A beneficial bacterium for colorectal cancer prevention and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria
A probiotic composition using Faecalibacterium prausnitzii cells and metabolites effectively inhibits colorectal cancer by suppressing Fusobacterium nucleatum, reducing tumor growth and gene expression, offering a novel approach to CRC prevention.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/119960
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-05-09
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-13
AI Technical Summary
Current studies have not adequately investigated the potential of specific beneficial bacteria to inhibit the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, particularly focusing on the role of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) in mitigating the effects of pathogenic bacteria like Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) associated with CRC development.
A probiotic composition comprising Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) culture supernatants, live Fp cells, or non-viable Fp cells, along with metabolites such as hypoxanthine, is administered to inhibit colorectal cancer progression by suppressing the tumor-promoting effects of Fusobacterium nucleatum.
The Fp-based probiotic composition significantly inhibits the growth and aggregation of Fn in vitro and in vivo, reduces CRC tumor incidence and progression, and downregulates cancer-related genes, demonstrating a therapeutic potential for CRC prevention.
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Figure PCTCN2024119960-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
A BENEFICIAL BACTERIUM FOR COLORECTAL CANCER PREVENTION AND INHIBITION OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Serial No. 63 / 644,899, filed May 9, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety including any tables, figures, or drawings.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The present invention pertains to a novel probiotic composition and method for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer comprising Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) culture supernatants / metabolites, non-viable Fp cells, and live Fp cells. The present invention relates to the inhibitory effect of Fp cells and metabolites on CRC progression, either directly or by suppressing the tumor-promoting effects of Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) .BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant global health concern, ranking second in cancer related mortality, and third in terms of incidence. Mounting evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of CRC. Several pathogenic bacteria, including Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) , Escherichia coli (E. coli) with polyketide synthases, Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Parvimonas micra, have been implicated in CRC development. Conversely, certain beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus strains, Clostridium butyricum, and Bifidobacterium strains have shown a negative association with CRC.
[0005] Fn is one of the best-characterized pathogenic species involved in colorectal tumorigenesis. Its pathogenic mechanisms involve activating CRC-related cancer pathways such as nuclear factor (NF) -κB signaling and β-catenin / Wnt signaling, inducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulating immune cell signaling, and upregulating the expression of oncogenic genes like miR-21 and chk2 [1] . These activities are primarily mediated by Fn’s virulence factors, specifically fibroblast activation protein 2 (Fap2) and adhesin FadA, which bind to tumor-expressed Gal-GalNAc and E-cadherin, respectively. We previously demonstrated the application value of Fn in the non-invasive diagnosis of CRC [2-4] . Other studies also identified potential roles of Fn in CRC prognosis, showing significant associations between Fn abundance and recurrence, overall survival, and cancer-specific survival [5, 6] . In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential of probiotics to promote gut health and prevent cancer. Probiotics exert beneficial effects on gut microbiota and help maintain homeostasis [7] . They can directly impact the colonization of microbes by producing inhibitory compounds (such as bacteriocins and short-chain fatty acids) and providing substrates that support the growth of other beneficial microbes (such as secreted exopolysaccharides and vitamins) . Additionally, probiotics can indirectly modulate the microbiota by affecting the host immune system and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity [7] .
[0006] Several studies have reported the anti-CRC effects of probiotics. In vitro experiments have shown that co-culturing with specific strains of probiotics can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells [8, 9] . Furthermore, the effectiveness of probiotics in reducing cancer incidence and suppressing tumor growth has been demonstrated in animal models treated with carcinogens [10, 11] . In humans, probiotics have mainly been used as an adjuvant treatment during chemotherapy, with limited studies focusing on their preventive potential due to challenges in conducting such studies. However, studies conducted by us and others have shown that probiotic intervention can reduce CRC associated bacteria in human subjects [12, 13] . Given the significant role of pathogenic bacteria in CRC, it is anticipated that reducing or eliminating pathogenic bacteria associated with CRC, or suppressing their activities, can mitigate the risk of CRC development. However, whether pathogenic bacteria involved in CRC development can be inhibited by specific beneficial bacteria and the underlying mechanisms have not been investigated. Therefore, there is a need for investigating beneficial bacteria and their involvement in inhibiting CRC development.
[0007] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] In some aspects, the present invention provides a novel probiotic composition for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, where the probiotic composition comprises a culture supernatant of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) cells, live Fp cells, non-viable Fp cells, and combinations thereof, where the probiotic composition can be a probiotic, a symbiotic, or a postbiotic, where the probiotic composition comprises metabolites of Fp, and where at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine.
[0009] In other aspects, a method is provided for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, the method comprising: administering to a subject an effective amount of a probiotic composition, where the probiotic composition comprises a culture supernatant of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) cells, live Fp cells, non-viable Fp cells, and combinations thereof, where the probiotic composition can be a probiotic, a symbiotic, or a postbiotic, where the probiotic composition comprises metabolites of Fp, and where at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine.
[0010] In further aspects, a method is provided for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, where the method comprises administering to a subject an effective amount of metabolites of Fp, where at least one of the metabolites is hypoxanthine.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] Figures 1A-1C illustrates the correlation between Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) and CRC. Figure 1A shows Fp is the top bacterium inversely correlated with Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) . Figure 1B shows fecal Fp abundance is significantly decreased in patients with CRC. (C) Fecal Fp abundance is significantly decreased with TNM stages of CRC.
[0012] Figures 2A-2G illustrates the activity of Fp metabolite in cancer cells. Fp metabolite significantly inhibited the growth as shown in Figure 2A and colony formation ability in Figure 2B of colon cancer cells. Fp metabolite also significantly suppressed cell cycle progression as shown in Figure 2C, accompanied by changes in protein levels of cell cycle markers p21 and cyclin B1 as shown in Figure 2D, and promoted apoptosis of colon cancer cells as shown by flow cytometry in Figure 2E and TUNEL assay in Figure 2F and Figure 2G. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001.
[0013] Figures 3A-3H illustrates Fp antagonizing the oncogenic effects of Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) . Figure 3A shows that co-culturing Fn with Fp supernatant significantly inhibited Fn growth. Figure 3B shows that co-culturing with Fp or treatment with Fp metabolite for 24h significantly inhibited the growth of Fn. Figure 3C shows Fp metabolite significantly suppressed the autoaggregation of Fn. Figure 3D illustrates the treatment scheme of cell-bacteria co-culture. Figure 3E shows Fp metabolite diminished the growth-promoting effect of Fn on colon cancer cells. Figure 3F shows Fp metabolite antagonized the migration-promoting effect of Fn on colon cancer cells. Figure 3G shows Fp metabolite inhibited the invasion-promoting effect of Fn on colon cancer cells. Figure 3H shows epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and adherens junctions biomarkers of colon cancer cell lines were dysregulated by Fn and reversed by Fp.
