Irreversible and enduring gas-filled hot-melt element and temperature indicator containing same

Abstract

The group of inventions relates to an irreversible and enduring temperature indicator element for quickly and accurately indicating that at least one temperature has been exceeded, as well as to a temperature indicator device containing said element. What is proposed is a gas-filled temperature-sensitive element containing an absorbent material, said element being designed to be capable of irreversibly changing colour when a temperature threshold is exceeded, wherein the element comprises: a layer which is non-transparent to at least a part of the visible light spectrum and is made of a gas-filled hot-melt material containing cavities filled with a gas phase, as well as containing a substance or a mixture of substances with a melting point that is close to the activation temperature of the temperature-sensitive element; and an absorbent material which is connected to the gas-filled hot-melt material and is capable of absorbing the molten hot-melt phase thereof. A temperature indicator device which utilizes such an element is also disclosed. The group of inventions provides an increase in the accuracy and speed of indication that at least one temperature threshold has been exceeded, while also providing that the external appearance of the temperature-sensitive element is capable of enduring under a wide range of working conditions, including vibrational loads.

Description

[0001] Irreversible and non-returnable gas-filled hot-melt element and a temperature indicator containing it

[0002] The field of technology to which the group of inventions relates

[0003] The group of inventions relates to an irreversible and non-returnable combined temperature indicator element that allows for recording the facts of exceeding at least one temperature with high speed and accuracy, as well as to a temperature indicator device containing it.

[0004] State of the art

[0005] Among the known methods of temperature monitoring, the thermal indicator method has become widely used. It relies on the use of thermal indicators that detect the occurrence or past heating above a certain (threshold) temperature. Thermal indicators can be either stand-alone compounds (e.g., varnishes and paints) or devices containing temperature-sensitive components (e.g., stickers, clips, tips, etc.).

[0006] The advantages of using temperature-indicating devices (TIDs) over thermal paints and varnishes include ease and convenience of installation and replacement, the absence of direct contact between the surface of the test object and the temperature-sensitive component, the ability to use multiple components with different threshold temperatures in a single device, and the ability to display additional information (e.g., the response temperature) on such a device. Furthermore, the temperature-sensitive component is applied uniformly and thinly to the base of such devices in the factory, improving the accuracy of recording threshold temperature exceedances.

[0007] Thermal insulation materials can be reversible, that is, changing their appearance only when heated and returning it upon cooling, and irreversible, changing their appearance after exceeding a given temperature and maintaining it after cooling.

[0008] A distinctive feature of reversible thermal imaging is that it only provides information about current overheating, i.e., exceeding the temperature threshold at the time of inspection.

[0009] Unlike reversible indicators, irreversible indicators change color upon overheating and maintain this change over time. Irreversible thermal indicators allow for the detection of overheating throughout the entire operating period, regardless of the load and temperature of the electrical equipment at the time of inspection.

[0010] The importance of using irreversible thermal indicators for diagnosing electrical equipment is revealed, in particular, in the work of Lvov M. Yu., Lesiv A. V. Thermal indicator control of contacts and contact connections of electrical equipment and power transmission lines. Moscow: NTF "Energoprogress", "Energetik", 2023. P. 62. In the article by Lvov M. Yu., Nikitina S. D., Lvov Yu. N., Lesiv A. V. On the standardization of requirements for thermal indicator control of the state of contacts and contact connections during the operation of electrical installations / / Energy of the unified grid. 2023. No. 1 (68). P. 67-74. typical requirements for thermal indicators, principles of their selection and methodology for assessing the state of controlled objects using thermal indicators are presented. Among other things, it is noted that only irreversible thermal indicator devices should be used for condition monitoring.

[0011] The operating principle of most irreversible thermal indicators is based on a phase transition and is manifested by an increase in the transparency of the temperature-sensitive component due to its melting upon reaching a threshold temperature. The advantages of irreversible temperature indicators based on phase transition stem from the fact that the phase transition (in this particular case, the melting of the temperature-sensitive component) is determined by temperature and, for individual substances, is within a narrow temperature range, preferably less than one degree Celsius. Furthermore, the phase transition does not occur regardless of how long the temperature-sensitive component is held at a temperature below the phase transition temperature (melting point). Conversely, it is guaranteed to occur when the temperature-sensitive component is heated above the phase transition temperature.

[0012] However, even heat-sensitive materials based on melting may partially lose their transparency after melting and subsequent solidification due to crystallization during cooling and cracking due to the fragility of the solidified molten layer under mechanical stress, such as vibration. This leads to reversibility of the heat-sensitive material's operation, i.e., a noticeable loss of transparency. Consequently, due to the loss of contrast and color change, activated devices may acquire an appearance that is visually difficult to distinguish from the original appearance of non-activated devices, and the fact that the surface of the monitored object has heated above the threshold temperature will not be registered. The dependence of the brightness (which can be estimated, for example, using the brightness coefficient) of the heat-sensitive layer on time (logarithmic scale) upon temperature changes for different types of heat-sensitive elements exhibits fundamental differences.Reversible temperature-sensitive elements change brightness only when the threshold temperature is exceeded, returning to their original value upon cooling to ambient temperature (Fig. 1a). Irreversible and non-returnable temperature-sensitive elements change brightness when the threshold temperature is exceeded and maintain it for an extended period of time upon subsequent cooling to ambient temperature under all operating conditions (Fig. 1c).

[0013] However, if the heat-sensitive material partially loses transparency over a long period of time, for the reasons described above, a partial return of the heat-sensitive element's brightness to its original values ​​may occur (Fig. 16). TIs with such heat-sensitive elements are characterized by irreversible, but reversible, response.

[0014] To accurately and reliably detect overheating, the temperature-sensitive material must be irreversible and non-returnable, or its reversibility must not interfere with the detection of device activations. For this, it is sufficient, in particular, that the color brightness of the activated temperature indicator does not increase over time by more than 15% of the minimum value. This brightness level is shown in Fig. 16 and Fig. 1c by the dotted line. Above this level, detection of threshold temperature exceedances becomes unreliable due to the reduced transparency of the hot-melt material of the activated temperature indicator device and the reduced contrast of the color transition.

[0015] In the prior art, no attention has been paid to the problem of reversibility in the development and improvement of irreversible temperature indicators. To ensure the irreversibility of a temperature-sensitive composition, the following methods are typically used:

[0016] (1) modification of the heat-sensitive material and

[0017] (2) changing the structure of the temperature indicator itself and its operating principle.

[0018] In particular, the authors of this group of inventions previously implemented a pioneering approach to achieving irreversibility in temperature indicators, based on modifying temperature-sensitive compounds. The description of the utility model for patent RU 220377 (published September 11, 2023) discloses a temperature indicator for irreversible visual recording of temperature exceeding a threshold, comprising:

[0019] - a base that is opaque to at least part of the visible light;

[0020] - a heat-sensitive material that is opaque to at least part of the visible light and applied to the front surface of the base, the microstructure of which in its initial state includes particles of the solid phase and predominantly interconnected voids filled with the gas phase;

[0021] - a transparent protective layer covering a heat-sensitive material; the heat-sensitive material is designed to undergo an irreversible change in transparency upon reaching a threshold temperature due to the fusion of particles that form its microstructure and the release of the gas phase from the heat-sensitive material to the surface.

[0022] The description of the utility model to patent RU 221997 (published 05.12.2023) discloses a temperature indicator sticker for irreversibly recording a temperature rise above at least one threshold value, comprising: an adhesive layer providing adhesion of at least 10 N / 25 mm to stainless steel, measured by the FINAT TM1 method after 24 hours; a flexible base onto which information elements are applied, including the numerical value of at least one threshold temperature, and at least one heat-sensitive material coated with a protective polymer film, which:

[0023] - in its original state it is opaque to at least part of the visible light;

[0024] - designed with the ability to irreversibly increase transparency when heated above a threshold temperature;

[0025] - includes polymeric substances; contains voids distributed throughout the volume, the proportion of which in the heat-sensitive material is at least 10 vol.%.

[0026] The description of the invention to patent RU 2800396 (published 21.07.2023) proposes a device for visually recording a temperature rise above at least one threshold value, having a layered structure including:

[0027] - a base that is opaque to at least part of the visible light, on the front surface of which inscriptions are applied indicating at least one numerical threshold temperature value;

[0028] - at least one heat-sensitive material, opaque to at least part of the visible light, applied to individual sections of the base, the microstructure of which includes particles of solid organic matter and voids filled with a gas phase;

[0029] - a transparent protective layer partially or completely covering the front surface of the device; wherein in the initial state the particles of the solid organic substance are predominantly oriented parallel to the surface of the base, and the device is designed with the ability to irreversibly change its appearance upon reaching at least one threshold temperature indicated thereon due to the destruction of the microstructure of the corresponding heat-sensitive material, accompanied by the fusion of the particles of the solid organic substance, a decrease in the proportion of voids by at least 2 times relative to the initial state and an increase in its transparency with the manifestation of the color of the base.

[0030] In known technical solutions, melting a gas-filled hot-melt material (GFTM) disrupts the material's structure and separates the gas and liquid phases, increasing transparency. The opacity of the solidified melt formed after cooling the hot-melt material is reduced compared to the initial state due to the reduction of the gas-solid interface, where color reflection and scattering occur. The irreversibility of these materials, including during prolonged exposure, is achieved because after separation of the gas and liquid phases, upon subsequent cooling, recombination of these phases to yield the original opaque structure of the material is impossible.

[0031] However, despite the significant advantages of the thermal-sensitive material (TSM), the layer formed after the thermal indicator is triggered is brittle, especially due to its thinness. Therefore, under mechanical stress, particularly vibration, cracking of the solidified molten layer of the temperature-sensitive material may occur, which is visually manifested by its whitish appearance and a decrease in the contrast of the color transition due to the formation of new gas-solid interfaces (Figs. 3b and 4).

[0032] An example of the implementation of the second approach to ensuring irreversibility can be devices in which the hot-melt component is absorbed by the base material during melting, resulting in a color change and ensuring irreversibility of operation.

[0033] The description of the invention to application US 20060011124 (published July 15, 2004) discloses a temperature sensor in the form of a label, characterized in that the temperature-sensitive component has a wax layer formed on the painted surface of colored paper of arbitrary flat shape. The wax layer is formed from a mixture of the required amount of viscous material and petroleum wax powder melting at a predetermined temperature, and is attached to a sheet base. The wax layer is located close to the front surface of the temperature sensor, and the entire front surface of the temperature sensor is covered with a transparent film. The wax, applied to the colored paper base, becomes transparent upon reaching the melting temperature and impregnates the paper base, revealing its color.

[0034] The description of the invention to the application WO 83 / 01834 (published 26.05.1983) discloses an article for irreversibly displaying visual evidence of exposure in a given temperature range for at least a given period of time, comprising in combination: a) an opaque microporous diffusely reflective layer with open pores, having a first and second surfaces and formed from components that do not melt at the upper limit of the specified temperature range; b).a colored layer firmly bonded to a first surface of said microporous layer; c) overlapping at least a portion of a second surface of said microporous layer, but not visibly penetrating therein, a substantially transparent coating of a composition comprising a solid solution of (1) an amorphous rubber polymer having a glass transition temperature below the lower limit of said specified temperature range, dissolved in (2) a crystallizable solvent for said rubber polymer, said solvent having a melting point below the lower limit of said predetermined temperature range, the solvent:polymer ratio being selected to control viscosity and to ensure absorption to the full depth of said microporous layer of said composition after a specified period of time in said temperature range, to thereby make the colored layer visible.

[0035] The description of the invention to the application WO 2019 / 090472 (published 07.11.2017), selected as a prototype, discloses an article made of a composite material indicating a temperature, containing: a porous film that is opaque to at least part of the visible radiation or opaque to at least part of the visible radiation and at least part of the ultraviolet radiation; a layer of colored composite material located on the lower surface of the porous film, wherein the layer of colored composite material contains: a macromolecular binder; a crystalline material;and a dye, wherein the crystalline material and the dye are dispersed in a macromolecular binder material, the macromolecular binder material is an amorphous material or has a melting point higher than that of the crystalline material, and when the crystalline material is heated to the melting point, the macromolecular binder material and the crystalline material are phase separated, so that when heated to melting, the crystalline material can migrate into the porous film and fill many pores in it, making the porous film transparent to visible light. The solidified melt absorbed by the membrane will be protected from fractures and the likelihood of crack formation in it will be reduced, which ensures irreversibility of response and non-return of coloring (Fig. 5).

[0036] The main disadvantage of such solutions is the large thickness of both the heat-sensitive material and the absorbent material, which significantly reduces the speed and accuracy of recording equipment overheating.

[0037] The difference between the operating temperature of the TI (the melting point of the hot-melt material) and the temperature of the monitored surface determines the error of the temperature indicator. If the ambient temperature (T окр ) is approximately equal to the surface temperature of the test object (T П ov), then the TI will be triggered when this surface is heated to the melting temperature of the hot-melt material, and the response error will be minimal. However, if T О kr is significantly less than T ПО In this case, the TI will be triggered when the heating temperature of this surface is higher than the melting point of the hot-melt material. This is due to the following circumstance.

[0038] In an equilibrium state, when the temperature of all elements of the thermal indicator is constant over time, the temperature of each subsequent layer of the thermal indicator will be lower than the previous one. Ultimately, the thermal indicator will be triggered when the temperature of the hot-melt material (T тм ) will be equal to the melting point of the main substance of the thermosensitive element. The response error of the thermosensitive element in equilibrium mode will be equal to the difference between the surface temperature of the test object and the temperature of the upper layer of the thermosensitive element, which is equal to the melting point of the hot-melt material. In nonequilibrium mode, the response error of the thermosensitive element will be greater, as will be shown below.

[0039] Fig. 2a shows a cross-section of a volume element of a temperature-sensitive element placed on the surface of a test object. At ambient temperature T окр in case of heating the surface to temperature T ПО The temperature of the upper surface of the absorbent material (UM) can be represented as T П ov-ATВ m, and the temperature of the upper surface of the heat-sensitive material can be represented as T П ov- DTvm-DT™. Thus, in the case shown in Fig. 2a, the activation of the TI and melting of the hot-melt material will occur at a surface temperature of the test object equal to Tpl + AT vm + DT tm*

[0040] Fig. 26 shows a TI in the form of a sticker placed on the surface of the test object, the layered structure of which includes an adhesive layer, a base, an absorbent material, a hot-melt material, and a protective layer. At an ambient temperature of T 0К p in the case of heating the surface to temperature T П O В :

[0041] (a) The temperature of the top surface of the adhesive layer can be represented as

[0042] Tpov- AT glue?

