Electrode monitoring systems and methods for evaluating cathodic monitoring of structures

Abstract

An embodiment of an electrode monitoring system to evaluate cathodic monitoring of a structure includes a hollow body, a distal endcap and a proximal endcap each positioned to seal a respective opening of the hollow body, and an electrolyte compound positioned within an interior volume of the hollow body. The electrode monitoring system may include a first electrode and a second electrode each extending longitudinally from the distal endcap, through the interior volume of the hollow body, and through and outward from a respective aperture defined through the proximal endcap. The electrode monitoring system may include a controller configured to determine a resistance measurement between a first conductor electrically coupled to the first electrode and a second conductor electrically coupled to the second electrode when the hollow body is installed within sensing range of the structure, and evaluate a moisture level of the electrolyte compound based on the resistance measurement.

Description

ELECTRODE MONITORING SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR EVALUATING CATHODIC MONITORING OF STRUCTURESCross-reference to Related Applications

[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 654,895, filed May 31, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.Technical Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for evaluating cathodic monitoring of underground structures and, more particularly, to systems and methods including an electrode monitoring assembly for evaluating performance of permanent reference electrodes employed to monitor the cathodic protection of underground structures.Background

[0003] Cathodic protection of metallic structures covered in an electrolyte associated with soil or a fluid is an established technique for reducing the rate of corrosion of the structure. Such cathodic protection may be facilitated by a cathodic protection system, which may use an electrical energy source to provide a cathodic current distributed over the surface of the structure. The cathodic protection system may take the form of sacrificial anodes, AC- to-DC rectifiers, and / or direct DC sources (such as batteries, solar panels, and so forth). Once the cathodic protection system has been implemented, the effectiveness of the protection resulting from operation of the cathodic protection system may be assessed by measuring the potential difference between the structure and a reference electrode associated with an assembly used to assess the effectiveness. The reference electrode may therefore be used to monitor cathodic protection criteria or conditions of cathodic protection provided to the structure from adjacent to its underground or otherwise submerged position.

[0004] Compared to portable reference electrodes, permanent reference electrodes for cathodic protection may enable technicians to take more accurate measurements of electrolyte potential of an underground working electrode. For example, the measurements may be improved based on the reduced distance between the permanent reference electrode and the working electrode disposed underground, thus generating less IR-error comparedto a portable reference electrode held by a technician. In certain cases, an industry-standard permanent reference electrode is provided that uses a solid electrolyte compound, which may face minimal degradation over time and generally includes a longer life span than alternatives.

[0005] However, verifying performance of the permanent reference electrode can provide challenges, such as based on its installation underground or underneath a structure equipped with cathodic protection. For example, the permanent reference electrode may diminish in its ability to provide accurate electrolyte potential measurements over time, unbeknownst to the technicians that rely upon its measurements to verify operation of the cathodic protection system. Accordingly, Applicant has recognized that there may be a desire to provide improved systems, assemblies, and methods for evaluating operation of permanent reference electrodes associated with cathodically protected structures to ensure the continuous, reliable operation thereof. The present disclosure may address one or more of the above-referenced considerations, as well as possibly others.Summary

[0006] As referenced above, it may be desirable to provide improved systems, assemblies, and methods for performing in-situ evaluation of permanent reference electrodes of a cathodically protected structure, which is at least partially buried or submerged. The systems, assemblies, and methods disclosed herein enable efficient and effective monitoring of the performance of permanent reference electrodes over a full duration of their intended usable lifetime, thus significantly enhancing the reliability of cathodic protection measurements compared to previously available components. As will be understood, certain embodiments provide electrode monitoring based on in-situ measurement of moisture levels of a solid or gel electrolyte compound of a permanent reference electrode. In particular, the permanent reference electrode is specifically constructed to include two electrodes therein that are electrically connected to one another via the electrolyte compound and physically separated from one another. As such, resistance measurements taken between electrical conductors respectively coupled to each of the two electrodes facilitate immediate analysis of a moisture level of the electrolyte compound of the permanent reference electrode. The present disclosure further includes methods to manufacture and implement an electrode monitoring system as a permanent reference electrode for cathodic protection. In some embodiments, the systems, assemblies, and methods may facilitate evaluation of cathodic protection for a variety of at leastpartially buried or submerged structures such as, for example, pipelines, storage tanks, offshore platforms, well casings, and more.

[0007] As additional detail, certain embodiments disclosed herein include a permanent reference electrode having two electrodes or metallic elements, such as a metallic rod nested within a metallic coil, that are provided within a hollow body having a porous membrane. The electrodes are physically isolated from each other via endcaps on opposite ends of the hollow body that secure and retain ends of the electrodes. Additionally, the electrodes are both in contact with a surrounding electrolyte compound (e.g., solid or gel electrolyte compound) provided within the hollow body, and a distal end of an electrical conductor or wire is connected to each electrode. In some embodiments, proximal ends of the electrical conductors are positioned aboveground at a cathodic protection test station to facilitate convenient, future measurements after the permanent reference electrode is installed in its buried or submerged operating position. By connecting an ohmmeter or multimeter to the electrical conductors, a resistance measurement of the electrolyte compound can be taken by a controller or technician that enables detection and / or quantification of any moisture present within the electrolyte compound.

[0008] Accordingly, once the permanent reference electrode is submerged or buried underground, it generally may function as a cathodic protection permanent reference electrode, with additional integrated features for in-situ moisture measurement. That is, the proximal end of either electrical conductor can be utilized at an aboveground cathodic protection test station to obtain a cathodic protection potential measurement. In addition to this enhanced normal functionality, a resistance measurement can be taken between the proximal end of both electrical conductors using an ohmmeter, in certain embodiments. In response to determining the resistance measurement is “OL” or an infinite resistance, a controller or technician may determine that the electrolyte compound has an absence of moisture (or has “dried out”) and requires watering to provide accurate cathodic protection potential measurements again. In response to determining the resistance measurement is high (e.g., in the 100 kiloohm (kQ) range) or greater than a predetermined threshold, the controller or technician may determine that the electrolyte compound is close to drying out and could potentially benefit from being watered. In response to determining the resistance measurement is low (e.g., about 1 k or below), the controller or technician may determine that there is sufficient moisture in the electrolyte compound for an accurate cathodic protection potential measurement to be made.

[0009] As such, if sub-criterion potentials or abnormal readings are measured while taking a cathodic protection potential measurement between the permanent reference electrode and the structure under cathodic protection, other troubleshooting avenues beyond electrolyte compound moisturization can be investigated. In other words, in response to detecting a suitable moisture content via the present disclosure, the controller or technician can eliminate or exclude a dried-out reference electrode as being the cause of abnormal cathodic protection potential measurements. Therefore, in response to determining that cathodic protection potential readings of a submerged or underground structure are not what is normally expected at this location, the controller or technician will be able to determine that the potential measurements are accurate and further troubleshooting can be conducted to determine the cause of the abnormal measurements. As described herein, the present disclosure leverages an electrical resistance measurement from within the permanent reference electrode in order to evaluate whether an error or abnormality in a cathodic protection potential measurement is based on a lack of moisture within the electrolyte compound. In response to determining that a lack of moisture is present, the technician can then replenish the moisture or otherwise correct or replace the permanent reference electrode to again enable accurate measurements to be taken from either electrical conductor for improved cathodic protection monitoring.

[0010] In some embodiments, an electrode monitoring system is provided to evaluate cathodic monitoring of a structure when the structure is positioned at least partially underground or submerged. The electrode monitoring system may include a hollow body having walls defining an interior volume of the hollow body, and the walls include a distal opening at a distal end of the hollow body and a proximal opening at a proximal end of the hollow body. The electrode monitoring system may also include an electrolyte compound positioned within the interior volume of the hollow body and a distal endcap positioned to seal the distal opening. Additionally, the electrode monitoring system may include a proximal endcap positioned to seal the proximal opening and having a first aperture and a second aperture defined therethrough. The electrode monitoring system may include a first electrode extending longitudinally from the distal endcap, through the interior volume of the hollow body, and through and outward from the first aperture of the proximal endcap. The electrode monitoring system may also include a second electrode extending longitudinally from the distal endcap, through the interior volume of the hollow body, and through and outward from the second aperture of the proximal endcap. Further, theelectrode monitoring system may include a first conductor electrically coupled to the first electrode and a second conductor electrically coupled to the second electrode. The electrode monitoring system may include a controller in operative communication with the first conductor and the second conductor. The controller may be configured to determine a resistance measurement between the first conductor and the second conductor when the hollow body is installed within sensing range of the structure and at least partially underground or submerged, and evaluate a moisture level of the electrolyte compound based on the resistance measurement.

[0011] In certain embodiments, the controller is configured to determine the moisture level of the electrolyte compound based on a comparison between the resistance measurement and a threshold resistance measurement. In certain embodiments, the controller further is configured to determine whether the moisture level of the electrolyte compound is above a threshold moisture level, and in response to determining the moisture level is above the threshold moisture level, determine a potential measurement indicative of cathodic protection from the first conductor or the second conductor. In certain embodiments, the first electrode includes a coiled shape and the second electrode includes a rod shape nested within the coiled shape.

