Polymerizable liquid crystal composition

Abstract

The invention relates to polymerizable liquid crystal compositions (as a subcategory of liquid crystal materials) comprising an alignment additive, which are preferably PFAS-free (for enabling the reduction of perfluorocarbons and providing an environment friendly material), to formulations, polymers and polymer films obtained from such compositions, and to the use of the compositions, formulations, polymers and polymer films in optical or electrooptical components or devices, especially for digital optics or augmented reality or virtual reality (AR / VR) applications like polarizers, optical compensators, reflective films, diffraction or surface gratings, Bragg polarization gratings (Bragg PG), polarization volume gratings (PVG), polarization volume holograms (PVH), Pancharatnam Berry (PB) gratings, nonmechanical beam steering elements, optical waveguides, optical couplers, optical combiners, polarization beam splitters, partial mirrors, lenses or PB lenses.

Description

[0001]P24108 De - 1 - Polymerizable liquid crystal composition 5 Field of the Invention The invention relates to polymerizable liquid crystal compositions (as a subcategory of liquid crystal materials) comprising an alignment additive, which are preferably PFAS-free (for enabling the reduction of perfluorocarbons and 10 providing an environment friendly material), to formulations, polymers and polymer films obtained from such compositions, and to the use of the compositions, formulations, polymers and polymer films in optical or electrooptical components or devices, especially for digital optics or augmented reality or virtual reality (AR / VR) applications like polarizers, optical compensators, 15 reflective films, diffraction or surface gratings, Bragg polarization gratings (Bragg PG), polarization volume gratings (PVG), polarization volume holograms (PVH), Pancharatnam Berry (PB) gratings, nonmechanical beam steering elements, optical waveguides, optical couplers, optical combiners, polarization beam splitters, partial mirrors, lenses or PB lenses. 20 Background and Prior Art Reactive mesogens (RMs) or polymerizable liquid crystals combine the properties of liquid crystals and polymers. RMs can be used for the preparation of 25 functional films or coatings with adjustable refractive indices, polarization, and surface alignment. These materials can be applied to waveguides or optics in augmented reality (AR) displays to enhance performance, image quality, field of view, and overall user experience. Furthermore, the polymerized RMs can form thin films with high birefringence that can be integrated into flexible, lightweight 30 devices. The quality of the RM layer is essential for the visual quality as well as device performance. When coating Rm films, especially cholesteric RM films, a surfactant is usually needed to promote the proper standing helix alignment and aid in film levelling 35 once the solvent has evaporated. It is also important when coating multiple layers of cholesteric films on top of each other that the surfactant in the lower layers does not decrease the surface energy so much that upper layers have pronounced dewets. P24108 De - 2 - It is therefore desirable to provide RM compositions which are suitable for the 5 preparation of anisotropic polymer films, especially cholesteric polymer films, and for multilayers comprising multiple polymer films stacked on top of each other, which show good and uniform alignment, good levelling properties, avoid coating defects and dewetting of the upper layers, and can also be used in large scale production. 10 It is an aim of the present invention to provide RM compositions which show one or more of the above-mentioned advantages. Other aims of the present invention are immediately evident to the person skilled in the art from the following detailed description. 15 Surprisingly, the inventors of the present invention have found that these aims could be achieved by providing RM compositions according to the invention as described and claimed hereinafter. 20 Thus, the inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that by using a compound of formula I as disclosed hereinafter, it is possible to achieve LC polymer films with good alignment, especially good cholesteric LC alignment with a reflective standing helix CLC texture (whereas poorly aligned cholesteric layers only show a nematic fingerprint texture). At the same time it is possible to avoid a 25 too strong decrease of the surface tension of the polymer film, thereby allowing good wetting of the upper layers when preparing multilayer stacks of LC polymer films. This allows the possibility of coating multiple layers of LC films, especially cholesteric films, on top of one another without coating defects. 30 Compounds of formula I have been disclosed in US 3,717,611, US 5,068,172 and WO 2022 / 270925 A1, however, these documents do not provide any hint to their use in polymerizable LC compositions or to any possible advantageous effects to be expected from such use, as described and claimed hereinafter. 35 Summary of the invention The present invention relates to a composition (hereinafter also referred to as "RM composition") comprising one or more polymerizable mesogenic compounds P24108 De - 3 - (hereinafter also referred to as "reactive mesogens” or “RMs”) and further comprising a compound of formula I 5 I 10 wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings R1alkyl with 6 to 40, preferably 10 to 30, C-atoms, wherein one or more 15 CH2-groups are optionally replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, - O-CO-O-, CR0=CR00-, -C^C-, , 20 ected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by F or Cl, preferably alkyl with 10 to 30 C atoms wherein one CH2 group is replaced by -CO-O- or -O-CO-, 25 R2alkyl with 1 to 6 C atoms, preferably methyl or ethyl, very preferably methyl, R3, R4H or alkyl with 1 to 8 C atoms, preferably alkyl with 3 to 8 C atoms which 30 is preferably branched, very preferably methyl or tert-butyl. The invention further relates to an RM composition as described above and below, which further comprises one or more additives, preferably selected from the group consisting of polymerization initiators, surfactants, stabilisers, catalysts, 35 sensitizers, inhibitors, chain-transfer agents, co-reacting monomers, reactive thinners, surface-active compounds, lubricating agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, hydrophobing agents, adhesive agents, flow improvers, P24108 De - 4 - degassing or defoaming agents, deaerators, diluents, reactive diluents, auxiliaries, colourants, dyes, pigments and nanoparticles. 