[0043] (b) the temperature of the top surface of the base can be represented as

[0044] T new-AT glue-AT 0СН ;

[0045] (c) the temperature of the upper surface of the absorbent material can be represented as

[0046] Tpov-AT glue-AT base-AT vm;

[0047] (g) the temperature of the top surface of the heat-sensitive material can be represented as

[0048] Tpov- AT glue- AT osn- AT vm- ATtm;

[0049] (d) the temperature of the upper surface of the protective layer can be represented as

[0050] T nov- AT glue- AT osn- AT vm- ATtm- AT zs, where:

[0051] АТкле - temperature difference at the boundaries of the adhesive layer;

[0052] АТосн - temperature difference at the base boundaries;

[0053] АТвм - temperature difference at the boundaries of the VM;

[0054] AT тм - temperature difference at the boundaries of the TM;

[0055] АТзс – temperature difference at the boundaries of the protective layer.

[0056] Thus, in the case shown in Fig. 2b, the activation of the TI and the melting of the hot-melt material will occur at a temperature of the controlled surface equal to

[0057] Tpl+ATglue+ATosn+ATvm+ATtm-

[0058] The decrease in temperature at the interfaces from layer to layer, expressed through AT, is associated with the temperature difference T П ov-T ОК p, and also proportional to the thickness of the layers and the thermal resistances of the materials from which these layers are made.

[0059] The presented dependencies are applicable only when an equilibrium temperature regime has been reached, which requires prolonged heating to the required temperature to restore it. In the case of non-equilibrium conditions, such as short-term overheating, the temperature indicator's error will be even greater. The surface temperature at which the temperature-sensitive material reaches Tfd will be higher than in equilibrium conditions, since part of the heat flow will be spent heating all layers of the device and melting the temperature-sensitive component.

[0060] To summarize the above, reducing the thickness of the temperature indicator layers (adhesive layer, base, absorbent material, heat-sensitive material) has a positive effect on the accuracy and speed of recording the excess of threshold temperatures.

[0061] All prior art solutions based on absorbing a melt of a heat-sensitive material do not utilize a heat-indicating layer (HIL). Due to the lack of a large number of gas-solid interfaces, a thicker heat-indicating layer is necessary to ensure adequate coverage of the base or absorbent material. A thicker HIL requires a thicker absorbent material. Moreover, when using a non-HIL, the thickness of the absorbent material required to absorb the melt of the heat-sensitive material can be several times greater than the thickness of the heat-sensitive material itself.

[0062] Reducing the thickness of the absorbent material in the devices described above to address the speed and accuracy of thermal indicator response will result in incomplete absorption of the molten thermal compound. This may result in the solidified melt, not absorbed by the material, becoming whitish due to cracking, making it difficult to determine whether the device has been triggered.

[0063] Reducing the thickness of the heat-sensitive compound will result in insufficient coverage, i.e., the absorbent material may show through the heat-sensitive compound layer even in its initial state, which will reduce the contrast of the color transition after activation.

[0064] Furthermore, due to their porosity, absorbent materials have low thermal conductivity. This is due to the high air content in the absorbent material. Low air thermal conductivity reduces the heat transfer coefficient from the surface of the test object to the heat-sensitive material, increasing the ΔT. ВThus, devices described in the prior art, based on the absorption of a molten heat-sensitive material, cannot detect overheating with the required accuracy. They also fail to detect short-term overheating or identify defects that arise, for example, during short-term short-circuit currents or surge voltages. Consequently, none of the existing approaches to ensuring the irreversibility and non-returnability of temperature indicators simultaneously provides complete non-returnability with sufficient speed and accuracy in detecting threshold temperature exceedances.

[0065] The combination of high-speed and accurate thermal indicator response with a clearly visible, contrasting color transition that persists for an essentially unlimited time after activation, regardless of any permissible change in conditions, is essential for detecting instances of monitored components heating above threshold temperatures. This type of monitoring is especially important in the electric power industry, for example, for detecting interturn short circuits in electric motor windings, charger or battery failures in household appliances, as well as in electrical panels in residential, social, or industrial buildings and structures, or bearing malfunctions in mechanical equipment.

[0066] Thus, there is a need to create an irreversible and non-returnable temperature indicator material based on a gas-filled hot-melt element, as well as a temperature indicator device containing such an element, for the irreversible recording of the fact of exceeding one or more threshold temperatures of the surface of the controlled object with high speed and accuracy, as well as maintaining the contrast of the color transition over a long period of time, even under mechanical influences, including vibration, and sudden and / or significant temperature changes.

[0067] Terms, definitions and abbreviations used in the description of this group of inventions

[0068] The following terms, definitions and abbreviations used in the description of the present group of inventions are intended for a better and more precise understanding of the present group of inventions, but do not limit the present invention to the stated wording.

[0069] The term "thermal indicator (TI)" refers to a device that changes its appearance (specifically, color) when heated above one or more threshold temperatures. Typically, a thermal indicator consists of a base, designed to secure the thermal indicator to the monitored surface, and one or more temperature-sensitive elements located on the front of the base that change color when heated.

[0070] A change in the appearance of a thermosensitive element that occurs solely as a result of heating the thermosensitive element to any of the possible temperature thresholds is referred to as "triggering the thermosensitive element." In the context of the present invention, triggering the thermosensitive element is achieved by melting the active substance of the thermosensitive element and penetrating the melt into the absorbent material (AM).

[0071] Single-temperature temperature indicators include those that have one temperature-sensitive element or several temperature-sensitive elements that are triggered when one threshold temperature is reached.

[0072] Multi-temperature thermal indicators include TIs that have several temperature-sensitive elements that differ in response temperature.

[0073] A change in the appearance of the TI, in particular the color and / or transparency in the area of ​​the temperature-sensitive element, which occurs as a result of an external influence other than heating the TI above the corresponding temperature threshold values, is called a “false triggering of the TI”.

[0074] The term "irreversible thermal indicator" defines a thermal indicator which, after heating to the operating temperature, visually changes its appearance, in particular its color, in such a way that after cooling below the specified temperature, its appearance does not return to a form that is visually indistinguishable from the original.

[0075] The term "non-reversibility of a thermal indicator" refers to the long-term preservation of the appearance of the activated thermal indicator under all operating conditions throughout its entire service life. Preferably, the specified service life of the thermal indicator according to the present invention is 2 years, more preferably 5 years, and even more preferably 10 years.

[0076] "The response speed of the TI" is the maximum time required for the transition of the TI from the initial to the triggered state after it has been heated to the response temperature, taking into account the specified accuracy of recording the excess of the threshold temperature.

[0077] For the purposes of the claimed group of inventions, the term “threshold temperature” means the temperature value at which a change in the appearance of the temperature indicator occurs, determined with a given accuracy.

[0078] The term “accuracy of recording the excess of the threshold temperature” refers to the boundaries of the range of temperature values ​​that meet the following conditions (1) - (3):

[0079] (1) until the threshold temperature is reached minus the specified accuracy value, the corresponding HTPM remains opaque to at least part of the visible light, and the TI in this region does not change its appearance;

[0080] (2) when the threshold temperature is exceeded, taking into account the specified accuracy, the corresponding HTPM visually increases its transparency, and the TI in this region acquires an appearance different from the original; (3) the exact value of the melting phase transition temperature of the base material is within the specified range and is not further determined. The accuracy of recording the excess of the threshold temperature determined by the present group of inventions is no more than 5 °C, preferably no more than 2 °C.

[0081] The term "absorbent material" refers to a material capable of receiving and retaining, by any means, a molten, hot-melt material, such as a molten active substance or hot-melt phase. Retention may occur through wetting, adsorption, absorption, or penetration of the melt into pores or other internal cavities of the absorbent material. A special case of an absorbent material is a "sorbent material." A "porous material" can be used as an absorbent material within the framework of the present group of inventions. This material is a solid material containing free space in the form of cavities, channels, or pores and characterized by a developed surface area. The main parameters of porous materials are porosity, pore size, pore size distribution, and specific surface area. For the purposes of the claimed group of inventions, the use of "microporous materials" containing pores with a diameter of less than 2 μm is preferred.

[0082] The term "sorption" should be understood in its most general sense as the absorption of various substances by a solid. The absorbed substance is called a "sorbate," and the absorbing solid or liquid is called a "sorbent." Within the context of this group of inventions, the sorbate is a molten GM, and the sorbent is a molten GM, i.e., a liquid. "Absorption" is preferred as a special case of sorption, resulting in the absorption of the sorbate by the entire volume of the sorbent, increasing the mass of the sorbent with a slight increase in its volume and changes in its physical properties, particularly its strength.

[0083] The term “maintenance of functional characteristics” includes the maintenance of the functional characteristics of the thermal indicator (for example, the threshold temperature, opacity and brightness coefficient for the thermal indicator, the accuracy and speed of recording the excess of the threshold temperature, etc.) within the limits established by the manufacturer throughout the established service life in all operating modes.

[0084] "Luminance coefficient" is defined according to GOST 8784-75 as the ratio of the coating's luminance to the luminance of the reference standard, measured under identical lighting conditions with a 45° angle of incidence. The term "loss of functional characteristics" encompasses the impairment of one or more elements of the measuring instrument, whereby it completely or partially ceases to perform its functions. Specifically, loss of functional characteristics includes a change in the operating temperature of the thermal electronic device, a significant reduction in the contrast of color changes in the thermal electronic device area, a change in the thermal electronic device's appearance before or after operation, and other defects that may result in incorrect operation of the thermal electronic device and the thermal electronic device as a whole or in an incorrect interpretation of temperature monitoring results using the thermal electronic device.

[0085] The term "gas-filled hot-melt material" (GFTM) defines a material comprising a solid phase or phases, as well as a gas phase contained within the cavities of the solid phase. At least one of the solid phases of the GFTM, referred to as the "hot-melt phase," is capable of melting when heated to a threshold temperature. The gas phase is predominantly distributed uniformly throughout the GFTM, with most of the pores interconnected, allowing for unimpeded gas distribution and escape during heating and / or melting of the material. The gas pressure within the pores may be less than atmospheric pressure, equal to atmospheric pressure, or greater than atmospheric pressure.

[0086] The hot melt phase contains the "active (main) substance of the gas-fuel mixture"—a substance, specifically an organic compound, that determines the melting point of the gas-fuel mixture (the threshold operating temperature of the gas-fuel mixture). The mass content of the active substance in the gas-fuel mixture structure generally exceeds the content of other components of the gas-fuel mixture. The term also refers to a mixture of such substances.

[0087] The term "organic substances" restricts the class of chemical substances that contain carbon atoms bonded to atoms of other chemical elements, excluding metal carbides, metal and ammonium carbonates, and carbon oxides.

[0088] The term "gas phase" by default refers to the gas-filled pores within the gas-filled thermocouple. The gas phase can be air, nitrogen, inert gases, or other substances in the gaseous state under the operating conditions of the thermocouple.

[0089] The term "fraction of the gas phase in a gas-filled material" refers to the ratio of the pore volume within the gas-filled material to the total volume of the gas-filled material or the ratio of the area of ​​gas-filled regions to the total area of ​​the gas-filled material section in one of the sections. For the purposes of this group of inventions, the fraction of the gas phase can be determined by one of the following methods. The first method involves scanning electron microscopy of the gas-filled material section surface using software that calculates the total external surface area of ​​solid particles in the sample and their agglomerates in the section. The area of ​​gas-filled regions is calculated by subtracting the total surface area of ​​the solid particles and their agglomerates from the area of ​​the analyzed section. To determine the fraction of the gas phase, the obtained value for the area of ​​gas-filled regions is divided by the area of ​​the analyzed section. Measurements are performed on 5-7 sections of the gas-filled material, and the average value is calculated.

[0090] The second method is based on X-ray microtomography. Sample preparation is similar to the first method. A section of the gas-phase material of known volume is analyzed using a laboratory digital X-ray tomograph with software capable of calculating the percentage of gas in a given sample volume. Measurements are taken from 5-7 sections of the material, obtaining an average value for the gas phase content, expressed as a percentage.

[0091] Any method for determining the gas phase fraction can be applied to finished products containing gas-phase-contaminated materials, such as TI. During sample preparation, a homogeneous section of the product is cut out and the protective layer is removed to ensure the integrity of the gas-phase-contaminated material.

[0092] In the context of describing a gas-phase flow system, a "phase" refers to the homogeneous part of the gas-phase flow system, separated from the remaining parts by a visible interface where certain phase characteristics, such as density, composition, or optical properties, change abruptly. The collection of individual homogeneous parts of the system, each possessing identical properties, is considered a single phase.

[0093] The composition of the thermal melting material may additionally include particles of a solid substance with a melting point above the threshold, the strength of which predominantly exceeds the strength of the thermal melting phase, as well as other inclusions.

[0094] The term "GTPM structure" defines the spatial arrangement of solid particles and gas-filled pores in a GTPM sample. The GTPM structure determines its physical, optical, and mechanical properties. Upon reaching a threshold temperature, melting of at least one of the solid phases of the GTPM occurs. During the melting process, the GTPM structure changes, that is, the spatial arrangement of particles and / or volumes of individual phases of the material, their size, and shape. The destruction of the structure may include the following stages: melting of the GTPM particle surface, their compaction, reduction of the pore size within the GTPM and the gas-solid interface area, and particle fusion up to their complete fusion and the formation of a monolithic layer (melt) or a single phase. The process of GTPM structure destruction is accompanied by an irreversible decrease in the volume fraction of the gas phase within the GTPM. The proportion of the gas phase in the material obtained after the activation of the thermal insulation device is less than in the initial state of the GTPM.

[0095] The term "gas-filled hot melt element with absorbent material (GFTEAM)" refers to a combined element comprising:

[0096] - a solid thermomelting phase containing an organic substance or a mixture of substances and designed to melt when heated above a threshold temperature;

[0097] - a first plurality of cavities filled with a gas phase, distributed in a solid hot-melt phase, preferably uniformly, in such a way that most of the cavities communicate with each other, ensuring the possibility of unimpeded distribution and release of gas from the cavities during heating of the gas-fueled engine and / or during melting of the hot-melt phase;

[0098] - a solid absorbent material or a combination of such materials designed to absorb the melt of the hot melt phase; and

[0099] - a second plurality of cavities filled with a gas phase and distributed in a solid absorbent material or combination of materials, preferably uniformly, in such a way that most of the cavities communicate with each other, ensuring the possibility of unimpeded distribution and release of gas from the cavities when the gas turbine engine is heated and / or when filling part of the cavities with a melt of the hot melt phase.

[0100] In this group of inventions, the temperature indicator may include either a single thermoelectric component for recording the exceeding of a single threshold temperature, or multiple thermoelectric components for recording the exceeding of multiple threshold temperatures. The temperature indicator may have one or more sections containing thermoelectric components of identical composition. Specifically, solid thermoelectric phases with different threshold temperatures may alternate or be arranged on the base in any other combination. When the temperature indicator is designed to record the exceeding of multiple temperatures, i.e., contains sections with different thermoelectric components, the properties described below preferably apply to all solid thermoelectric phases used. However, there may be variants in which individual temperature-sensitive elements employ different operating principles. Preferably, the cavities within the solid thermoelectric phase are pores.The gas pressure inside the pores can be less than atmospheric pressure, equal to atmospheric pressure, or greater than it.