[0014] Figures 4A-4G illustrates Fp inhibition of colon tumor development directly or via antagonized Fn’s oncogenic effect. Figure 4A is a schematic diagram showing the experimental design of Apc min / + mouse. Figure 4B shows representative colon images of mice. Figure 4C illustrates tumor incidence (left) and tumor number (right) of mouse colon. Figure 4D illustrates colon length of mouse. Figure 4E shows Fp decreased Fn abundance in mouse stool. Figure 4F shows representative images of H&E staining of colon tissues. Figure 4G shows representative images of IHC Ki-67 staining of normal colon tissues. Both total and high and middle percentage of Ki-67+ cells were decreased in Fp or Fn_Fp treatment groups. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. H&E: hematoxylin &eosin. IHC: immunohistochemistry.
[0015] Figures 5A-5J illustrates purine derivative Hypoxanthine (Hx) is the potential functional metabolite of Fp. Figures 5A-5B shows that boiled (100℃ for 30min) and proteinase K-treated Fp metabolite showed unchanged growth suppressive effect on colon cancer cells compared with un-treated metabolite, which indicated that the effective component was non-protein. Figure 5C illustrates Matchstick analysis showing that Hx was the top one upregulated in Fp supernatant as compared to the control bacterium. Figure 5D shows the response time of Hx. Figure 5E shows the intensity level of Hx. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis shown in Figure 5E (left) and colorimetric assay shown in Figure 5E (right) confirmed that Hx level is higher than controls. Figure 5F shows that Hx significantly abolished colon cancer cell growth. Figure 5G-5H Hx diminished the colony formation ability and suppressed cell migration. Figure 5I Fn was treated with Fp or different concentration of Hx for 24 hours, then Fn abundance was quantified by qPCR. Hx significantly inhibited the growth of Fn. Figure 5J Hx inhibited the tumor-promoting effect of Fn. LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hx: hypoxanthine. *P<0.05, **P<0.001, and ***P<0.0001. H&E: hematoxylin &eosin. IHC: immunohistochemistry.
[0016] Figures 6A-6F illustrates Hx decreased tumorigenicity in Apcmin / + mice. Figure 6A illustrates the experimental design. Figure 6B shows representative macroscopic and H&E-stained histologic images of colon tissues. Figure 6C-6D show colonic tumor number, tumor incidence, and tumor load of mice. Figure 6E shows representative H&E staining images of normal colon tissues. Figure 6F shows representative IHC Ki-67 staining images of normal colon tissues. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. Scale bar 1 / 4 100 mm.
[0017] Figures 7A-7O illustrates Fp suppression of CRC development through down regulating NT5E. Figure 7A is a heatmap illustration of DEGs in purine pathway. NT5E, encoding 5’ NT (50-nucleotidase) , is significantly down-regulated by Fp. Figures 7B-7E shows that NT5E level is significantly upregulated by Fn but the trend is reversed following Hx or Fp treatment in vitro or in vivo. Figure 7F is a schematic diagram showing the experimental design of C56BL / 6 wild type mouse model. Figure 7G shows Hx significantly reduced the NT5E level of colon. Figures 7H-7J shows colon cancer cell viability and migration ability was reduced by NT5E knockdown. Figures 7K-7L shows the effects of Hx on cell viability and migration in cells with or without NT5E knockdown. Figure 7M illustrates the proposed roles of Hx in purine salvage pathway. Figures 7N-7O shows the effects of Hx and Fp on serum adenosine in mice with or without Fn administration. PC: GAPDH positive control. NC: negative control. KD: knock down. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001.
[0018] Figure 8 illustrates genes dysregulated by Fn compared to broth control and reversed by Fp following Fn treatment compared to Fn treatment alone.
[0019] Figure 9 illustrates metabolomic data revealing a decreased level of adenosine in Fp supernatant compared with control groups. Control: supernatant of control bacterium.
[0020] DESCRIPTION OF SEQUENCES
[0021] SEQ ID NO: 1 si NT5E-homo-896 sense 5′-GCACUGGGAAAUCAUGAAUTT -3′
[0022] SEQ ID NO: 2 si NT5E-homo-896 antisense 5′-AUUCAUGAUUUCCCAGUGCTT -3′
[0023] DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
[0024] Selected Definitions
[0025] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including” , “includes” , “having” , “has” , “with” , or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and / or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” . The transitional terms / phrases (and any grammatical variations thereof) “comprising” , “comprises” , “comprise” , “consisting essentially of” , “consists essentially of” , “consisting” and “consists” can be used interchangeably.
[0026] The term “about” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. In the context of compositions containing amounts of ingredients where the term “about” is used, these compositions contain the stated amount of the ingredient with a variation (error range) of 0-10%around the value (X ± 10%) . In other contexts, the term “about” is providing a variation (error range) of 0-10%around a given value (X ± 10%) . As is apparent, this variation represents a range that is up to 10%above or below a given value, for example, X ± 1%, X ± 2%, X ± 3%, X ± 4%, X ± 5%, X ± 6%, X ± 7%, X ± 8%, X ± 9%, or X ± 10%.
[0027] In the present disclosure, ranges are stated in shorthand to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range. For example, a range of 0.1-1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0, as well as the intermediate values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1-1.0, such as 0.2-0.5, 0.2-0.8, 0.7-1.0, etc. Values having at least two significant digits within a range are envisioned, for example, a range of 5-10 indicates all the values between 5.0 and 10.0 as well as between 5.00 and 10.00 including the terminal values. When ranges are used herein, combinations and subcombinations of ranges (e.g., subranges within the disclosed range) and specific embodiments therein are explicitly included.
[0028] The term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) involved in the transcription / translation of the gene product and the regulation of the transcription / translation, as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons) .
[0029] In this application, the terms “peptide” , and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acids. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues are artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acids, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers. As used herein, the terms encompass amino acid chains of any length, including full-length proteins, wherein the amino acid residues are linked by covalent peptide bonds.
[0030] As used herein, an “isolated” or “purified” compound is substantially free of other compounds. In certain embodiments, purified compounds are at least 60%by weight (dry weight) of the compound of interest. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight of the compound of interest. For example, a purified compound is one that is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (w / w) of the desired compound by weight. Purity is measured by any appropriate standard method, for example, by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
[0031] In certain embodiments, treatments are administered to a subject that “significantly reduce or abolish the expression of a gene or functioning of a protein encoded by the gene. ” This phrase refers to a reduction of gene expression in an amount of at least (or at least about) 30%as compared to a non-treated subject. Thus, the treated subjects exhibit significantly reduced or abolished expression of a gene exhibit a reduction in gene expression or expression of an active protein that can range from about 30%to about 99.99%about 40%to about 99.99%, about 50%to about 99.99%, about 60%to about 99.99%, about 70%to about 99.99%, about 80%to about 99.99%, about 90%to about 99.99% or are devoid of expression (expression is abolished) of the gene or an active protein encoded by the gene.