5 The invention further relates to an RM formulation comprising an RM composition as described above and below and further comprising one or more solvents, preferably selected from organic solvents. 10 The invention further relates to a polymer or polymer film obtainable or obtained from an RM composition or RM formulation as described above and below. The invention further relates to a process of preparing a polymer or polymer film from an RM composition or RM formulation as described above and below, 15 comprising the steps of depositing a layer of the RM composition or RM formulation onto a substrate, preferably removing any solvents present, optionally annealing the layer, and polymerizing the RM composition, preferably at a temperature where it exhibits a liquid crystal phase. 20 The invention further relates to the use of the RM composition or RM formulation, polymer or polymer film as described above and below in optical, electrooptical or electronic components or devices. The invention further relates to an optical, electrooptical or electronic device or a 25 component comprising an RM composition, RM formulation, polymer or polymer film as described above and below. Said components include, without limitation, optical retardation films like A-plates, C-plates, O-plates, quarter wave foils (QWF), half wave foils (HWF), polarizers, 30 optical compensators, reflective films, diffraction or surface gratings such as Bragg polarization gratings (Bragg PG), polarization volume gratings (PVG), polarization volume holograms (PVH), Pancharatnam Berry (PB) gratings, furthermore nonmechanical beam steering elements, optical waveguides, optical couplers or combiners, polarization beam splitters, partial mirrors, reflective films, 35 alignment layers, colour filters, antistatic protection sheets, electromagnetic interference protection sheets, lenses for light guides, focusing and optical effects, polarization controlled lenses, PB lenses and IR reflection films; for example for use in LC displays (LCDs), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), P24108 De - 5 - autostereoscopic 3D displays, see-through near-eye displays, augmented reality( AR) or virtual reality (VR) systems, switchable windows, spatial light modulators, 5 optical data storage, remote optical sensing, holography, spectroscopy, optical telecommunications, polarimetry or front / back-lighting. Said devices include, without limitation, electro optical displays, especially LCDs, OLEDs, autostereoscopic 3D displays, see-through near-eye displays, AR / VR 10 systems, goggles for AR / VR applications, switchable windows, spatial light modulators, optical data storage devices, optical sensors, holographic devices, spectrometers, optical telecommunication systems, polarimeters or front- / backlights. 15 Definitions of Terms Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the words “comprise” and “contain” and variations of the words, for example “comprising” and “comprises”, mean “including but not limited to”, and are not intended to (and do 20 not) exclude other components. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, as used herein plural forms of the terms herein are to be construed as including the singular form and vice versa. 25 The term "film" as used herein includes rigid or flexible, self-supporting or free- standing films with mechanical stability, as well as coatings or layers on a supporting substrate or between two substrates. As used herein, the terms "reactive mesogen" and "RM" will be understood to 30 mean a compound containing a mesogenic or liquid crystalline skeleton, and one or more functional groups attached thereto, optionally via spacer groups, which are suitable for polymerization and are also referred to as "polymerizable group" or "P". 35 Unless stated otherwise, the term "polymerizable compound" as used herein will be understood to mean a polymerizable monomeric compound. P24108 De - 6 - Polymerizable compounds or RMs with one polymerizable group are also referred to as "monoreactive" compounds, polymerizable compounds or RMs 5 with two polymerizable groups as "direactive" compounds, and polymerizable compounds or RMs with more than two polymerizable groups as "multireactive" compounds. Compounds without a polymerizable group are also referred to as "non-reactive" compounds. 10 The terms "liquid crystal", "mesogen" and "mesogenic compound" as used herein mean a compound that under suitable conditions of temperature, pressure and concentration can exist as a mesophase or in particular as a LC phase. The term “clearing point” means the temperature at which the transition between 15 the mesophase with the highest temperature range and the isotropic phase occurs. The term "mesogenic group" as used herein is known to the person skilled in the art and described in the literature, and means a group which, due to the 20 anisotropy of its attracting and repelling interactions, essentially contributes to causing a liquid-crystal (LC) phase in low-molecular-weight or polymeric substances. Compounds containing mesogenic groups (mesogenic compounds) do not necessarily have to have an LC phase themselves. It is also possible for mesogenic compounds to exhibit LC phase behaviour only after mixing with other 25 compounds and / or after polymerization. Typical mesogenic groups are, for example, rigid rod- or disc-shaped units. An overview of the terms and definitions used in connection with mesogenic or LC compounds is given in Pure Appl. Chem.2001, 73(5), 888 and C. Tschierske, G. Pelzl, S. Diele, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 6340-6368. 30 The term "spacer group", hereinafter also referred to as "Sp", as used herein is known to the person skilled in the art and is described in the literature, see, for example, Pure Appl. Chem.2001, 73(5), 888 and C. Tschierske, G. Pelzl, S. Diele, Angew. Chem.2004, 116, 6340-6368. As used herein, the terms "spacer 35 group" or "spacer" mean a flexible group, for example an alkylene group, which connects the mesogenic group and the polymerizable group(s) in a polymerizable mesogenic compound. P24108 De - 7 - As used herein, the term "RM composition" means a composition comprising at least one RM or an RM mixture, and further comprising one or more additives, like the 5 compounds of formula I, as described above and below. As used herein, the term "RM formulation" means a formulation comprising an RM composition, and further comprising one or more solvents, preferably selected from organic solvents, as described above and below. 