[0101] The composition of the gas turbine engine may additionally include particles of a solid substance with a melting point above the threshold, the strength of which predominantly exceeds the strength of the hot-melt phase, polymers that completely or partially cover the hot-melt phase, dyes, as well as binders and / or other inclusions, for example, support elements (SE), used to increase the mechanical strength of the gas turbine engine.

[0102] The GTEVM is primarily constructed as two layers. The upper (face) layer consists of a hot-melt phase with a gas phase distributed within it, while the lower layer consists of an absorbent material (AM), which can be subsequently attached to the TI base or placed on the tested object. In this case, the colors of the hot-melt phase and the absorbent material are preferably different. The hot-melt phase is preferably dye-free and is opaque to at least some visible light due to the cavities it contains filled with the gas phase. The solid absorbent phase is preferably colored black to ensure a white-to-black color transition upon activation.

[0103] For the purposes of the claimed group of inventions, the term “threshold temperature” means the temperature value at which a change in the appearance of the temperature indicator occurs, determined with a given accuracy.

[0104] The term "visible light" defines a narrow region in the electromagnetic spectrum in the frequency range of 3.8 - 10 14 - 7.9 - 10 14 Hz, which corresponds to wavelengths in a vacuum from ~400 to ~760 nm, which can be distinguished by the human eye.

[0105] The term "opaque to at least part of the visible light spectrum" means a material that does not transmit all or part of the visible light spectrum.

[0106] The term "transparent to at least part of the visible light spectrum" means a material that allows all or part of the visible light spectrum to pass through.

[0107] The term "support element" or "support element (SE)" defines an arbitrary element located in the area of ​​the gas-strain mechanism (GSM) that has a melting point greater than the operating temperature of the GSM and can absorb most of the mechanical stress acting on the GSM in the transverse direction, thereby preventing significant structural failure of the GSM. In the case of the present group of inventions, an absorbent substrate can serve as the SSE. A "hermetic protective layer" is understood to mean a protective layer that is impermeable to air and water at atmospheric pressure in the absence of mechanical stress, formed without gaps or openings and tightly connected to the base by welding or gluing such that the joint is also impermeable to air and water at atmospheric pressure and in the absence of mechanical stress.

[0108] “Isolated gas-turbine electronics” means a gas-turbine electronics covered with a protective layer in such a way that when the TI is immersed in water to a depth of up to 1 meter at atmospheric pressure and in the absence of mechanical impacts, there is no direct contact of the gas-turbine electronics with water for at least one day.

[0109] The term "welded protective layer" refers to the bonding of the protective layer and the base materials through mutual dissolution. This bonding can be achieved through the use of a solvent, fusion, heating, compression, or other means.

[0110] The term "elasticity" refers to the ability of a material or product, when bent around a cylindrical surface, to conform to its shape without losing its functional properties.

[0111] The terms "elastic base" and "elastic protective layer" characterize the base or protective layer material, which is capable of changing its shape without breaking under external influence.

[0112] The term “defect” indicates the non-compliance of the control object with the requirements established by the documentation, at least for one indicator.

[0113] The "defectivity factor" is the ratio of the measured temperature rise of the contact connection to the temperature rise measured on the entire section of the busbar or wire, located at a distance of at least 1 m from the contact connection.

[0114] "Excess temperature" is the excess of the measured temperature of the controlled object over the temperature of similar units of other phases located in the same conditions.

[0115] The term "fire-hazardous heating" refers to the heating of an element of an electrical installation to a temperature at which there is a risk of ignition of one or more materials from which the element is made.

[0116] The term "flexible" refers to materials that have the ability to change shape under external influences so that their functional properties remain unchanged after returning to their original shape. The terms "flexible / elastic base" and "flexible / elastic protective layer" describe base or protective layer materials that have the ability to change shape without rupturing under external influences.

[0117] A "binder" refers to a material or substance, preferably a high-molecular-weight organic compound, that enables the adhesion of solid particles relative to one another. A solid hot-melt binder, in particular, increases the strength of the thermal-melt composite and reduces its abrasion, and can also ensure the adhesion of the hot-melt phase to the base or absorbent material.

[0118] The essence of the group of inventions

[0119] The objective of the claimed group of inventions is to create an irreversible and non-returnable temperature indicator element and a temperature indicator device containing it for the irreversible recording of the fact of exceeding one or more threshold temperatures of the surface of the test object, performed with high speed and accuracy.

[0120] The technical result of the claimed group of inventions consists of increasing the reliability of detecting heat-related defects by ensuring the non-returnability of the temperature indicator element and / or temperature indicator device over a long service life in all operating modes, as well as increasing the accuracy and speed of detecting surface overheating. Another technical result is the expansion of the arsenal of means for detecting when a temperature threshold has been exceeded.

[0121] In the implementation of the first invention of the group, the said technical result is achieved through the use of a gas-filled hot-melt element with an absorbent material (GTEVM), designed with the possibility of an irreversible change in color when a threshold temperature is exceeded, including:

[0122] - a layer that is opaque to at least part of the visible light, made of a gas-filled hot-melt material (GFTM) containing cavities filled with a gas phase, as well as a substance or mixture of substances with a melting point close to the operating temperature of the GFTM;

[0123] - an absorbent material (AM) connected to the GTPM and designed to absorb the molten hot-melt material.

[0124] The technical result is achieved by combining the advantages of a gas-filled hot-melt material (GFTM), which contains gas-filled cavities, and an absorbent material that absorbs the GFTM melt during operation. By filling the voids of the absorbent material, the gas-filled hot-melt material can reveal the color of the absorbent material. Alternatively, the absorbent material, such as silica gel or aerosil, becomes transparent upon absorbing the melt and reveals the color of the substrate onto which the GFTM is applied.

[0125] Gas-filled hot-melt materials (GFTMs) inherently exhibit irreversible response. However, as noted in the prior art, after triggering, for example, due to vibration loads or temperature fluctuations, cracking of the heat-sensitive material layer may occur, resulting in a whitish appearance and a reduction in color contrast due to the formation of gas-solid interfaces (Figs. 3b and 4). Partial or complete reversibility of the GFTM opacity negatively impacts the reliability of threshold temperature exceedance detection, as it can be interpreted as a failure to trigger the temperature indicator. The use of an absorbent material prevents reversibility of the triggered GFTM (Figs. 5-7).

[0126] During extensive research, the authors of this group of inventions unexpectedly discovered that the combination of a gas-temperature-sensitive element (GTE) and a magnetic material (MM) not only ensures non-recoil after activation and exposure to mechanical stress, but also allows for a significant reduction in the overall thickness of the GTE compared to temperature-sensitive elements that do not contain a GTE. This latter feature improves the accuracy and response speed and reduces the temperature measurement error of the temperature indicator compared to prior art solutions. This claimed result is achieved by reducing the thermal resistance in the GTE and magnetic material (DTvm and DTgtpm) layers while decreasing their overall thickness.

[0127] The structure of the thermal-melting phase (TMP) includes voids filled with a gas phase in addition to the hot-melt material phase. Until the threshold temperature is exceeded, the gas within the hot-melt phase is distributed predominantly uniformly. This provides multiple gas-solid interfaces, at which light is refracted and reflected. This structure of the hot-melt phase makes it opaque to at least some visible light at a much smaller layer thickness compared to the thickness of a similar substance that does not contain a gas phase (Figs. 5a and 6a). Consequently, the thermal resistance of the TMP layer (Tgtpm) will be significantly lower than that of a homogeneous hot-melt material layer (HTM). тм). The presence of air-filled voids accelerates the melting of the gas-filled composite material, compared to the melting rate of the same volume of non-gas-filled material, due to the smaller mass of the melted substance (reducing the amount of heat expended in the phase transition) and the additional thermal insulation of the upper gas-filled layer. It should be noted that the heat transfer for melting the material in both cases occurs through the lower, molten layer, whose thermal conductivity is equal to that of the liquid (not the solid gas-filled) active substance.

[0128] Prior art hot-melt materials without gas cavities have low hiding power, requiring a thick layer of material to cover the base and / or absorbent material. At the same time, absorbing a large mass of molten hot-melt material requires a thicker layer of absorbent material. This significantly increases the overall thickness of the device (Fig. 5a) and the thermal resistance values ​​of the layers, ΔTm and ΔTvm. Using a thick layer of heat-sensitive material does not ensure the required accuracy and response speed of the temperature indicator.In addition, since the absorbent material has high porosity, and the air filling these pores is a good heat insulator, increasing the thickness of the absorbent material layer further increases the dissipation of heat coming from the heated controlled surface to the temperature indicator layer, increasing the thermal resistance of the absorbent element (the DT value. ВМ ). Thus, melting of the hot-melt material and activation of the thermal indicator will occur at a surface temperature of the test object significantly exceeding the melting point of the hot-melt material. Therefore, the temperature exceeding the specified temperature will be recorded with a high degree of error or not recorded at all if the heating was brief. Furthermore, prior art thermal indicator devices with an absorbent backing without a gas-filled hot-melt material, due to their large thickness, lack the flexibility required for installation on curved surfaces.

[0129] The combination of an absorbent material, which is capable of absorbing the melt of the hot-melt material when it is triggered, and the GTPM allows for a significant reduction in the thickness of the GTPM (Fig. 6), since it allows for a simultaneous significant reduction in ygtpm relative to h TM , and decrease h multiple times BM Due to the small ygtpm and the porosity of the GTPM, this combination ensures high response speed of the GTPM and increases the accuracy of threshold temperature recording.

[0130] The use of a HTPM also increases the response speed of the HTEM, as the unmelted portion of the HTPM layer, farthest from the heated surface of the test object, provides additional thermal insulation for the already molten portion from the environment, thereby reducing the heat loss required to melt the HTPM. Thus, the creation of a combined material containing HTPM and VM layers allowed the authors to develop irreversible and non-returnable HTEMs, especially under vibration loads, that offer high accuracy, speed, and reliability in overheating detection.

[0131] In specific cases, the absorbent material is porous, preferably microporous, or fibrous. The absorbent material can be selected without limitation from paper, microcellulose, wool, silk, felt, cotton, linen, molecular sieves, zeolites, silica gel, aerosil, microspheres, and ceramics. Microporous materials with a pore diameter of no more than 2 µm are most preferred. This will minimize the formation of monolithic areas of solidified molten GPCM that are not separated by structural elements of the absorbent material. The absorption of molten GPCM by the material is governed by physicochemical laws describing the processes of wetting, adsorption, absorption, and other non-chemical interactions between liquids and solids.

[0132] The thickness of the VM layer in preferred embodiments is no more than 100 μm, preferably no more than 50 μm, which, on the one hand, is sufficient to absorb the entire volume of the solid gas-filled hot-melt phase, and on the other hand, slightly increases the overall thickness of the device and ensures low thermal resistance values ​​(Tr ВМ ).

[0133] In preferred embodiments, the HTSM includes at least one solid organic substance with a molecular weight less than 2 kDa (2000 amu). Temperature-sensitive elements containing low-molecular-weight organic substances have a narrower response temperature range, resulting in increased accuracy in detecting threshold temperature exceedances. The use of low-molecular-weight substances in temperature-sensitive materials for irreversible detection of threshold temperature exceedances is only possible with gas-filled materials. In the absence of a gas phase, multiple crystallization centers may form within the temperature-sensitive materials during cooling, leading to a loss of material transparency and a return to an appearance similar to its original form, i.e., reversibility of response.

[0134] At least one solid organic substance of the GTPM may contain a structural fragment C nH(2n+i), where n > 5. Preferably, at least one solid organic substance of the HTPM is selected from the group consisting of fatty aliphatic acids containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 12, salts of fatty aliphatic acids containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 5, alkanes containing at least 20 carbon atoms; dialkylphosphinic acids containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 5, amides of fatty aliphatic acids containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 5; anhydrides of fatty aliphatic acids containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 10, fatty aliphatic alcohols containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 14, fatty aliphatic amines containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 17, nitriles of fatty aliphatic acids containing structural fragments C nH(2n+i) with n>19. Preferred non-limiting examples of the active substance of GTPM are palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, tetracosane, erucamide, stearic alcohol, cetyl alcohol, salts of saturated fatty carboxylic acids of rare earth metals, in particular lanthanum, yttrium, ytterbium, scandium.

[0135] The use of active substances containing one or more aliphatic hydrocarbon chains is preferable due to the fact that such organic substances have a crystalline packing in which the elongated structural fragments of linear hydrocarbons are oriented parallel to each other, which ensures the formation of predominantly flat particles such as scales, plates or fibers (Kitaigorodskii A.I. Molecular Crystals: Monograph. Moscow: Nauka. 1971. 424 p. pp. 228-232). Such crystalline packing causes the anisotropy of the solid organic substance, as a result of which the properties of the material in the direction parallel to the surface of the base and the protective coating differ from the properties of the material in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the base and the protective coating.The anisotropy of the properties of a hot-melt material affects the strength of the material during bending and mechanical impacts: applying impact in directions close to perpendicular to the surface of the base will not lead to damage to the material (Kitaigorodskii A.I. Organic crystal chemistry: monograph. Moscow: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. 558 p. pp. 134-136).

[0136] The described shape and characteristics of the active substance particles are preferred but do not limit the claimed group of inventions. They can also be achieved by using substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. In this case, the substituents can be either long hydrocarbon fragments, which further contributes to the formation of flatly oriented particles, or heteroatomic substituents, which promote layered packing of molecules, in which bulk heteroatoms are located in the interlayer space (Bokiy G.B. Crystal Chemistry: Monograph. 3rd ed. Revised and enlarged. Moscow: Nauka, 1971. 401 p. pp. 362-365). It should also be noted that the claimed group of inventions is not limited exclusively to the use of substances with a molecular weight of less than 2 kDa, which include one or more aliphatic hydrocarbon chains with a structural fragment C nH(2n+i), where n > 5. In particular, the hot-melt material may include at least one solid polymeric organic substance, selected without limitation from polyethylene, phenolic and phenol-acetylene resins, waxes, paraffins and other substances that provide an increase in the transparency of the material upon reaching the threshold temperature and possessing the necessary properties.

[0137] In preferred embodiments, the volumetric content of the gas phase in the thermal fusible composite is at least 10%, most preferably at least 50%. Using a thermal fusible composite with this volumetric content of the gas phase allows for a significant reduction in the thickness of the hot-melt material layer required to cover the color of the VM or base, compared to the thickness of the layer of non-gas-filled material required to provide the same hiding power. To prevent delamination of the solid thermal fusible composite upon heating due to thermal expansion of the gas phase, it is preferable that most of the gas-filled cavities be non-isolated, i.e., communicate with each other.

[0138] Using at least one gas turbine engine with the specified volumetric gas content allows for a longer service life and improved reliability of overheat detection due to the prevention of aggregation of solid organic particles separated by the gas phase. Furthermore, the possibility of the gas turbine engine returning to its original state when exposed to low temperatures or temperature fluctuations is virtually eliminated.