[0032] By “reduces” is meant a negative alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
[0033] By “increases” is meant as a positive alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
[0034] As used herein, the term “subject” refers to a mammal or a human.
[0035] Any compositions or methods provided herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.
[0036] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.
[0037] All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0038] The present invention relates to a novel probiotic composition for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer and management of Fn-associated diseases. We identified through a metagenomics analysis Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) as the top bacterium species inversely correlated with Fn. We further observed a significant reduction of Fp in CRC patients compared to healthy individuals. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that Fp exerts a significant inhibitory effect on CRC progression, either directly or by suppressing the tumor-promoting effects of Fn. Fn is a pathogenic bacterium associated with various diseases in different organs of humans.
[0039] In some aspect, disclosed herein is a probiotic composition for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, the probiotic composition comprising one or more of a culture supernatant of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) cells, live Fp cells, or non-viable Fp cells, where the probiotic composition is selected from the group consisting of a probiotic, a symbiotic, and a postbiotic, where the probiotic composition comprises at least one metabolite of Fp, where the at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine, and wherein Fp is cultured in Yeast Casitone Fatty Acid (YCFA) medium.
[0040] In some embodiments, Fp significantly inhibits the growth and aggregation of Fn in vitro and inhibited the growth and colonization of Fn in vivo. In further embodiments, Fp culture supernatants / metabolites, non-viable Fp cells, and live Fp cells exhibit anti-CRC and anti-Fn effects.
[0041] In other aspects, disclosed herein is a method for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, the method comprising: administering to a subject an effective amount of a probiotic composition comprising one or more of a culture supernatant Fp cells, live Fp cells, or non-viable Fp cells, where the probiotic composition is selected from the group consisting of a probiotic, a symbiotic, and a postbiotic, where the probiotic composition comprises at least one metabolite of Fp, where the at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine, and wherein Fp is cultured in Yeast Casitone Fatty Acid (YCFA) medium. In preferred embodiments, products containing Fp metabolites, Fp extracts, or live Fp cells are administered to a subject for inhibiting the onset and progression of CRC and Fn-associated diseases.
[0042] In further aspects, disclosed herein is a method for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, the method comprising: administering to a subject an effective amount of at least one metabolite of Fp, where the at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine. In preferred embodiments, Fp metabolite Hx reverses the expression of cancer-related genes dysregulated by Fn and the gene NT5E engaged in the Hx-related purine salvage pathway. Hx exerts its tumor suppressive function via downregulating NT5E expression. NT5E is also a key enzyme for adenosine production in the purine salvage pathway, and adenosine is associated with cancer immunosuppression. In some embodiments, as a result of the interaction of Hx with adenosine in purine metabolism, high levels of Hx reduce the level of adenosine. In preferred embodiments, treatment with Fp and / or Hx decreases the adenosine levels in the serum of a subject. It is well known in the art that adenosine inhibits the activity of the effector immune cells that represents an attractive new therapeutic target for cancer therapy. In some embodiments, both Fp and its metabolite Hx effectively reduce the serum level of adenosine.
[0043] In preferred embodiments, the method comprises administering to a subject from about 1 million to 1, 000 billion live Fp cells or non-viable Fp cells, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the dosage of a culture supernatant or the concentrate of a culture supernatant, ranges from about 1 million to about 1000 billion Fp cells, preferably collected at the late log phase or stationary phase.
[0044] In a preferred embodiment, the method comprises administering to a subject an effective amount of a probiotic composition comprising at least one of a culture supernatant of Fp cells, live Fp cells, or non-viable Fp cells, where the probiotic composition includes, but is not limited to, a probiotic, a symbiotic, and a postbiotic, where the probiotic composition comprises at least one metabolite of Fp, where the at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine, and where the dosage of hypoxanthine is greater than about 1 nmol.
[0045] Methods of the present invention provide typical microbial growth curves or growth cycles using a fermentor. For example, using methods of the present invention, an inoculum of cells when introduced into a medium is followed by cell growth. In preferred embodiments, Fp is cultured in Yeast Casitone Fatty Acid medium (YCFA) . The growth rate increases steadily and enters the log, or exponential, phase. The exponential phase is followed by slowing of growth (cell division) due to nutrient depletion and / or increases in inhibitory substances. When growth stops the cells enter a stationary phase or steady state. The methods of the present invention can utilize cells from log phase or stationary phase or both.
[0046] In one embodiment, the subject compositions are formulated as an orally consumable product, such as, for example a food item, capsule, pill, or drinkable liquid. An orally deliverable pharmaceutical is any physiologically active substance delivered via initial absorption in the gastrointestinal tract or into the mucus membranes of the mouth. The topic compositions can also be formulated as a solution that can be administered via, for example, injection, which includes intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrathecally, or subcutaneously. In other embodiments, the subject compositions are formulated to be administered via the skin through a patch or directly onto the skin for local or systemic effects. The compositions can be administered sublingually, buccally, rectally, or vaginally. Furthermore, the compositions can be sprayed into the nose for absorption through the nasal membrane, nebulized, inhaled via the mouth or nose, or administered in the eye or ear.
[0047] Orally consumable products according to the invention are any preparations or compositions suitable for consumption, for nutrition, and are products intended to be introduced into the human or animal oral cavity, to remain there for a certain period of time, and then either be swallowed (e.g., food ready for consumption or pills) or to be removed from the oral cavity again (e.g., chewing gums or products of oral hygiene or medical mouth washes) . While an orally deliverable pharmaceutical can be formulated into an orally consumable product, and an orally consumable product can comprise an orally deliverable pharmaceutical, the two terms are not meant to be used interchangeably herein.
[0048] Orally consumable products include all substances or products intended to be ingested by humans or animals in a processed, semi-processed, or unprocessed state. This also includes substances that are added to orally consumable products (particularly food and pharmaceutical products) during their production, treatment, or processing and intended to be introduced into the human or animal oral cavity.
[0049] Orally consumable products can also include substances intended to be swallowed by humans or animals and then digested in an unmodified, prepared, or processed state; the orally consumable products according to the present invention, comprising metabolites of Fp, a culture supernatant of Fp cells, live Fp cells, or non-viable Fp cells, therefore also include casings, coatings, or other encapsulations that are intended to be swallowed.
