Circular RNA-based therapeutic vaccine for treating HPV positive cancer
CircRNA vaccines with tailored elements for HPV-positive cancers enhance immune responses, achieving complete tumor remission and T cell memory, addressing the limitations of existing HPV vaccines.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/076310
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-09-18
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-07
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-04
AI Technical Summary
Current HPV therapeutic vaccines have limited efficacy in inducing potent and durable immune responses against HPV-positive cancers, particularly in advanced stages, necessitating improved treatments for patients with recurrent or metastatic diseases.
Development of circular RNA (circRNA) and linear RNA vaccines designed with specific elements for enhanced antigen presentation and immune response, including regulatory, immune enhancer, and helper elements, optionally connected by linkers, to promote robust T cell responses.
The circRNA vaccines induce complete remission of advanced HPV16 tumors in mice, establish protective T cell memory, and demonstrate superior therapeutic efficacy compared to linear mRNA vaccines.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025076310_04122025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Circular RNA-based Therapeutic Vaccine for Treating HPV Positive CancerTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of biological medicine, and particularly relates to a therapeutic circular RNA vaccine to treat HPV-positive cancer and application thereof.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the papillomavirus family of viruses, which has been found to be associated with several types of cancer. Among over 170 HPV types, about a dozen types (including types 16, 18, 31 and 45) are called “high-risk” types due to their responsibilities to malignancies including cervical and other types of anogenital (vulvar, vaginal, penile, and anal) cancers and head and neck cancers. It is estimated that about 4.5%of all new cancers worldwide are associated with HPV infection (de Martel C, et al., Int J Cancer. 141 (4) : 664-670 (2017) ) , which caused heavy global health burden. Despite the effectiveness, the coverage of prophylactic HPV vaccination is too low to achieve cancer prevention potential, the HPV+ incidence is expected to increase (Gribb JP, et al., Dela J Public Health. 9 (1) : 26-28 (2023) ) . Treatment options are limited for patients with HPV+ recurrent or metastatic cancers, and the long-term survival rate is low. Thus, the unmet medical need for such patient treatment is significantly high.
[0003] The HPV+ malignance is caused by the stable expression of two viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which have been proven to drive cell transformation. Therefore, E6 and E7 can serve as immunogenic tumor-associated antigens. Several HPV therapeutic vaccines have demonstrated the feasibility to induce specific T cell response against E6 and / or E7 and anti-tumor activity in mice. However, anti-tumor efficacy needs to be further improved to be able to achieve better efficacy in advanced HPV+ cancer patient. Here we present methods and compositions of HPV circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines with unique design to promot potent, durable and clinically relevant immune responses. Our HPV circRNA immunization mediates complete remission of advanced HPV16+tumors in mice and establishes protective T cell memory, warranting further clinical evaluation.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a circular RNA for treating HPV-positive cancer. The circular RNA comprising a regulatory element, a first immune enhancer element, an antigen coding element, a second immune enhancer element and optionally a helper element.
[0005] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a linear RNA for treating HPV-positive cancer. The linear RNA comprising a first immune enhancer element, an antigen coding element, a helper element and a second immune enhancer element and optionally a helper element.
[0006] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a DNA for use in preparing the circular RNA or the linear RNA.
[0007] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the circular RNA, linear RNA or DNA.
[0008] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising the circular RNA, linear RNA or DNA and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
[0009] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a use of said circular RNA, said linear RNA, said DNA, said vector or said composition in the manufacture of a medicament for treating HPV-positive cancer.
[0010] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating HPV-positive cancer in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of said circular RNA, said linear RNA, said DNA, said vector or said composition.
[0011] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a therapeutically effective amount of said circular RNA, said linear RNA, said DNA, said vector or said composition for use in treating HPV-positive cancer in a subject.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Figure 1A-B. Constructs design and expression validation of the HPV circRNA vaccines. (A) Schematic representation of four circRNA constructs targeting either HPV16 only (circRNA-01, circRNA-02) or both HPV16 and HPV18 (circRNA-03, circRNA-04) . Nucleotide sequence of circular RNAs consists of a regulatory element and protein coding sequence where the leading signal peptide (signal peptide of human LAMP1 or Calreticulin protein) , antigen amino acids (E7 / E6 of HPV16 or E7 / E6 of HPV16 and E7 / E6 of HPV18) , immune modulation helper peptide (P2P16) , and C-terminal retention peptide (luminal domain and cytoplasmic tail of human LAMP1 proteins or ER retention signals) are connected by protein linkers in tandem. (B) Manufactured circular RNAs were transfected into HEK293T cells via LipofectamineTM MessengerMAXTMTransfection Reagent. Expression of the immunogens was detected by western blotting using an anti-HPV16 E7 antibody, with tubulin used as a loading control.
[0013] Figure 2A-K. HPV circRNA vaccination induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response in mice. (A) Scheme of vaccination. C57BL / 6 mice (n = 3 for each group) were immunized with HPV circRNA vaccines at Day0, Day3, Day7 and sacrificed at Day13. (B) Splenocytes from individual mice were studied by IFN-γ ELISpot assay after in vitro stimulation with peptide pools of (C) HPV16 E6, (D) HPV16 E7, (E) HPV18 E6, or (F) HPV18 E7. (G) The frequence of HPV16 E749-57 tetramer+ CD8+ T cells. T cell activation in splenocytes was measured by flow cytometry, including the frequencies of (H) IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells, (I) IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells, (J) CD44+ CD62L+ CD8+ T cells and (K) CD44+ CD62L-CD8+T cells. Data are shown as mean ± SD.
[0014] Figure 3A-E. HPV circRNA vaccination prevented TC-1 tumor development and recurrence. (A) Scheme of vaccination. C57BL / 6 mice (n = 6 for each group) were immunized with 40 μg HPV circRNA vaccines at Day0, Day3, Day7, followed by initial TC-1 challenge (2.5×10^5 cells / dose) at Day10 and rechallenged with TC-1 (2.5×10^5 cells / dose) at Day60. (B) TC-1 tumor growth and (C) survival of circRNA vaccine treated mice were monitored. (D) Spleens were excised at Day93 to assess T cell activities against E7 PepMix in IFN-γELISpot assay. (E) The IFN-γ secreting cell spots were quantified. Data are shown as mean ± SD.
[0015] Figure 4A-B. HPV circRNA vaccination inhibited tumor progression in a dose dependent manner. (A) Scheme of vaccination. Mice (n = 6 for each group) were grafted with 1×10^5 TC-1 cells at Day-8 and immunized with different dosages of circRNA-02 (2.5 μg, 5 μg or 10 μg / mouse) encapsulated in SM102 lipid or MC3 Lipid (10 μg or 40 μg / mouse) at Day0, Day3, Day7. Mice were euthanized 7 days after the last immunization (Day14) . (B) TC-1 tumor growth was monitored.