[0139] Furthermore, the higher the volumetric gas content in the gas-phase thermal power plant (GPM), the higher the initial refractive index, the more pronounced the change in appearance when the corresponding threshold temperature is exceeded due to a significant reduction in the refractive index, and the more significant the redistribution of the solid phase and gas after the GPM is triggered. This virtually eliminates the possibility of the GPM returning to its original appearance when the triggered element is exposed to low temperatures and temperature fluctuations. In preferred embodiments, upon reaching the corresponding threshold temperature, the volumetric gas content in the GPM is reduced, preferably by at least a factor of two.

[0140] Due to the described structure of the GTEM, it is also possible to register local overheating of the surface by changing the color of only that part of the GTEM that was heated above the corresponding threshold temperatures, and maintaining the original color of that part of the GTEM that was not heated above the corresponding threshold temperature.

[0141] In certain cases, the HTPM additionally includes a polymer binder that is transparent to at least some visible light. In this case, the HTPM contains solid-solid-gas interfaces. During melting, an irreversible decrease in the volume fraction of the gas phase relative to the initial state occurs due to gas escaping to the surface of the material. As a result of separation of the gas and solid phases, a decrease in the contact area between the solid phase and the gas phase filling the cavities is observed. As the gas escaping to the surface of the material occurs, the gas filling the cavities ensures a higher rate of diffusion processes in solids and viscous liquids than in solid-solid systems, which not only accelerates the change in the HTPM's appearance but also ensures the irreversibility of this change upon cooling. Preferably, the polymer binder is present in the HTPM in an amount of 1-30% by weight.The specified feature provides an increased number of phase boundaries, thereby positively influencing the achievement of the technical result.

[0142] The thickness of the thermal fusible layer is preferably less than 150 µm. In preferred embodiments of the group of inventions, the thermal fusible layer thickness is less than 75 µm. This thermal fusible layer thickness, on the one hand, ensures high hiding power of the hot-melt layer and a high brightness factor, and on the other hand, reduces the thermal resistance value (ΔTppm), allowing for faster and more uniform heating of the entire thermal fusible layer and its conversion to a melt with an irreversible change in appearance at a surface temperature of the test object slightly exceeding the melting point of the thermal fusible layer. In preferred embodiments of the group of inventions, it is possible to reduce the thermal fusible layer response time to 2 seconds when the threshold temperature is exceeded. Furthermore, the use of a thermal fusible layer of this thickness further prevents the material from melting in quantities that could lead to fire, loss of dielectric strength, jamming, and other accidents.

[0143] In one embodiment, the GTEVM is attached to a polymer base to increase strength, as well as for ease of placement on the surfaces of the test object.

[0144] The second invention of the group ensures the achievement of the specified technical result by providing a temperature indicator for recording the excess of temperature above at least one threshold value, including - a base;

[0145] - at least one gas-filled heat-sensitive element with an absorbent material (GTEVM), disclosed in the first invention of the group;

[0146] - a protective layer attached to the base, covering the surface of the gas-turbine electronic device, wherein at least a portion of the protective layer located above the gas-turbine electronic device is transparent to at least a portion of visible light.

[0147] In this case, the aforementioned thermoelectric device can be used in temperature indicators of any type and shape (stickers, tapes, clips, tips, etc.), which include, in addition to the thermoelectric device, a base and a protective layer attached to the base. Using the thermoelectric device as part of a temperature indicator device increases the strength of the thermoelectric device, allows for the selection of an absorbent substrate from a wider range of materials, and prevents direct contact between the thermoelectric device and the surface of the test object. The use of a protective layer attached to the base and covering the thermoelectric device's surface protects the thermoelectric device from vapors and liquid droplets, the penetration of which could lead to premature changes in the thermoelectric device's transparency and false activation of the thermoelectric device.

[0148] In preferred embodiments, the temperature indicator in the claimed group of inventions has a base with a thickness of no more than 100 µm, preferably no more than 50 µm. This will ensure the temperature indicator can adhere tightly to surfaces with complex geometries, including those with a small radius of curvature, such as conductive elements of electrical equipment. Using a base of the specified thickness also ensures low thermal resistance (AT) values. 0CH ) and allows for rapid heating of the gas turbine engine and its complete shutdown in the event of short-term overheating or overheating slightly above the melting point of the gas turbine engine. This allows for the detection of short-term emergency overheating events caused by starting currents or short-circuit currents, excessive starting loads on motors, cold running of the electrolyzer, switching, or other processes.

[0149] In preferred embodiments, the flexible base of the temperature indicator is made of a polymeric material containing halogen atoms, primarily chlorine atoms, in polyvinyl chloride, most preferably cast polyvinyl chloride. The use of a halogen-containing polymer base enables the claimed temperature indicator to be used for visually recording at least one threshold temperature on the surfaces of conductive components in electrical installations, as said base possesses dielectric properties, with a dielectric strength of at least 5 kV / mm and is fire resistant. Polymer materials containing halogen atoms in their structure exhibit some of the highest flexibility and elasticity among known polymers. The introduction of halogen atoms into the monomers used as the starting material for polymerization disrupts their symmetry and creates multiple chiral centers in the polymer.Polymerization or polycondensation of such monomers, both with each other and with other halogen-containing or halogen-free monomers, results in the formation of polymer chains with a large number of stereocenters. Regular polymers obtained from non-halogenated monomers without chiral centers tend to form crystalline structures, which reduces their elasticity, while the large number of diastereomers formed during halogenation of monomers imparts stereochemical disorder to halogenated polymers, which prevents crystallization. Thus, halogenated polymeric materials exhibit high elasticity and flexibility due to the chemical structure characteristics resulting from the presence of halogen atoms in the polymer structure. Furthermore, halogenated materials exhibit good adhesion and low flammability, which further enhances the operational safety of the claimed device.

[0150] As noted above, the protective layer protects the temperature indicator and the thermal electronic device itself from adverse external factors, including liquids. The protective layer is preferably made of elastic polymeric materials, which not only provides protection from environmental influences but also prevents the spreading and flow of hot-melt materials after the thermal electronic device is activated. The elasticity of the protective layer also allows the temperature indicator to be mounted on complex surfaces while maintaining the device's functional characteristics. The protective layer is preferably made of a polymeric material containing halogen atoms, primarily polyvinyl chloride, most preferably cast polyvinyl chloride. The protective layer can be attached to the base by fusing, welding, gluing, or other methods.

[0151] The elasticity of the protective layer also helps maintain a certain gas pressure inside the gas turbine engine. In various embodiments of the group of inventions, the pressure inside the gas turbine engine may be lower than atmospheric pressure, equal to atmospheric pressure, or higher than it. In particular cases, the pressure inside the gas turbine engine is less than 53.3 kPa (400 mm Hg), preferably less than 26.7 kPa (200 mm Hg). When using a gas turbine engine with reduced pressure inside the voids, the response speed of the temperature indicator increases due to the air pressure located outside the protective layer on the gas turbine engine during melting of the solid hot-melt phase. In other embodiments, the excess pressure inside the gas turbine engine is at least 29.4 kPa (0.3 atm), preferably at least 49.0 kPa (0.5 atm). When using increased pressure, the protective layer initially rises above the gas turbine engine, providing its protection from mechanical impacts.

[0152] In specific embodiments, information elements may be applied to the base and / or protective layer, including information for marking electrical equipment components or color coding of phases. Specifically, information elements applied to the front surface of the base and / or protective layer may include inscriptions containing color, alphabetic, numeric, or alphanumeric marking information. In one case, information elements on the base and / or protective layer may contain information about the end-of-life date of the temperature indicator. The base and / or protective layer may also be colored in accordance with established rules for marking electrical equipment components. The above features serve to give the device for detecting threshold temperature exceedance the properties of electrical equipment marking elements.

[0153] To increase the visibility of both the TI itself and the fact of its operation, and, as a consequence, further increase the safety of equipment operation, the base may have reflective or luminescent properties.

[0154] In special cases, the base may be colored using a substance that is capable of irreversibly changing color when heated.

[0155] The use of substances capable of irreversibly changing color when heated to a temperature below the threshold temperature of the primary gas-turbine-motoring equipment (GTM) material(s), for example, by 10-30°C, alerts personnel to the risk of a potential accident and thus ensures its prevention with appropriate response from personnel responsible for the equipment. A change in the appearance of such a substance, without the primary GTM operating at the minimum threshold temperature, indicates overheating of the equipment, which has not reached the maximum permissible values ​​corresponding to the threshold temperatures of the primary GTM, and the need for inspection to identify and correct any issues that could subsequently lead to an accident.Thus, the presence of a substance capable of irreversibly changing color when heated to a temperature below the threshold temperature of the main gas turbine electronics with a minimum threshold temperature, in particular by 10-30 °C, further increases the operational safety of both the declared device and the equipment as a whole.

[0156] The base, or a portion of it, can also be colored using a substance capable of reversibly changing color upon heating. For example, a layer of heat-sensitive paint with the aforementioned properties can be applied to the front surface.

[0157] The presence of a substance capable of reversibly changing color upon heating allows personnel to be informed not only of past temperature threshold exceedances but also of overheating events during the inspection. The activation of such a substance during an inspection indicates that the equipment is currently in emergency mode and may pose a potential hazard. Thus, the presence of a substance capable of reversibly changing color upon heating further enhances the operational safety of both the device itself and the equipment as a whole.

[0158] The use of at least one of the described gas-filled thermoelectric components in the claimed temperature indicator ensures a service life of at least 5 years, preferably at least 10 years, due to the impossibility of aggregation and adhesion of the gas-filled thermoelectric components, separated by a large number of gas-filled cavities distributed throughout the volume. Upon exceeding the appropriate threshold temperature and subsequent cooling, the thermoelectric component's appearance is maintained for at least one year, preferably at least 10 years after activation, due to the absorption of molten material within the pores and voids of the absorbent material, preventing crystallization, and preventing cracking of the hardened composition under mechanical stress.

[0159] Brief description of the drawings

[0160] Fig. 1 shows graphs of the dependences of the brightness of the heat-sensitive material on time (logarithmic scale) with a change in temperature: 1a - for a reversible heat-sensitive material; 1b - for an irreversible returnable heat-sensitive material; 1c - for an irreversible non-returnable heat-sensitive material (according to the present group of inventions). Fig. 2 shows the structure of the layers of the heat-indicating element with an absorbent element (2a) and the heat-indicating element in the embodiment in the form of a sticker (26) in a state of temperature equilibrium.

[0161] Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation of one of the possible variants of the design of a gas turbine engine with a gas turbine engine having flatly oriented particles of organic matter: 3a - in the initial state; 3b - after exceeding the corresponding threshold temperature; 3v - after cooling and application of a vibration load.

[0162] Fig. 4 shows the external appearance of the TI with a GTPM without absorbent material, designed with the ability to record the excess of one threshold temperature: 4a

[0163] - initial type of TI, 46 - TI triggered after exceeding the threshold temperature, 4v - TI triggered after cooling and application of vibration load.

[0164] Fig. 5 contains a schematic representation of a hot-melt material with an absorbent material: 5a - in the initial state; 5b - after exceeding the corresponding threshold temperature and after vibration load (without significant changes).

[0165] Fig. 6 shows a schematic representation of the gas turbine engine: 6a - in the initial state; 66

[0166] — after exceeding the corresponding threshold temperature and after vibration load (without significant changes).

[0167] Fig. 7 shows the external appearance of the TI containing the GTEVM, designed with the ability to register the excess of one threshold temperature: 7a - the initial appearance of the TI, 7b - the TI triggered after exceeding the threshold temperature, 7c - the TI triggered after cooling and application of a vibration load.

[0168] Fig. 8 shows a schematic representation of a TI with a gas-turbine heating element containing an absorbent material based on silica gel, before (8a) and after exceeding the threshold temperature of this gas-turbine heating element (8b).

[0169] Fig. 9 shows a schematic representation of a thermal imaging device with a gas-turbine engine containing an absorbent material based on a fibrous material (felt), before (9a) and after exceeding the threshold temperature of the given gas-turbine engine (96).

[0170] Fig. 10 shows the layer structure of a temperature detection device for recording the excess of a single temperature threshold, implemented in the form of a sticker, the base of which is double-sided adhesive tape, the back side of which is covered with a release. Fig. 11 shows the layer structure of a temperature detection device for recording the excess of a single temperature threshold, implemented in the form of a sticker, the base of which is self-adhesive film, the back side of which is covered with a release.

[0171] Fig. 12 shows a view of the TI, designed with the possibility of registering the excess of one threshold temperature, the base of which has luminescent / reflective properties: 12a - the initial view of the TI, 12b - the TI that has been triggered after the threshold temperature of the GTEVM has been exceeded.

[0172] Fig. 13 shows a view of the TI, made with the possibility of registering the excess of two threshold temperatures, in a variant with the application of a reversible heat-sensitive material in areas free from the GTEM: 13a - the initial view of the TI, 13b - a partially triggered TI after exceeding the threshold temperature of the first GTEM, 13c - a fully triggered TI after exceeding the threshold temperature of the second GTEM and the threshold temperature of the reversible heat-sensitive material, 13g - a triggered TI after cooling below the threshold temperature of the first GTEM, 13d - a triggered TI after cooling below the threshold temperature of the first GTEM and exposure for a year in conditions of a changing environment.

[0173] Detailed description of the drawings

[0174] Fig. 1 shows graphs of the dependence of the brightness of a heat-sensitive material on time (logarithmic scale) with a change in temperature: 1a — for a reversible heat-sensitive material, no change in brightness is shown at a temperature below the threshold, a sharp decrease in brightness upon reaching the threshold temperature when the heat-sensitive element is triggered, and a rapid return of brightness to the original value when the temperature is reduced to room temperature; 1b — for an irreversible return heat-sensitive material, no change in brightness is shown at a temperature below the threshold, a sharp decrease in brightness upon reaching the threshold temperature when the heat-sensitive element is triggered, and a gradual return of brightness to the original value when the temperature is reduced to room temperature and after prolonged exposure at this temperature;1c - for the irreversible, non-returnable heat-sensitive material of the present group of inventions, the absence of a change in brightness at a temperature below the threshold, a sharp decrease in brightness upon reaching the threshold temperature when the heat-sensitive element is triggered, the absence or insignificant return of brightness upon lowering the temperature to room temperature and prolonged exposure at this temperature are shown.