[0050] In one embodiment, the orally consumable product is a capsule, pill, syrup, emulsion, or liquid suspension containing a desired orally deliverable substance. In one embodiment, the orally consumable product can comprise an orally deliverable substance in powder form, which can be mixed with water or another liquid to produce a drinkable orally consumable product.
[0051] Carriers and / or excipients according the subject invention can include any and all solvents, diluents, buffers (such as, e.g., neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline, or optionally Tris-HCl, acetate or phosphate buffers) , oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions, aqueous compositions with or without inclusion of organic co-solvents suitable for, e.g., IV use, solubilizers (e.g., Polysorbate 65, Polysorbate 80) , colloids, dispersion media, vehicles, fillers, chelating agents (e.g., EDTA or glutathione) , amino acids (e.g., glycine) , proteins, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavorings, aromatizers, thickeners (e.g. carbomer, gelatin, or sodium alginate) , coatings, preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, polyquaterium) , antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite) , tonicity controlling agents, absorption delaying agents, adjuvants, bulking agents (e.g., lactose, mannitol) and the like. The use of carriers and / or excipients in the field of drugs and supplements is well known. Except for any conventional media or agent that is incompatible with the target health-promoting substance or with the adjuvant composition, carrier or excipient use in the subject compositions may be contemplated.
[0052] In one embodiment, the composition can be formulated for administration via injection, for example, as a solution or suspension. The solution or suspension can comprise suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1, 3- butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, non-irritant, fixed oils, including synthetic mono-or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid. One illustrative example of a carrier for intravenous use includes a mixture of 10%USP ethanol, 40%USP propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol 600 and the balance USP Water for Injection (WFI) . Other illustrative carriers for intravenous use include 10%USP ethanol and USP WFI; 0.01-0.1%triethanolamine in USP WFI; or 0.01-0.2%dipalmitoyl diphosphatidylcholine in USP WFI; and 1-10%squalene or parenteral vegetable oil-in-water emulsion. Water or saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions may be preferably employed as carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Illustrative examples of carriers for subcutaneous or intramuscular use include phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, 5%dextrose in WFI and 0.01-0.1%triethanolamine in 5%dextrose or 0.9%sodium chloride in USP WFI, or a 1 to 2 or 1 to 4 mixture of 10%USP ethanol, 40%propylene glycol and the balance an acceptable isotonic solution such as 5%dextrose or 0.9%sodium chloride; or 0.01-0.2%dipalmitoyl diphosphatidylcholine in USP WFI and 1 to 10%squalene or parenteral vegetable oil-in-water emulsions.
[0053] As used herein, the terms “therapeutically-effective amount, ” “therapeutically-effective dose, ” “effective amount, ” and “effective dose” are used to refer to an amount or dose of a compound or composition that, when administered to a subject, is capable of treating, preventing, or improving a condition, disease, or disorder in a subject. In other words, when administered to a subject, the amount is “therapeutically effective. ” The actual amount will vary depending on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the particular condition, disease, or disorder being treated, prevented, or improved; the severity of the condition; the weight, height, age, and health of the patient; and the route of administration.
[0054] As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to eradicating; reducing; ameliorating; abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or delaying the onset of symptoms; slowing in the rate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degeneration less debilitating; and / or improving a subject's physical or mental well-being or reversing a sign or symptom of a health condition, disease or disorder to any extent, and includes, but does not require, a complete cure of the condition, disease, or disorder. Treating can be curing, improving, or partially ameliorating a disorder. “Treatment” can also include improving or enhancing a condition or characteristic, for example, bringing the function of a particular system in the body to a heightened state of health or homeostasis.
[0055] In some embodiments of the invention, the method comprises administration of multiple doses of the compounds of the subject invention. The method may comprise administration of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more therapeutically effective doses of a composition comprising the compounds of the subject invention as described herein. In some embodiments, doses are administered over the course of 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 14 days, 21 days, 30 days, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year, 1.5 years, 2 years, 2.5 years, 5 years or more than 10 years. The frequency and duration of administration of multiple doses of the compositions is such as prevent or treat kidney disease or inflammatory reactions. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the invention can include a single treatment or can include a series of treatments. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of a compound used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results of testing for kidney disease, such as, for example, glomerular filtration rate. In some embodiments of the invention, the method comprises administration of the compounds at several times per day, including but not limiting to 2 times per day, 3 times per day, and 4 times per day.
[0056] In some embodiments, probiotics of the present invention can be used as an adjuvant treatment during chemotherapy of CRC patients.
[0057] MATERIALS AND METHODS
[0058] Methods: Metagenomic data from 589 Chinese subjects was analyzed. Metabolites of Fp was identified using non-targeted LC-MS. Colon cancer cells (HT-29, HCT116 and Caco-2) were co-cultured with Fn for 4h and then treated with Fp or E. coli (Ec) supernatant, Hypoxanthine (Hx) , or broth control after Fn removal. Gene expression profiles were analyzed using RNA sequencing. C57BL / 6J-ApcMin / + mice were administered Fp, Ec, Hx, broth, Fn+Fp, or Fn+Ec / broth to evaluate their effects on CRC development. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to assess Ki-67+ proliferative cells and NT5E expression in colon tissues of mice.
[0059] Colorectal tumor samples
[0060] Primary CRC tumors and adjacent non-tumor samples from 200 patients have been collected in the Prince of Wales Hospital during 2000-2019, with written consents obtained from all patients involved. Patient information and follow-up data have been well documented. This study will be conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
[0061] Bacterial strains and growth conditions
[0062] Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) (ATCC 27768) was a gift of Magic, Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China. Escherichia coli (Ec) (MG1655) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) (ATCC 25586) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, Virginia, USA) . Fp was cultured in Yeast Casitone Fatty Acid medium (YCFA) which was prepared as previously published literature
[0024] . Ec and Fn was cultured in Reinforced Clostridium Medium (RCM) (HB0316) . All bacteria were cultured at 37℃under anaerobic condition. After bacteria grow to log phase with OD600 at 0.5, bacteria were centrifuged at 4, 000×g for 15 min to separate supernatant and pellets. The supernatant was filter sterilized through a 0.22 μm pore-size syringe filter (Merck, Millex 33mm PES 0.22um Sterile) and stored at -80 ℃ freezer for further use.
[0063] Cell lines, growth condition and cell viability assay
[0064] HT-29, HCT116 and Caco-2 were gifts from Magic, Science Park. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) (11995073, GibcoTM) supplemented with 10%Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (10082147, GibcoTM) and 1%Penicillin-Streptomycin (15140122, GibcoTM) under at 37℃ in a 5%CO2 water saturated atmosphere. Cells were seeded on 96-well plate at 1*103 per well. After culturing for 24 hours, culture medium was replaced with addition of bacterial supernatants at different concentrations (1.25%, 2.5%, 5%or 10%) or the same concentration of bacteria medium. Cell viability assay was measured by Enhanced Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) (C0041, Beyotime) for 5 continuous days. The absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm (OD450) with a microplate reader.
