 nm to 500 nm.18.The method according to any of claims 10 to 14, further comprising a step of forming a metal electrode adjacent to the p-type hole transport layer after forming the p-type hole transport layer.
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