[0175] Fig. 2 shows the structure of the layers of the temperature indicator element with absorbent material 3 (2a) and the temperature indicator in the embodiment in the form of a sticker (26) in a state of temperature equilibrium. Fig. 26 shows that in the case of heating the surface 17 to a temperature T ПО in and ambient temperature T окр , the temperature of the upper surface of the absorbent material 3 (VM) can be represented as T П ov- DTvm, and the temperature of the upper surface of the heat-sensitive material (TM) can be represented as T П ov-ATВ m-ATm. In this case, the thermal indicator will be triggered (melting of the hot-melt material) when the temperature of the monitored surface is equal to Tpl + AT. В m+ATtm. Fig. 26 shows that in the case of heating the surface 17 to temperature T ПО in and ambient temperature T окр : the temperature of the upper surface of the adhesive layer 18 can be represented as T ПО in-ATglue; the temperature of the upper surface of the base 4 can be represented as T П ov-ATkley-AT О sn; the temperature of the upper surface of the absorbent material 3 can be represented as T П ov-ATkley-ATosn-ATvm; the temperature of the upper surface of the heat-sensitive material TM can be represented as T П ov-ATkley-ATosn-ATvm-ATt М ; the temperature of the upper surface of the protective layer 5 can be represented as Tпов-АТкле-АТ Оsn-ATvm-ATtm-ATzs. In this case, the thermal indicator will be triggered (melting of the hot-melt material) when the temperature of the monitored surface is equal to T П l+ATglue+ATosn+ATvm+ATt М .

[0176] Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation of one of the possible embodiments of the GTPM 2 with flatly oriented particles of organic matter that does not contain absorbent material: 3a — in the initial state with a height ygtpm, sufficient to ensure the necessary hiding power; 3b — a transparent layer of the activated heat-sensitive material after exceeding the corresponding threshold temperature, with a height ygtpm', which is less than ygtpm; 3b — the activated heat-sensitive material after the application of a vibration load, having partially lost its transparency due to cracking.

[0177] Fig. 4 shows the external appearance of the TI with the GTPM 2 without the absorbent material, designed with the possibility of registering the excess of one threshold temperature: 4a - the initial appearance of the TI, 4b - the activated TI after exceeding the threshold temperature, 4c - the activated TI after cooling and the application of a vibration load, showing a decrease in the contrast of the color change due to cracking of the layer of heat-sensitive material after activation. Information elements, including the numerical values ​​of the threshold temperature 13, are applied to the base 4 or the protective layer 5 in the area of ​​the GTPM 2.

[0178] Fig. 5 shows a schematic representation of a hot-melt element with absorbent material 3, painted black: 5a - in the initial state with the height of the hot-melt material (HM) ytm, sufficient to ensure the necessary hiding power, and the height of the absorbent material Ivm, sufficient to absorb the entire melt of the hot-melt material, with yvm being much greater than Itm, as well as with the shown DTvm and DTtm; 5b - a layer of absorbent material 3 after exceeding the corresponding threshold temperature and absorption of the HM, as well as after vibration loading, without loss of contrast of the color transition.

[0179] Fig. 6 shows a schematic representation of the GTEM 1, with absorbent material 3, painted black: 6a - in the initial state with the height of the GTEM 2 ygtpm, sufficient to ensure the necessary hiding power, and significantly less than ytm, and the height of the absorbent material yvm, sufficient to absorb the entire melt of the hot-melt material, and in this case yvm is comparable with ygtpm, as well as with the shown DT ВП and DTP™, which are significantly lower than in the case of using a hot-melt material that does not contain a gas phase and an absorbent material; 66 - a layer of absorbent material 3 after exceeding the corresponding threshold temperature and absorption of GTPM 2 and after vibration loading, without loss of contrast of the color transition.

[0180] Fig. 7 shows an external temperature sensor with a gas-filled temperature-sensitive element with an absorbent substrate (GTEVM) 1, configured to register the excess of one threshold temperature: 7a - the initial view of the temperature sensor, 7b - the triggered temperature sensor after exceeding the threshold temperature, 7c - the triggered temperature sensor after cooling and application of a vibration load, without loss of color transition contrast. Information elements, including the numerical values ​​of the threshold temperature 13, are applied to the base 4 or the protective layer 5 in the area of ​​the GTEVM 1.

[0181] Fig. 8 shows a schematic representation of a temperature indicator with a gas-filled temperature-sensitive element with an absorbent material (GTEAM) 1, including a GTEAM 2 containing cavities filled with a gas phase 15, an organic substance or a mixture of organic substances 14 with a melting point close to the operating temperature of the GTEAM 1, and a VM 3 connected to the GTEAM. The GTEAM is placed on a base 4 and covered from above with a transparent protective layer 5. A variant of a temperature indicator with an absorbent material 3 made of silica gel is shown before (8a) and after exceeding the threshold temperature of a given GTEAM (86) and absorption of the GTEAM into the VM. When using silica gel, a variant is possible in which, after absorption of the GTEAM by silica gel, the color of the base under the GTEAM appears.

[0182] Fig. 9 shows a schematic representation of a temperature indicator with a gas-filled temperature-sensitive element with an absorbent material (GTEAM) 1, including a GTEAM 2 containing cavities filled with a gas phase 15, an organic substance or a mixture of organic substances 14 with a melting point close to the operating temperature of the GTEAM 1, and a VM 3 connected to the GTEAM. The GTEAM is placed on a base 4 and covered with a transparent protective layer 5 on top. A variant of a temperature indicator with an absorbent material 3 made of a fibrous material (felt) is shown before (9a) and after exceeding the threshold temperature of a given GTEAM (96) and absorption of the GTEAM into the VM. When using a fibrous material, a variant is possible in which, after absorption of the GTEAM by the fibrous material, the color of the fibrous material appears.

[0183] Fig. 10 shows a layered structure of a temperature detector for recording the excess of a single temperature threshold, made in the form of a sticker, the base of which is a double-sided adhesive tape 6, the back side of which is covered by a release 7. A variant is shown in which the absorbent material 3 is colored black. The protective layer 8 is colored red, wherein part 9 of the protective layer, located above the GTEVM, is transparent to at least part of the visible light.

[0184] Fig. 11 shows the structure of the layers of the TI for recording the excess of one threshold temperature value, made in the form of a sticker, the base of which is a self-adhesive film 10, the back side of which is closed by a release 7. A variant is shown in which the absorbent material 3 is represented by transparent silica gel, the base is green for marking the phases of electrical equipment, and in the area of ​​the GTEVM it is painted black 12. The protective layer 5 is welded to the base 4 in areas 11.

[0185] Fig. 12 shows the external appearance of the TI, designed with the possibility of registering the excess of one threshold temperature, the base 4 of which has luminescent / reflective properties: 12a - the initial appearance of the TI, 12b - the TI that has been triggered after the threshold temperature of the GTEVM 1 has been exceeded. Information elements, including the numerical values ​​of the threshold temperature 13, are applied to the base 4 or the protective layer 5 in the area of ​​the GTEVM 1.

[0186] Fig. 13 shows the external appearance of the TI, designed with the possibility of registering the excess of two threshold temperatures, in a variant in which a reversible heat-sensitive material 16 is applied in the areas free from the GTEM 1: 13a - the initial appearance of the TI, 13b - a partially triggered TI after exceeding the threshold temperature of the first GTEM, 13c - a fully triggered TI after exceeding the threshold temperature of the second GTEM and the threshold temperature of the reversible heat-sensitive material 16, 13g - a triggered TI after cooling below the threshold temperature of the first GTEM, 13d - a triggered TI after cooling below the threshold temperature of the first GTEM and exposure for a year in changing environmental conditions.

[0187] The preservation of color transition contrast is shown.

[0188] Implementation of a group of inventions

[0189] Selecting a base and protective layer

[0190] The base 4 of the claimed TI is preferably made of polymeric materials. Using polymeric materials improves the elasticity, resilience, and strength of the devices. The claimed invention primarily utilizes halogen-containing polymeric materials, in particular chlorine-containing polymers, such as vinyl chloride copolymers, namely: copolymer C-15 (copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate), copolymer VHVD-40 (copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), cast PVC, polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF, fluoroplastic M-40, as well as polyesters with the addition of 6.5% hexabromocyclododecane or polyesters modified with 15% trichloroisopropyl phosphate, but is not limited to them. When using a halogen-containing polymer base, the dielectric strength of the devices is preferably at least 5 kV / mm, which is preferred when using the devices in the power industry. Also, halogen-containing materials have low flammability.

[0191] When selecting the base material 4, it is necessary to take into account its melting or decomposition temperature, which must be higher than the threshold temperature for the gas turbine engine 1. In this case, it is preferable that the compressive strength of the base material 4 be higher than the compressive strength of the gas turbine engine 1.

[0192] If the TI is implemented in the form of a sticker, label, or tape, the use of materials such as paper, cellulose, and fabric is possible. However, such materials are insufficiently durable and highly flammable, making their use not recommended.

[0193] Since in some embodiments the back of the TI base 4 is coated with a permanent adhesive, self-adhesive film 10 (Fig. 11) with the required properties, double-sided adhesive tape 6 (Fig. 10), or a film without adhesive can be used as the base, with the adhesive subsequently applied during the TI manufacture. Adhesives will be discussed in more detail in the next section.

[0194] The TI base can also be a hollow cylinder, with or without a slit, to create devices such as temperature indicator clips, cambric sleeves, or tips. In this case, the base is preferably made of polymeric materials with elasticity and flexibility to ensure secure attachment to wires and other round electrical components without the use of adhesives or other fastening methods.

[0195] In the production of the declared TI, a protective layer 5 is used, which protects the GTEVM 1 and the device itself from environmental influences, humidity, UV radiation and mechanical damage, increases the service life of the TI, and prevents the heat-sensitive material from flowing during the phase transition.

[0196] The material of protective layer 5 is preferably selected from transparent elastic polymers, preferably from halogen-containing polymers, in particular from polyvinyl chloride, most preferably from cast polyvinyl chloride. Flexible elastic polymer films made of polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polyurea, and other polymers are preferably used as materials for protective layer 5.

[0197] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the use of an elastic material for protective layer 5 not only ensures the flexibility of the temperature indicator but also ensures the integrity of the device upon activation of the gas-powered electronic device 1. Since gas 15 will expand and escape into the space between the temperature-sensitive material and protective layer 5 upon activation of the gas-powered electronic device 1, the elasticity of the latter ensures the integrity of the device. The elasticity of protective layer 5 is also important when using gas pressure in gas-powered electronic device 1 other than atmospheric pressure. When selecting the material for protective layer 5, its melting point and compressive strength must also be considered; these must be higher than the corresponding parameters of gas-powered electronic device 1.

[0198] The base 4 and / or the protective layer 5 may have reflective or luminescent properties to increase the visibility of both the TI itself and the fact of its operation and to improve the safety of operation of the equipment on which the TI is installed.

[0199] In a particular case, the base 4 and / or protective layer 5 or part thereof may be colored, in particular, to perform the function of marking the phases of cables, installation wires, harnesses and other elements of electrical equipment, and the color of the base may be selected in accordance with GOST 28763-90, which establishes, in particular, color marking in the field of electrical engineering.

[0200] To increase the contrast of the color transition, and also in the case of using a transparent absorbent material, the base in the area of ​​at least one GTEM can be painted, for example, in black 12. In this case, in the initial state, GTEM 2 is preferably white, thereby, when the GTEM is activated and the melt is absorbed into VM 3, a visual transition from white to black is ensured.

[0201] Information may also be applied to the surface of the base 4 and / or protective layer 5, including the values ​​of threshold temperatures 12, the expiration date of the TI and other data.

[0202] Selecting an adhesive layer

[0203] When manufacturing sticker-type TIs, permanently tacky adhesives are used as the adhesive layer. These include adhesives based on acrylic, polyurethane, rubber, silicone, and PVC polymers. The preferred adhesion of the adhesive layer to stainless steel, measured using the FINAT TM1 method after 24 hours, is at least 10 N / 25 mm.

[0204] The adhesive layer can be applied to the back of the substrate using various methods, including microdispensers, pneumatic-electric dispensers, imprinting, manual application with brushes, spatulas, squeegees, brushes, and fine spraying. The adhesive layer must ensure reliable and tight adhesion of the TI to various surfaces, including those with complex shapes.

[0205] Preparation of gas-filled hot-melt material

[0206] In the claimed invention, at least one GTPM 2 includes a solid organic substance 14 or a mixture thereof and is designed with the possibility of an irreversible change in transparency upon reaching the corresponding threshold temperature due to melting of the GTPM 2.

[0207] Preferably, at least one solid organic substance 14 GTPM 2 (active substance of GTPM) has a molecular weight of less than 2 kDa (2000 a.m.u.), contains a structural fragment C n H(2n+i), where n> 5 and is preferably selected from the group consisting of fatty aliphatic acids containing structural fragments CnH(2n+i) with n> 12; salts of fatty aliphatic acids containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 5; alkanes containing at least 20 carbon atoms; dialkylphosphinic acids containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n>5; amides of fatty aliphatic acids containing structural fragments C nH(2n+i) with n > 5; anhydrides of fatty aliphatic acids containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 10; fatty aliphatic alcohols containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 14; fatty aliphatic amines containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 17; nitriles of fatty aliphatic acids containing structural fragments C n H(2n+i) with n > 19. Non-limiting examples are palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, tetracosane, erucamide, stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, polyethylene, wax, paraffin, salts of saturated fatty carboxylic acids of rare earth metals, in particular lanthanum, yttrium, ytterbium, scandium, or a mixture thereof with a melting point differing from the threshold temperature by no more than 5 °C.

[0208] In particular embodiments of the invention, the active (main) substance 14 of GTPM 2 or a mixture thereof, causing a change in the transparency of GTPM 2 upon heating above a threshold temperature, is selected from the group consisting of yttrium caproate, yttrium behenate, yttrium undecanoate, yttrium laurate, yttrium tridecanelaurate, yttrium tridecanepentadecanate, yttrium tridecanoate, yttrium pentadecanoate, yttrium palmitate, ytterbium caprylate, lanthanum palmitate, lanthanum nonadecynate, lanthanum caproate, erbium undecanate, zinc nonadecanoate, zinc palmitate, zinc caproate, zinc myristate, zinc stearate, cadmium laurate, cadmium laurinmyristate, lead caprate, Lead stearate, lead laurate, lead laurin myristate, copper stearate, calcium stearate, lithium stearate, stearic acid, lauric acid, docosanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, crotonic acid, arachidic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, adipic acid, octanoic acid, capric acid,Tricosanoic acid, tetratriacontanoic acid, 2,3-dimethylnonanoic acid, brassidic acid, 2-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, eleostearic acid, behenolic acid, behenic acid, oleamide, stearamide, lauramide, erucylamide, capric amide, myristic amide, caprylic amide, palmitic anilide, salicylic anilide, _eranaphthylamide caproic acid, enanthic acid phenylhydrazide, hexylamide, octacosylamide, N-methylheptacosylamide, salicylamide, hexadecanol, ecucamide, 1-docosonol, trilaurin, tricosylamine, dioctadecylamine, H>4-dimethyloctylamine, dioctylphosphinic acids, tritriacontane, tetracosane, stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearic chloride, palmitic anhydride, stearic and acetic anhydride, lauric anhydride or mixtures thereof.,

[0209] In preferred embodiments, the volumetric content of gas 15 within at least one HTPM 2 is at least 10%, most preferably at least 50%, and gas 15 is uniformly distributed within HTPM 2. The use of at least one HTPM 2 with the specified gas content allows for a significant reduction in the HTPM 2 layer thickness required to achieve the desired hiding power, compared to the thickness of a layer of material containing no gas phase, while ensuring the same hiding power. This is achieved through multiple refraction of light at the gas-solid interface. Reducing the HTPM 2 layer thickness positively impacts such characteristics as the response speed of the thermal imaging device, irreversibility, and the ability to use low-molecular substances, which in turn increases the reliability and accuracy of overheating detection.