10 As used herein, the term "RM mixture" means a mixture comprising one or more, preferably two or more, more preferably two to ten, very preferably two to six RMs, The RM mixture optionally further comprises one or more solid additives including, without being limited to, polymerization initiators, inhibitors, surfactants and adhesion 15 promoters, etc. as described in more detail below. Unless stated otherwise, the percentage of a compound in an RM composition as given above and below means % by weight of all solids in the RM composition. 20 Unless stated otherwise, the percentage of a compound in an RM formulation as given above and below means % by weight of all solids, also expressed as “% by weight of total solids”, in the RM formulation, including liquid additives as described below but excluding solvents. 25 The term “per- and / or polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)” as used herein (following the definition by the OECD) means a substance or compound that contains at least one fully fluorinated methyl or methylene C atom (without any H / Cl / Br / I atom attached to it), i.e., a compound with at least one CF3 or CF2 group. 30 The expression “polyfluorinated alkyl or aryl group” as used herein means an alkyl or aryl group which is substituted by two or more F atoms (wherein the F atoms may be attached either to the same or different C atoms), thus including perfluorocarbon groups. 35 As used herein, the term "polymer" will be understood to mean a molecule that encompasses a backbone of one or more distinct types of repeating units (the smallest constitutional unit of the molecule) and is inclusive of the commonly P24108 De - 8 - known terms “oligomer”, “copolymer”, “homopolymer” and the like. Further, it will be understood that the term polymer is inclusive of, in addition to the polymer 5 itself, residues from initiators, catalysts, and other elements attendant to the synthesis of such a polymer, where such residues are understood as not being covalently incorporated thereto. Further, such residues and other elements, while normally removed during post-polymerization purification processes, are typically mixed or co-mingled with the polymer such that they generally remain with the 10 polymer when it is transferred between vessels or between solvents or dispersion media. The term “polymerization” means the chemical process to form a polymer by bonding together multiple polymerizable groups or polymer precursors 15 (polymerizable compounds) containing such polymerizable groups. A “polymer network” is a network in which all polymer chains are interconnected to form a single macroscopic entity by many crosslinks. 20 The polymer network can occur in the following types: - A graft polymer molecule is a branched polymer molecule in which one or more the side chains are different, structurally or configurationally, from the main chain. - A star polymer molecule is a branched polymer molecule in which a single 25 branch point gives rise to multiple linear chains or arms. If the arms are identical, the star polymer molecule is said to be regular. If adjacent arms are composed of different repeating subunits, the star polymer molecule is said to be variegated. - A comb polymer molecule consists of a main chain with two or more three- 30 way branch points and linear side chains. If the arms are identical the comb polymer molecule is said to be regular. - A brush polymer molecule consists of a main chain with linear, unbranched side chains and where one or more of the branch points has four-way functionality or larger. 35 The term “chiral” in general is used to describe an object that is non- superimposable on its mirror image. P24108 De - 9 - “Achiral” (non- chiral) objects are objects that are identical to their mirror image. 5 The terms “chiral nematic” and “cholesteric” are used synonymously in this application, unless explicitly stated otherwise. The term “isomerizable / photoisomerizable compound” means a compound comprising one or more isomerizable or photoisomerizable groups, respectively. 10 The term “isomerizable group” means a functional group of a molecule that causes a change of the geometry of the molecule, i.e. isomerization, either by bond rotation, skeletal rearrangement or atom- or group- transfer, or by dimerization, which can be induced, e.g., thermally or photochemically or by 15 adding a catalyst. The term “photoisomerizable group” means a functional group of a molecule that causes a change of the geometry of the molecule, i.e. isomerization, either by bond rotation, skeletal rearrangement or atom- or group- transfer, or by 20 dimerization, upon irradiation with light of a suitable wavelength that can be absorbed by the molecule (photoisomerization). Examples of photoisomerizable groups are -C=C- double bonds and azo groups (-N=N-). Examples of molecular structures and sub-structures comprising such 25 photoisomerizable groups are stilbene, (1,2-difluoro-2-phenyl-vinyl)-benzene, cinnamate, ^-cyanocinnamate, 4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one, Schiff base (i.e., a group RiRiiC=NRiii, wherein Riiiis different from H, and is for example alkyl or aryl), 2- benzyliden-1-indanone, chalcone, coumarin, chromone, pentalenone and azobenzene. 30 A chiral RM composition in accordance with the present invention can be prepared, for example, by doping a host mixture comprising one or more RMs with a chiral compound having a high twisting power. 35 The pitch p (in nm) of the induced cholesteric helix, hereinafter also referred to as “chiral pitch” or “helical pitch” is then given by the concentration c (in %) and the helical twisting power HTP (in nm-1) of the chiral compound in accordance with the following equation: P24108 De - 10 - p = (HTP c)-15 A low value of the pitch is hereinafter also referred to as “short pitch”, and a high value of the pitch is hereinafter also referred to as “long pitch”. Also, a short pitch corresponds to a highly twisted structure, i.e., a higher twist angle, and a long pitch corresponds to a slowly twisted structure, i.e., a lower twist angle, around 10 the helix axis within a given distance. The twist angle, θ through a thickness, ( d 3, 6 i 0s defined by the following equation: ^^ = ∗ ^^)^^ 15 where p is the pitch as defined a In case more than one chiral compound is used, the total HTP of the chiral compounds having the same configuration or twist sense (HTPtotal) holds then approximately the following equation: 20 HTPtotal = ∑i ci HTPi wherein ci is the concentration of each individual chiral compound and HTPi is the helical twisting power of each individual chiral compound. 