[0016] Figure 5A-N. HPV circRNA vaccination induced potent antitumor responses and enhanced tumor-infiltrating T cells in a late-stage tumor model. (A) Scheme of vaccination. Mice bearing TC-1 tumors (average size of 100 mm3) were intramuscular immunization with circRNA-02 three times in one week with doses ranging from 1 μg to 10 μg (n = 6 mice for each group) , (B) TC-1 tumor growth was monitored three times a week. Spleen and tumors were excised 3 days after the last vaccination (Day10) , and then T cell activation was evaluated by flow cytometry, including (C) lymphocyte subsets, (D) IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells, (E) GzmB+ CD8+ T cells, (F) IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells, and (G) CD44+ CD62L-CD8+T cells, (H) CD44+ CD62L+ CD8+ T cells in the splenocytes. The percentages of tumor-infiltrating (I) CD45+ leukocytes, (J) CD4+, CD8+ T cells, (K) IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells, (L) GzmB+ CD8+ T cells, (M) IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells, and (N) the fraction of HPV16 E749-57Tetramer+ CD8+ T cells in TC-1 tumor. Data are shown as mean ± SD.
[0017] Figure 6A-D. The immunogenicity of circRNA vaccine outperformed linear mRNA. (A) Scheme of vaccination. C57BL / 6 mice (n = 6 for each group) were immunized with 20 μg circRNA-02 or mRNA E6+E7 vaccines at Day0, Day3, Day7 and sacrificed at Day14. (B) Spleens were excised to assess T cell reactivities against E6 and E7 PepMix in IFN-γELISpot assay. (C) The IFN-γsecreting cell spots were quantified. (D) The frequence of HPV16 E749-57 tetramer+ CD8+ T cells in PBMCs were determined. Data are shown as mean ±SD and analyzed by unpaired, two-tailed Student's t-test (*P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001) .
[0018] Figure 7A-B. The therapeutic potency of circRNA vaccine outperformed linear mRNA. (A) Scheme of vaccination. Mice (n = 6 for each group) were grafted with 1×10^5 TC-1 cells at Day-12 and immunized with varying doses of circRNA-02 or mRNA E6+E7 vaccines at Day0, Day3, Day7. (B) TC-1 tumor growth in individual mice were monitored over time.
[0019] Figure 8 A-C. Enhancing HPV16 antigen immunogenicity through ER retention signal peptides. (A) Schematic representation of circRNA-05, circRNA-06 and circRNA-07 constructs. (B) Scheme of vaccination. Mice (n = 3 mice for each group) were vaccinated three times with circRNAs (20 μg / mouse) on Day0, Day3, Day7, and then euthanized 7 days after the last immunization. (C) The frequence of HPV16 E749-57 tetramer+ CD8+ T cells in splenocytes were determined. Data are shown as mean ± SD.
[0020] Figure 9A-B. Improved therapeutic efficacy of circRNA vaccines in TC-1 tumor-bearing mice. (A) Scheme of vaccination. Mice (n = 6 mice for each group) bearing TC-1 tumors (average size of 50 mm3) were intramuscularly immunized with 5 μg of different vaccines on Day0, Day3, Day7. (B) Tumor volume in individual mice were monitored over time.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0021] Unless otherwise defined below, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by an ordinary skilled person in the art. References to techniques used herein are intended to refer to techniques that are generally understood in the art, including those obvious changes or equivalent replacements of the techniques for those skilled in the art. While it is believed that the following terms are well understood by those skilled in the art, the following definitions are set forth to better explain the invention.
[0022] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a circular RNA for treating HPV-positive cancer.
[0023] In some embodiments, the circular RNA comprising,
[0024] a regulatory element;
[0025] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II;
[0026] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof;
[0027] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein;
[0028] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance;
[0029] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker.
[0030] In some embodiments, the arrangement of each element in circular RNA is arbitrary. In some embodiments, the circular RNA comprises elements in order, wherein the arrangement of each element in circular RNA includes but not limits the following embodiments.
[0031] For example, in some embodiments, the circular RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0032] a regulatory element,
[0033] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0034] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof,
[0035] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance, and
[0036] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein,
[0037] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker,
[0038] the circular RNA is formed by connecting 5’and 3’ .
[0039] For example, in some embodiments, the circular RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0040] a regulatory element,
[0041] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0042] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance,
[0043] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof, and
[0044] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein,
[0045] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker,
[0046] the circular RNA is formed by connecting 5’and 3’ .
[0047] For example, in some embodiments, the circular RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0048] a regulatory element,
[0049] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0050] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance,
[0051] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein, and
[0052] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof,
[0053] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker,
[0054] the circular RNA is formed by connecting 5’and 3’ .
[0055] For example, in some embodiments, the circular RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0056] a regulatory element,
[0057] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0058] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein,
[0059] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof, and
[0060] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance,
[0061] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker,
[0062] the circular RNA is formed by connecting 5’and 3’ .
[0063] For example, in some embodiments, the circular RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0064] a regulatory element,
[0065] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0066] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein,
[0067] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance, and
[0068] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof,
[0069] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker,
[0070] the circular RNA is formed by connecting 5’and 3’ .
[0071] In some embodiments, the circular RNA is formed by the in vitro RNA circularization strategies, including but not limiting chemical method, enzymatic ligation method and ribozyme method.
[0072] In some embodiments, the initiation site of circularization of the circular RNA is any site in the circular RNA, including but not limiting the site 1 in the circular RNA. The circularization methods of the circular RNA disclosed herein include but not limit the end-to-end connection from site 1 to the end. In some embodiments, the circular RNA disclosed herein is end-to-end connected from site 1 to the end. In some embodiments, the circular RNA disclosed herein is not end-to-end connected from site 1 to the end.
[0073] In some embodiments, the regulatory element is internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or a fragment thereof,
[0074] preferably, the IRES is selected from the group consisting of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) IRES, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) IRES, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) IRES, picornavirus (PV) IRES, hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES, adenovirus (AdV) IRES, human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV31) IRES, human herpesvirus (HHV) IRES, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) IRES, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) IRES, FGF9 IRES, SLC7A1 IRES, and RUNX1 IRES,
[0075] preferably the IRES is CVB3 IRES, more preferably the IRES is SEQ ID NO: 12, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0076] In some embodiments, the signal peptide targets endosomes, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi. In some embodiments, the first immune enhancer element encods the signal peptide that targets endosomes, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi.
[0077] In some embodiments, the first immune enhancer element encods the signal peptide of mouse LAMP1, human LAMP1, human dendritic-cell LAMP (human D.C. LAMP) or human ER resident protein Calreticulin (CRT) , tapasin or ERp57;
[0078] preferably, the first immune enhancer element encoding leading signal peptide of mouse LAMP1 is SEQ ID NO: 33, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33,
[0079] preferably, the first immune enhancer element encoding leading signal peptide of human LAMP1 is SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2;
[0080] preferably, the first immune enhancer element encoding leading signal peptide of human D. C. LAMP is SEQ ID NO: 34, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34;
[0081] preferably, the first immune enhancer element encoding leading signal peptide of human ER resident protein Calreticulin is SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6;
[0082] preferably, the first immune enhancer element encoding leading signal peptide of human tapasin protein is SEQ ID NO: 41 or SEQ ID NO: 42, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 or SEQ ID NO: 42; or
[0083] preferably, the first immune enhancer element encoding leading signal peptide of human ERp57 protein is SEQ ID NO: 43 or SEQ ID NO: 44, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43 or SEQ ID NO: 44.