[0012] In certain embodiments, the proximal endcap includes (i) a proximal plug in contact with inner surfaces of the walls at the proximal end of the hollow body to seal the electrolyte compound therein and (ii) a proximal cap overlapping the proximal plug and in contact with outer surfaces of the walls at the proximal end of the hollow body to secure the proximal plug. In certain embodiments, the proximal plug includes the first aperture and the second aperture to respectively immobilize and seal against the first electrode and the second electrode extending longitudinally therethrough, and the proximal cap includes one or more additional apertures to respectively secure and seal against the first conductor and the second conductor extending longitudinally therethrough. Additionally, a first connection between the first conductor and a first proximal end of the first electrode and a second connection between the second conductor and a second proximal end of the second electrode may be sealed between the proximal plug and the proximal cap. In certain embodiments, the electrode monitoring system further includes a waterproof material or sealant disposed between the proximal plug and the proximal cap to retain and affix the first conductor in the first aperture and the second conductor in the second aperture.

[0013] In certain embodiments, the distal endcap includes (i) a distal plug in contact with inner surfaces of the walls at the distal end of the hollow body to seal the electrolyte compound therein and (ii) a distal cap overlapping the distal plug and in contact with outer surfaces of the walls at the distal end of the hollow body to secure the distal plug. In certain embodiments, the distal endcap includes a first retaining groove to immobilize a first distal end of the first electrode and a second retaining groove to immobilize a second distal end of the second electrode. In certain embodiments, the first electrode includes a coiled shape and the first retaining groove includes an annular shape, and the second electrode includes a rod shape and the second retaining groove includes a circular shape concentric with the annular shape. In certain embodiments, the electrolyte compound includes a solid material, a semi-solid material, or a gel material. In certain embodiments, each of the first conductor and the second conductor extend from the hollow body to an aboveground cathodic test station when the hollow body is positioned at least partially underground or submerged.

[0014] In some embodiments, a method is provided for using an electrode monitoring system to evaluate cathodic monitoring of a structure when the structure is positioned at least partially underground or submerged. The method may include determining a resistance measurement between a first conductor electrically coupled to a first electrode and a second conductor electrically coupled to a second electrode of a permanent reference electrode assembly that includes an electrolyte compound electrically coupling the first electrode and the second electrode. The method may also include determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than a threshold resistance measurement. Additionally, in response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the threshold resistance measurement, the method may include outputting an alert indicative of the electrolyte compound having a moisture level below a threshold moisture level. In response to determining the resistance measurement is less than the threshold resistance measurement, the method may include determining a potential measurement indicative of cathodic protection of the structure from the first conductor or the second conductor.

[0015] In certain embodiments, the resistance measurement being less than the threshold resistance measurement is indicative of the electrolyte compound having a sufficient moisture level and the potential measurement indicative of the cathodic protection of the structure being accurate. In certain embodiments, the threshold resistance measurement includes a predetermined value between about 1 kiloohm (kQ) and about 100 kQ. In certain embodiments, the method further includes, in response to determining the resistancemeasurement is greater than the threshold resistance measurement, supplying fluid to the electrolyte compound and redetermining the resistance measurement.

[0016] In certain embodiments, the method further includes determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than a second threshold resistance measurement that is higher than the threshold resistance measurement. In response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the second threshold resistance measurement, the method includes outputting an alert indicative of the electrolyte compound having an absence of moisture. In certain embodiments, the second threshold resistance measurement includes a predetermined value greater than about 100 k or a value presented as undefined or infinite.

[0017] In certain embodiments, the method further includes determining whether the potential measurement indicative of the cathodic protection of the structure is abnormal. In response to determining the potential measurement indicative of the cathodic protection of the structure is abnormal, the method includes conducting troubleshooting to determine a problem source of the potential measurement that excludes the permanent reference electrode assembly. In certain embodiments, the resistance measurement and the potential measurement are determined from the first conductor, the second conductor, or both via a measuring device positioned at an aboveground cathodic test station.

[0018] In some embodiments, a method is provided for making an electrode monitoring system to evaluate cathodic monitoring of a structure when the structure is positioned at least partially underground or submerged. The method may include coupling a first electrode and a second electrode to a distal endcap, and the first electrode and the second electrode are physically separated from one another. The method may include positioning a hollow body over the first electrode and the second electrode and in contact with the distal endcap, such that a distal edge of the hollow body is sealed against the distal endcap. Additionally, the method may include providing an electrolyte compound within an interior volume of hollow body, and the electrolyte compound electrically couples the first electrode and the second electrode when sufficiently moisturized. The method also includes installing a proximal endcap on the hollow body, such that a proximal edge of the hollow body is sealed against the proximal endcap, the first electrode protrudes through a first aperture of the proximal endcap, and the second electrode protrudes through a second aperture of the proximal endcap. The method further includes electrically coupling a first conductor to the first electrode and a second conductor to the second electrode, such that a resistance measurement between the first conductor and the second conductor is indicativeof a moisture level of the electrolyte compound and a potential measurement from the first conductor or the second conductor is indicative of cathodic protection of the structure.

[0019] In certain embodiments, the first electrode includes a coiled shape and the second electrode includes a rod shape. Additionally, coupling the first electrode and the second electrode to the distal endcap includes fitting the coil shape of the first electrode within an annular retaining groove of the distal endcap and fitting the rod shape of the second electrode within a central retaining groove of the distal endcap, radially inward of the annular retaining groove.

[0020] In certain embodiments, installing the proximal endcap on the hollow body includes positioning a proximal plug of the proximal endcap in contact with inner surfaces of the hollow body to seal the electrolyte compound therein. The proximal plug includes the first aperture and the second aperture. Installing the proximal endcap also includes positioning a proximal cap of the proximal endcap to overlap the proximal plug and contact outer surfaces of the hollow body to secure the proximal plug. The proximal cap includes one or more additional apertures to respectively secure and seal against the first conductor and the second conductor extending longitudinally therethrough.

[0021] In certain embodiments, the method further includes applying a waterproof material or sealant between the proximal plug and the proximal cap to retain and affix the first conductor in the first aperture and the second conductor in the second aperture. In certain embodiments, the method further includes positioning each of (i) a first connection between the first conductor and a first proximal end of the first electrode and (ii) a second connection between the second conductor and a second proximal end of the second electrode between the proximal plug and the proximal cap.

[0022] In certain embodiments, the method further includes determining the potential measurement from the first conductor or the second conductor to evaluate the cathodic protection of the structure. In certain embodiments, the method further includes determining the resistance measurement between the first conductor and the second conductor to evaluate the moisture level of the electrolyte compound. In certain embodiments, determining the resistance measurement to evaluate the moisture level of the electrolyte compound includes determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than a threshold resistance measurement. Additionally, in response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the threshold resistance measurement, the methodincludes generating an alert indicative of the electrolyte compound having the moisture level below a threshold moisture level.

[0023] In some embodiments, a method is provided for operating a permanent reference electrode assembly associated with a cathodically protected structure when the structure is positioned at least partially underground or submerged. The method may include electrically coupling a first test probe of a measuring device to a first conductor of the permanent reference electrode assembly and electrically coupling a second test probe of the measuring device to a second conductor of the permanent reference electrode assembly. The first conductor is electrically coupled to a first electrode of the permanent reference electrode assembly and the second conductor is electrically coupled to a second electrode of the permanent reference electrode assembly. Additionally, the permanent reference electrode assembly includes an electrolyte compound electrically coupling the first electrode and the second electrode. The method also includes determining a resistance measurement between the first conductor and the second conductor with the measuring device. The method further includes outputting the resistance measurement to enable determination of a moisture level of the electrolyte compound.

[0024] In certain embodiments, determining the resistance measurement includes supplying an electric current into an electrical circuit formed serially between the measuring device, the first test probe, the first conductor, the first electrode, the electrolyte compound, the second electrode, the second conductor, and the second test probe. In certain embodiments, outputting the resistance measurement includes displaying the resistance measurement on a digital display or an analog display of the measuring device, which includes a portable multimeter or ohmmeter. In certain embodiments, the first test probe and the second test probe are electrically coupled to the first conductor and the second conductor at an aboveground cathodic test station. In certain embodiments, the resistance measurement is determined when the permanent reference electrode assembly is installed within sensing range of the structure and at least partially underground or submerged.

[0025] In certain embodiments, outputting the resistance measurement includes transmitting data indicative of the resistance measurement to a controller in signal communication with the measuring device. In certain embodiments, the method further includes determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than a threshold resistance measurement. In response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the threshold resistance measurement, the method may include outputting an alertindicative of the moisture level of the electrolyte compound being below a threshold moisture level. In response to determining the resistance measurement is not greater than the threshold resistance measurement, the method may include determining a potential measurement from the first conductor or the second conductor with the measuring device.

[0026] Still other aspects and advantages of these exemplary embodiments and other embodiments are discussed in detail herein. Moreover, it is to be understood that both the foregoing information and the following detailed description provide merely illustrative examples of various aspects and embodiments, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed aspects and embodiments. Accordingly, these and other objects, along with advantages and features of the present disclosure, will become apparent through reference to the following description and the accompanying drawings. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the features of the various embodiments described herein are not mutually exclusive and may exist in various combinations and permutations.Brief Description of the Drawings

[0027] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure, are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure, and together with the detailed description, serve to explain principles of the embodiments discussed herein. No attempt is made to show structural details of this disclosure in more detail than can be necessary for a fundamental understanding of the embodiments discussed herein and the various ways in which they may be practiced. According to common practice, the various features of the drawings discussed below are not necessarily drawn to scale. Dimensions of various features and elements in the drawings may be expanded or reduced to illustrate embodiments of the disclosure more clearly.