[0065] For bacteria-cell co-culture, cells were treated with Fn (multiplicity of infection 1: 1000) for 4 hours under an anaerobic condition, then washing twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (10010, GibcoTM) . Afterwards, used DMEM containing 10%FBS, 1%Penicillin-Streptomycin and 50ug / ml Gentamycin (15750060, GibcoTM) to treat cells for 2 hours. Then gentamycin was removed and cells were washed twice with PBS. Finally, cells were cultured under different conditions for further studies.
[0066] Colony formation assay
[0067] Cells were seeded in 6-well plate (800 cells / well) for 24 hours, then followed by different treatments. The medium was changed every 3 days. After 2 weeks treatments, cells were subjected to fixation with 4%paraformaldehyde and visualized with 0.5%crystal violet (C6185, Sigma-Aldrich) . The colony with more than 50 cells was counted. The number of macroscopic colonies was determined.
[0068] Flow cytometry
[0069] For cell cycle analysis, cells were seeded in a 6-well plate. After 24 hours culture, the medium replaced with FBS free DMEM for 24h. Afterwards, cells were treated with medium containing different components for 24 hours. The cell harvested followed by fixation in 75%pre-cold ethanol at 4℃ overnight. Staining of the cells was carried out with PI-RNase solution (BD Science) for 30 minutes at room temperature in the dark. The fluorescent signals of PI were measured using a flow cytometry (Beckman, USA) and distribution of cell cycle was determined using ModFit software.
[0070] For apoptosis analysis, cells were seeded in a 6-well plate for 24 hours and then were treated with conditioned medium for 72 hours. The proportion of apoptotic cells was evaluated using the FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit (556547, BD PharmingenTM) . Briefly, the treated cells were collected and washed twice with cold PBS and then then resuspend cells in 1X Binding Buffer. Add 5 μl of FITC Annexin V and 5 μl PI in the 100 μl of the solution. Afterwards, gently vortexed the cells and incubate for 15 min at room temperature in the dark. The fluorescent signals were measured using the flow cytometry (Beckman, USA) and apoptosis analysis was determined using Flowjo software.
[0071] Western blot analysis
[0072] Cells were harvested and washed twice using PBS. Then cells were lysed using RIPA Lysis Buffer (P0013B, Beyotime) containing 1X protease inhibitor (P1046, Beyotime) . After centrifugation at 10000 × g, 4℃ for 5 min, a quantity of 20 μg total protein was used for western blot analysis. The protein lysates were resolved on SDS-PAGE gels and transferred onto a 0.2um polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) transmembrane for 1.5 h. Then the membrane was blocked with 5%skimmed milk TBST solution at room temperature for 1 hour. Afterwards, the membrane was washed three times with PBST and then incubated at 4℃ overnight with a different primary antibody. After that, the membrane was washed three times with PBST and then was incubated at room temperature with corresponding second antibody and exposed by the Biorad Chemidoc MP system. Primary antibodies: NT5E (CST, 13160) , Vimentin (CST, 5741S) , Cyclin B1 (12231S, CST) , p21 Waf1 / Cip1 (2947S, CST) , E-Cadherin (24E10) (CST, 3195S) , β-catenin (CST 8480S) , ZO-1 (ab216880) , GAPDH (ab181602) , β-actin (A00702, GENSCRIPT) . Primary antibodies were used with 1: 1000 dilution, except GAPDH which was used with 1: 10000 dilution. Second antibodies: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab6721, Abcam) , Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) (HRP) (ABclonal, AS003) . Secondary antibodies were used with 1: 10000 dilution.
[0073] Plasmids and gene transfection
[0074] NT5E-specific siRNA was tested for its knockdown efficiencies: si NT5E-homo-896 with sense 5′-GCACUGGGAAAUCAUGAAUTT -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1) and antisense 5′-AUUCAUGAUUUCCCAGUGCTT -3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2) sequences, which was acquired from GenePharma (Suzhou, China) . Plasmids were transfected into CRC cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) .
[0075] Mouse models
[0076] Adenomatous polyposis coli CRC model
[0077] C57BL / 6J-Apcmin / + mice (Jackson Laboratory) , which develop intestinal polyps spontaneously, type strain of Fp ATCC 27768, Fn ATCC 25586 and E. coli MG1655 was used. Hx was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (H9377) . Bacterial feeding and Hx administration was performed as shown in Figures 4A and 6A. Bacteria was fed at 108 colony-forming units (CFU) for each strain per day. Stool samples were collected weekly. Colon and serum were collected after mice were sacrificed. All tissues were immediately stored in 4%paraformaldehyde or -80 freezer. Histology was scored after H&E staining by a pathologist blinded to pathologic diagnosis of samples.
[0078] Histochemistry and Immunohistochemistry
[0079] Colon tissue from mouse were dissected and fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde (Avantor, EM-FX0415-5) , then embedded in paraffin, and sectioned into 4 mm-thick slices. Hematoxylin &eosin (H&E) staining was conducted by Harris Hematoxylin (Epredia, 72704) and eosin solution (Beyotime, C0109) . Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on slides with procedures including deparaffinized, rehydrated, antigen unmasking and blocking. Anti-Ki-67 (1: 100, CST, 9129) was used as the primary antibody. IHC Select HRP / DAB Tests (Millipore, DAB150) was used to visualize the primary antibody binding.
[0080] Non-targeted Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) analysis
[0081] 100 μL of sample was transferred to an EP tube. After the addition of 300 μL of extract solution (methanol, containing isotopically-labelled internal standard mixture) , the samples were vortexed for 30 s, sonicated for 10 min in ice-water bath, and incubated for 1 h at -40 ℃ to precipitate proteins. Then the sample was centrifuged at 12000 rpm (RCF=13800 (×g) , R= 8.6cm) for 15 min at 4 ℃. The resulting supernatant was transferred to a fresh glass vial for analysis.
[0082] LCMS analyses were performed using an UHPLC system (Vanquish, Thermo Fisher Scientific) with a UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) coupled to Orbitrap Exploris 120 mass spectrometer (Orbitrap MS, Thermo) . The mobile phase consisted of 5 mmol / L ammonium acetate and 5 mmol / L acetic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B) . The auto-sampler temperature was 4 ℃, and the injection volume was 2 μL. The Orbitrap Exploris 120 mass spectrometer was used for its ability to acquire MS / MS spectra on information-dependent acquisition (IDA) mode in the control of the acquisition software (Xcalibur, Thermo) . In this mode, the acquisition software continuously evaluates the full scan MS spectrum. The ESI source conditions were set as following: sheath gas flow rate as 50 Arb, Aux gas flow rate as 15 Arb, capillary temperature 320 ℃, full MS resolution as 60000, MS / MS resolution as 15000 collision energy as 10 / 30 / 60 in NCE mode, spray Voltage as 3.8 kV (positive) or -3.4 kV (negative) , respectively. Differential metabolites were annotated and displayed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG, http: / / www. kegg. jp) database.