[0084] In some embodiments, the peptide encoded by the second immune enhancer element retains the fusion protein in endosomes, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi. In some embodiments, the second immune enhancer element encodes a peptide retaining the fusion protein in endosomes, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi.
[0085] In some embodiments, the second immune enhancer element encodes the luminal domain and cytoplasmic tail of LAMP proteins or ER retention signals;
[0086] preferably, the second immune enhancer element encoding the luminal domain and cytoplasmic tail of mouse LAMP1 protein is SEQ ID NO: 35, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35;
[0087] preferably, the second immune enhancer element encoding the luminal domain and cytoplasmic tail of human DC LAMP protein is SEQ ID NO: 36, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36;
[0088] preferably, the second immune enhancer element encoding the luminal domain and cytoplasmic tail of human LAMP1 protein is SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4; or
[0089] preferably, the second immune enhancer element encoding the ER retention signals is nucleotide sequence of KDEL-like sequence, KDEL, KKAE or QEDL; more preferably is SEQ ID NOs: 7, 45 or 46, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 45 or 46.
[0090] In some embodiments, the antigen coding element (s) is selected from the group consisiting of:
[0091] i. HPV16 E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV16 E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof; or
[0092] ii. HPV18 E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV16 E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof; or
[0093] iii. HPV31 E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV16 E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof; or
[0094] iv. HPV45 E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV16 E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof; or
[0095] v. the combination thereof;
[0096] preferably, said antigen coding elements relevet to HPV16, HPV18, HPV31 and / or HPV45 are encoded by separate RNAs or encoded by one RNA;
[0097] more preferably, the antigen coding element is SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 51, 52 or the combination of SEQ ID NOs: 51 and 52, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 51 or 52.
[0098] In some embodiments, the antigen coding element is SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 9, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0099] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence encoded by the antigen coding element is SEQ ID NOs: 17, 18, 21, 22, 23 or 24, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 17, 18, 21, 22, 23 or 24; or the combination thereof.
[0100] In some embodiments, the helper element breaking immunological tolerance is selected or derived from the tetanus toxoid (TT) of Clostridium tetani; preferably is helper epitope P2, P16 or P2P16;
[0101] more preferably is SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, 31 or 32, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, 31 or 32.
[0102] In some embodiments, the helper element coding amino acid is SEQ ID NO: 19, 25 or 26.
[0103] In some embodiments, the linker encoding animo acid is selected or derived from GA, GS, GG, GGA, GGS, GGG, GGGA, GGGS, GGGG, GGGGA, GGGGS, GGGGG, GGGGA, GGGGS, GGGGG, GGAG, GGSG, AGGGG, SGGG, GAGA, GSGS, GAGAGA, GSGSGS, GAGAGAGA, GSGSGSGS, GAGAGAGAGA, GSGSGSGSGS, GAGAGAGAGAGA, GAGSGSGSGSGS, GGAGGA, GGSGGS, GGAGGAGGA, GGSGGSGGS, GGAGGAGGAGGA, GGSGGSGGSGGS, GGAGGGAG, GGSGGGSG, GGAGGGAGGGAG, GGSGGGSGGSG, GGGAGGGAGGGA or GGGSGGGSGGGS.
[0104] In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of the circular RNA is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 29, 30, 53, 54 or 55, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 29, 30, 53, 54 or 55. The circularization methods of the circular RNA disclosed herein that is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 29, 30, 53, 54 or 55, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 29, 30, 53, 54 or 55 include but not limit the end-to-end connection from site 1 to the end.
[0105] In some embodiments, the circular RNA of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 29, 30, 53, 54 or 55 is end-to-end connected from site 1 to the end. In some embodiments, the circular RNA of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 29, 30, 53, 54 or 55 is not end-to-end connected from site 1 to the end.
[0106] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a linear RNA for treating HPV-positive cancer.
[0107] In some embodiments, the linear RNA comprises:
[0108] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II;
[0109] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof;
[0110] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein; and
[0111] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance;
[0112] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker;
[0113] each element of the linear RNA has the same definition as any one of preceding embodiments.
[0114] In some embodiments, the arrangement of each element is as same as that of the circular RNAs disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the arrangement of each element is different from that of the circular RNAs disclosed herein.
[0115] In some embodiments, the arrangement of each element in linear RNA is arbitrary. In some embodiments, the linear RNA comprises elements in order, wherein the arrangement of each element in linear RNA includes but not limits the following embodiments.
[0116] For example, in some embodiments, the linear RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0117] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0118] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof,
[0119] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein, and
[0120] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance,
[0121] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker.
[0122] For example, in some embodiments, the linear RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0123] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0124] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof,
[0125] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance, and
[0126] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining a fusion protein,
[0127] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker.
[0128] For example, in some embodiments, the linear RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0129] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0130] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance,
[0131] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof, and
[0132] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein,
[0133] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker.
[0134] For example, in some embodiments, the linear RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0135] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0136] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance,
[0137] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein, and
[0138] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof,
[0139] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker.
[0140] For example, in some embodiments, the linear RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0141] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0142] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein,
[0143] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof, and
[0144] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance,
[0145] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker.
[0146] For example, in some embodiments, the linear RNA comprises elements in the order from 5’ to 3’ :
[0147] a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II,
[0148] a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein,
[0149] optionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance, and
[0150] an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof,
[0151] wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker.
[0152] In some embodiments, the signal peptide targets endosomes, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi. In some embodiments, the first immune enhancer element encodes the signal peptide that targets endosomes, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi.
[0153] In some embodiments, the peptide encoded by the second immune enhancer element retains the fusion protein in endosomes, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi. In some embodiments, the second immune enhancer element encodes a peptide retaining the fusion protein in endosomes, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi.
[0154] In some embodiments, each element of the linear RNA has the same definition as any one of preceding embodiments.
[0155] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a DNA for treating HPV-positive cancer.
[0156] In some embodiments, the DNA could be used to prepare the circular RNA of any one of the preceding embodiments, or could be transcribed to the linear RNA of preceding embodiments.
[0157] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising the circular RNA, the linear RNA or the DNA of preceding embodiments.
[0158] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising the circular RNA, the linear RNA, the DNA or the vector of any one of preceding embodiments, and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
[0159] In some embodiments, the circular RNA, the linear RNA or the DNA of any one of preceding embodiment are formulated or is to be formulated as lipoplex particles.
[0160] In some embodiments, the lipoplex particles are obtainable by mixing the RNA with liposomes. In some embodiments, the circular RNA, the linear RNA or the DNA of any one of preceding embodiment are formulated or is to be formulated as lipid nanoparticles (LNP) .
[0161] In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles are obtainable by mixing the RNA with of the organic phase containing LNP lipid components.