[0210] Preferably, upon reaching the corresponding threshold temperature, the volume fraction of gas 15 within the gas-fueled medium (GPM) 2 decreases by at least a factor of two. This ensures that the change in transparency of the GPM 2 is irreversible when the corresponding threshold temperature is exceeded.

[0211] The use of at least one GTPM-2 with the specified volumetric gas content also increases the service life and improves the reliability of overheating detection by preventing the aggregation of solid organic matter through the gas phase. Furthermore, the higher the gas content in the GTPM-2 used, the higher the initial refractive index, the more pronounced the change in appearance due to a significant reduction in refractive index when the corresponding threshold temperature is exceeded, and the greater the separation of the gas and solid phases after the triggering device is activated, eliminating the possibility of the material returning to its original gas-filled state when the triggered device is maintained at low temperatures and during temperature fluctuations.

[0212] The main substance of GTPM 2 or their mixture is selected in such a way that upon reaching the corresponding threshold temperature in the range of no more than 5 °C, preferably no more than 2 °C, it melts with a visual transition from opaque to transparent within no more than 5 seconds, preferably no more than 2 seconds.

[0213] In various embodiments, the main substance of the GTPM 2 or a mixture thereof is selected in such a way that the threshold temperatures are selected from the range from 50 to 210 °C. In this case, the numerical values ​​of the threshold temperature TM can be selected, in particular, from the group of 50 °C, 55 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C, 120 °C, 130 °C, 140 °C, 150 °C.

[0214] To produce at least one GTPM 2, solid organic substance 14 is ground in a ball mill to a particle size of 2-3 μm. A liquid phase, represented by water or an organic solvent with a boiling point below 180°C, is sequentially added, and the resulting suspension is stirred, preferably ensuring periodic dispersion of the mixture with access to air until a constant mixture density is reached. The liquid phase is preferably water or an organic solvent in which the solubility of the solid organic substance GTPM 2 does not exceed 100 g / kg.

[0215] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the liquid phase is added in an amount of at least 50 wt.%, most preferably from 50 wt.% to 90 wt.%.

[0216] The difference in density between the liquid phase and the solid organic matter is preferably less than 0.2 g / cm 3For this purpose, the liquid phase may be selected from the group consisting of isopropanol, water, methanol, 1-propanol, isobutanol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, 1-butanol, acetonitrile, acetic acid, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, 1,1,1-trifluoroethanol, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol, [, 1-dimethylformamide, toluene, xylene, ethanol, butyl acetate, acetone or a mixture thereof, but is not limited to them.

[0217] This method ensures the production of a gas-turbine-forming material 2, which includes a solid organic substance 14, preferably in the form of particles oriented predominantly parallel to the surface of the base with uniformly distributed voids filled with gas 15. Depending on the nature of the solid organic substance, the type of the resulting particles can predominantly be grains, crystals, fibers, flakes or their conglomerates.

[0218] Using a binder

[0219] In particular cases, at least one HTPM 2 further comprises a polymer binder that is transparent to at least part of the visible light and has a phase transition temperature higher than the phase transition temperature of the solid organic substance. In this case, the ground solid organic substance is suspended in a solution of the binder, transparent to at least part of the visible light, in the liquid phase. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the binder is present in the resulting HTPM 2 in an amount of 1-30% by weight, to provide a glazing effect on the solid organic substance 14.

[0220] In particular cases, the transparent polymer binder may be selected from the group consisting of phenol-formaldehyde resin, butyl methacrylate resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, polyvinyl butyral, polybutyl methacrylate, polyisobutyl methacrylate, polybutyl acrylate, phenoxy resin, polystyrene-acrylic emulsion, polyolefin, polystyrene, polyacrylate, polyethersulfone, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, polyisoprene, polypropylene, polybutadiene, polyisobutylene, polyvinyl acetate, polymethacrylate, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polycarbonate, polycaprolactone, polyethylene terephthalate resin, polybutylene terephthalate resin, polyamide resins, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyester, polyester resins, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin, agar-agar, casein, gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide or mixtures thereof,but not limited to them.,

[0221] Use of support elements (SE)

[0222] GTPM 2 can also contain multiple support elements (SEs) located within the GTPM 2. These SEs can be added to a suspension of solid organic matter in the liquid phase, followed by mixing until the SEs are uniformly distributed throughout the suspension. This arrangement will preserve the structure of the GTPM 2 and, consequently, its functional characteristics under mechanical stress.

[0223] When using the EO, at least part of the GSPM, primarily the main part of the GSPM 2, is located in the matrix formed by the EO. In particular, when subjected to transverse pressure on the GSPM 2, such as during the installation of a TI, the bulk of the applied load will fall on the EO, not the GSPM 2. This will prevent structural failure of the GSPM 2 under mechanical stress and maintain its functional characteristics.

[0224] Elements made of a material whose melting point is higher than the melting point of GTPM 2 and whose compressive strength is higher than the compressive strength of GTPM 2 can be used as the OE. In this embodiment of the invention, polymeric materials can be selected as materials for the OE, in particular, halogen-containing polymers such as polyvinyl chloride and cast polyvinyl chloride, as well as glass, ceramics, metals, non-metals and products based on them, for example, meshes, fibers, microspheres, woven or non-woven materials with the above characteristics.

[0225] Absorbent or microporous material

[0226] Absorbent material 3, which absorbs the hot-melt material melt during operation, may be made of porous, preferably microporous, or fibrous materials. In particular, the absorbent material may be selected without limitation from the group consisting of paper, microcellulose, wool, silk, felt, cotton, flax, molecular sieves, zeolites, silica gel, and microspheres. Microporous materials with a pore diameter of no more than 2 µm are most preferred. This will minimize the monolithic areas of solidified hot-melt material melt that are not separated by the material of absorbent substrate 3. The absorption of the hot-melt material by absorbent substrate 2 is governed by physicochemical laws describing the processes of wetting, adsorption, absorption, and other non-chemical interactions between liquids and solids.

[0227] The thickness of the absorbent material 3 in preferred embodiments of the invention is no more than 100 μm, preferably no more than 50 μm, which, on the one hand, is sufficient to absorb the entire volume of the thermal insulation material 2, and on the other hand, slightly increases the overall thickness of the device and ensures good thermal conductivity from the heated surface of the test object to the thermal indicator layer.

[0228] The absorbent layer 3 may be colored, in which case, when the straightened GTPN 2 is absorbed, the color of the absorbent material will appear, or the absorbent material may be transparent, in which case, when the GTPN 2 is absorbed, the color of the base underneath it will appear.

[0229] It should also be noted that the absorbent material 3 can perform the function of the supporting elements described above.

[0230] General technology of device manufacturing.

[0231] The thickness of the base, at least in the area of ​​the GTEVM 1, is less than 100 microns, preferably less than 50 microns.

[0232] The front surface of the base 4 is painted, if necessary, to impart the desired properties and / or characteristics (see the section Selecting the base and protective layer), or information elements are applied (date of manufacture, expiration date, threshold temperature values).

[0233] An absorbent material 3 is applied to individual sections of the base. In certain cases, the absorbent material 3 is secured to the base using an adhesive. One or more layers of a suspension of at least one solid organic substance 14 in the liquid phase are applied to the absorbent material for each GTEM 2, and the liquid phase is removed from the applied layers of suspension. This removal of the liquid phase from the aggregate of applied layers or from each layer individually to produce GTEM 1 can be performed at either subatmospheric or atmospheric pressure.

[0234] It is also possible to manufacture the GTEVM 1 separately from the base 4, and, if necessary, to further place and secure it on the front surface of the base 4.

[0235] In order to obtain the required structure of at least one GTPM 2, the following techniques can be used, in particular: - at least one of the stages: applying a suspension of a solid organic substance in the liquid phase, removing the liquid phase from the applied layers of the suspension, covering the front surface of the workpiece with a transparent protective layer is carried out at a pressure below atmospheric pressure;

[0236] - at least 3 cycles of applying layers of a suspension of a solid organic substance in a liquid phase and removing the liquid phase from the applied layers of this suspension are carried out, wherein the application of a suspension of a solid organic substance in a liquid phase is carried out by a method selected from the group consisting of screen printing, flexographic printing, pad printing, silk-screen printing, with the production of a GTPM in which the solid organic substance is preferably present in the form of particles oriented predominantly parallel to the plane of the surface of the base.

[0237] The thickness of the resulting GTPM 2 is preferably less than 150 μm, preferably less than 75 μm. The thickness of the absorbent material 3 is no more than 100 μm, preferably no more than 50 μm.

[0238] When manufacturing a TI with several identical or different sections of the GTEVM 1, the second and subsequent suspensions of a solid organic substance 14 or their mixtures in the liquid phase are successively applied to the absorbent material 3 to obtain several sections of the GTEVM 1. The application of the suspension can also be carried out by silk-screen printing, screen printing, pad printing, pouring, or other methods.

[0239] When using different HTEVM-1 devices with different threshold temperatures, the corresponding compositions can be placed on the base sections, alternating them or using any necessary combination that meets the required device characteristics. The choice of temperature combinations for a TI containing multiple HTEVM-1 devices with different response temperatures also depends on the specific task the device is designed to solve. For example, for a device containing two different GTEVM 1, the threshold temperatures may be 50 °C, 55 °C, or 60 °C, 80 °C, or 70 °C, 90 °C, or 90 °C, 110 °C, or 80 °C, 100 °C, or 80 °C, 90 °C, or 90 °C, 100 °C, or 100 °C, 120 °C, or 110 °C, 130 °C, or 100 °C, 110 °C, or 120 °C, 140 °C, or 120 °C, 150 °C.

[0240] For a device containing three different GTEVM 1, the threshold temperatures can be 50 °C, 55 °C, 60 °C, that is, the first GTEVM 1 changes transparency upon reaching 50 °C, the second GTEVM 1 changes transparency upon reaching 55 °C, and the third upon reaching a temperature of 60 °C, with an accuracy of 5 °C. In other embodiments, the threshold temperatures may be 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, or 50 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, or 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, or 60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C, or 60 °C, 90 °C, 110 °C, or 70 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C, or 70 °C, 110 °C, 130 °C, or 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, or 80 °C, 120 °C, 140 °C, or 80 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, or 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C, or 90 °C, 110 °C, 130 °C, or 100 °C, 120 °C, 140 °C.

[0241] For a device containing four different GTEVM 1, the threshold temperatures may be 50 °C, 55 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, or 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, or 50 °C, 70 °C, 90 °C, 110 °C, or 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, or 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C, or 60 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, 110 °C, or 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, or 70 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C, or 70 °C, 90 °C, 110 °C, 130 °C, or 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, 110 °C, or 80 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C, 140 °C, or 80 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C.

[0242] After obtaining the appropriate structure of the gas turbine engine 1 based on the base 4, the front surface of the workpiece is coated with a protective layer 5. Preferably, the protective layer 5 is configured to hermetically seal the gas turbine engine 1 from the environment and maintain the gas pressure in the gas turbine engine 1 below or above atmospheric pressure. The thickness of the protective layer 5 is preferably less than 100 μm, preferably less than 50 μm.

[0243] The base 4 and the protective layer 5 can be connected to each other by welding or gluing using an adhesive.

[0244] The protective layer 5, if necessary, can also be colored 8 to impart the desired properties and / or characteristics (see the section Selecting the base and protective layer), or information elements (date of manufacture, date of expiration of the service life, values ​​of the threshold temperature 13) can be placed on the protective layer. However, it should be taken into account that at least a part of the protective layer 9 located above the GTEVM 1 must be transparent to at least a part of the visible light.

[0245] The surface area of ​​the base 4 covered by sections of the GTEVM 1 preferably comprises from 3 to 97% of the area of ​​the front surface of the base 4, preferably not less than 30%, which makes it possible to detect triggered TI from a long distance, and also makes it possible to detect point heating of a large surface of the installations.

[0246] The number of GTEVM 1 is not limited by an upper limit and depends on the practical task implemented using the declared device (type of equipment, required step of the determined superheating temperature, surface area of ​​the test object, etc.).

[0247] In preferred embodiments of the invention, the gas turbine electronic components 1 are designed with the ability to register local overheating of the surface by changing the color of only those parts of those gas turbine electronic components that were heated above the corresponding threshold temperatures, and maintaining the original color of the remaining gas turbine electronic components that were not heated above the corresponding threshold temperature during uneven heating.

[0248] The operating principle of the device

[0249] A gas-filled heat-sensitive element with an absorbent material (GFTEAM) can be used, among other things, as a standalone device, which operates as follows. In its initial state, GFTEAM 1 is opaque to at least some visible light and, in preferred embodiments, is white. Until the entire surface of GFTEAM 1 or individual surface sections located beneath GFTEAM 1 is heated to a threshold temperature, GFTEAM 1 remains opaque to at least some visible light, thereby preserving its original appearance. Upon heating above the threshold temperature, an irreversible change in transparency occurs over the entire surface of GFTEAM 1 or a partial section in the appropriate locations. This process is accompanied by melting of solid organic substance 14, a decrease in the proportion of gas 15 by at least a factor of two, and an increase in the apparent density of the material.The resulting melt penetrates the pores and cavities of absorbent material 3, partially or completely filling them. After activation, the heat-exchange device 1 is transparent and, if a heat-exchange device 3 (HEM) is used, which becomes transparent upon absorbing the melt, reveals the color of the heated surface 13 beneath the heat-exchange device 1 or, if an opaque HEM 3 is used, the color of absorbent material 3 itself. Upon subsequent cooling of the monitored surface, the heat-exchange device 1 or a portion thereof remains transparent and its appearance does not return to its original state. This enables visual recording of the temperature threshold being exceeded, both at the moment of overheating and after a long period of time.

[0250] Due to the presence of gas 15 during melting, the structure of GTEM 2 is destroyed, the gas and molten phases are separated, increasing transparency. The molten phase also penetrates the pores and cavities of VM 3. Upon subsequent cooling, recombination of these phases to yield the original opaque gas-filled structure of the material is impossible. Therefore, upon subsequent cooling to 20°C and holding at this temperature for at least one month, preferably one year or more, the transparency of GTEM 1 does not return to its original values.

[0251] A TI with a single HTEVM 1, comprising a base 4 and a protective layer 5, operates similarly. Depending on the shape of the base and the presence of an adhesive layer and fastening elements on it, the TI is placed on the surface, ensuring a tight fit either due to the adhesive properties of the base adhesive layer or due to the elastic properties of the base material 4. When the threshold temperature of HTEVM 1 is reached, in the case of VM 3, which becomes transparent upon absorbing a melt such as Aerosil, the color of the base 4 underneath this material or the color of paint 12 applied to the base 4 in the area of ​​HTEVM 1 is revealed. In the case of an opaque VM 3, the color of the VM 3 itself is revealed.