[0028] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example electrode monitoring system including an example electrode monitoring assembly for verifying operation of a permanent reference electrode thereof, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

[0029] FIGS. 2 A and 2B are schematic cutaway side and schematic cutaway perspective views of an example electrode monitoring assembly including an example permanent reference electrode, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

[0030] FIGS. 3A and 3B are cutaway side and perspective views of an example electrode monitoring assembly including a permanent reference electrode, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

[0031] FIGS. 4A-4C are schematic perspective, top down, and side views of an example plug of a distal endcap for the electrode monitoring assembly, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

[0032] FIGS. 5A-5C are schematic perspective, top down, and side views of an example cap of a distal endcap for the electrode monitoring assembly, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

[0033] FIGS. 6A-6C are schematic perspective, top down, and side views of an example plug of a proximal endcap for the electrode monitoring assembly, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

[0034] FIGS. 7A-7C are schematic perspective, top down, and side views of an example cap of a proximal endcap for the electrode monitoring assembly, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

[0035] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example method for making an electrode monitoring assembly, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

[0036] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example method for installation and use of an electrode monitoring assembly, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

[0037] FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example method for controlling an electrode monitoring system, according to embodiments of the disclosure.

[0038] FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example control system for an electrode monitoring system, according to embodiments of the disclosure.Detailed Description

[0039] The drawings include like numerals to indicate like parts throughout the several views. The following description is provided as an enabling teaching of exemplary embodiments, and those skilled in the relevant art will recognize that many changes may be made to the embodiments described. It also will be apparent that some of the desired benefits of the embodiments described may be obtained by selecting some of the features of the embodiments without utilizing other features. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will recognize that many modifications and adaptations to the embodiments described arepossible and may even be desirable in certain circumstances. Thus, the following description is provided as illustrative of the principles of the embodiments and not in limitation thereof.

[0040] The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. As used herein, the term “plurality” refers to two or more items or components. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” and “involving,” whether in the written description or the claims and the like, are open-ended terms, in particular, to mean “including but not limited to,” unless otherwise stated. Thus, the use of such terms is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter, and equivalents thereof, as well as additional items. The transitional phrases “consisting of’ and “consisting essentially of,” are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, with respect to any claims. Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” and the like in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish claim elements. Similarly, the term “proximal” is understood to mean closer to, or in the direction of, a technician or test station. Accordingly, the term “distal” is understood to mean a location or direction distant to or directed away from the technician or test station.

[0041] As noted above, permanent reference electrodes may be used to monitor cathodic protection criteria or conditions of cathodic protection provided to various structures, such as structures that are underground or otherwise submerged. Standard cathodic protection reference electrodes may include a single metallic electrode or element, such as a copper electrode used in a copper-copper sulfate reference electrode. The electrode interacts with the surrounding electrolyte and cathodically protected structure to facilitate collection of a cathodic protection potential measurement that represents the protection of the structure. Certain industry-standard permanent reference electrodes may also utilize a solid electrolyte compound, which may face minimal degradation over time and generally includes a longer life span than alternatives. However, the solid electrolyte compound may dry out over time in some cases and, thus, diminish in its ability to provide accurate electrolyte potential measurements. In such cases, the permanent reference electrode may operate poorly or stop functioning altogether in the absence of sufficient moisture. Addingto the issue, the present disclosure recognizes that there is no suitable procedure for detecting the presence of moisture within the solid electrolyte compound of a permanent reference electrode that is in service at its generally inaccessible, underground or submerged installation position. As such, various challenges or difficulties are encountered by attempts to determine whether any abnormal cathodic protection potential measurements are due to a dried-out reference electrode or whether an actual issue exists for cathodic protection of the submerged or underground structure, such as DC interference or a lack of protective current.

[0042] The present disclosure addresses these issues via moisture measurement systems, assemblies, and methods for cathodic protection permanent reference electrodes. In certain embodiments, a permanent reference electrode (e.g., permanent reference electrode assembly) includes two electrodes positioned within porous walls of a hollow body. Each end of the hollow body is sealed with a respective endcap, which includes retainment features to secure ends of the electrodes in physical isolation or apart from one another. The permanent reference electrode includes an electrolyte compound disposed within the hollow body and in contact with both electrodes. Additionally, first ends of two electrical conductors are coupled to a respective electrode, while second ends of the electrical conductors are positioned at a cathodic protection test station at a convenient aboveground location. As such, a measuring device or ohmmeter may be coupled to the electrical conductors at the test station to provide resistance measurements across the electrodes that are indicative of a moisture level of the electrolyte compound, which provides the only significant electrical connection between the electrodes in the permanent reference electrode.

[0043] Therefore, the present disclosure leverages an electrical resistance measurement from within the permanent reference electrode itself in order to determine whether the permanent reference electrode is operating correctly or, alternatively, includes a lack of moisture within the electrolyte compound. In response to determining that a lack of moisture is present, a controller or technician may replenish the moisture or otherwise correct, repair, or replace the permanent reference electrode, before proceeding to perform additional evaluations or procedures for cathodic protection. The permanent reference electrode further enables electrolyte potential measurements indicative of cathodic protection of the structure to be collected via either of the electrical conductors. In some embodiments, the permanent reference electrode being connected to two electricalconductors provides certain operating redundancies for cathodic protection measurements over other reference electrodes that rely on a single electrical conductor. With this general understanding in mind, embodiments of electrode monitoring systems, assemblies, and methods are described herein for measuring moisture levels of an electrolyte compound based on resistance measurements taken between two electrodes in a permanent reference electrode.

[0044] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example electrode monitoring system 10 including an example electrode monitoring assembly 20 for evaluating operation of a permanent reference electrode 22, according to embodiments of the disclosure. In certain embodiments, the permanent reference electrode 22 may be referred to as a permanent reference electrode assembly, a self-monitoring permanent reference electrode, or an electrode moisture monitoring assembly. As shown in FIG. 1, a cathodic protection system 24 provides cathodic protection for a structure 26 (not to scale) that is at least partially buried in the ground 30. For example, the structure 26 may be electrically connected to a sacrificial anode 32 via a first anode electrical conductor 34 or, in embodiments, the sacrificial anode 32 may be placed in direct contact with a surface of the structure 26. A second anode electrical conductor 36 may extend from the sacrificial anode 32 to an electrical system 38 of a test station 40 or cathodic protection test station, in certain embodiments. Additionally, the permanent reference electrode 22 of the cathodic protection system 24 may be installed in a subterranean position within soil or suitable filler in the ground 30. In embodiments, the test station 40 provides a convenient, aboveground location from which technicians may evaluate the operation of the cathodic protection system 24.

[0045] As will be discussed in more detail with reference to later figures, the permanent reference electrode 22 of certain embodiments includes two electrodes or electrode elements that are electrically coupled via an electrolyte compound and retained within a housing or body 50. A first electrical conductor 60 is electrically coupled to a first electrode within the body 50 and a second electrical conductor 62 is electrically coupled to a second electrode within the body 50. The electrical conductors 60, 62 each extend from a first or proximal electrode end 52 of the permanent reference electrode 22 to the electrical system 38 of the test station 40, in certain embodiments. The electrical system 38 may include any suitable electrical monitoring or measuring devices and / or power sources to provide cathodic protection to the structure 26 and to provide status monitoring for the permanentreference electrode 22. For example, the electrical system 38 may include an electrical potential or voltage measuring device (e.g., voltmeter), a resistance measuring device (e.g., ohmmeter), a current measuring device (e.g., ammeter), a multimeter including any suitable combination of such measuring devices, and / or any other suitable electrical measuring devices.

[0046] In certain embodiments, a voltage measuring device of the electrical system 38 is employed to monitor the cathodic protection provided to the structure 26, such as based at least in part on a voltage (e.g., electrical potential) or other cathodic criteria associated with the permanent reference electrode 22. The voltage of the permanent reference electrode 22 indicative of the cathodic protection may be measured or taken from either of the electrical conductors 60, 62, which are each coupled to a respective electrode in electrical communication with the electrolyte compound. As recognized herein, the inclusion of two electrodes enables previously unavailable, in-situ monitoring of a moisture level (e.g., operating condition, status) of the permanent reference electrode 22 and / or its electrolyte compound. For example, a resistance measuring device may measure or determine a resistance measurement between the electrical conductors 60, 62 coupled to the respective electrodes. This resistance measurement is indicative of the electrical connection between the electrodes, as provided by the electrolyte compound. As such, the moisture level of the electrolyte compound directly affects the resistance between the two electrical conductors 60, 62.