[0162] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a use of the circular RNA, the linear RNA, the DNA, the vector or the composition of any one of preceding embodiments in the manufacture of a medicament for treating HPV-positive cancer.
[0163] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating HPV-positive cancer in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the circular RNA, the linear RNA, the DNA, the vector or the composition of any one of preceding embodiments.
[0164] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a therapeutically effective amounts of the circular RNA, the linear RNA, the DNA, the vector or the composition of any one of preceding embodiments for use in treating HPV-positive cancer in a subject.
[0165] In some embodiments, the HPV-positive cancer is selected from cervical, head and neck, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal cancers and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
[0166] General Definition
[0167] As used herein, the terms “including” , “comprising” , “having” , “containing” or “comprising” , and other variants thereof, are inclusive or open, and do not exclude other unlisted elements or method steps. In some embodiments, the “including” , “comprising” , “having” , “containing” or “comprising” could be replaced with “consisting” or “consisits” .
[0168] As used herein, the terms “embodiment” , “disclosed herein” or “disclosure” are not meant to be limiting, but applies generally to any of the embodiments defined in the claims or described herein. These terms are used interchangeably herein.
[0169] As used herein, the terms “treat” , “treating” , “treatment” and the like refer to eliminating, reducing, or ameliorating a disease or condition, and / or symptoms associated therewith. Although not precluded, treating a disease or condition does not require that the disease, condition, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. The term “treat” and synonyms contemplate administering a therapeutically effective amount of the circular RNA or the composition disclosed herein to a subject in need of such treatment. The treatment can be orientated symptomatically, for example, to suppress symptoms. It can be effected over a short period, be oriented over a medium term, or can be a long-term treatment, for example within the context of a maintenance therapy.
[0170] Throughout this disclosure, the terms “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “a polynucleotide” is understood to represent one or more polynucleotides. As such, the terms “a” (or “an” ) , “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
[0171] The term “variant” , as used herein, refers to a peptide that differs from the recited peptide due to amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, and / or modifications. Variants can be produced using art-known mutagenesis techniques.
[0172] The terms “composition” or “pharmaceutical composition” refer to compositions comprising the circular RNA provided herein, along with e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents for administration to a subject in need of treatment.
[0173] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to compositions that are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity or other complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.
[0174] The term “an effective amount” is that amount of a circular RNA provided herein, the administration of which to a subject, either in a single dose or as part of a series, is effective for treatment. This amount can be a fixed dose for all subjects being treated, or can vary depending upon the weight, health, and physical condition of the subject to be treated, the extent of weight loss or weight maintenance desired, the formulation of the circular RNA or the composition disclosed herein, a professional assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors.
[0175] The term “subject” is meant any subject, particularly a mammalian subject, in need of treatment with the circular RNA or the composition provided herein. Mammalian subjects include, but are not limited to, humans, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, bears, cows, apes, monkeys, orangutans, and chimpanzees, and so on. In one embodiment, the subject is a human subject.
[0176] As used herein, the terms “circRNA” or “circular polyribonucleotide” or “circular RNA” are used interchangeably and can refer to a polyribonucleotide that forms a circular structure through covalent or non-covalent bonds. When it comes to circular RNA, a skilled person would understand that a polynucleotide in a RNA refers to a polyribonucleotide.
[0177] As used herein, the terms “a regulatory element” and “a translational initiation element” can be used interchangeably.
[0178] As used herein, the terms “helper element” or “helper epitopes” is a nucleotide or amino acid sequence that has a function of breaking immunological tolerance. In one embodiment, the helper epitopes may be tetanus toxoid-derived, e.g., P2P16 amino acid sequences derived from the tetanus toxoid (TT) of Clostridium tetani. These sequences may support to overcome self-tolerance mechanisms for efficient induction of immune responses to self-antigens by providing tumor-unspecific T-cell help during priming. The tetanus toxoid heavy chain includes epitopes that can bind promiscuously to MHC class II alleles and induce CD4+ memory T cells in almost all tetanus vaccinated individuals. In addition, the combination of TT helper epitopes with tumor-associated antigens is known to improve the immune stimulation compared to the application of tumor-associated antigen alone by providing CD4+ mediated T-cell help during priming. To reduce the risk of stimulating CD8+ T cells, two peptide sequences known to contain promiscuously binding helper epitopes may be used to ensure binding to as many MHC class II alleles as possible, e.g., P2, P16 or P2P16.
[0179] The term “signal peptides” as defined herein preferably allow the transport or targeting of the antigenic peptide or protein as encoded by the RNA into a defined cellular compartment, preferably the cell surface, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the endosomal-lysosomal compartment.
[0180] The term “linker” suitable for use in present disclosure is generally one or more flexible portion (s) that provide flexibility of each element to facilitate their functions independently without interfering. Such flexible portion encods flexible peptide. Exemplary flexible peptides include, but are not limited to (GS) n, (GSGGS) n, (GGGS) n, GA, GS, GG, GGA, GGS, GGG, GGGA, GGGS, GGGG, GGGGA, GGGGS, GGGGG, GGGGA, GGGGS, GGGGG, GGAG, GGSG, AGGGG, SGGG, GAGA, GSGS, GAGAGA, GSGSGS, GAGAGAGA, GSGSGSGS, GAGAGAGAGA, GSGSGSGSGS, GAGAGAGAGAGA, GAGSGSGSGSGS, GGAGGA, GGSGGS, GGAGGAGGA, GGSGGSGGS, GGAGGAGGAGGA, GGSGGSGGSGGS, GGAGGGAG, GGSGGGSG, GGAGGGAGGGAG, GGSGGGSGGSG, GGGAGGGAGGGA or GGGSGGGSGGGS.
[0181] The term “KDEL-like sequence” (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu, SEQ ID NO. 7, Lys-Lys-Ala-Glu, SEQ ID NO. 45, Gln-Glu-Asp-Leu, SEQ ID NO. 46) serves as a retrieval sequence that interacts with KDEL receptors on the ER membrane, preventing the escape of the fusion protein to the Golgi apparatus, such a construct ensures that the antigen remains in the ER for an extended period, which is beneficial for the enhancement of intracellular antigen processing and subsequent presentation on MHC class I molecules on the cell surface.
[0182] The term “disease-associated antigen” is used in its broadest sense to refer to any antigen associated with a disease. A disease-associated antigen is a molecule which contains epitopes that will stimulate a host's immune system to make a cellular antigen-specific immune response and / or a humoral antibody response against the disease. The disease-associated antigen or an epitope thereof may therefore be used for therapeutic purposes. Disease-associated antigens may be associated with cancer, typically tumors.
[0183] The term “tumor antigen” refers to a constituent of cancer cells. In particular, it refers to those antigens which are produced intracellularly or as surface antigens on tumor cells.
[0184] The term “vector” is intended to refer to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. The commonly used forms of vector in the art include but not limit plasmid, cell, viral vector, bacterial vector, phage and the like. The most commonly used form of vector is plasmid, a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments may be ligated. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present application, “plasmid” and “vector” may be used interchangeably.