25 The HTP of all chiral compounds within a mixture of different configurations or different twist sense (IHTP^I) holds then approximately the following equation: IHTP^I = (∑scsHTPs) – ((∑rcrHTPr) 30 wherein csis the concentration of each individual chiral compound with S configuration, HTPs is the helical twisting power of each individual chiral compound having S configuration and wherein cr is the concentration of each individual chiral compound with R configuration and HTPR is the helical twisting 35 power of each individual chiral compound having R configuration. The birefringence ^n is defined as follows ^n = ne-no P24108 De - 11 - wherein ne is the extraordinary refractive index and no is the ordinary refractive 5 index, and the effective average refractive index nav.is given by the following equation: nav. = ((2no2+ ne2) / 3)½10 The average refractive index nav. and the ordinary refractive index no can be measured using an Abbe refractometer. ^n can then be calculated from the above equations. The central wavelength ^ and bandwidth ^^ of a reflectance band of cholesteric 15 RM or LC material or a cholesteric polymer film are given by the pitch p of the cholesteric helix, the average refractive index nav.and the birefringence ^n of the cholesteric liquid crystal in accordance with the following equations: ^ = nav..p 20 ^^^^^^n.p The term “visible light” means electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in a range from about 400 nm to about 740 nm. “Ultraviolet (UV) light” means 25 electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in a range from about 200 nm to about 450 nm. According to the present application, the term "linearly polarised light" means light, which is at least partially linearly polarized. Preferably, the aligning light is 30 linearly polarized with a degree of polarization of more than 5:1. Wavelengths, intensity and energy of the linearly polarised light are chosen depending on the photosensitivity of the photoalignable material. Typically, the wavelengths are in the UV-A, UV-B and / or UV-C range or in the visible range. Preferably, the linearly polarised light comprises light of wavelengths less than 450 nm, more preferably 35 less than 420 nm at the same time the linearly polarised light preferably comprises light of wavelengths longer than 280nm, preferably more than 320nm, more preferably over 350nm. P24108 De - 12 - The Irradiance (Ee) or radiation power is defined as the power of electromagnetic radiation (d^^ per unit area (dA) incident on a surface: 5 Ee = d^ / dA. The radiant exposure or radiation dose (He), is as the irradiance or radiation power (Ee) per time (t): 10 He = Ee ∙ t. On the molecular level, the birefringence of a liquid crystal depends on the anisotropy of the polarizability (^α=αװ-α┴). "Polarisability" means the ease with 15 which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule can be distorted. The polarizability increases with greater number of electrons and a more diffuse electron cloud. The polarizability can be calculated using a method described in e.g. Jap. J. Appl. Phys.42, (2003) p.3463. 20 The "optical retardation" at a given wavelength R(^) (in nm) of a layer of liquid crystalline or birefringent material is defined as the product of birefringence at that wavelength ^n(^) and layer thickness d (in nm) according to the following equation: 25 R(^) = ^n(^).d The optical retardation R represents the difference in the optical path lengths in nanometres travelled by S-polarised and P-polarised light whilst passing through the birefringent material. "On-axis" retardation means the retardation at normal 30 incidence to the sample surface. The retardation (R(^)) of a material can be measured using a spectroscopic ellipsometer, for example the M2000 spectroscopic ellipsometer manufactured by J. A. Woollam Co. This instrument can measure the optical retardance in 35 nanometres of a birefringent sample e.g., Quartz over a range of wavelengths typically, 370nm to 2000nm. From this data it is possible to calculate the dispersion (R(450) / R(550) or ^n(450) / ^n(550)) of a material. P24108 De - 13 - A method for carrying out these measurements was presented at the National Physics Laboratory (London, UK) by N. Singh in October 2006 and entitled 5 “Spectroscopic Ellipsometry, Part1-Theory and Fundamentals, Part 2 – Practical Examples and Part 3 - measurements”. In accordance with the measurement procedures described Retardation Measurement (RetMeas) Manual (2002) and Guide to WVASE (2002) (Woollam Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometer) published by J. A. Woollam Co. Inc (Lincoln, NE, USA). Unless stated otherwise, 10 this method is used to determine the retardation of the materials, films and devices described in this invention. The term "director" is known in prior art and means the preferred orientation direction of the long molecular axes (in case of calamitic compounds) or short 15 molecular axes (in case of discotic compounds) of the liquid-crystalline or RM molecules. In case of uniaxial ordering of such anisotropic molecules, the director is the axis of anisotropy. The term “alignment” or “orientation” relates to alignment (orientational ordering) 20 of anisotropic units of material such as small molecules or fragments of big molecules in a common direction named “alignment direction”. In an aligned layer of liquid-crystalline or RM material the liquid-crystalline director coincides with the alignment direction so that the alignment direction corresponds to the direction of the anisotropy axis of the material. 25 The terms "uniform orientation" or "uniform alignment" of an liquid-crystalline or RM material, for example in a layer of the material, mean that the long molecular axes (in case of calamitic compounds) or the short molecular axes (in case of discotic compounds) of the liquid-crystalline or RM molecules are oriented 30 substantially in the same direction. In other words, the lines of liquid-crystalline director are parallel. The terms "homeotropic structure / alignment / orientation" refer to a film wherein the optical axis is substantially perpendicular to the film plane. 