[0047] Embodiments of the electrode monitoring system 10 disclosed herein can thus quantitatively analyze the resistance to monitor the moisture level of the permanent reference electrode from the accessible test station 40. In some embodiments, the electrical system 38 is operated via a technician who accesses the test station 40 and performs testing on terminated ends of various electrical conductors included therein. For example, the technician may wield a portable or handheld measuring device having two or more test leads or test probes, which may be electrically coupled to the terminated ends to facilitate manual determinations of voltages and resistances described herein. In some embodiments, the measuring device determines resistance based on supplying an electric current into an electrical circuit formed serially between the measuring device, a first test probe, the first conductor, the first electrode, the electrolyte compound, the second electrode, the second conductor, and a second test probe.

[0048] In certain embodiments, the electrode monitoring system 10 and / or the test station 40 includes a controller 70 to manage operation of all or a portion of the electrode monitoring system 10, the cathodic protection system 24, and / or any suitable measuring devices. For example, the illustrated embodiment includes the controller 70 positioned at the test station 40. Certain embodiments may additionally or alternatively include one or more control components at a location that is remote to the test station 40, such as at a service center that manages multiple cathodically protected structures. The controller 70 may be in signal communication with various other components associated with the electrode monitoring system 10. For example, the controller 70 may be in signal communication with one or more components of the cathodic protection system 24, the electrical system 38, or a combination thereof. Certain embodiments may also include the controller 70 being in signal communication with one or more user devices associated with a technician or a service center.

[0049] The controller 70 may be provided to perform or coordinate various actions within the electrode monitoring system 10, including monitoring and operating the permanent reference electrode 22 and / or the cathodic protection system 24. For example, the controller 70 may include programming to perform tests via the electrical system 38, evaluate or monitor a current status of the permanent reference electrode 22, provide an alert to a user device indicative of a request for a technician to perform maintenance or replace the permanent reference electrode 22, and so forth. In some embodiments, the controller 70 may receive sensor signals and transmit suitable control signals to automatically perform status monitoring of the permanent reference electrode 22, control operation of the cathodic protection system 24, or a combination thereof.

[0050] In various embodiments, the controller 70 includes one or more processors and one or more memories. In the drawings and specification, several embodiments of electrode monitoring systems 10 and electrode monitoring assemblies 20 and methods of operating the same are disclosed. The controller 70 may include any suitable instructions, software programs, modules, and / or algorithms to facilitate performance of these methods. Further examples of associated components and methods for operating the controller 70 are provided with reference to later figures. In an embodiment, various sensors, meters, and / or transmitters may be disposed through the electrode monitoring system 10. These sensing components may be in signal communication with the controller 70 and may provide data or feedback to the controller 70 to determine various sensor data associated with theoperation, status, and maintenance of the permanent reference electrode 22. The sensors may measure or detect any suitable operating parameters to enable the controller 70 and / or a technician to monitor operation of the electrode monitoring system 10, such as voltage or other cathodic criteria or parameters associated with the permanent reference electrode 22, chemical properties, temperature, pressure, moisture content, and / or other properties, as will be understood by a person skilled in the art.

[0051] The permanent reference electrode 22, in at least some embodiments, may be used for a variety of structures positioned in a variety of different environments. For example, on land the cathodically protected structure 26 may be a transmission pipeline or storage tank that is at least partially buried in the surrounding environment, such as the ground 30. One of skill in the art will appreciate that the design of an electrode monitoring assembly 20 or permanent reference electrode 22 may be at least partially influenced by characteristics associated with the intended surrounding environment, which are not meant to be limiting. Although most often referred to herein in the context of a structure 26 buried in soil or the ground 30, as shown in FIG. 1, the disclosed embodiments and methods may be used for any environment containing a structure that is subject to cathodic protection. Additionally, the embodiments discussed herein may refer primarily to permanent reference electrodes 22 having generally tubular shapes or circular cross-sections. However, the present techniques may be extended to embodiments having various crosssections, including triangular, rectangular, hexagonal, or irregular, for example.

[0052] FIGS. 2 A and 2B respectively illustrate schematic cutaway side and schematic cutaway perspective views of an example electrode monitoring assembly 20 to facilitate measurement of the moisture within a permanent reference electrode after installation. As introduced above, the electrode monitoring assembly 20 may include or be a permanent reference electrode 22 having integrated, moisture measurement features to provide efficient status evaluation during operation. In certain embodiments, the permanent reference electrode 22 includes a tubular or hollow body 100 having a distal body end 102 and a proximal body end 104. The hollow body 100 may include or be formed from one or more layers of suitable porous membranes or materials, such as ceramic and / or plastic materials. The hollow body 100 is positioned between a first or distal endcap 106 coupled to the distal body end 102 and a second or proximal endcap 108 coupled to the proximal body end 104. The hollow body 100 and the endcaps 106, 108 may generally form a main body or electrode body of the permanent reference electrode 22, in some embodiments.

[0053] The permanent reference electrode 22 further includes a first electrode 110 and a second electrode 112 positioned within the hollow body 100. The electrodes 110, 112 are physically separated from one another within the hollow body 100. In some embodiments, distal electrode ends 114 of the electrodes 110, 112 are retained by or secured to the distal endcap 106 and proximal electrode ends 116 of the electrodes 110, 112 are retained by or secured to the proximal endcap 108. In the illustrated embodiment, the first electrode 110 includes a helical coiled shape and second electrode 112 includes a straight or rod shape. For example, the second electrode 112 extends along a longitudinal axis 118 or centerline of the permanent reference electrode 22, while the first electrode 110 spirals around the longitudinal axis 118 at a position that is radially offset along a radial axis 120 of the permanent reference electrode 22. The second electrode 112 may be nested within, positioned radially inward of, or positioned concentric to the first electrode 110 to efficiently conserve limited space within the hollow body 100, in certain embodiments.

[0054] It should be understood that the electrodes 110, 112 may be provided with any suitable shapes that enables them to be positioned within the hollow body 100 while being physically isolated or separated from one another. For example, the electrodes 110, 112 may include two rod shapes, two coil shapes (e.g., nested coils of different diameters, adjacent coils in non-overlapping portions of the hollow body 100), and so forth. The electrodes 110, 112 may be formed of any suitable conductive material, such as copper for use in a copper-copper sulfate reference electrode. In some embodiments, the electrodes 110, 112 each have a same thickness of the conductive material, which may be formed when producing the electrodes 110, 112 from a shared stock of wire or base material.

[0055] The permanent reference electrode 22 further includes an electrolyte compound 122 positioned within the hollow body 100 and in contact with each electrode 110, 112. As recognized herein, the electrolyte compound 122 provides an electrical connection between the electrodes 110, 112 that is dependent on the moisture level of the electrolyte compound 122. For example, when the electrolyte compound 122 is sufficiently moisturized, a resistance measurement taken between the two electrodes 110, 112 is desirably low or below a predetermined resistance threshold. In such cases, the permanent reference electrode 22 includes sufficient moisture in the electrolyte compound 122 for electrically connecting the electrodes 110, 112 and, therefore, for providing accurate cathodic protection potential measurements. Alternatively, when the electrolyte compound 122 has a low moisture level, the resistance measurement between the electrodes 110, 112 may behigh or above the predetermined resistance threshold, indicating possible issues with the permanent reference electrode 22. The inclusion of the two electrodes 110, 112 thus facilitates in-situ analysis of the moisture level of the electrolyte compound 122 based on resistance measurements between the electrodes 110, 112.

[0056] Moreover, the electrolyte compound 122 may be provided with a solid-state form, a semi-solid form, and / or a gel-like form. In some embodiments, the electrolyte compound 122 may include copper sulfate, water, a solid filler, mixtures thereof, and / or similar materials or materials having similar electrolytic and / or gel-like characteristics, although other electrolytic materials are contemplated. Indeed, any suitable solid electrolyte compound or gel electrolyte compound may be provided as the electrolyte compound 122 of the permanent reference electrode 22.

[0057] In certain embodiments, the endcaps 106, 108 facilitate retention of the electrolyte compound 122 within the hollow body 100. The endcaps 106, 108 may each include or be formed of a suitable non-porous and / or non-conductive material, including plastic, polymeric, rubber, and / or elastomeric materials. In some embodiments, the endcaps 106, 108 are 3D printed with a suitable filament, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) filament. Each endcap 106, 108 may be provided as a single piece or as multiple pieces that physically cooperate to seal the body ends 102, 104 of the hollow body 100 and retain or stabilize the electrodes 110, 112 in desired operating positions. In some embodiments, the distal endcap 106 may include one or more retaining grooves, seatings, cavities, or features to immobilize the distal electrode ends 114 of the electrodes 110, 112. These seatings enable the electrodes 110, 112 to remain physically isolated from each other at the distal body end 102.

[0058] The proximal endcap 108 may provide corresponding functionality for retaining or immobilizing the proximal electrode ends 116 of the electrodes 110, 112 at the proximal body end 104, while further enabling the physical and electrical connection of the electrical conductors 60, 62 to the proximal electrode ends 116. In embodiments, the proximal endcap 108 include one or more apertures, through-holes, or ports through which the proximal electrode ends 116 may extend, thus exposing the proximal electrode ends for coupling to the respective electrical conductors. The proximal endcap 108 of certain embodiments includes two inner apertures therethrough, as shown with reference to later figures, to respectively seal against and retain the proximal electrode ends 116 of the electrodes 110, 112. In certain embodiments, one or more outer apertures 124 are provided through theproximal endcap 108 to facilitate the electrical coupling of distal conductor ends 126 of the electrical conductors 60, 62 to the electrodes 110, 112. Accordingly, the first electrical conductor 60 is electrically coupled to a first electrode 110 and the second electrical conductor 62 is electrically coupled to the second electrode 112, thereby enabling determination of resistance measurements indicative of a moisture level of the electrolyte compound 122 as well as determination of electric potential or other indicia of cathodic protection.