[0083] The raw data were converted to the mzXML format using ProteoWizard and processed with an in-house program, which was developed using R and based on XCMS, for peak detection, extraction, alignment, and integration. Then an in-house MS2 database (BiotreeDB) was applied in metabolite annotation. The cutoff for annotation was set at 0.3.
[0084] Serum adenosine level
[0085] Serum adenosine were detected using the adenosine assay kit (Abcam, ab211094) . 2 uL serum were detected according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
[0086] Statistical analysis
[0087] Values are expressed as mean±SD for both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Comparisons between two groups were performed using a two-sided Student’s t-test. ANOVA was used to compare differences among multiple groups, and post hoc analysis was performed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. P value <0.05 indicates statistical significance.
[0088] Availability of data and materials
[0089] The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
[0090] All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.
[0091] Following are examples that illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.
[0092] EXAMPLE 1-
[0093] Our study identified Fp as the top bacterium species inversely correlated with Fn and its decrease during CRC development. We showed that Fp metabolite suppresses the growth / aggregation of Fn and also diminishes the tumor-promoting effects of Fn in vitro. Fp also inhibits the growth and colonization of Fn and its tumor-promoting effect in mouse models. We identified Hx as the key metabolite mediating Fp’s anti-Fn and anti-CRC effects. Hx exerts its tumor suppressive function via downregulating NT5E expression and decreasing adenosine.
[0094] EXAMPLE 1-DECREASE OF FP IN CRC PATIENTS AND INVERSE CORRELATION OF FP WITH FN
[0095] By analyzing the metagenome sequencing data from 404 Hong Kong Chinese subjects (184 CRC and 220 controls) , Fp was identified as the top bacterium inversely correlated with Fn (r=-0.244, P<0.0001; Figure 1A) . Moreover, Fp was significantly decreased in fecal samples of CRC patients compared to healthy individuals (Figure 1B) . We also analyzed Fp abundance through TNM stage of CRC and found that Fp is decreased with advanced CRC stage (Figure 1C) .
[0096] EXAMPLE 2-FP METABOLITE INHIBITED COLON CANCER CELL GROWTH IN VITRO
[0097] To explore the role of Fp on cell growth, we collected culture supernatant of Fp to treat colon cancer cell lines HT-29, HCT116 and Caco2 with E. coli supernatant and broth as controls. Treatment with 5%Fp supernatant significantly inhibited cell viability of cancer cells as compared with control groups (Figure 2A) . Colony formation showed the colony number in Fp supernatant treated group was significantly reduced (Figure 2B) . The growth suppressive effect was further examined by cell cycle and apoptosis analysis. Fp treatments arrested cells in G0 / G1 phase and decreased cells in G2 / M phase as indicated by flow cytometry analysis (Figure 2C) , accompanied by increased p21 and decreased cyclin B1 protein levels (Figure 2D) . Fp supernatant also significantly induced both early and late stages of apoptosis of HT-29 and HCT116 cells as shown by flow cytometry analysis (Figure 2E) and TUNEL staining (Figure 2F and Figure 2G) . Furthermore, Fp supernatant showed no significant effect on the growth of the normal colon epithelial cell line NCM460 (Figure 2A) .
[0098] EXAMPLE 3-FP HINDERED THE GROWTH AND AUTO-AGGREGATION OF FN
[0099] Based on the inverse correlation, we hypothesized that Fp was able to compete with the growth of Fn and even exert suppressive effects on Fn. Fn growth curves as measured by OD600 also confirmed that Fp supernatant significantly inhibited the growth of Fn as compared with E. coli supernatant (P<0.0001; Figure 3A) . To quantify the Fn abundance, we co-cultured Fn with Fp or E. coli under anaerobic condition at 37℃ for 12h, and then quantified the Fn abundance by qPCR. Co-culturing Fp with Fn led to a significant inhibition of the growth of Fn compared with E. coli treatment (P<0.0001; Figure 3B) . Treatment with Fp supernatant also showed a similar growth inhibitory effect on Fn as compared with E. coli supernatant treatment (P<0.0001; Figure 3B) . It is well known that Fn is able to co-aggregate with other pathogenic species to form biofilms on the tissue surface. In order to explore the effect of Fp on the auto-aggregation of Fn, we use 33.3%Fp supernatant in the aggregation system and gave an aggregation score according to the turbidity level. Results showed that Fp supernatant significantly hindered the aggregation of Fn as compared with E. coli at 2 hours treatment (P=0.002; Figure 3C) .
[0100] EXAMPLE 4-FP ANTAGONIZED THE ONCOGENIC EFFECTS OF FN
[0101] In order to verify whether Fp shows suppressive effects via impeding the oncogenic effect of Fn, we co-cultured HT-29 or HCT116 with Fn (multiplicity of infection 1: 1000) for 4 hours, then removed Fn and treated the cells with Fp supernatant or E. coli supernatant / broth controls (Figure 3D) . The growth curves showed that Fn significantly promoted cell growth while this effect could be inhibited by Fp supernatant (Figure 3E) . Meanwhile, the cell invasion (Figure 3F) and migration-promoting effect (Figure 3G) of Fn was also significantly suppressed by Fp supernatant. Furthermore, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and adherens junctions biomarkers of colon cancer cell lines is inversed by Fp supernatant treatment (Figure 3H) .
[0102] EXAMPLE 5-FP SUPPRESSED TUMORIGENESIS IN SPONTANEOUS CRC MOUSE MODEL DIRECTLY OR VIA IMPEDING FN’S ONCOGENIC EFFECT
[0103] We used the Apcmin / + mouse model to verify Fp’s function in CRC development. Mouse were administrated with orally gavage with Fp, E. coli strain MG165, PBS or Fn followed with Fp for 12 weeks (Figure 4A) . Fp significantly decreased colon dysplasia score (Figure 4C) , as well as positive Ki-67 cells in comparison with control groups (Figure 4D) . Furthermore, Fp could reduce tumor incidence, tumor load and increased colon length (Figure 4E) . Meanwhile, Fp showed an inverse effect on Fn’s oncogenic effect which can be demonstrated on the aspects of colon dysplasia score, non-neoplasia colon proliferation, colon tumor incidence, tumor load and colon length (Figure 4C-E) . By quantified Fn abundance of fecal samples from mouse, it showed that Fp could significantly reduce Fn abundance depending on an accumulation of Fp gavage (Figure 4F) . Taking together, Fp played an inhibited role on CRC development directly or through diminished Fn’s tumor-promoting effect.