35 The terms "planar structure / alignment / orientation" refer to a film wherein the optical axis is substantially parallel to the film plane. P24108 De - 14 - All temperatures, such as, for example, the melting point T(C,N) or T(C,S), the transition from the smectic (S) to the nematic (N) phase T(S,N) and the clearing 5 point T(N,I) of the liquid crystals, are quoted in degrees Celsius. All temperature differences are quoted in differential degrees. In case of doubt the definitions as given in C. Tschierske, G. Pelzl and S. Diele, Angew. Chem.2004, 116, 6340-6368 shall apply. 10 If in the formulae shown above and below a group R, including any variations thereof such as R1, R0, R00, R0*, R11, R*, R**, RC, R3, R4etc., or L denotes an alkyl radical and / or an alkoxy radical, this may be straight-chain or branched. It is preferably straight-chain, has 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 C atoms and accordingly 15 preferably denotes ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexyloxy or heptyloxy, furthermore methyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, methoxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, undecyloxy, dodecyloxy, tridecyloxy or tetradecyloxy. 20 If in the formulae shown above and below a group R including any variations thereof such as R1, R0, R00, R*0, R11, R22, RC, R3, R4etc., or L denotes an alkyl radical and / or an alkoxy radical, this may be straight-chain or branched. It is preferably straight-chain, has 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 C atoms and accordingly preferably denotes ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, ethoxy, propoxy, 25 butoxy, pentoxy, hexyloxy or heptyloxy, furthermore methyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, methoxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, undecyloxy, dodecyloxy, tridecyloxy or tetradecyloxy. If in the formulae shown above and below a group R including any variations 30 thereof such as R1, R0, R00, R0*, R11, R22, RC, R3, R4etc., or L denotes an alkyl radical wherein one or more CH2groups are replaced by S, this may be straight- chain or branched. It is preferably straight-chain, has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 C atoms and accordingly preferably denotes thiomethyl, thioethyl, thiopropyl, thiobutyl, thiopentyl, thiohexyl or thioheptyl. 35 Oxaalkyl preferably denotes straight-chain 2-oxapropyl (= methoxymethyl), 2-oxabutyl (= ethoxymethyl) or 3-oxabutyl (= 2-methoxyethyl), 2-, 3- or 4-oxapentyl, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-oxahexyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- or 6-oxaheptyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, P24108 De - 15 - 6- or 7-oxaoctyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-oxanonyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8- or 9- oxadecyl. 5 If in the formulae shown above and below a group R including any variations thereof such as R1, R0, R00, R*0, R11, R22, RC, R3, R4etc., or L denotes an alkoxy or oxaalkyl group it may also contain one or more additional oxygen atoms, provided that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another. 10 In another preferred embodiment, one or more of R including any variations thereof such as R1, R0, R00, R*0, R11, R22, RC, R3, R4etc., or L are selected from the group consisting of 15 , , 20 ,, ,25 30 , 35 O(CH2)3F and -O(CH2)4F. P24108 De - 16 - If in the formulae shown above and below a group R including any variations thereof such as R1, R0, R00, R*0, R11, R22, RC, R3, R4etc., or L denotes an alkyl 5 radical in which one CH2group has been replaced by -CH=CH-, this may be straight-chain or branched. It is preferably straight-chain and has 2 to 10 C atoms. Accordingly, it denotes, in particular, vinyl, prop-1- or -2-enyl, but-1-, -2- or -3-enyl, pent-1-, -2-, -3- or -4-enyl, hex-1-, -2-, -3-, -4- or -5-enyl, hept-1-, -2-, - 3-, -4-, -5- or -6-enyl, oct-1-, -2-, -3-, -4-, -5-, -6- or -7-enyl, non-1-, -2-, -3-, -4-, -5- 10 , -6-, -7- or -8-enyl, dec-1-, -2-, -3-, -4-, -5-, -6-, -7-, -8- or -9-enyl. If in the formulae shown above and below a group R including any variations thereof such as R1, R0, R00, R*0, R11, R22, RC, R3, R4etc., or L denotes an alkyl or alkenyl radical which is at least monosubstituted by halogen, this radical is 15 preferably straight-chain, and halogen is preferably F or Cl. In the case of polysubstitution, halogen is preferably F. The resultant radicals also include perfluorinated radicals. In the case of monosubstitution, the fluorine or chlorine substituent may be in any desired position, but is preferably in the ^-position. 20 Above and below, denotes a trans-1,4- cyclohexylene ring, and denotes a 1,4-phenylene ring. 25 Halogen is preferably F or Cl, very preferably F. The group -CR0=CR00- is preferably -CH=CH-. O C -OC-, -CO-, -C(=O)- and -C(O)- denote a carbonyl group, i.e . 30 Preferred substituents L, are, for example, F, Cl, Br, I, -CN, -NO2, -NCO, -NCS, - OCN, -SCN, -C(=O)N(Rx)2, -C(=O)Y1, -C(=O)Rx, -N(Rx)2, straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy each having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which one or more H atoms 35 may optionally be replaced by F or Cl, optionally substituted silyl having 1 to 20 Si atoms, or optionally substituted aryl having 6 to 25, preferably 6 to 15, C atoms, wherein Rxdenotes H, F, Cl, CN, or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are P24108 De - 17 - optionally replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O- in such a manner that O- and / or S-atoms are not directly connected with each other, and 5 wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by F, Cl, P- or P-Sp-, and Y1denotes halogen. Particularly preferred substituents L are, for example, F, Cl, CN, NO2, CH3, C2H5, OCH3, SCH3, OC2H5, SC2H5, COCH3, COC2H5, COOCH3, COOC2H5, CF3, OCF3, 10 OCHF2, OC2F5, furthermore phenyl. (L)rLL LL L , , , 15 i . 