[0059] FIGS. 3A and 3B respectively illustrate cutaway side and perspective views of an example electrode monitoring assembly 20 including a permanent reference electrode 22, according to embodiments of the disclosure. As discussed with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the permanent reference electrode 22 includes the hollow body 100, the endcaps 106, 108, and the two electrodes 110, 112. Each electrode 110, 112 extends from the distal endcap 106, through a respective and non-overlapping vertical extent of an internal volume 140 of the hollow body 100, and to the proximal endcap 108. In some embodiments, the proximal electrode ends 116 of the electrodes 110, 112 are coupled to the electrical conductors 60, 62 within or directly adjacent to the proximal endcap 108. The endcaps 106, 108 may seal the electrodes 110, 112 within the hollow body 100 and in contact with the electrolyte compound discussed above, such that the electrodes 110, 112 are blocked or protected from physically contacting a surrounding backfill of the permanent reference electrode 22.

[0060] In certain embodiments, the endcaps 106, 108 discussed above are each provided as two interlocking sealing components or a two-piece sealing assembly, generally including an inner plug and an outer cap at each of the distal body end 102 and the proximal body end 104. In some embodiments, each inner plug seals against an inner surface of the hollow body 100 and each outer cap seals against the inner plug and an outer surface of the hollow body 100. The arrangement of sealing components in such embodiments enables reliable construction and effective operation of the permanent reference electrode 22, and these non-limiting embodiments of sealing components are described in more detail below.

[0061] FIGS. 4A-4C are schematic perspective, top down, and side views of an example plug 200 (e.g., distal plug) of a distal endcap 106 for the electrode monitoring assembly. In some embodiments, the plug 200 includes a flanged base 202 and both outer annular walls 204 and inner annular walls 206 extending from the flanged base 202. The flanged base 202 and the annular walls 204, 206 may physically cooperate to provide retaininggrooves, searings, cavities, or features for securing the distal ends of the electrodes. For example, the inner annular walls 206 may form a circular seating 210 within a center of the plug to house the distal electrode end of the second electrode, which may include a rod shape. Additionally, the annular walls 204, 206 may form an annular seating 212 positioned radially between the circular seating 210 and an outer perimeter 214 of the plug 200. The annular seating 212 of certain embodiments houses the distal electrode end of the first electrode, which may include a coil shape having an annular cross-section. The plug 200 may be fitted with the electrodes and installed within the hollow body, such that an outer surface 216 of the outer annular walls 204 seals against an inner surface of the hollow body. In some embodiments, an outer surface 218 of the flanged base 202 also contacts or physically abuts a distalmost surface of the hollow body.

[0062] FIGS. 5A-5C are schematic perspective, top down, and side views of an example cap 250 (e.g., distal cap) of a distal endcap 106 for the electrode monitoring assembly. In certain embodiments, the cap 250 includes a base 252 and annular walls 254 extending from the base 252. The cap 250 may be provided to overlap the plug 200, thereby securing the plug 200 in place and enhancing the seal of the distal end of the permanent reference electrode. In some embodiments, an inner surface 260 of the annular walls 254 may contact and seal against an outer surface of the hollow body of the permanent reference electrode.

[0063] FIGS. 6A-6C are schematic perspective, top down, and side views of an example plug 300 (e.g., proximal plug) of a proximal endcap 108 for the electrode monitoring assembly. The plug 300 includes a base 302 and annular walls 304 extending from the base 302. Additionally, the plug 300 includes retainment features for securing the proximal ends of the electrodes. In certain embodiments, the plug 300 includes a first aperture 310 and a second aperture 312 through the base 302. The apertures 310, 312 are each sized and positioned to receive the proximal end of a respective electrodes. For example, the first aperture 310 may be positioned at a radial offset from a centerline 320 of the plug 300 to align with the coil shape of the first electrode where it traverses the base 302 of the plug 300. In some embodiments, the second aperture 312 is positioned through the centerline 320 of the plug 300 to align with a position at which the second electrode traverses the base 302 of the plug 300.

[0064] As will be understood, the plug 300 may be fitted over the electrodes and installed within or coupled to the hollow body, such that an outer surface 322 of the plug 300 seals against an inner surface of the hollow body. Once the plug 300 is installed, the electricalconductors may be connected or soldered to the proximal electrode ends of the electrodes. In some embodiments discussed further below, a waterproof material (e.g., hardenable epoxy, sealant) is applied to the connections between the electrodes and the electrical conductors, such directly adjacent to or abutting an outer surface of the base 302 of the plug 300. In certain embodiments, a partially enclosed space provided between the base 302 and the annular walls 304 is filled with the waterproof material to form permanent and waterproof connections between the electrodes and electrical conductors.

[0065] FIGS. 7A-7C are schematic perspective, top down, and side views of an example cap 350 (e.g., proximal cap) of a proximal endcap 108 for the electrode monitoring assembly. The cap 350 of certain embodiments also includes a base 352 and annular walls 354 extending from the base 352. The cap 350 may include one or more outer apertures 124 to enable the electrical conductors to traverse through the base 352. For example, the illustrated embodiment includes a single outer aperture 124 having a rounded rectangular or geometric stadium shape, which may efficiently seal against and secure the cylindrically shaped electrical conductors. However, any suitable arrangement of one or more apertures may be used, such as two circular apertures, a single rectangular aperture, and so forth. The cap 350 may be provided to overlap the plug 300, thereby securing the plug 300 in place and enhancing the seal of the distal end of the permanent reference electrode. In some embodiments, an inner surface 362 of the annular walls 354 may contact and seal against an outer surface of the hollow body of the permanent reference electrode.

[0066] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example method 500 for making an electrode monitoring assembly or self-monitoring permanent reference electrode, according to embodiments of the disclosure, such as those described herein, as well as others. The example method 500 is illustrated as a collection of blocks in a logical flow graph, which represents a sequence of operations. The order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described blocks may be combined in any order and / or in parallel to implement the method 500. The method 500 is generally described with reference to various elements of embodiments of the electrode monitoring system discussed above, though any other suitable elements and / or modifications that facilitate in-situ moisture evaluation of a permanent reference electrode are contemplated herein.

[0067] At block 502, the example method 500 includes coupling a first electrode and a second electrode to a distal endcap. For example, in certain embodiments, the first electrodeincludes a coil shape and the second electrode includes a rod shape. The electrodes may be formed of a conductive material or metal, such as copper wire. As discussed above, the distal endcap of certain embodiments may include two retaining grooves, which each receive and retain a distal end of a respective electrode. As such, a partial assembly is formed that includes the distal endcap and the electrodes extended therefrom.

[0068] At block 504, the example method 500 includes installing a hollow body over the first electrode and the second electrode, as well as coupling a distal edge of the hollow body to the distal endcap. In embodiments, after the electrodes are permanently seated in the distal endcap, the assembled distal cap and electrodes are inserted through the distal end of the tubular, porous membrane. For example, in some embodiments, the hollow body thus circumferentially surrounds the electrodes and defines an interior volume extending from an inward-facing or proximal surface of the distal endcap to a free edge or proximal edge of the hollow body. In certain embodiments, the distal endcap may include two pieces, such as a plug and a cap. As introduced with reference to FIGS. 4A-5C, a distal plug of the distal endcap may include the retaining grooves for the electrode. Additionally, a distal cap of the distal endcap may be positioned over the distal plug after the distal plug is coupled to the hollow body, thereby further securing and sealing the distal end of the permanent reference electrode.

[0069] At block 506, the example method 500 includes providing an electrolyte compound within the interior volume of hollow body. The electrolyte compound may be supplied into the interior volume with any suitable physical state (e.g., solid, gel, semi-solid, powder), chemical composition, and amount to suit the expected operating environment and conditions of the permanent reference electrode. In embodiments, the electrolyte compound provides a moisture-dependent electrical connection between the first electrode and the second electrode. At block 508, the example method 500 includes installing a proximal endcap on the hollow body. The proximal endcap of certain embodiments is installed by coupling the proximal endcap to the proximal edge of the hollow body and positioning the first electrode and the second electrode through apertures of the proximal endcap.

[0070] At block 510, the example method 500 includes electrically coupling conductors to the first electrode and the second electrode. For example, an electrical conductor or measurement wire is connected or soldered to each proximal end of the electrodes that protrudes through the apertures of the proximal endcap. As such, the electrode monitoring assembly including the permanent reference electrode may be manufactured and ready forinstallation. As described herein, the permanent reference electrode includes the first electrode and the second electrode to enable self-monitoring of the electrolyte compound that electrically couples the otherwise separate electrodes. Indeed, a controller or technician may collect a resistance measurement between the first conductor and the second conductor that is indicative of a moisture level of the electrolyte compound. Moreover, the controller or technician may collect a potential measurement from the first conductor or the second conductor that is indicative of cathodic protection of the structure.