[0185] EXAMPLES
[0186] To make the objects and technical solutions of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific examples. It should be understood that the examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Further, specific experimental methods not mentioned in the following examples were carried out in accordance with a conventional experimental method.
[0187] Example 1: Design of the HPV circRNA vaccines
[0188] As shown in Figure 1A, we designed circRNA vaccines targeting the oncoproteins E6 and E7 of HPV16 only (circRNA-01, SEQ ID NO: 27; circRNA-02, SEQ ID NO: 28) or both HPV16 and HPV18 (circRNA-03, SEQ ID NO: 29; circRNA-04, SEQ ID NO: 30) . Their binding motifs to p53 and pRb were mutated to eliminate oncogenic potential. We adapted the E7-E6 fusion construct (SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9) , which appeared superior to E6-E7 fusion construct in immunogenicity and therapeutic antitumor efficacy (Cassetti, M. Cristina et al., Vaccine. 22 (3-4) , 520-527 (2004) ) . In addition, the constructs were fused to either a LAMP (SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2) or Calreticulin (SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6) signal peptide at the N-terminus to facilitate proteasomal degradation or ER retention, thereby enhancing antigen presentation via the MHC class I / II pathway or promoting efficient cross-presentation. The helper epitopes P2P16 (SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11) derived from tetaus toxoid to break immune tolerance were also combined with the antigen coding sequence. All these functional domains were joined by protein linkers (SEQ ID NO: 20) . Nucleotides were codon-optimized using internal algorithms and the translation was initiated through a coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) (SEQ ID NO: 12) . The codon-optimized nucleotide sequences were synthesized by Azenta Life Sciences.
[0189] Example 2: Preparation of circRNA and mRNA vaccines
[0190] Example 2A: circRNA Preparation
[0191] Briefly, the linearized plasmid DNA template was obtained by digesting with BspQ I restriction endonuclease (Novoprotein) and column purified using DNA Clean &Concentrator-25 Kit (ZYMO RESEARCH) . RNA was synthesized by in vitro transcription (IVT) . In an IVT reaction system, reaction components were assembled with 400 ng linearized DNA template, 100 U T7 RNA Polymerase, a NTP solution mix including 5 mM GTP, 30 mM GMP solution, 5 mM ATP, 5 mM CTP, 5 mM UTP, 10×reaction buffer, 10 U RNase Inhibitor and 0.008 U Pyrophosphatase, then programed the thermocycler for the IVT reaction by incubation at 37 ℃ for 2 hours. After in vitro transcription, the reaction was treated with 10 U DNase I (New England Biolabs) , and incubated at 37 ℃ for 20 minutes to remove the linearized DNA template. After DNase I treatment, the RNA transcripts were column purified by RNA Cleanup Kit (New England Biolabs) . Then, the RNA ligation reactions were assembled with 1 U T4 Rnl2 per microgram linear RNA, and the reactions were incubated at 25 ℃ for 2 hours. The RNA transcripts contained circRNA were then column purified by RNA Cleanup Kit (New England Biolabs) .
[0192] To remove the remaining linear RNA after the T4 RNA ligation step, Ribonuclease R was then added to the solution. A mixture of 5 μg column purified RNA product, 5 U RNase R (Novoprotein) was assembled to the 30 μl reaction system, and the reactions were incubated at 37 ℃ for 30 minutes. At last, the circular RNA was column purified by RNA Cleanup Kit (New England Biolabs) .
[0193] Example 2B: mRNA Preparation
[0194] The sequence of linear RNA was adapted from BioNTech SE patent (WO2022008519A1) (mRNA E7, SEQ ID NO: 51; mRNA E6, SEQ ID NO: 52) , and the mRNA was synthesized in vitro in a traditional transcription system where the UTP was substituted with 5-methoxy UTP. Following purification with the Monarch RNA Cleanup Kit, the mRNA was capped by Vaccinia Capping Enzyme to generate a cap-1 structure, then the modified mRNA was encapsulated in LNP containing SM102 cationic lipids as described below.
[0195] Example 2C: Lipid nanoparticle formulations of circRNA and mRNA
[0196] CircRNA-LNP and mRNA-LNP were prepared by mixing an ethanolic solution of lipids with an aqueous solution of RNA in 100 mM citrate buffer (pH 4.0) . Upon mixing, the ionizable lipids become cationic in the acidic buffer, and interact with anionic RNA through electrostatic complexation, with rapid mixing leading to RNA encapsulated in homogeneous LNPs. In detail, the lipid mixture consists of four main components: ionizable lipid SM102 or MC3, DSPC, cholesterol and PEG-DMG, which were dissolved in ethanol at molar ratios of 50: 10: 38.5: 1.5. The ethanolic and aqueous solutions were mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 1 with a flow rate of 12 mL / min using the microfluidic mixer NanoAssemblr system (Precision NanoSystems, Vancouver, BC) . After mixing, the product was buffer-exchanged into phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) with 4%sucrose or Tris-HCl with 8%sucrose and concentrated by ultrafiltration using Millipore Ultra-15 centrifugal filters (100 kDa MWCO) . Finally, the product was filtrated through a 0.22 μm filter and stored in presterilized vials at -80 ℃ until use.
[0197] Example 3 In vitro expression efficiency of circRNA vaccine constructs in HEK393T cells
[0198] The expression efficiency of different circRNA constructs was tested in HEK293T cells. HEK293T cells were cultured in 24-well plates at 70-80%confluency at the time of transfection. Then, 1μg of each circRNA (circRNA-01, circRNA-02, circRNA-03, circRNA-04) was transfected using LipofectamineTMMessengerMAXTM Transfection Reagent (Thermo) . The cells were cultured for 24 hours and further lysed in RIPA buffer (Beyotime) supplemented with 100×diluted proteinase inhibitor (Biosharp) . The protein expression levels were determined by Western blot using an anti-HPV16 E7 antibody (Santa Cruz, sc-6981) and anti-Tubulin antibody as a loading control. We observed specific protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 43 kDa for circRNA-01 and circRNA-02, and 73 kDa for circRNA-03 and circRNA-04, consistent with their expected sizes. Together, these results confirmed the successful expression of the designed constructs, which were summarized in Figure 1B.
[0199] Example 4: HPV circRNA vaccination induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell-responses in mice
[0200] To assess the immunogenicity of different circRNA vaccines in vivo, mice (n =3 for each group) were immunized with 40 μg circRNA vaccines (circRNA-01, circRNA-02, circRNA-03, circRNA-04) at Day0, Day3, Day7. Splenocytes were isolated six days after the final immunization (Figure 2A) . To evaluate the efficiency of the induced E7-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) flow cytometry, and peptide-loaded MHC class I tetramer staining assay were performed as follows.
[0201] Example 4A: Tissue preparation
[0202] Splenocytes from individual mice were homogenized and filtered through 70 μm-pore filters before centrifuged at 1600 rpm for 5 min. The obtained cells were lysed with Red Blood Cell Lysing Buffer (Thermo) for 5 minutes to remove erythrocytes and then washed in DPBS, after a subsequent filtration through 40 μm strainers, splenocytes were counted using a TC20TM automated cell counter (Bio-Rad) .