20 Throughout the application, the term “aryl and heteroaryl groups” encompass groups, which can be monocyclic or polycyclic, i.e. they can have one ring (such as, for example, phenyl) or two or more rings, which may also be fused (such as, 25 for example, naphthyl) or covalently linked (such as, for example, biphenyl), or contain a combination of fused and linked rings. Heteroaryl groups contain one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from O, N, S and Se. Particular preference is given to mono-, bi- or tricyclic aryl groups having 6 to 25 C atoms and mono-, bi- or tricyclic heteroaryl groups having 2 to 25 C atoms, which 30 optionally contain fused rings, and which are optionally substituted. Preference is furthermore given to 5-, 6- or 7-membered aryl and heteroaryl groups, in which, in addition, one or more CH groups may be replaced by N, S or O in such a way that O atoms and / or S atoms are not linked directly to one another. Preferred aryl groups are, for example, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, [1,1':3',1'']¬¬terphenyl-2'-yl, 35 naphthyl, anthracene, binaphthyl, phenanthrene, pyrene, dihydropyrene, chrysene, perylene, tetracene, pentacene, benzopyrene, fluorene, indene, indenofluorene, spirobifluorene, more preferably 1,4-phenylene, 4,4’- biphenylene, 1, 4-terphenylene. P24108 De - 18 - Preferred heteroaryl groups are, for example, 5 membered rings, such as pyrrole, 5 pyrazole, imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, tetrazole, furan, thiophene, selenophene, oxazole, isoxazole, 1,2 thiazole, 1,3-thiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4 oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4- thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, 6 membered rings, such as pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3- 10 triazine, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, or condensed groups, such as indole, iso-indole, indolizine, indazole, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, purine, naphthimidazole, phenanthrimidazole, pyridimidazole, pyrazinimidazole, quinoxalinimidazole, benzoxazole, naphthoxazole, anthroxazole, phen-anthroxazole, isoxazole, benzothiazole, benzofuran, 15 isobenzofuran, dibenzofuran, quinoline, isoquinoline, pteridine, benzo-5,6- quinoline, benzo-6,7-quinoline, benzo-7,8-quinoline, benzoisoquinoline, acridine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzopyridazine, benzopyrimidine, quinoxaline, phenazine, naphthyridine, azacarbazole, benzocarboline, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, thieno[2,3b]thiophene, thieno[3,2b]-thiophene, dithienothiophene, 20 isobenzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, benzothiadiazothiophene, or combinations of these groups. The heteroaryl groups may also be substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, fluorine, fluoroalkyl or further aryl or heteroaryl groups. 25In a group the single bond shown between the two ring atoms can beattached free position of the benzene ring. O C -OC-, -CO-, -C(=O)- and -C(O)- denote a carbonyl group, i.e . 30 The polymerizable group P, including any variations thereof such as P0, P1, P2, P*0, is a group which is suitable for a polymerization reaction, such as, for example, free-radical or ionic chain polymerization, polyaddition or polycondensation, or for a polymer-analogous reaction, for example addition or condensation onto a main polymer chain. Particular preference is given to groups 35 for chain polymerization, in particular those containing a C=C double bond or -C^C- triple bond, and groups which are suitable for polymerization with ring opening, such as, for example, oxetane or epoxide groups. P24108 De - 19 - Preferred groups P, including any variations thereof such as P0, P1, P2, P*0, are selected from the group consisting of 5 O O 10 H- H- H- - 15 r independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, in particular H, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, W4, W5and W6each, independently of one 20 another, denote Cl, oxaalkyl or oxacarbonylalkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, W7and W8each, independently of one another, denote H, Cl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, Phe denotes 1,4-phenylene, which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals L as defined above which are other than P-Sp-, k1, k2 and k3 each, independently of one another, denote 0 or 1, k3 preferably denotes 1, and k4 denotes an integer 25 from 1 to 10. Very preferred groups P, including any variations thereof such as P0, P1, P2, P*0, are selected from the group consisting of O O 30 2-,35 P24108 De - 20 - CH2=CH-(COO)k1-Phe-(O)k2-, CH2=CH-(CO)k1-Phe-(O)k2-, Phe-CH=CH- and W4W5W6Si-, in which W1denotes H, F, Cl, CN, CF3, phenyl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C 5 atoms, in particular H, F, Cl or CH3, W2and W3each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, in particular H, methyl, ethyl or n- propyl, W4, W5and W6each, independently of one another, denote Cl, oxaalkyl or oxacarbonylalkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, W7and W8each, independently of one another, denote H, Cl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, Phe denotes 1,4-phenylene, 10 k1, k2 and k3 each, independently of one another, denote 0 or 1, k3 preferably denotes 1, and k4 denotes an integer from 1 to 10. Very particularly preferred groups P, including any variations thereof such as P0, P1, P2, P*0, are selected from the group consisting of CH2=CW1-CO-O-, in 15 particular CH2=CH-CO-O-, CH2=C(CH3)-CO-O- and CH2=CF-CO-O-, furthermore -, 20 Further preferred polymerizable groups P, including any variations thereof such as P0, P1, P2, P*0, are selected from the group consisting of vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane and epoxide, most 25 preferably from acrylate and methacrylate. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, in a polymerizable compound as disclosed above and below, including compounds of formule D, M, T, A, I* and their subformulae, all polymerizable groups have the same meaning, and 30 preferably denote acrylate or methacrylate, very preferably acrylate. The spacer group, including any variations thereof such as Sp0, Sp1, Sp2, Sp*0, when being different from a single bond, is preferably of the formula Sp"-X", so that the respective radical P-Sp- etc. conforms to the formula P-Sp"-X"-, wherein 35 Sp" denotes linear or branched alkylene having 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 12, C atoms, which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN and in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each be replaced, independently of one another, by -O-, -S-, -NH-, -N(R0)-, - P24108 De - 21 - Si(R0R00)-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O-, -S-CO-, -CO-S-, -N(R00)-CO- O-, -O-CO-N(R0)-, -N(R0)-CO-N(R00)-, -CH=CH- or -C^C- in such a way that 5 O and / or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, X" denotes -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O-, -CO-N(R0)-, -N(R0)- CO-, -N(R0)-CO-N(R00)-, -OCH2-, -CH2O-, -SCH2-, -CH2S-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -CF2S-, -SCF2-, -CF2CH2-, -CH2CF2-, -CF2CF2-, -CH=N-, -N=CH-, -N=N-, - 