[0071] In certain embodiments, the proximal endcap may include two pieces, such as a plug and a cap. For example, as introduced with reference to FIGS. 6A-7C, certain embodiments of the proximal endcap include a proximal plug having the two apertures, as well as a proximal cap that is positioned over the proximal plug. In more detail, the proximal plug may include a shelled cylindrical shape with two apertures (e.g., interior apertures) that enable top or proximal ends of both electrodes to traverse therethrough, while remaining physically separated at the proximal end of the assembly. The conductors can be electrically connected to the electrodes within a partially enclosed space of the proximal plug. As such, the partially enclosed space of the proximal plug may be filled with a waterproof material (e.g., hardenable epoxy, sealant) to form permanent and waterproof electrical connections.

[0072] In certain embodiments, the proximal cap is included to seal and secure the proximal plug and the electrical connections, after the proximal plug is installed on the hollow body. For example, the proximal cap may include one or more external apertures that may be threaded onto the conductors that are electrically connected to the electrodes. The proximal cap can thus be translated or slid along the conductors until the proximal cap reaches an installation position over the proximal plug. As such, the electrical connections between the electrodes and the conductors may be securely positioned between the proximal plug and the proximal cap.

[0073] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example method 550 for installation and use of an electrode monitoring assembly, according to embodiments of the disclosure. The example method 550 is illustrated as a collection of blocks in a logical flow graph, which represents a sequence of operations. The order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described blocks may be combined in any order and / or in parallel to implement the method 550. The method 550 is generally described with reference to various elements of embodiments of the electrode monitoringsystem discussed above, though any other suitable elements and / or modifications are contemplated herein.

[0074] At block 552, the example method 550 includes installing a permanent reference electrode to monitor cathodic protection of a structure that is at least partially underground or submerged. As described above, the permanent reference electrode includes a first electrode and a second electrode therein that are physically separated (e.g., by retainment features of endcaps) and electrically connected (e.g., by an electrolyte compound). Moreover, a first electrical conductor is coupled to the first electrode and a second electrical conductor is coupled to the second electrode. In certain embodiments, the permanent reference electrode is installed at a target underground depth and / or at a predetermined distance from the cathodically protected structure. The electrical conductors may be extended from the installation position to an above-ground cathodic protection test station, as discussed with reference to FIG. 1.

[0075] At block 554, the example method 550 includes determining a resistance measurement between the first conductor electrically coupled to first electrode and the second conductor electrically coupled to the second electrode. The resistance measurement may be collected by any suitable measuring device, such as an ohmmeter or a multimeter. In some embodiments, the resistance measurement may be collected at periodic intervals (e.g., hourly, daily, weekly) and / or on demand based on instructions provided by a controller or user device. At block 556, the example method 550 includes evaluating a moisture level of the permanent reference electrode based on the resistance measurement. For example, a controller or technician may compare the resistance measurement to a threshold to determine whether the electrolyte compound is sufficiently moisturized. As discussed below, certain embodiments may include multiple thresholds and / or perform multiple control actions to facilitate operation of the electrode monitoring system. When sufficiently moisturized, the controller or technician may proceed to rely upon the permanent reference electrode to provide accurate measurements or sensor data.

[0076] At block 558, the example method 550 includes determining a potential measurement indicative of cathodic protection from either the first electrode or the second electrode. Accordingly, the electrode monitoring system enables standard functionality of permanent reference electrodes for evaluating cathodic protection of a structure, integrated with the unique moisture monitoring features discussed herein.

[0077] FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example method 600 for controlling an electrode monitoring system, according to embodiments of the disclosure. The example method 600 is illustrated as a collection of blocks in a logical flow graph, which represents a sequence of operations. The order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described blocks may be combined in any order and / or in parallel to implement the method 600. The method 600 is generally described with reference to various elements of embodiments of the electrode monitoring system discussed above, though any other suitable elements and / or modifications are contemplated herein. For example, the method 600 refers to the use of a permanent reference electrode that includes two electrodes for moisture measurement and is installed to monitor the cathodic protection of an at least partially submerged or underground structure. In certain embodiments, the method 600 is performed via one or more controllers, such as the controller described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0078] At block 602, the example method 600 includes determining a resistance measurement between a first conductor electrically coupled to first electrode and a second conductor electrically coupled to second electrode of a permanent reference electrode. The resistance measurement may be determined via any suitable measuring device, as noted above. Additionally, certain embodiments may include determining the resistance measurement as an average value or as a highest value over multiple data points taken over a predetermined period of time (e.g., a minute, an hour, a day).

[0079] At block 604, the example method includes determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than a threshold resistance measurement. For example, the controller may perform a comparison between the resistance measurement and the threshold resistance measurement. The threshold resistance measurement may be any suitable predetermined value in the 100 kiloohm (kQ) range, in certain embodiments. For example, the threshold resistance measurement may be 90 k , 100 kQ, 110 kQ, 120 kQ, 130 kQ, 140 kQ, 150 kQ, 200 kQ, 300 kQ, or 400 kQ, and so forth. In response to determining the resistance measurement is relatively high (e.g., about 100 kQ) or greater than the threshold resistance measurement, the controller or technician may determine that the electrolyte compound is close to drying out and could potentially benefit from being watered or otherwise corrected or replaced.

[0080] Certain embodiments of the method 600 may include comparing the resistance measurement to multiple thresholds or otherwise classifying the resistance measurement asindicative of one of three or more moisture levels. For example, the illustrated embodiment includes two thresholds, which enable the controller or technician to efficiently quantify the moisture level of the electrolyte compound as having a normal or suitable moisture level, a low moisture level, or an absence of moisture. However, it should be understood that the method 600 may be specifically adjusted to include any suitable number of thresholds or classifications, such as one, three, four, five, and so forth, as desired to provide reliable, in-situ analysis of permanent reference electrode operation.

[0081] In response to determining the resistance measurement is not greater than the threshold resistance measurement, at block 606, the example method 600 includes determining a potential measurement indicative of cathodic protection from the first conductor or the second conductor. As recognized herein, the resistance measurement being below the threshold may indicate that the electrolyte compound is sufficiently moisturized for providing accurate and reliable cathodic protection evaluations, including potential measurements. In some embodiments, the resistance measurement below the threshold is often in the range of 1 kQ or lower.

[0082] In response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the threshold resistance measurement, at block 608, the example method 600 includes determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than or equal to an escalated threshold resistance measurement (e.g., second threshold resistance measurement). For example, the escalated threshold resistance measurement may be a significantly larger value or reference point indicative of the electrolyte compound being substantially dried out and / or unable to provide any measurable electrical connection between the electrodes. In some embodiments, the escalated threshold resistance measurement is an infinite value, near infinite value, or undefined value. In certain embodiments, the escalated threshold resistance may be a measurable value greater than the threshold resistance measurement, such as 500 k , 1,000 kQ, or 10,000 kQ. In response to determining the resistance measurement is “OL,” an infinite resistance, or greater than the escalated threshold resistance measurement, a controller or technician may determine that the electrolyte compound has an absence of moisture (or has “dried out”) and requires watering, maintenance, or replacement to provide accurate cathodic protection potential measurements again.

[0083] In response to determining the resistance measurement is not greater than the escalated threshold resistance measurement, at block 610, the example method 600 includesoutputting an alert indicative of low moisture level of electrolyte compound. In certain embodiments, at block 612, the example method 600 includes performing any maintenance actions based on the current moisture level of the electrolyte compound. For example, the controller may automatically schedule a replacement or physical inspection for the permanent reference electrode. In some embodiments, the controller may control an electrode watering system to supply fluid to the electrolyte compound. For example, the controller may instruct a water supplying device and / or a technician thereof to supply a large volume of water into the soil above the permanent reference electrode, and a portion of the water may reach the permanent reference electrode and remoisturize the electrolyte compound.

[0084] In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed moisture measurement assembly may be integrated into a system with the electrode watering assembly of U.S. Patent Publication No. 2023 / 0383418 Al, incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. In certain embodiments, the electrode watering assembly may include (i) a cap that defines a reservoir adjacent to a proximal end of the permanent reference electrode when coupled thereto and (ii) a conduit having a first end fluidly coupled to the cap and a second end disposed at an aboveground test station. As such, a watering system may receive instructions from the controller to supply fluid into the second end of the conduit to cause the fluid to flow along the conduit and into the reservoir of the cap to rewet the electrolyte compound of the permanent reference electrode. As such, the permanent reference electrode may be restored and prepared to provide accurate cathodic protection potential readings of a submerged or underground structure.

[0085] In response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the escalated threshold resistance measurement, at block 614, the example method 600 includes outputting an alert indicative of an absence of moisture of electrolyte compound. The example method 600 of certain embodiments includes proceeding to block 612 to perform any suitable control actions and then returning to block 602 to continue evaluation of the permanent reference electrode and cathodic protection of the structure.