[0203] Example 4B: IFN-γ ELISpot
[0204] Splenocytes were seeded at a density of 3×10^5 cells / well in ELISpot plates precoated with anti-mouse IFN-γ antibodies (Mabtech) , using 100 μL of RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10%heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) . Then splenocytes were stimulated with peptide pools (PepMix) at a final concentration of 0.25 μg / ml of each peptide. Following incubation at 37℃ for 40 hours, the ELISpot plates were analyzed by counting the number of IFN-γspots on an ELISpot analyzer ( CTL, Germany) . Splenocytes from non-immunized mice and cells in culture medium alone were used as negative controls to determine background levels.
[0205] Example 4C: Intracellular cytokine staining
[0206] Splenocytes from immunized mice were plated at 4×10^6 cells / well in 96-well plates and cultured for 11 hours alongside a mixture containing 0.25 μg / mL of HPV16 E7 PepMix, 1 μg / mL of anti-CD28, as well as GolgiPlugTM and GolgiStopTM reagents supplied by BD Biosciences. Subsequently, the cells were harvested, rinsed with DPBS, and stained for viability for 15 minutes at 4℃using the Fixable Viability Stain 510. This was followed by the blocking of FcγII / III receptors with specific blocking reagents for an additional 15 minutes at 4℃, after which the cells were again washed with DPBS. For the identification and characterization of T lymphocytes and their activation status, a panel of fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies was employed, including PE-anti-CD3, APC-anti-CD4, FITC-anti-CD8, BV650-anti-CD44, and APC-Cy7-anti-CD62L. Cells were incubated with this array of antibodies for 30 minutes at 4 ℃, then washed with DPBS and fixed with a Fixation / Permeabilization solution for another 30 minutes at 4 ℃. After two washes with BD Perm / WashTM buffer, the cells underwent intracellular staining with cytokine-specific monoclonal antibodies, specifically PerCP-Cy5.5-labeled anti-IFN-γ, for 30 minutes at 4 ℃. Post-staining, cells were washed again with BD Perm / WashTM buffer. Finally, flow cytometry data were acquired on the BD LSRFortessaTM Flow Cytometer (BD Biosciences) and analyzed using the FlowJo software (Treestar, OR USA) . Hereinafter, the intracellular cytokine staining procedure for single-cell suspensions derived from tumors was similar to that described for splenocytes.
[0207] Example 4D: Peptide-loaded MHC class I tetramer staining
[0208] For assessing the specificity of T-cell responses via tetramer staining, splenocytes from immunized mice were plated at 3×10^6 cells / well in 96-well plates and cultured for 11 hours in the present of 0.25 μg / mL of HPV16 E7 PepMix to stimulate antigen-specific T cells. First, the splenocytes were stained with a premix containing Fixable Viability Stain 510 and blocking reagents specific to Fcγ II / III receptors. Following this initial step, cells were incubated with APC-conjugated HPV16 / E7 (aa49 to 57) peptide-loaded H-2Db tetramer at 4 ℃ for 1 hours. After the tetramer staining, cells were washed with DPBS twice, then FITC-conjugated anti-mouse CD8 and PE-conjugated anti-mouse CD3 were added to the cells for a further 0.5 hours incubation at 4 ℃. The stained cells were then acquired using the LSRFortessaTM Flow Cytometer (BD Biosciences) and analyzed with FlowJo software (Treestar, OR USA) . Hereinafter, the tetramer staining procedure for peripheral blood mononuclear cells or single-cell suspensions derived from tumors was similar to that described for splenocytes.
[0209] Figure 2B illustrates the production of IFN-γ in splenocytes stimulated with HPV16 or HPV18 E6 and E7 peptide pools. Immunized mice demonstrated robust E6 / E7 specific IFN-γ secretion. The responses against the HPV16 E7 and HPV18 E6 were much more vigorous than those against HPV16 E6 and HPV18 E7 (Figures 2B-F) . The percentage of antigen specific T cells in the spleen was also detected by staining tetramers featuring HPV16 E749-57, the only known murine H2-Db restricted CD8+ epitope. These results demonstrate circRNA vaccination induced a significant increase in E7 antigen-specific T cells in all immunized mice (Figure 2G) .
[0210] Similarly, ICS flow cytometry showed that vaccination increased E7-specific IFN-γ+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure 2H, 2I) , as well as elevated frequencies of Tcm and Tem memory T cells compared to the control group (Figure 2J, 2K) , suggesting the induction of robust and durable antigen specific immune memory by these circRNA vaccines.
[0211] Taken together, our data indicate that all circRNA vaccine candidates induced strong cellular immune responses in C57BL / 6 mice.
[0212] EXAMPLE 5: HPV circRNA vaccination prevented TC-1 tumor development and recurrence
[0213] To examine the prophylactic efficacy of different HPV circRNA vaccine constructs, mice were immunized with three doses of circRNA vaccines at Day0, Day3, Day7, followed by HPV16+ TC-1 tumor cells challenge (2.5×10^5 per mouse) at Day10 (Figure 3A) . Tumor volume was measured three times a week. The results showed robust tumor growth inhibition, and the majority of mice remained tumor-free by Day 60, while control group mice developed rapid tumor growth, reaching the ethical endpoint as early as Day30 (Figure 3B) . Due to tumor overburden, all mice in the control group were euthanized by Day 38 (Figure 3C) .
[0214] To test the long-term anti-tumor function, surviving mice were rechallenged with the same amount of TC-1 tumor cells at Day60 (Figure 3A) . Tumor growth, animal survival, and immunological protection against tumor rechallenge were also monitored. All mice receiving circRNA-02, -03, -04 and 4 out of 6 mice in circRNA-01 group did not develop tumors at least another 33 days (Figure 3B, 3C) , indicating long-term immunological memory against the E6 / E7 antigens. Furthermore, T cell response in the spleen were assessed on Day93. The analysis revealed that all the circRNA vaccines especially circRNA-02 immunized mice exhibited marked increases in IFN-γ release when stimulated by HPV16E7 PepMix (Figure 3D, 3E) . These results highlight that circRNA vaccination induced a durable immune response to inhibit tumor recurrence.
[0215] Example 6: HPV circRNA vaccination inhibited tumor progression in a dose dependent manner
[0216] The anti-tumor capability of circRNA vaccine was investigated in an established syngeneic tumor model. Mice were vaccinated when subcutaneously implanted TC-1 tumors reached the average volume of 40–60 mm3. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with different dosages of circRNA-02 encapsulated in SM102 lipid particles (2.5 μg, 5 μg, or 10 μg / mouse) or MC3 lipid particles (10 μg, or 40 μg / mouse) at Day0, Day3 and Day7 (Figure 4A) . All mice in the circRNA-02 treatment group exhibited sharp remission of tumor growth within several days after the last immunization, while the control group showed a rapid tumor progression. Robust anti-tumor efficacy was also observed when circRNA-02 was encapsulated with MC3 (Figure 4B) .