10 CH=CR0-, -CY2=CY3-, -C^C-, -CH=CH-CO-O-, -O-CO-CH=CH- or a single bond, R0and R00each, independently of one another, denote H or alkyl having 1 to 20 C atoms, and 15 Y2and Y3each, independently of one another, denote H, F, Cl or CN. X" is preferably -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -O-COO-, -CO-NR0-, -NR0- CO-, -NR0-CO-NR00- or a single bond. 20 Typical spacer groups Sp, including any variations thereof such as Sp0, Sp1, Sp2, Sp*0, and -Sp"-X"- are, for example, -(CH2)p1-, -(CH2)p1-O-, -(CH2)p1-O-CO-, -(CH2)p1- CO-O-, -(CH2)p1-O-CO-O-, -(CH2CH2O)q1-CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2-S-CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2- NH-CH2CH2- or -(SiR0R00-O)p1-, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, q1 is an 25 integer from 1 to 3, and R0and R00have the meanings indicated above. Particularly preferred groups Sp, including any variations thereof such as Sp0, Sp1, Sp2, Sp*0, and -Sp"-X"- are -(CH2)p1-, -(CH2)p1-O-, -(CH2)p1-O-CO-, -(CH2)p1-CO-O-, - (CH2)p1-O-CO-O-, in which p1 and q1 have the meanings indicated above. 30 Particularly preferred groups Sp" are, in each case straight-chain, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, dodecylene, octadecylene, ethyleneoxyethylene, methyleneoxybutylene, ethylenethioethylene, ethylene-N-methyliminoethylene, 35 1-methylalkylene, ethenylene, propenylene and butenylene. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the polymerizable compounds as disclosed above and below, including compounds of formulae D, M, T, A, I* P24108 De - 22 - and their subformulae, contain a spacer group Sp, including any variations thereof such as Sp0, Sp1, Sp2, Sp*0, that is substituted by one or more 5 polymerizable groups P, so that the group Sp-P etc. corresponds to Sp(P)s, with s being ≥2 (branched polymerizable groups). Preferred polymerizable compounds according to this preferred embodiment are those wherein s is 2, i.e., compounds which contain a group Sp(P)2. Very 10 preferred polymerizable compounds according to this preferred embodiment contain a group selected from the following formulae: -X-alkyl-CHPP Sp1 15 -X-alkyl-CH((CH2)aaP)((CH2)bbP) Sp2 -X-N((CH2)aaP)((CH2)bbP) Sp3 -X-alkyl-CHP-CH2-CH2P Sp4 20 -X-alkyl-C(CH2P)(CH2P)-CaaH2aa+1 Sp5 -X-alkyl-CHP-CH2P Sp6 25 -X-alkyl-CPP-CaaH2aa+1 Sp7 -X-alkyl-CHPCHP-CaaH2aa+1 Sp8 in which P is as defined above, 30 alkyl denotes a single bond or straight-chain or branched alkylene having 1 to 12 C atoms which is unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted by F, Cl or CN and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may each, independently of one another, be replaced by -C(R0)=C(R0)- 35 , -C^C-, -N(R0)-, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O- in such a way that O and / or S atoms are not linked directly to one another, where R0has the meaning indicated above, P24108 De - 23 - aa and bb each, independently of one another, denote 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, 5 X has one of the meanings indicated for X", and is preferably O, CO, SO2, O-CO-, CO-O or a single bond. Preferred groups Sp(P)2 are selected from formulae Sp1, Sp2 and Sp3. 10 Very preferred groups Sp(P)2 are selected from the following subformulae: -CHPP Sp1a -O-CHPP Sp1b 15 -CH2-CHPP Sp1c -OCH2-CHPP Sp1d 20 -CH(CH2-P)(CH2-P) Sp2a -OCH(CH2-P)(CH2-P) Sp2b -CH2-CH(CH2-P)(CH2-P) Sp2c 25 -OCH2-CH(CH2-P)(CH2-P) Sp2d -CO-NH((CH2)2P)((CH2)2P) Sp3a 30 Detailed Description In the compounds of formula I and its subformulae, R3and R4preferably denote H, methyl, ethyl or optionally branched C3-C8-alkyl. Preferably R3and R4are selected from bulky C3-C8-alkyl groups, more preferably from branched C3-C8- 35 alkyl, in particular from isopropyl, isobutyl (=2-methylpropyl), sec-butyl (=1- methylpropyl), tert-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, isopentyl (=3-methylbutyl), 2- methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl and 2-propylpentyl, very preferably P24108 De - 24 - from isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, most preferably tert-butyl. In another preferred embodiment R3and R4denote methyl. 5 Preferred compounds of formula I are selected from formula IA and IB: 10 A 15 B wherein R1, R2and R3independently of each other have one of the meanings 20 given in formula I or one of their preferred meanings given above and below. More preferred compounds of formula I are selected from formula IA1, IA2, IB1 and IB2: 25 1 30 2 35 1 P24108 De - 25 - 5 2 wherein R1and R2independently of each other have one of the meanings given in formula I or one of their preferred meanings given above and below. 10 Very preferred compounds of formula I are selected from formula IA1a, IA2a, IB1a and IB2a: 15 1a 20 2a 25 1a 30 2a 35 wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings P24108 De - 26 - R1Aalkyl with 12 to 25, preferably 12 to 22, C atoms, which is preferably straight-chain, very preferably n-dodecyl or n-octadecyl, most preferably 5 n-octadecyl, R2alkyl with 1 to 6 Catoms, preferably methyl or ethyl, very preferably methyl. 10 Especially preferred are the following compounds: a1 15 20 a2 25 a3 30 a4 35 P24108 De - 27 - 5 1 10 2 15 3 20 4 25 1 30 2 35 P24108 De - 28 - 5 3 10 4 15 1 20 2 25 3 4 30 Preferaby the RM composition contains one, two or three, very preferably one, compound(s) of formula I or its subformulae. 35 The concentration of the compounds of formula I in the RM composition is preferably from 0.05 to 2%, very preferably from 0.1 to 1%, most preferably from 0.2 to 0.7% of total solids. P24108 De - 29 - The compounds of formula I can be synthesized by methods that are known to 5 the skilled person and disclosed in the literature, for example in the above-cited documents US 3,717,611, US 5,068,172 and WO 2022 / 270925 A1, or in analogy thereto, using commercially available educts. Further synthesis methods are disclosed in the examples. For example, the compound of formula IA1a1 can easily be synthesized from the commercially available compound Irganox ®1076 10 by etherification of the phenolic OH group as described in Example 1. Preferably, the RM composition according to the present invention comprises one or more RMs having one polymerizable functional group (monoreactive RMs) and / or one or more RMs having two or more polymerizable functional groups (di- 15 or multireactive RMs). In a preferred embodiment the RM composition comprises one or more di- or multi-reactive