[0086] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an example control system 800 for an electrode monitoring system 10, according to embodiments of the disclosure. As illustrated, the control system 800 may include a controller, such as the controller 70 discussed above, which includes one or more processors and one or more memories. For example, the controller 70 may include at least one processor 802 and at least one memory 804. In certainembodiments, the memory 804 includes a machine-readable storage medium. As used herein, a “machine-readable storage medium” may be any electronic, magnetic, optical, or other physical storage apparatus to contain or store information such as executable instructions, data, and the like. For example, any machine-readable storage medium described herein may be any of random access memory (RAM), volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, flash memory, a storage drive (such as a hard drive), a solid state drive, any type of storage disc, and the like, or a combination thereof. The memory 804 may store or include instructions executable by the processor 802.

[0087] As used herein, a “processor” may include, for example one processor or multiple processors included in a single device or distributed across multiple computing devices. The processor 802 may be at least one of a central processing unit (CPU), a semiconductorbased microprocessor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to retrieve and execute instructions, a real time processor (RTP), other electronic circuitry suitable for the retrieval and execution instructions stored on a machine-readable storage medium, or a combination thereof. As used herein, “signal communication” refers to electric communication such as hard wiring two components together or wireless communication, as understood by those skilled in the art. For example, wireless communication may be Wi-Fi®, Bluetooth®, ZigBee, or forms of near field communications. In addition, signal communication may include one or more intermediate controllers or relays disposed between elements that are in signal communication with one another.

[0088] In certain embodiments, the controller 70 includes various modules, subsystems, or instructions for performing suitable determinations and control actions within the electrode monitoring system 10. For example, the illustrated embodiment of the controller 70 includes a sensing module 806, an electrode analysis module 808, a cathodic protection analysis module 810, and a communication module 812. It should be understood that the illustrated arrangement and components of the modules of the controller 70 is a nonlimiting example, and the modules may be combined and / or rearranged within the controller 70 in any suitable manner. The modules of the controller 70 may cooperate to perform one or more of the operations described herein with reference to the electrode monitoring system 10, in certain embodiments.

[0089] Looking to the modules in more detail, the sensing module 806 may be provided to communicatively couple to sensors 820 of the electrode monitoring system 10 to receivesensor data therefrom. The sensors 820 may measure or detect any suitable operating parameters, sensor data, and / or test data to facilitate monitoring operation of the electrode monitoring system 10, in certain embodiments. In some embodiments, the sensors 820 may collect sensor data including voltage or other cathodic criteria or parameters associated with a permanent reference electrode, chemical properties, temperature, pressure, moisture content, and / or other properties, as will be understood by a person skilled in the art. The sensing module 806 may include any suitable input / output devices and / or communication devices that facilitates collection of the sensor data from the sensors 820. In some embodiments, the sensing module 806 may operate as a data hub that collects, assembles, and / or formats the data received from the sensors 820 to improve an operating efficiency of other components of the controller 70.

[0090] In certain embodiments, the sensors 820 may include one or more permanent reference electrodes, such as the permanent reference electrodes 22 described above, which are each installed within sensing range of the cathodically protected structure. Sensor data collected via a permanent reference electrode may include resistance measurements indicative of a moisture level of the permanent reference electrode, potential measurements indicative of the cathodic protection of the structure, and any other data that facilitates cathodic protection monitoring. For example, the permanent reference electrode having the two electrodes therein may be or operate as a sensor for collecting sensor data regarding the moisture content of the electrolyte compound (e.g., via a resistance measured between the electrodes) as well as the cathodic protection of the structure (e.g., via an electrical potential measured from either electrode).

[0091] In embodiments, the electrode analysis module 808 and / or the cathodic protection analysis module 810 receive the sensor data from the sensing module 806. The electrode analysis module 808 may evaluate or analyze sensor data including a resistance measurement taken across the two electrodes to determine the moisture content of the electrolyte compound that electrically connects the electrodes. As described above, analysis of the resistance measurement may include comparing the resistance measurement to one or more predetermined thresholds to detect and / or quantify any moisture present within the electrolyte compound. In certain embodiments, the electrode analysis module 808 stores and updates a data entry to indicate the operating status or moisture level of the permanent reference electrode. For example, the electrode analysis module 808 may output an indication that the permanent reference electrode is operating properly based on sufficientmoisture being present, operating poorly or will stop operating within a threshold time period based on insufficient moisture being present, or is non-operational based on a lack of moisture.

[0092] The cathodic protection analysis module 810 of certain embodiments may evaluate or analyze the sensor data from the sensing module 806 and / or the operating status of the permanent reference electrode from the electrode analysis module 808 to evaluate the cathodic protection of the structure. For example, the cathodic protection analysis module 810 may verify that the permanent reference electrode is operating properly and then determine a potential measurement indicative of cathodic protection via the permanent reference electrode. The cathodic protection analysis module 810 may determine any other suitable cathodic protection criteria associated with the cathodically protected structure. In embodiments, the cathodic protection analysis module 810 may include any suitable programming, software, and / or circuity that facilitates determination of any suitable control and / or maintenance actions for the permanent reference electrode. The cathodic protection analysis module 810 may therefore generate instructions to coordinate operation of the electrode monitoring system, based on specific analysis of data provided by the sensing module 806 and / or the electrode analysis module 808.

[0093] In certain embodiments, the controller 70 also includes a communication module 812 that may be in signal communication with, or communicatively coupled to, one or more actuators 822 and / or one or more user interfaces 824 of the control system 800. For example, an actuator 822 may be operatively coupled to a fluid source of the test station, and may receive instructions via the communication module 812 to provide fluid for rewetting the electrolyte compound. In response to the instructions, the actuator 822 may open a valve or otherwise fluidly connect the fluid source to direct the fluid toward the permanent reference electrode installed underground or submerged. In certain embodiments, the electrode monitoring system includes a cap that is disposed over the permanent reference electrode, and a conduit having a first end fluidly coupled to the cap and a second end positioned at the above-ground test station. The fluid source of certain embodiments may therefore supply fluid into the conduit, which flows into the cap and a reservoir therein for permeating the permanent reference electrode. In some embodiments, the electrode monitoring system includes directing a relatively large supply of fluid from a fluid source into the ground above the permanent reference electrode, such that at least a portion of the fluid travels downward through the surrounding backfill to rewet theelectrolyte compound. In embodiments, any suitable actuators 822 may be provided in the control system 800 to initiate changes for improved operation and maintenance of the permanent reference electrode.

[0094] Additionally, certain embodiments of the user interface 824 may include a user device, such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop, a desktop computer at a remote service station, and so forth. Additionally, or alternatively, the user interface 824 may include a control panel, keypad, or other device installed with a test station. In certain embodiments, the user interface 824 also facilitates collection of user credentials that the controller 70 verifies to authorize and / or permit the user to access or control operation of the electrode monitoring system. The controller 70 may therefore receive direct instructions from the user interface to initiate a maintenance action, in some embodiments. Accordingly, certain embodiments of the electrode monitoring system 10 disclosed herein provide integrated, multifunctional features for evaluating both the moisture level of a permanent reference electrode in-situ and the cathodic protection of a structure associated with the permanent reference electrode.

[0095] Having now described some illustrative embodiments of the disclosure, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative and not limiting, having been presented by way of example only. Numerous modifications and other embodiments are within the scope of one of ordinary skill in the art and are contemplated as falling within the scope of the disclosure. In particular, although many of the examples presented herein involve specific combinations of method acts or system elements, it should be understood that those acts and those elements may be combined in other ways or configurations to accomplish the same objectives. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that the parameters and configurations described herein are exemplary and that actual parameters and / or configurations will depend on the specific application in which the systems, methods, and / or aspects or techniques of the disclosure are used. Those skilled in the art should also recognize or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, equivalents to the specific embodiments of the disclosure. It is, therefore, to be understood that the embodiments described herein are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of any appended claims and equivalents thereto, the disclosure may be practiced other than as specifically described.

[0096] Furthermore, the scope of the present disclosure shall be construed to cover various modifications, combinations, additions, alterations, etc., above and to the above-describedembodiments, which shall be considered to be within the scope of this disclosure. Accordingly, various features and characteristics as discussed herein may be selectively interchanged and applied to other illustrated and non-illustrated embodiment, and numerous variations, modifications, and additions further may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as set forth in the appended claims.

Claims

ClaimsWhat is claimed is:

1. An electrode monitoring system to evaluate cathodic monitoring of a structure when the structure is positioned at least partially underground or submerged, the electrode monitoring system comprising: a hollow body having walls defining an interior volume of the hollow body, the walls including a distal opening at a distal end of the hollow body and a proximal opening at a proximal end of the hollow body; an electrolyte compound positioned within the interior volume of the hollow body; a distal endcap positioned to seal the distal opening; a proximal endcap positioned to seal the proximal opening and having a first aperture and a second aperture defined therethrough; a first electrode extending longitudinally from the distal endcap, through the interior volume of the hollow body, and through and outward from the first aperture of the proximal endcap; a second electrode extending longitudinally from the distal endcap, through the interior volume of the hollow body, and through and outward from the second aperture of the proximal endcap; a first conductor electrically coupled to the first electrode; a second conductor electrically coupled to the second electrode; and a controller in operative communication with the first conductor and the second conductor and configured to: determine a resistance measurement between the first conductor and the second conductor when the hollow body is installed within sensing range of the structure and at least partially underground or submerged, and evaluate a moisture level of the electrolyte compound based on the resistance measurement.