[0252] In the case where the TI has several (and) zones with different GTEVM 1, having correspondingly different threshold temperatures Ti...T n, then until the surface of the equipment located under the GTEVM 1 is heated to the threshold temperature Ti, all GTEVM 1 remain opaque, thereby preserving the original appearance of the device. Upon reaching the threshold temperature Ti, the solid organic substance or their mixture 14 of the first GTEVM 1 having the threshold temperature Ti begins to melt with a decrease in the proportion of gas 15 and, as a consequence, with an increase in the transparency of the corresponding GTEVM 1. In the case of using a VM 3 that becomes transparent upon absorbing a melt, such as aerosil, the color of the base 4 under this material, the color of the paint 12 applied to the base 4 in the area of ​​the GTEVM 1, or, in the case of using an opaque VM 3, the color of the absorbent material itself appears. At the same time, other areas of the GTEVM 1 having threshold temperatures Tg . Tc > Ti, retain their original appearance. A further increase in the temperature of the surface on which the device is placed to the temperature Tg .Tp will lead to a consistent irreversible change in the transparency of the corresponding GTEVM 1 with threshold temperatures Tg. Tp. In this case, if the maximum surface temperature of the equipment is lower than at least one of the threshold temperatures T. п , then the corresponding zones of the GTEVM 1 will retain their original opacity.

[0253] Upon subsequent cooling of the equipment surface, the areas containing the previously activated GM-1 remain transparent, and the device's appearance does not return to its original state. If the equipment surface reheats to the threshold temperature of previously unactivated TIs with GM-1, with a specified accuracy, an irreversible change in the transparency of the corresponding GM-1 will occur, revealing the color of the underlying substrate or the color of the VM-2.

[0254] When the controlled surface is heated locally, only the area of ​​the SGTEVM 1 that was heated above the corresponding threshold temperature becomes transparent, while the remaining area of ​​the SGTEVM that was not heated retains its original appearance. Variants of the TI in which the SGTEVM 1 composition includes solid organic substance 14 and a binder operate on a similar principle. When the corresponding threshold temperature is exceeded, the solid organic substance 14, glazed with a binder, melts, releasing gas, separating the gas 15 and solid phases, and absorbing the resulting melt into the pores and cavities of the VM 3. This also results in an irreversible change in the transparency of the SGTEVM 1, accompanied by a decrease in the gas proportion.

[0255] Thus, all device variants operate on an operating principle based on an irreversible change in the transparency of the HTPM 2, the absorption of the HTPM 2 melt into the VM 3, and, consequently, a change in the device's appearance. Moreover, upon cooling the device to 20°C and maintaining it at this temperature for at least one month, preferably one year or more, the device's appearance does not return to its original state. In preferred embodiments, the TI has a service life of at least five years, preferably at least ten years.

[0256] The TI from the claimed group of inventions can be used in electrical engineering to control the surface temperature of electrical equipment (complete distribution devices, BRNO boxes, electrical panels, etc.) and its individual elements (wires, cables, contact connections, etc.), as well as other devices for industrial or domestic use, the temperature of which must be controlled.

[0257] By visually inspecting the TI, it is possible to reliably and with high accuracy record the fact that at least one temperature threshold has been exceeded over the entire surface or over a section of it, which will ensure increased safety in the operation of electrical equipment.

[0258] Below are presented preferred embodiments of the claimed group of inventions, which are illustrative and in no way limit the scope of the requested legal protection.

[0259] Examples

[0260] Example 1.

[0261] Preparation of the HTPM. 100 g of solid organic material, n-docosylamine with a melting point of 65 °C, is ground to a particle size of 2-3 µm. 300 g of liquid phase, an acrylic dispersion in water, is added. The mixture is stirred, periodically dispersing it with air access, until a constant density is achieved. The suspension is applied immediately after preparation.

[0262] Manufacturing of the HTEM. Black ink is applied to a substrate made of absorbent material, typically 50-µm-thick white paper, using solvent dyes. A suspension of the active substance is then applied in seven layers using silk-screen printing. After each layer is applied, it is dried in a vacuum chamber at a pressure of 13.3 kPa (100 mmHg) and a temperature of 20°C for one hour. The average thickness of the HTEM is 75 µm. In its initial state, the HTEM is white.

[0263] Activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric generator. The gas-heated thermoelectric generator is installed on the heated surface with the substrate facing down. The surface is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 65°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric generator is visually recorded based on the change in the external appearance and color of the PM. All the melted gas-heated thermoelectric generator is absorbed into the PM. The time required for the change in the external appearance of the gas-heated thermoelectric generator to occur is 1.2 s. After cooling the gas-heated thermoelectric generator to room temperature, visually confirm that the original external appearance of the gas-heated thermoelectric generator does not return. The brightness coefficient of the gas-heated thermoelectric generator is also determined after cooling: ki = 0.83. The activated gas-heated thermoelectric generator is mounted on a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the appearance of the triggered gas turbine engine is visually recorded and the brightness coefficient is again determined after applying a vibration load: kg = 0.82.Compare the obtained values ​​of k\ and kg using the following formula:.

[0264] D£ (%) = 100 (fci - k)lk. (1)

[0265] The maximum permissible value of D& can be determined by the manufacturer during the manufacturing of the gas-powered computer based on the conditions under which the gas-powered computer will be operated. For the purposes of this group of inventions, the gas-powered computer can be considered to have passed the test if D& < 10%.

[0266] Thus, L.k = 1.2% for the GTEVM according to example 1, which means that this sample can withstand the vibration load test.

[0267] Example 2.

[0268] Preparation of the HTPM. A solid organic substance (lanthanum palmitate with a phase transition temperature of 100°C) weighing 100 g is ground to a particle size of 2-3 µm. 300 g of a liquid phase (a mixture of methanol and ethylene glycol methyl ether (50 / 50 vol%)) and 50 g of prepared EO (glass beads with a diameter of 0.06-0.07 mm) are added successively. The mixture is stirred, ensuring periodic dispersion with access to air, until a constant mixture density is achieved. The suspension is applied immediately after preparation.

[0269] Manufacturing of the HTEC. Threshold temperature information is applied to a 75-µm-thick white microcellulose absorbent substrate using black solvent dyes. The HTEC suspension is then applied in five layers using silk-screen printing. After each layer, it is dried for 24 hours at room temperature. The average thickness of the HTEC is 100 µm. In its initial state, the HTEC is white.

[0270] Activation of the thermal electrochemical device. The thermal electrochemical device is installed on the heated surface with the substrate facing down. The surface is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 100°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the thermal electrochemical device activation is visually recorded based on the change in the external appearance and color of the coating material. All the melted thermal electrochemical device is absorbed into the coating material. The time required for the thermal electrochemical device to change its appearance is 0.7 s. After cooling the thermal electrochemical device to room temperature, visually confirm that the thermal electrochemical device does not return to its original appearance. Additionally, the brightness coefficient of the thermal electrochemical device in the dye application area after cooling is determined: ki = 0.80. The activated thermal electrochemical device is mounted on a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours.After the test, visually record the preservation of the operating GTEVM's appearance, and re-determine the brightness coefficient after applying the vibration load: kg = 0.79. The obtained values ​​of k\ and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, L.k = 1.2% for the GTEVM according to Example 2, indicating that this sample withstands the vibration load test.

[0271] Example 3.

[0272] Preparation of the HTPM. A solid organic substance (lanthanum nonadecynate, with a phase transition temperature of 110°C) weighing 100 g is ground to a particle size of 2-3 µm. 300 g of a liquid phase (a 3% solution of polyvinyl butyral in ethanol) is added. The mixture is mixed, periodically dispersing the mixture with air access, until a constant density is achieved. The suspension is applied immediately after preparation.

[0273] Manufacturing of the gas-turbine-driven electronic device. A turbine-turbine-driven electronic device (GTU) suspension is applied in five layers using silk-screen printing onto a 100-micron-thick felt substrate made of absorbent material. After each layer is applied, it is dried in a thermostat at 60°C for three hours. The average thickness of the GTU is 50 microns. In its initial state, the GTU is white.

[0274] Activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle. The gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is installed on the heated surface with the substrate facing down. The surface is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 110°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is visually recorded based on the change in the external appearance and color of the VM. All the melted gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is absorbed into the VM. The time required for the change in the external appearance of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is 1.1 s. After cooling the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle to room temperature, visual observations are made to confirm that the original external appearance of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle does not return. The brightness coefficient of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is also determined after cooling: ki = 0.78. The activated gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is mounted on a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the appearance of the triggered gas turbine engine is visually recorded and the brightness coefficient is again determined after applying a vibration load: kg = 0.77.The obtained values ​​of k\ and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, L.k = 1.5% for the GTEVM according to example 3, which means that this sample can withstand the vibration load test.

[0275] Example 4.

[0276] Preparation of the HTPM. 100 g of the solid organic substance, zinc palmitate with a phase transition temperature of 140 °C, is ground to a particle size of 2-3 µm. 300 g of the liquid phase, a 30% nitrocellulose solution in ethanol, is added, and the mixture is mixed, ensuring periodic dispersion with access to air, until a constant mixture density is achieved. The suspension is applied immediately after preparation.

[0277] Manufacturing of the HTEM. A HTEM suspension is applied in six layers using silk-screen printing onto a 100-µm-thick absorbent wool substrate. After each layer is applied, it is dried in a vacuum chamber at a pressure of 26.7 kPa (200 mm Hg) and a temperature of 20°C for one hour. The average thickness of the HTEM is 125 µm. In its initial state, the HTEM is white.

[0278] Activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle. The gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is installed on the heated surface with the substrate facing down. The surface is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 140°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is visually recorded based on the change in appearance and color of the VM. All the melted gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is absorbed into the VM. The time required for the change in the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle's appearance is 0.8 s. After cooling the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle to room temperature, visually record that the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle does not return to its original appearance. Additionally, the brightness coefficient of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle after cooling is determined: ki = 0.74. The activated gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is mounted on a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the appearance of the triggered gas turbine engine is visually recorded and the brightness coefficient is again determined after applying a vibration load: kg = 0.74.The obtained values ​​of k\ and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, L.k = 0.0% for the GTEVM according to example 4, which means that this sample withstands the vibration load test.

[0279] Example 5.

[0280] Preparation of the HTPM. 100 g of solid organic material, yttrium behenate with a phase transition temperature of 90 °C, is ground to a particle size of 2-3 µm. 300 g of liquid phase, a 3% acrylic dispersion in water, is added, and the mixture is mixed, periodically dispersing it with air access, until a constant density is achieved. The suspension is applied immediately after preparation.

[0281] Manufacturing of the GTEV. A TGEV suspension is applied in six layers using silk screen printing onto a 50-µm-thick absorbent silk substrate. After each layer is applied, it is dried in a vacuum chamber at a pressure of 26.7 kPa (200 mm Hg) and a temperature of 20°C for one hour. The average thickness of the GTEV is 50 µm. In its initial state, the GTEV is white.

[0282] Activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle. The gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is installed on the heated surface with the substrate facing down. The surface is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 90°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is visually recorded based on the change in appearance and color of the VM. All of the molten gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is absorbed into the VM. The time it takes for the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle to change its appearance is 0.4 s. After cooling the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle to room temperature, visually confirm that the original appearance of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle does not return. The brightness coefficient of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle after cooling is also determined: ki = 0.79. The activated gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is mounted on a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the appearance of the triggered gas turbine engine is visually recorded and the brightness coefficient is again determined after applying a vibration load: kg = 0.78.The obtained values ​​of k\ and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, L.k = 1.4% for the GTEVM according to example 5, which means that this sample can withstand the vibration load test.

[0283] Example 6.

[0284] Preparation of the HTPM. 100 g of solid organic material, yttrium caproate with a phase transition temperature of 55 °C, is ground to a particle size of 2-3 µm. 300 g of liquid phase, a 3% solution of phenol-formaldehyde resin in methanol, is added, and the mixture is stirred, ensuring periodic dispersion with access to air, until a constant density is achieved. The suspension is applied immediately after preparation.

[0285] Manufacturing of the HTEM. A HTEM suspension is applied in five layers to a 50-µm-thick silk absorbent substrate using silk screen printing. After each layer is applied, it is dried in a vacuum chamber at a pressure of 26.7 kPa (200 mm Hg) and a temperature of 20°C for one hour. The average thickness of the HTEM is 75 µm. In its initial state, the HTEM is white.

[0286] Activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle. The gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is installed on the heated surface with the substrate facing down. The surface is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 55°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle's activation is visually recorded based on the change in appearance and color of the VM. All the melted gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is absorbed into the VM. The time required for the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle's appearance to change is 0.9 s. After cooling the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle to room temperature, visual observations are made to confirm that the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle does not return to its original appearance. The brightness coefficient of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle after cooling is also determined: ki = 0.81. The activated gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is mounted on a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the appearance of the triggered gas turbine engine is visually recorded and the brightness coefficient is again determined after applying a vibration load: kg = 0.80.The obtained values ​​of k\ and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, L.k = 1.4% for the GTEVM according to example 6, which means that this sample withstands the vibration load test.

[0287] Example 7.

[0288] Preparation of the HTPM. A solid organic substance (100 g of palmitic anhydride) with a phase transition temperature of 60°C, weighing 100 g, is ground to a particle size of 2-3 µm. 300 g of a liquid phase (a 1% solution of butyl methacrylate resin in 1-propanol) is added. The mixture is stirred, ensuring periodic dispersion of the mixture with access to air, until a constant mixture density is achieved. The suspension is applied immediately after preparation.

[0289] Manufacturing of the HTEC. A HTEC suspension is applied in five layers using silk-screen printing onto an absorbent substrate made of 80-µm-thick cotton. After each layer is applied, it is dried in a thermostat at 40°C for three hours. The average thickness of the HTEC is 75 µm. In its initial state, the HTEC is white.

[0290] Activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle. The gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is installed on the heated surface with the substrate facing down. The surface is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 60°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is visually recorded based on the change in appearance and color of the VM. All the melted gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is absorbed into the VM. The time required for the change in appearance of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is 1.0 s. After cooling the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle to room temperature, visually confirm that the original appearance of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle does not return. The brightness coefficient of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle after cooling is also determined: ki = 0.82. The activated gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is mounted on a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the appearance of the triggered gas turbine engine is visually recorded and the brightness coefficient is again determined after applying a vibration load: kg = 0.82.The obtained values ​​of k\ and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, L.k = 0.0% for the GTEVM according to example 7, which means that this sample withstands the vibration load test.

[0291] Example 8.

[0292] Preparation of the HTPM. A solid organic substance (100 g eicosanoic acid) with a phase transition temperature of 70°C, weighing 100 g, is ground to a particle size of 2-3 µm. 300 g of a liquid phase (a 10% solution of melamine-formaldehyde resin in isobutanol) is added. The mixture is mixed, periodically dispersing the mixture with access to air, until a constant density is achieved. The suspension is applied immediately after preparation.