[0104] EXAMPLE 6-PURINE DERIVATIVE HYPOXANTHINE AS THE POTENTIAL FUNCTIONAL METABOLITE OF FP
[0105] Next, we wanted to know if the effective component of Fp metabolite was a protein or not. We boiled the supernatant of Fp under 100℃ for 30 minutes or treat it with proteinase K and then treated the cancer cells. Results showed that the boiled supernatant (Figure 5A) and the proteinase K-treated supernatant (Figure 5B) still had the same growth inhibitory effect as the untreated supernatant. Therefore, the effective metabolite was non-protein. We then applied non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify the functional metabolite produced by Fp. A purine derivative, hypoxanthine (Hx) , was identified to be the top upregulated metabolite in Fp supernatant as compared to the control bacterium and broth control (Figure 5C) . The Hx intensity, which represented relative abundance of Hx, is significantly higher in Fp supernatant than in control groups (Figures 5D and Figure 5E) . The high Hx level in Fp supernatant was further verified by using a Hx concentration assay kit (Figure 5E) .
[0106] EXAMPLE 7-HX EXERTS SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS ON FN AND COLON CANCER IN VITRO
[0107] To evaluate Hx’s function on tumor development, colon cancer cell lines were treated with Hx at a concentration of 8mM. In vitro assay results demonstrated that Hx significantly suppressed cell proliferation (Figure 5F) , clonogenicity (Figure 5G) , and migration (Figure 5H) of colon cancer cells. To explore Hx’s effect on Fn, we co-cultured Hx with Fn at different concentrations. The results showed that Hx exerted a robust suppressive effect on Fn growth (Figure 5I) . Similar to Fp, Hx also exerted a significant inhibitory effect on Fn’s oncogenic effect (Figure 5J) .
[0108] EXAMPLE 8-HX EXERTS TUMOR SUPPRESSIVE EFFECT ON COLON CANCER IN VIVO
[0109] Next, we use the Apcmin / + mouse model to confirm Hx’s effect in vivo by gavage mouse Hx daily (Figure 6A) . Administration of Hx (8mM) decreased colon tumor number and colon tumor incidence (Figure 6B and 6C) , although no significant reduction in tumor load was observed by Hx compared to control treatment (Figure 6D) . Administration of Hx also reduced dysplasia development (Figure 6E) and proliferative (Ki-67-positive) cells (Figure 6F) in the mouse colon. These results demonstrate the suppressive effect of Hx on colon cancer development.
[0110] EXAMPLE 9-IDENTIFICATION OF DOWNSTREAM MOLECULES MODULATED BY FP METABOLITE
[0111] To explore the underlying molecular mechanism of Fp’s anti-CRC effect, we conducted whole transcriptome sequencing analysis to compare the gene expression profiles of cells with and without Fn co-culture, followed by Fp / E. coli supernatant or broth treatment of three colon cancer cell lines, HT-29, HCT116 and Caco2. Genes dysregulated by Fn or Fp, and those dysregulated by Fn but subsequently reversed by Fp were identified. Of interest, we identified 27 genes up-regulated by Fn but later down-regulated by Fp (log2 fold-change >1 or <-1, q<0.05; Figure 8) , most of which are with oncogenic potentials, such as TNFRSF6B (also known as Decoy receptor 3, DCR3; suppressing cell death) , PLK3 (cell cycle progression) , TMEM158 (activation of the Ras pathway) , LGR4 (activating Wnt signaling) , etc. We also identified 26 other genes down-regulated by Fn but later up-regulated by Fp (log2 fold-change >1 or <-1, q<0.05) , most of which are with potential tumor suppressive functions or important physiological functions (CENPS, MOCS3, PSKH1, FOXD4, etc) .
[0112] We further focused on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) engaged in purine metabolism pathway as it involves Hx. After co-culture with Fn, Fp supernatant treatment led to 18 DEGs in purine metabolism as compared with control treatment (Figure 7A) . Among them, we are interested in NT5E, down-regulated by Fp and encoding one of the most important enzymes, 5’ -nucleotidase (5’ NT) , in purine salvage pathway. NT5E promotes tumor growth and metastasis and may shape immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment [14, 15] . Furthermore, higher serum NT5E level has been reported to be associated with advanced stage of CRC
[0016] .
[0113] EXAMPLE 10-FP AND ITS METABOLITE HYPOXANTHINE DECREASE THE EXPRESSION OF NT5E
[0114] We then verified the NT5E protein level on three colon cancer cell lines by Fn co-culture, followed by Fp / E. coli supernatant or broth treatment. The results showed that NT5E level could be increased by Fn and then reduced by following Fp. Importantly, Hx treatment also decreased NT5E expression that was induced by Fn, indicating a similar effect of Fp and its metabolite Hx on NT5E expression (Figure 7B) . Consistently, Fn administration increased NT5E expression in mouse colon, while the accompanying Fp treatment reversed the NT5E level (Figure 7C) . Moreover, Hx treatment also decreased NT5E expression in mouse colon compared to PBS treatment (Figure 7D) . In order to further confirm Hx’s effect on NT5E expression, wildtype mice were treated with broth, Fn, or Fn plus Hx for 8 weeks (Figure 7F) . Results showed that Hx significantly decreased NT5E expression although the promoting effect of Fn on NT5E expression was not significant in this model (Figure 7G) . The findings demonstrate that Fp suppresses the expression of NT5E, which is mainly mediated by its metabolite Hx.
[0115] EXAMPLE 11-NT5E KNOCKDOWN DIMINISHED HX’S TUMOR SUPPRESSIVE EFFECT
[0116] In order to determine whether Hx exerts its anti-tumor function through NT5E, we knocked down NT5E by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in two colon cancer cell lines (Figure 7H) . In NT5E knockdown group, cancer cell growth and migration ability were significantly reduced as compared to negative control group (Figure 7I and Figure 7J) . Then we treated tumor cells with Hx in NT5E-knockdown or control group. The results showed that, by knocking down NT5E, Hx’s suppressive effect on tumor cell migration was diminished as comparing with negative control group. Furthermore, in NT5E knockdown groups, there was no difference of cell migration whether treated with Hx or not (Figure 7K) . After Fn co-culturing to promote NT5E expression, knockdown of NT5E significantly reduced cell growth compared to control treatment, while Hx treatment showed similar effect to NT5E-knockdown on cell growth or adding up to the growth suppressive effect of NT5E-knockdown (Figure 7L) .