2. The electrode monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to determine the moisture level of the electrolyte compound based on a comparison between the resistance measurement and a threshold resistance measurement.

3. The electrode monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the controller further is configured to: determine whether the moisture level of the electrolyte compound is above a threshold moisture level, and in response to determining the moisture level is above the threshold moisture level, determine a potential measurement indicative of cathodic protection from the first conductor or the second conductor.

4. The electrode monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the first electrode comprises a coiled shape and the second electrode comprises a rod shape nested within the coiled shape.

5. The electrode monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the proximal endcap comprises: a proximal plug in contact with inner surfaces of the walls at the proximal end of the hollow body to seal the electrolyte compound therein; and a proximal cap overlapping the proximal plug and in contact with outer surfaces of the walls at the proximal end of the hollow body to secure the proximal plug.

6. The electrode monitoring system of claim 5, wherein: the proximal plug includes the first aperture and the second aperture to respectively immobilize and seal against the first electrode and the second electrode extending longitudinally therethrough, the proximal cap includes one or more additional apertures to respectively secure and seal against the first conductor and the second conductor extending longitudinally therethrough, and a first connection between the first conductor and a first proximal end of the first electrode and a second connection between the second conductor and a second proximal end of the second electrode are sealed between the proximal plug and the proximal cap.

7. The electrode monitoring system of claim 5, further comprising a waterproof material or sealant disposed between the proximal plug and the proximal cap to retain and affix the first conductor in the first aperture and the second conductor in the second aperture.

8. The electrode monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the distal endcap comprises: a distal plug in contact with inner surfaces of the walls at the distal end of the hollow body to seal the electrolyte compound therein; and a distal cap overlapping the distal plug and in contact with outer surfaces of the walls at the distal end of the hollow body to secure the distal plug.

9. The electrode monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the distal endcap comprises: a first retaining groove to immobilize a first distal end of the first electrode; and a second retaining groove to immobilize a second distal end of the second electrode.

10. The electrode monitoring system of claim 9, wherein: the first electrode comprises a coiled shape and the first retaining groove comprises an annular shape, and the second electrode comprises a rod shape and the second retaining groove comprises a circular shape concentric with the annular shape.

11. The electrode monitoring system of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte compound comprises a solid material, a semi-solid material, or a gel material.

12. The electrode monitoring system of claim 1, wherein each of the first conductor and the second conductor extend from the hollow body to an aboveground cathodic test station when the hollow body is positioned at least partially underground or submerged.

13. A method for using an electrode monitoring system to evaluate cathodic monitoring of a structure when the structure is positioned at least partially underground or submerged, the method comprising: determining a resistance measurement between a first conductor electrically coupled to a first electrode and a second conductor electrically coupled to a second electrode of a permanent reference electrode assembly that includes an electrolyte compound electrically coupling the first electrode and the second electrode; determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than a threshold resistance measurement;in response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the threshold resistance measurement, outputting an alert indicative of the electrolyte compound having a moisture level below a threshold moisture level; and in response to determining the resistance measurement is less than the threshold resistance measurement, determining a potential measurement indicative of cathodic protection of the structure from the first conductor or the second conductor.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the resistance measurement being less than the threshold resistance measurement is indicative of the electrolyte compound having a sufficient moisture level and the potential measurement indicative of the cathodic protection of the structure being accurate.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the threshold resistance measurement comprises a predetermined value between about 1 kiloohm (kQ) and about 100 kQ.

16. The method of claim 13, further comprising: in response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the threshold resistance measurement, supplying fluid to the electrolyte compound and redetermining the resistance measurement.

17. The method of claim 13, further comprising determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than a second threshold resistance measurement that is higher than the threshold resistance measurement; and in response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the second threshold resistance measurement, outputting an alert indicative of the electrolyte compound having an absence of moisture.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the second threshold resistance measurement comprises a predetermined value greater than about 100 k or a value presented as undefined or infinite.

19. The method of claim 13, further comprising: determining whether the potential measurement indicative of the cathodic protection of the structure is abnormal; andin response to determining the potential measurement indicative of the cathodic protection of the structure is abnormal, conducting troubleshooting to determine a problem source of the potential measurement that excludes the permanent reference electrode assembly.

20. The method of claim 13, wherein the resistance measurement and the potential measurement are determined from the first conductor, the second conductor, or both via a measuring device positioned at an aboveground cathodic test station.

21. A method of making an electrode monitoring system to evaluate cathodic monitoring of a structure when the structure is positioned at least partially underground or submerged, the method comprising: coupling a first electrode and a second electrode to a distal endcap, the first electrode and the second electrode being physically separated from one another; positioning a hollow body over the first electrode and the second electrode and in contact with the distal endcap, such that a distal edge of the hollow body is sealed against the distal endcap; providing an electrolyte compound within an interior volume of hollow body, the electrolyte compound electrically coupling the first electrode and the second electrode when sufficiently moisturized; installing a proximal endcap on the hollow body, such that a proximal edge of the hollow body is sealed against the proximal endcap, the first electrode protrudes through a first aperture of the proximal endcap, and the second electrode protrudes through a second aperture of the proximal endcap; and electrically coupling a first conductor to the first electrode and a second conductor to the second electrode, such that a resistance measurement between the first conductor and the second conductor is indicative of a moisture level of the electrolyte compound and a potential measurement from the first conductor or the second conductor is indicative of cathodic protection of the structure.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the first electrode comprises a coiled shape and the second electrode comprises a rod shape, and wherein coupling the first electrode and the second electrode to the distal endcap comprises:fitting the coil shape of the first electrode within an annular retaining groove of the distal endcap; and fitting the rod shape of the second electrode within a central retaining groove of the distal endcap, radially inward of the annular retaining groove.

23. The method of claim 21 , wherein installing the proximal endcap on the hollow body comprises: positioning a proximal plug of the proximal endcap in contact with inner surfaces of the hollow body to seal the electrolyte compound therein, the proximal plug having the first aperture and the second aperture; and positioning a proximal cap of the proximal endcap to overlap the proximal plug and contact outer surfaces of the hollow body to secure the proximal plug, the proximal cap having one or more additional apertures to respectively secure and seal against the first conductor and the second conductor extending longitudinally therethrough.

24. The method of claim 23, further comprising applying a waterproof material or sealant between the proximal plug and the proximal cap to retain and affix the first conductor in the first aperture and the second conductor in the second aperture.

25. The method of claim 23, further comprising positioning each of (i) a first connection between the first conductor and a first proximal end of the first electrode and (ii) a second connection between the second conductor and a second proximal end of the second electrode between the proximal plug and the proximal cap.

26. The method of claim 21, further comprising determining the potential measurement from the first conductor or the second conductor to evaluate the cathodic protection of the structure.

27. The method of claim 21, further comprising determining the resistance measurement between the first conductor and the second conductor to evaluate the moisture level of the electrolyte compound.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein determining the resistance measurement to evaluate the moisture level of the electrolyte compound comprises:determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than a threshold resistance measurement; and in response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the threshold resistance measurement, generating an alert indicative of the electrolyte compound having the moisture level below a threshold moisture level.

29. A method for operating a permanent reference electrode assembly associated with a cathodically protected structure when the structure is positioned at least partially underground or submerged, the method comprising: electrically coupling a first test probe of a measuring device to a first conductor of the permanent reference electrode assembly, the first conductor being electrically coupled to a first electrode of the permanent reference electrode assembly; electrically coupling a second test probe of the measuring device to a second conductor of the permanent reference electrode assembly, the second conductor being electrically coupled to a second electrode of the permanent reference electrode assembly, and the permanent reference electrode assembly including an electrolyte compound electrically coupling the first electrode and the second electrode; determining a resistance measurement between the first conductor and the second conductor with the measuring device; and outputting the resistance measurement to enable determination of a moisture level of the electrolyte compound.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein determining the resistance measurement comprises supplying an electric current into an electrical circuit formed serially between the measuring device, the first test probe, the first conductor, the first electrode, the electrolyte compound, the second electrode, the second conductor, and the second test probe.

31. The method of claim 29, wherein outputting the resistance measurement comprises displaying the resistance measurement on a digital display or an analog display of the measuring device, and wherein the measuring device comprises a portable multimeter or ohmmeter.

32. The method of claim 29, wherein outputting the resistance measurement comprises transmitting data indicative of the resistance measurement to a controller in signal communication with the measuring device.

33. The method of claim 32, further comprising: determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than a threshold resistance measurement; and in response to determining the resistance measurement is greater than the threshold resistance measurement, outputting an alert indicative of the moisture level of the electrolyte compound being below a threshold moisture level.

34. The method of claim 32, further comprising: determining whether the resistance measurement is greater than a threshold resistance measurement; and in response to determining the resistance measurement is not greater than the threshold resistance measurement, determining a potential measurement from the first conductor or the second conductor with the measuring device.

35. The method of claim 29, wherein the first test probe and the second test probe are electrically coupled to the first conductor and the second conductor at an aboveground cathodic test station.

36. The method of claim 29, wherein the resistance measurement is determined when the permanent reference electrode assembly is installed within sensing range of the structure and at least partially underground or submerged.