[0217] Example 7: HPV circRNA vaccination induced potent antitumor responses and enhanced tumor-infiltrating T cells in a late-stage tumor model
[0218] The therapeutic efficacy of circRNA-02 was further evaluated in a late-stage tumor model. Mice were grafted with 2.5×10^5 TC-1 cells, and treatment were initiated when the average tumor volume was more than 100 mm3 (Figure 5A) .
[0219] All mice in the control group exhibited progressive tumor growth, while the vaccination group, receiving doses ranging from 1 μg to 10 μg, demonstrated a dose-dependent delay in tumor growth (Figure 5B) . Three days after the last vaccination, spleen as well as tumor tissue were collected and analyzed using flow cytometry. Antigen specific effector cytokine release was detected by intracellular cytokine staining. A significant increase of CD8+ T cells accompanied by elevated levels of IFN-γ and granzyme B (GzmB) , was observed in the spleen of circRNA-02 immunized mice (Figures 5C-E) . Furthermore, an increase in Th1 T cells was also detected in circRNA-02 immunized mice (Figure 5F) . Importantly, circRNA-02 treatment also fostered long-term protection by inducing robust immunological memory, as evidenced by a significant expansion of effector memory T cells in the treated group (Figures 5G-H) .
[0220] As shown in Figures 5I-J, immunization was also associated with augmented immune cell infiltration and a significant expansion of E7-specific CD8+ T cells in tumor (Figure 5N) . Notably, tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells from circRNA-02 immunized mice, but not from control-treated mice, expressed high levels of IFN-γ and GzmB (Figures 5K-M) . In conclusion, circRNA vaccination enhanced systemic cytotoxic T-cell immunity, and promoted robust immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment.
[0221] Example 8: The immunogenicity of circRNA vaccine outperformed linear mRNA in -mice
[0222] To better benchmark the performance of our circRNA-02 vaccine, the linear mRNA encoding HPV16 E6 and E7 (referred to as “mRNA E6+E7” ) , derived from BNT113 was used as the positive control (SEQ ID NO: 51, SEQ ID NO: 52) . BNT113, an mRNA-based cancer vaccine, is currently under the phase II clinical development for the treatment of HPV+ head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (NCT04534205) , providing a reliable reference for comparison.
[0223] In the immunogenicity study, groups of six mice were immunized intramuscularly with 20 μg of either circRNA-02 or mRNA E6+E7 on days 0, 3, and 7 (Figure 6A) . Both RNAs were encapsulated with SM102. Splenocytes were collected one week after the final vaccination and stimulated with E6 and E7 pepMix. ELISpot were performed to assess the secretion of IFN-γ. Peripheral blood was also collected to quantify HPV16 E7-specific CD8+ T cells using peptide-loaded MHC tetramer staining assay. ELISpot results showed marked increases of IFN-γsecretion in circRNA-02 immunized mice compared to the mRNA E6+E7 group (Figure 6B, 6C) . Similarly, Tetramer staining revealed significantly higher percentages of E7-specific CD8+ T cells in mice vaccinated with circRNA-02 (Figure 6D) . These results demonstrated the superior immunogenicity of the circRNA-02 vaccine compared to the mRNA E6+E7 vaccine.
[0224] Example 9: The therapeutic potency of circRNA vaccine outperformed linear mRNA in TC-1 subcutaneous tumor model
[0225] For therapeutic efficacy comparison, tumor-bearing mice were established by subcutaneous injection of 1×10^5 TC-1 tumor cells. When tumors reached approximately 100 mm3, mice were treated with 3 μg, 10 μg, or 20 μg of either circRNA-02 or mRNA E6+E7 on days 0, 3, and 7. Tumor growth was monitored three times per week (Figure 7A) . Compared to the PBS control, all treatments significantly inhibited tumor growth and extended survival time (Figures 7B) . CircRNA-02 consistently demonstrated superior anti-tumor efficacy compared to mRNA E6+E7 at each corresponding dose (Figure 7B) . This difference was particularly striking at the 3 μg and 10 μg dose levels, where circRNA-02 treatment resulted in minimal tumor growth while the mRNA E6+E7 groups showed substantial tumor progression. Two mice in each of the mRNA E6+E7 groups (3 μg and 10 μg) were euthanized early due to tumor volumes exceeding 3000 mm3, underscoring the superior antitumor efficacy of circRNA-02.
[0226] Example 10: Enhancing HPV16 antigen immunogenicity through ER retention signal peptides
[0227] The assembly of MHC class I molecules with antigenic peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a coordinated and regulated process. This process culminates in the release of molecules which are bound to peptides of 8–10 amino acids in length. In particular, the interaction between MHC class I molecules and the peptide-loading complex is crucial for their proper assembly and subsequent release from ER. Besides for the antigen processing peptide transporter, the ER-resident proteins tapasin, ERp57 and calreticulin are also core components of the class I peptide loading complex. These components are essential for ensuring efficient antigen presentation via the MHC class I pathway. Encouraged by the data of circRNA-02, we further tested whether linking the ER import and retention signal peptides of tapasin (SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42) and ERp57 (SEQ ID NO: 43, SEQ ID NO: 44) to the HPV antigens would have similar immune enhancement effect. The general structures of those constructs were shown in Figure 8A.
[0228] Mice were immunized on a three-dose schedule with 20 μg of different circRNA vaccines. Two weeks post-first immunization (Day 14) , spleens were harvested and a tetramer staining assay was performed to quantify the E7-specific T cells response (Figure 8B) . As shown in Figure 8C, CircRNA-05 (SEQ ID NO: 53) , which consists solely of the antigen coding sequence without any modification, showed very limited E7 specific CD8+ T cells increase. However, the other three modified circRNA vaccines, including circRNA-06 (SEQ ID NO: 54) and circRNA-07 (SEQ ID NO: 55) induced much higher frequency of E7-specific CD8+ T cells, indicating an enhancement of antigen specific T cell response.
[0229] Example 11: Improved therapeutic efficacy of circRNA vaccines in TC-1 tumor-bearing mice
[0230] TC-1 tumor cells were subcutaneously injected into C57BL / 6 mice. When tumor size reached ~50 mm3, the mice were immunized intramuscularly with 5 μg of various vaccines following a schedule of three doses administered on days 0, 3, and 7. Tumor volumes were monitored three times a week (Figure 9A) . As shown in Figure 9B, mice in the PBS group showed rapid tumor progression, with all animals requiring euthanasia by day 25 due to an excessive tumor burden (average tumor volume >3,000 mm3) . In contrast, mice treated with the circRNA vaccines demonstrated markedly suppressed tumor growth. Specifically, the circRNA-treated groups (circRNA-01, circRNA-02, circRNA-06, and circRNA-07) showed significantly enhanced tumor inhibition and prolonged survival compared with the mRNA encoding the BNT113 E7 protein. By Day 28, the tumor volumes in the circRNA-02, circRNA-06, and circRNA-07 groups were completely undetectable, with tumor growth fully suppressed. While the mRNA E7 group displayed partial tumor inhibition, with mean tumor volumes increasing to nearly 200 mm3 by Day 28. These results reconfirmed that our circRNA vaccines significantly improved antitumor efficacy.