[0117] EXAMPLE 12-FP / HX REDUCED SERUM ADENOSINE
[0118] The above results demonstrate that Hx inhibits NT5E expression and may therefore contribute to the purine salvage pathway, in which Hx will ultimately inhibit the production of adenosine (Figure 7M) . We therefore investigated the effects of Hx and Fp on the production of adenosine. It is interesting that our metabolomic data reveals a decreased level of adenosine in Fp supernatant compared with control group (Figure 9) . In Apcmin / + mice, the serum adenosine level was significantly decreased in Fp treated mice as compared to broth control group. Fn administration significantly increased serum adenosine as compared to broth control treatment. Importantly, the accompanying Fp administration effectively decreased serum adenosine level that was increased by Fn (Figure 7N) . In wild type mice, we also observed a significant increase in serum adenosine by Fn administration compared to broth control treatment, and this increase was significantly diminished by the accompanying Hx treatment (Figure 7N) . In another panel of Apcmin / + mice, Hx treatment significantly decreased serum adenosine as compared to PBS control treatment (Figure 7O) . These results demonstrate that Fp and its metabolite Hx contribute to reduced serum adenosine in vivo.
[0119] In sum, our study identified Fp as the top bacterium species inversely correlated with Fn and its decrease during CRC development. We showed that Fp metabolite suppresses the growth / aggregation of Fn and also diminishes the tumor-promoting effects of Fn in vitro. Fp also inhibits the growth and colonization of Fn and its tumor-promoting effect in mouse models. We identified Hx as the key metabolite mediating Fp’s anti-Fn and anti-CRC effects. Hx exerts its tumor suppressive function via downregulating NT5E expression and decreasing adenosine.
[0120] It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and / or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.
[0121] EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0122] Embodiment 1. A probiotic composition for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, the probiotic composition comprising a culture supernatant of at least one of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) cells, live Fp cells, or non-viable Fp cells, wherein the probiotic composition is selected from the group consisting of a probiotic, a symbiotic, and a postbiotic, wherein the probiotic composition comprises at least one metabolite of Fp, wherein the at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine, and wherein Fp is cultured in Yeast Casitone Fatty Acid (YCFA) medium.
[0123] Embodiment 2. A method for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, the method comprising: administering to a subject an effective amount of a probiotic composition comprising at least one of a culture supernatant of Fp cells, live Fp cells, or non-viable Fp cells, wherein the probiotic composition is selected from the group consisting of a probiotic, a symbiotic, and a postbiotic, wherein the probiotic composition comprise at least one metabolite of Fp, wherein the at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine, and wherein Fp is cultured in Yeast Casitone Fatty Acid (YCFA) medium.
[0124] Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the subject is a mammal.
[0125] Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the mammal is a human.
[0126] Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 3, wherein administering the probiotic composition to the subject inhibits the growth of Fn cells in the subject.
[0127] Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the inhibition of growth of Fn cells in the subject inhibits the onset and progression of colorectal cancer.
[0128] Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 3, wherein administering the probiotic composition to the subject down-regulates the expression of NT5E in the subject.
[0129] Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 3, wherein administering the probiotic composition to the subject decreases adenosine concentration in the serum of the subject.
[0130] Embodiment 9. A method for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, the method comprising: administering to a subject an effective amount of at least one metabolite of Fp, wherein the at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine.
[0131] Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 9, wherein the subject is a mammal.
[0132] Embodiment 11. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the mammal is a human.
[0133] Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 3, wherein administering hypoxanthine to the subject inhibits the growth of Fn cells in the subject.
[0134] Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the inhibition of growth of Fn cells in the subject inhibits the onset and progression of colorectal cancer.
[0135] Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the administration of hypoxanthine down-regulates the expression of NT5E in the subject.
[0136] Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 3, wherein administering hypoxanthine to the subject decreases adenosine concentration in the serum of the subject.
[0137] Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the effective amount of the probiotic composition ranges from about 1 million to 1, 000 billion live Fp cells or non-viable Fp cells, and combinations thereof.
[0138] Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the dosage of a culture supernatant ranges from about 1 million to about 1000 billion Fp cells.
[0139] Embodiment 18. The method of embodiment 17, wherein the Fp cells are collected at the late log phase or stationary phase.
[0140] Embodiment 19. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the composition comprises hypoxanthine at a dosage greater than about 1 nmol.
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Claims
1.A probiotic composition for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, the probiotic composition comprising a culture supernatant of at least one of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Fp) cells, live Fp cells, or non-viable Fp cells, wherein the probiotic composition is selected from the group consisting of a probiotic, a symbiotic, and a postbiotic, wherein the probiotic composition comprises at least one metabolite of Fp, wherein the at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine, and wherein Fp is cultured in Yeast Casitone Fatty Acid (YCFA) medium.2.A method for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, the method comprising: administering to a subject an effective amount of a probiotic composition comprising at least one of a culture supernatant of Fp cells, live Fp cells, or non-viable Fp cells, wherein the probiotic composition is selected from the group consisting of a probiotic, a symbiotic, and a postbiotic, wherein the probiotic composition comprise at least one metabolite of Fp, wherein the at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine, and wherein Fp is cultured in Yeast Casitone Fatty Acid (YCFA) medium.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the subject is a mammal.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the mammal is a human.5.The method of claim 2, wherein administering the probiotic composition to the subject inhibits the growth of Fn cells in the subject.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the inhibition of growth of Fn cells in the subject inhibits the onset and progression of colorectal cancer.7.The method of claim 2, wherein administering the probiotic composition to the subject down-regulates the expression of NT5E in the subject.8.The method of claim 2, wherein administering the probiotic composition to the subject decreases adenosine concentration in the serum of the subject.9.A method for inhibiting the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, the method comprising: administering to a subject an effective amount of at least one metabolite of Fp, wherein the at least one metabolite is hypoxanthine.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the subject is a mammal.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the mammal is a human.12.The method of claim 9, wherein administering hypoxanthine to the subject inhibits the growth of Fn cells in the subject.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the inhibition of growth of Fn cells in the subject inhibits the onset and progression of colorectal cancer.14.The method of claims 9, wherein the administration of hypoxanthine down-regulates the expression of NT5E in the subject.15.The method of claims 9, wherein administering hypoxanthine to the subject decreases adenosine concentration in the serum of the subject.16.The method of claim 2, wherein the effective amount of the probiotic composition ranges from about 1 million to 1,000 billion live Fp cells or non-viable Fp cells, and combinations thereof.17.The method of claim 2, wherein the dosage of a culture supernatant ranges from about 1 million to about 1000 billion Fp cells.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the Fp cells are collected at the late log phase or stationary phase.19.The method of claim 2, wherein the composition comprises hypoxanthine at a dosage greater than about 1 nmol.
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