[0293] Manufacturing of the GTEV. A TGEV suspension is applied in five layers using silk-screen printing onto a 60-µm-thick flax absorbent substrate. After each layer is applied, it is dried for 24 hours at room temperature. The average thickness of the GTEV is 50 µm. In its initial state, the GTEV is white.

[0294] Activation of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle. The gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is installed on the heated surface with the substrate facing down. The surface is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 70°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle's activation is visually recorded based on the change in the external appearance and color of the VM. All the melted gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is absorbed into the VM. The time required for the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle's appearance to change is 1.5 s. After cooling the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle to room temperature, visual observations are made to confirm that the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle does not return to its original appearance. The brightness coefficient of the gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle after cooling is also determined: ki = 0.78. The activated gas-heated thermoelectric vehicle is mounted on a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the appearance of the triggered gas turbine engine is visually recorded and the brightness coefficient is again determined after applying a vibration load: kg = 0.77.The obtained values ​​of k\ and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, DA: = 1.7% for the GTEVM according to example 8, which means that this sample withstands the vibration load test.

[0295] Example 9.

[0296] Manufacturing of the TI. The HTEVM is prepared using the method described in Example 1. A red M-40 fluoroplastic film with reflective properties is used as the base material. The back surface of the base is coated with a silicone acrylic adhesive layer and protected with a siliconized release agent. The front surface of the base is coated with an acrylic adhesive layer, and the HTEVM is secured to it, substrate-side down. The TI blank is covered with a transparent, colorless protective layer made of 0.015 mm thick PVC, bonding the base and protective layer using the adhesive properties of the base adhesive layer.

[0297] Activation of the thermal indicator. The thermal indicator is placed on the heated surface with the substrate facing down. The surface is heated at a controlled rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 65°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the thermal indicator's activation is visually recorded by a change in the external appearance and color of the thermal material. All of the melted thermal material is absorbed into the thermal material. The time it takes for the thermal indicator's appearance to change is 1.3 s. After cooling the thermal indicator to room temperature, visually verify that the thermal indicator does not return to its original appearance. Additionally, the brightness coefficient of the thermal indicator in the area of ​​the thermal material after cooling is determined: ki = 0.82. The activated thermal indicator is mounted on a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours.After the test, visually record the preservation of the operating TI's appearance and re-determine the luminance factor in the area of ​​the HTEC after applying the vibration load: kg = 0.81. The obtained values ​​of k1 and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, DA: = 1.2% for the TI according to Example 9, indicating that this specimen withstands the vibration load test.

[0298] Example 10.

[0299] Manufacturing of the TI. The HTPM is prepared using the method described in Example 1, using oleamide (100 g) with a phase transition temperature of 75 °C as the solid organic substance. A green 0.1 mm thick film of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride copolymer is used as the base material. The back surface of the base is coated with a silicone acrylic adhesive layer and protected with a siliconized release agent. Information on the threshold temperature is applied using solvent dyes to the front surface of the base in areas where the HTPM will not be located. The base is then coated with an acrylic adhesive layer, and an absorbent material consisting of a 50 μm thick molecular sieve layer is applied to the area where the HTPM will be located. The HTPM suspension is applied to the VM surface in 5 layers using silk-screen printing. After application of each layer, drying is carried out in a thermostat at 60 °C for three hours.The device blank is covered with a transparent, colorless protective layer made of 0.015 mm thick PVC, bonding the base and the protective layer due to the adhesive properties of the adhesive layer of the base.

[0300] Activation of the TI. The TI is placed on a heated surface, which is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 75°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the TI's activation is visually recorded by a change in the appearance and color of the VM. All of the molten GTPM is absorbed into the VM. The time it takes for the TI's appearance to change is 1.5 s. After cooling the TI to room temperature, it is visually recorded that the TI does not return to its original appearance. Additionally, the luminance coefficient of the TI in the GTPM area is determined after cooling: ki = 0.83. The activated TI is secured to a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the TI's appearance is visually recorded, and the luminance coefficient in the GTPM area is re-determined after applying a vibration load: kg = 0.82.The obtained values ​​of ki and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, L.k = 1.2% for the TI according to example 10, which means that this sample withstands the vibration load test.

[0301] Example 11.

[0302] Manufacturing of the TI. The HTPM is prepared by the method described in Example 1, using 1,G-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bis-benzene (100 g) with a phase transition temperature of 100 °C as the solid organic substance. Optibelt self-adhesive elastomeric film with luminescent properties, 0.4 mm thick, is used as the base material. Information on the threshold temperature is applied to the front surface of the base in the areas where the HTPM will be located using solvent dyes. The base is covered with a rubber adhesive layer, and an absorbent material in the form of a 50 μm thick silica gel layer is applied to the area where the HTPM will be located. The HTPM suspension is applied to the surface of the VM in 5 layers using silk-screen printing. After applying each layer, drying is carried out for 24 hours at room temperature.The TI blank is covered with a transparent, colorless protective layer made of 0.025 mm thick PVC, bonding the base and the protective layer due to the adhesive properties of the adhesive layer of the base.

[0303] Activation of the TI. The TI is placed on a heating surface, which is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 100°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the TI's activation is visually recorded based on a change in the external appearance and the color of the base. All of the molten HTPM is absorbed into the VM. The time required for the TI's external appearance to change is 1.7 s. After cooling the TI to room temperature, it is visually recorded that the TI does not return to its original appearance. Additionally, the luminance coefficient of the TI in the area of ​​the HTPM after cooling is determined: ki = 0.80. The activated TI is secured to a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the TI's external appearance is visually recorded, and the luminance coefficient in the area of ​​the HTPM is re-determined after applying a vibration load: kg = 0.80.The obtained values ​​of k\ and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, D& = 0.0% for the TI according to example 11, which means that this sample withstands the vibration load test.

[0304] Example 12.

[0305] Manufacturing of the TI. The HTPM is prepared using the method described in Example 1, using lanthanum caproate (100 g) with a phase transition temperature of 120 °C as the solid organic substance. A 0.2 mm thick yellow ORALITE 5500 methyl methacrylate film is used as the base material. The area of ​​the base on which the HTPM will be located is sealed with a protective polyethylene film, and the free part of this area is coated with Tempilaq reversible pigmented yellow thermal paint with a color change temperature of 30 °C. The protective film is removed, and the area of ​​the base on which the HTPM will be located is covered with an adhesive layer, onto which an absorbent material is applied, consisting of a 75 μm thick zeolite layer. The HTPM suspension is applied to the VM surface using silk-screen printing in 5 layers. After applying each layer, drying is carried out for 24 hours at room temperature.The device blank is covered with a transparent, colorless protective layer made of 0.025 mm thick PVC, bonding the base and the protective layer using a lamination method.

[0306] Activation of the thermal indicator. The thermal indicator is placed on a heated surface, which is heated at a controlled rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 120°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the activation of the thermal indicator is visually recorded by a change in the appearance and coloration of the thermal material and a change in the color of the reversible heat-sensitive material. The time required for the change in the thermal indicator's appearance was 1.3 s. During this time, all the melted thermal material is absorbed into the thermal material. After the thermal indicator cools to room temperature, the return of the original color of the reversible heat-sensitive material is visually recorded, and the thermal indicator does not return to its original appearance. The brightness coefficient of the thermal indicator in the area of ​​the thermal material after cooling is also determined: ki = 0.81. The activated thermal indicator is mounted on a laboratory orbital shaker, and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours.After the test, visually record the preservation of the operating TI's appearance, and re-determine the brightness coefficient in the area of ​​the HTEC after applying the vibration load: kg = 0.81. The obtained values ​​of k1 and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, Dk = 0.0% for the TI according to Example 12, indicating that this specimen withstands the vibration load test.

[0307] Example 13.

[0308] Manufacturing of the TI. Three HTPMs are prepared using the method described in Example 1, using yttrium behenate with a phase transition temperature of 90 °C, lanthanum palmitate with a phase transition temperature of 100 °C, and lanthanum nonadecynate with a phase transition temperature of 110 °C as solid organic substances. A mixture of methanol and ethylene glycol methyl ether (50 / 50 vol%) is used as the liquid phase. Black Oramask 831 PVC film with a thickness of 0.3 mm is used as the base material. The areas of the base on which the HTPMs will not be located are sealed with polyethylene film. An adhesive layer and an absorbent material in the form of a 50 μm thick layer of microspheres are applied to the free area of ​​the base. The area with the VM, to which the first HTPM should not be applied, is sealed with polyethylene film. The first HTPM suspension is applied to the film-free area using a silk-screen printing method in five layers. After each layer, it is dried for 24 hours at room temperature.After the GFSM has completely dried and formed, the film is removed. These steps are repeated for all subsequent GFSM suspensions. The average thickness of each GFSM is 0.05 mm. The device blank is covered with a transparent, colorless protective layer made of 0.025 mm PVC, bonding the base and protective layer using cold welding.

[0309] Activation of the TI. The TI is installed on a heated surface, which is heated in a controlled manner at a rate of 5°C / min to a temperature of 90°C with a specified accuracy. Heating is stopped, and the activation of the corresponding TI zone is visually recorded by a change in the appearance of the first TGEV while maintaining the appearance of the other TGEVs. In this case, all the melt from the first TGEV is absorbed into the VM. After the device cools to room temperature, it is visually recorded that the first TGEV does not return to its original appearance. The time it takes for the appearance of the first TGEV to change is 0.8 s.

[0310] The heating and cooling cycles are then repeated twice (to temperatures of 100°C and 110°C with the specified accuracy). The time it takes for the appearance of each gas turbine engine to change is recorded: for the second gas turbine engine, it is 1.1 seconds, and for the third gas turbine engine, it is 0.9 seconds. After each cooling of the TI to room temperature, visual observation is made that the second and third gas turbine engines do not return to their original appearance.

[0311] In addition, the brightness coefficient of the TI in the area of ​​each GTEC is determined after cooling: fo(Tl) = 0.82; C / (T2) = 0.81; fo(T3) = 0.83. The triggered TI is fixed on a laboratory orbital shaker and the sample is kept at room temperature at a speed of 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the appearance of the triggered TI is visually recorded and the brightness coefficient in the area of ​​each GTEC is determined again after applying a vibration load: fa(Tl) = 0.81; fa(T2) = 0.81; fa(T3) = 0.82. The obtained values ​​of ki and k are compared using formula (1). Thus, (T1) = 1.2%; (T2) = 0.0%; (TZ) = 1.2% for TI according to example 13, which means that this sample can withstand the vibration load test.

[0312] Example 14. To conduct comparative tests, a comparison test instrument is manufactured using methods known in the art. Wax with a phase transition temperature of 60°C is used as the hot-melt component, the layer structure of which does not contain a gas phase. Black-dyed paper with a thickness of 0.1 mm is used as the absorbent material. The average thickness of the hot-melt component layer, which is sufficient to cover the color of the absorbent material, is 0.85 mm. The response temperature of the resulting comparison test instrument is determined to be 60±5°C at a heating rate of the heated surface of 5°C / min. Visually, only a portion of the hot-melt component is absorbed into the paper, while the remaining portion hardens after cooling, forming a layer over the substrate. The time required for the appearance of the comparison test instrument to change is 5.5 s.

[0313] Additionally, the brightness coefficient of the TI in the area of ​​the hot-melt component after cooling is determined: ki = 0.75. The activated TI is secured to a laboratory orbital shaker and the sample is maintained at room temperature at 250 rpm for 2 hours. After the test, the preservation of the external appearance of the activated TI is visually recorded and the brightness coefficient in the area of ​​the hot-melt component is re-determined after applying a vibration load: kg = 0.21. The obtained values ​​of k1 and kg are compared using formula (1). Thus, DA: = 72.0% for the TI manufactured using methods known in the prior art, which means that this sample did not withstand the vibration load test.

Claims

Invention formula 1. A gas-filled heat-sensitive element with at least one absorbent material (GTEVM), designed with the possibility of an irreversible change of color when a threshold temperature is exceeded, comprising: a layer made of a gas-filled hot-melt material (GFTM), opaque to at least part of the visible light, containing cavities filled with a gas phase, as well as a substance or mixture of substances with a melting point close to the operating temperature of the GTEVM; and - an absorbent material (AM) connected to the layer of the gas-insulated composite material and designed to absorb the melt of the fusible components of the gas-insulated composite material.

2. The gas turbine electronics machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the VM is selected from porous materials, preferably from microporous materials, or fibrous materials; preferably the VM is selected from the group consisting of paper, microcrystalline cellulose, wool, silk, felt, cotton, flax, molecular sieves, zeolites, silica gel, microspheres and ceramics; and / or the thickness of the VM is no more than 100 μm, preferably no more than 50 μm.

3. The gas turbine electronics machine according to item 1, characterized in that the gas turbine electronics machine included in its composition has at least one property selected from the group of properties (1) - (5): (1) contains at least one solid organic substance, preferably containing a structural fragment C n H(2n+i), where n > 5; (2) the thickness of the GTPM is less than 150 μm, preferably less than 75 μm; (3) the proportion of the gas phase in the gas-turbine fuel is not less than 10 vol.%, preferably not less than 50 vol.%; (4) when the threshold temperature of the gas turbine engine is exceeded, the volume fraction of the gas phase decreases by at least two times; (5) further comprises a polymeric binder that is transparent to at least a portion of visible light.

4. The gas turbine engine according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the speed of its response when the threshold temperature of the gas turbine engine is exceeded is no more than 2 s.

5. The gas turbine engine according to item 1, characterized in that it is applied to a polymer base.

6. A temperature indicator (TI) for recording the excess of at least one temperature threshold value, including: - basis; - at least one gas turbine engine according to I.1; - a protective layer attached to the base and covering the surface of the gas-turbine electronic device, wherein at least a portion of the protective layer located above the gas-turbine electronic device is transparent to at least a portion of visible light.

7. A temperature indicator according to item 6, in which at least one of the conditions (1-3) is met: (1) the base has a thickness of no more than 100 µm; (2) the protective layer has a thickness of no more than 50 µm; (3) the base and / or protective layer are made of halogen-containing polymers, preferably polyvinyl chloride, most preferably cast polyvinyl chloride.

8. A temperature indicator according to item 6, in which at least one of the conditions (1-3) is met: (1) information elements are applied to the base and / or protective layer (2) the base and / or protective layer are painted to mark the phases of the electrical equipment; (3) the base and / or protective layer are colored to impart reflective / luminescent properties to the TI.

9. A thermal indicator according to item 6, characterized in that the time of irreversible change of color of the thermal electronic device when it is heated above the threshold temperature is no more than 5 s, preferably no more than 2 s.

10. A thermal indicator according to item 6, characterized in that it is designed with the ability to maintain the external appearance of the gas turbine engine after operation for at least one year, preferably at least ten years.

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