Claims
1.A circular RNA, comprising,a regulatory element,a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevanted to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II;an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof;a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein; andoptionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance;wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker.2.The circular RNA of claim 1, wherein the regulatory element is internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or a fragment thereof,preferably, the IRES is selected from the group consisting of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) IRES, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) IRES, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) IRES, picornavirus (PV) IRES, hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES, adenovirus (AdV) IRES, human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV31) IRES, human herpesvirus (HHV) IRES, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) IRES, classical swine fever virus (CSFV) IRES, FGF9 IRES, SLC7A1 IRES, and RUNX1 IRES;preferably the IRES is CVB3 IRES, more preferably the IRES is SEQ ID NO: 12, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.3.The circular RNA of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the signal peptide targets endosome, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi.4.The circular RNA of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first immune enhancer element encodes the signal peptide of mouse LAMP1, human LAMP1, human dendritic-cell LAMP (human D. C. LAMP) or human ER resident protein Calreticulin (CRT) , tapasin or ERp57;preferably, the first immune enhancer element encoding leading signal peptide of mouse LAMP1 is SEQ ID NO: 33, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33;preferably, the first immune enhancer element encoding leading signal peptide of human LAMP1 is SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2;preferably, the first immune enhancer element encoding leading signal peptide of human D. C. LAMP is SEQ ID NO: 34, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34;preferably, the first enhancer expression element encoding leading signal peptide of human ER resident protein Calreticulin is SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 6;preferably, the first enhancer expression element encoding leading signal peptide of human tapasin protein is SEQ ID NO: 41 or SEQ ID NO: 42, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41or SEQ ID NO: 42; orpreferably, the first enhancer expression element encoding leading signal peptide of human ERp57 protein is SEQ ID NO: 43 or SEQ ID NO: 44, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43 or SEQ ID NO: 44.5.The circular RNA of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the peptide encoded by the second immune enhancer element retains the fusion protein in endosome, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi.6.The circular RNA of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second immune enhancer element encodes the luminal domain and cytoplasmic tail of LAMP proteins or an ER retention signals;preferably, the second immune enhancer element encoding the luminal domain and cytoplasmic tail of mouse LAMP1 protein is SEQ ID NO: 35, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35;preferably, the second immune enhancer element encoding the luminal domain and cytoplasmic tail of human DC LAMP protein is SEQ ID NO: 36, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36;preferably, the second immune enhancer element encoding the luminal domain and cytoplasmic tail of human LAMP1 protein is SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 4; orpreferably, the second immune enhancer element encoding the ER retention signals is nucleotide sequence of KDEL, KKAE or QEDL; more prefearcaly is SEQ ID NO: 7, 45 or 46, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, 45 or 46.7.The circular RNA of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the antigen coding element (s) is selected from the group consisiting of:i. HPV16 E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV16 E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof; orii. HPV18 E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV18 E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof; oriii. HPV31 E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV31 E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof; oriv. HPV45 E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV45 E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof; orv. the combination thereof;preferably, said antigen coding elements relevet to HPV16, HPV18, HPV31 and / or HPV45 are encoded by separate RNAs or one RNA;more preferably, the antigen coding element is SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 51, 52 or the combination of SEQ ID NOs: 51 and 52, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 8, 9, 51 or 52.8.The circular RNA of any one of the preceding claims, the amino acid sequence encoded by the antigen coding element is SEQ ID NOs: 17, 18, 21, 22, 23 or 24, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 17, 18, 21, 22, 23 or 24; or the combination thereof.9.The circular RNA of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the helper element breaking immunological tolerance is selected or derived from the tetanus toxoid (TT) of Clostridium tetani;preferably is helper epitope P2, P16 or P2P16;more preferably is SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, 31 or 32, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 10, 11, 31 or 32.10.The circular RNA of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the linker encoding animo acid is selected or derived from GA, GS, GG, GGA, GGS, GGG, GGGA, GGGS, GGGG, GGGGA, GGGGS, GGGGG, GGGGA, GGGGS, GGGGG, GGAG, GGSG, AGGGG, SGGG, GAGA, GSGS, GAGAGA, GSGSGS, GAGAGAGA, GSGSGSGS, GAGAGAGAGA, GSGSGSGSGS, GAGAGAGAGAGA, GAGSGSGSGSGS, GGAGGA, GGSGGS, GGAGGAGGA, GGSGGSGGS, GGAGGAGGAGGA, GGSGGSGGSGGS, GGAGGGAG, GGSGGGSG, GGAGGGAGGGAG, GGSGGGSGGSG, GGGAGGGAGGGA or GGGSGGGSGGGS.11.The circular RNA of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the circular RNA is selected from SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 29, 30, 53, 54 or 55, or has at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 90%, 85%, or 80%identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 27, 28, 29, 30, 53, 54 or 55.12.A linear RNA, comprising,a first immune enhancer element encoding a signal peptide relevant to antigen processing and / or presentation of MHC I and / or MHC II;an antigen coding element encoding an amino acid sequence comprising human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and / or E7 protein, an immunogenic variant thereof, or an immunogenic fragment of the HPV E6 and / or E7 protein or the immunogenic variant thereof;a second immune enhancer element encoding a peptide retaining the fusion protein; andoptionally a helper element which breaks immunological tolerance;wherein each element is optionally connected by a linker;each element of the linear RNA has the same definition as any one of preceding claims.13.The linear RNA of the claim 12, wherein the signal peptide targets endosomes, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi.14.The linear RNA of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the peptide encoded by the second immune enhancer element retains the fusion protein in endosomes, proteasomes, lysosomes, ER lumen or Golgi.15.A DNA, wherein the DNA could be used to prepare the circular RNA of any one of claims 1-11, or could be transcribed to the linear RNA of any one of claims 12-14.16.A vector, comprising the circular RNA, linear RNA or DNA of any one of claims 1-11, the linear RNA of any one of claims 12-14, or the DNA of claim 15.17.A composition comprising the circular RNA of any one of claims 1-11, the linear RNA of any one of claims 12-14, the DNA of claim 15, or the vector of claim 16, and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.18.Use of the circular RNA of any one of claims 1-11, the linear RNA of any one of claims 12-14, the DNA of claim 15, the vector of claim 16, or the composition of claim 17 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating HPV-positive cancer in a subject; ora method for treating HPV-positive cancer in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the circular RNA of any one of claims 1-11, the linear RNA of any one of claims 12-14, the DNA of claim 15, the vector of claim 16, or the composition of claim 17; ora therapeutically effective amount of the circular RNA of any one of claims 1-11, the linear RNA of any one of claims 12-14, the DNA of claim 15, the vector of claim 16, or the composition of claim 17 for use in treating HPV-positive cancer in a subject.19.The use of claim 18, wherein the HPV-positive cancer is selected from cervical, head and neck, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal cancers and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Messenger ribonucleic acids for enhancing immune responses and methods of use thereof
CN110402145A
Novel nucleic acid molecules
CN111328287A
Novel artificial nucleic acid molecules
CN111630173A
Therapeutic RNA for HPV-positive cancer
CN116234568A