RMs. These di-or multireactive RMs are preferably selected of formula D 20 P1-Sp1-MG-Sp2-P2D wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings 25 P1, P2a polymerizable group, Sp1, Sp2a spacer group or a single bond, and 30 MG a rod-shaped mesogenic group, which is preferably selected of formula MG -(A1-Z1)n-A2- MG 35 A1and A2an aromatic or alicyclic group, which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, P24108 De - 30 - L P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, -CN, -NO2 , -NCO, -NCS, -OCN, -SCN, - C(=O)NRxRy, -C(=O)ORx, -C(=O)Rx, -NRxRy, -OH, -SF5, optionally 5 substituted silyl, aryl or heteroaryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, 10 Rxand RyH or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms, Z1-O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -S-CO-, -CO-S-, -O-COO-, -CO- NR00-, -NR00-CO-, -NR00-CO-NR000, -NR00-CO-O-, -O-CO-NR00-, - 15 OCH2-, -CH2O-, -SCH2-, -CH2S-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -CF2S-, -SCF2-, - CH2CH2-, -(CH2)n1, -CF2CH2-, -CH2CF2-, -CF2CF2-, -CH=N-, - N=CH-, -N=N-, -CH=CR00-, -CY1=CY2-, -C^C-, -CH=CH-COO-, - OCO-CH=CH- or a single bond, preferably -COO-, -OCO- or a single bond, 20 Y1and Y2H, F, Cl or CN, n 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 or 2, most preferably 2, 25 n1 an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4. Preferred groups A1and A2include, without limitation, furan, pyrrol, thiophene, oxazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, imidazole, phenylene, cyclohexylene, bicyclooctylene, cyclohexenylene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, azulene, 30 indane, fluorene, naphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and dithienothiophene, all of which are unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups L as defined above. Particular preferred groups A1and A2are selected from 1,4-phenylene, pyridine- 35 2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, thiophene-2,5-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-naphthalene-2,6-diyl, indane-2,5-diyl, bicyclooctylene or 1,4- cyclohexylene wherein one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally P24108 De - 31 - replaced by O and / or S, wherein these groups are unsubstituted or substituted by 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups L as defined above. 5 Preferred RMs of formula D are selected of formula Da (L)r (L)r(L)r0 0 P0 Da 10 wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings 15 P0a polymerizable group, preferably an acryl, methacryl, oxetane, epoxy, vinyl, heptadiene, vinyloxy, propenyl ether or styrene group, Z0-COO-, -OCO-, -CH2CH2-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -C^C-, -CH=CH-,-OCO- CH=CH-, -CH=CH-COO-, or a single bond, 20 L has one of the meanings given in formula D, and is preferably selected from F, Cl, CN or optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 5 C atoms, 25 r 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, x and y 0 or identical or different integers from 1 to 12, 30 z 0 or 1, with z being 0 if the adjacent x or y is 0. Very preferred RMs of formula D are selected from the following formulae: (L)r (L)r(L)r35 0 0 a1 P24108 De - 32 - (L)r (L)r(L)rP0(CH)(O) COO COO (O)(CH)P0 Da2 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 P24108 De - 33 - wherein P0, L, r, x, y and z are as defined in formula Da, s is 0, 1, 2 or 3 and t is 0, 1 or 2. 5 Especially preferred are compounds of formula Da1, Da2 and Da3, in particular those of formula Da1. In another preferred embodiment the RM composition contains one or more 10 direactive RMs of formula D wherein at least one group Z1denotes -C^C, very preferably selected from formulae Df, Dg, Dh, Di, Dk and Dm. In another preferred embodiment the RM composition comprises one or more monoreactive RMs. These monoreactive RMs are preferably selected from 15 formula M: P1-Sp1-MG-R22M wherein P1, Sp1and MG have the meanings given in formula D, 20 R22denotes P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, -CN, -NO2 , -NCO, -NCS, -OCN, -SCN, -C(=O)NRxRy, -C(=O)X, -C(=O)ORx, -C(=O)Ry, -NRxRy, -OH, -SF5, optionally substituted silyl, straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or 25 alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, X is halogen, preferably F or Cl, and 30 Rxand Ryare independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms. Preferably the RMs of formula M are selected from the following formulae. P0-(CH ) (O 352 x)z COO w R0 M1 2 P24108 De P24108 De - 36 - 1 5 2 10 3 15 4 5 20 6 25 7 30 wherein P0, L, r, x, y, z, s and t are as defined in formula Da and Dk, R0, R01and R02are each an idependently alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 or 35 more, preferably 1 to 15 C atoms or denotes Y0or P-(CH2)y-(O)z-, X0is -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -O-COO-, -CO-NR01-, -NR01-CO-, -NR01-CO-NR01-, -OCH2-, -CH2O-, -SCH2-, -CH2S-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, P24108 De - 37 - H- 5 Y0is F, Cl, CN, NO2, OCH3, OCN, SCN, SF5, or mono- oligo- or polyfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 4 C atoms, 10 Z0is -COO-, -OCO-, -CH2CH2-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -CH=CH-,-OCO- CH=CH-, -CH=CH-COO-, or a single bond, A0is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, 1,4- phenylene that is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups 15 L, or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, R01,02are independently of each other H, R0or Y0, u and v are independently of each other 0, 1 or 2, 20 w is 0 or 1, and wherein the benzene and naphthalene rings can additionally be substituted with one or more identical or different groups L. 25 Especially preferred are compounds of formula M1, M4, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, in particular those of formula M1, M4 and M7, further more those of formula M8, M9 and M10. 30 In another preferred embodiment the RM composition contains one or more monoreactive RMs of formula M wherein the group MG1contains at least one group Z1that denotes -C^C, very preferably selected from formulae M8 to M10. In formulae D, M and their preferred subformulae, L is preferably selected from F, 35 Cl, CN, NO2 or straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12 C atoms, wherein the alkyl groups are optionally perfluorinated, or P-Sp-. P24108 De - 38 - Very preferably L is selected from F, Cl, CN, NO2, CH3, C2H5, C(CH3)3, CH(CH3)2, CH2CH(CH3)C2H5, OCH3, OC2H5, COCH3, COC2H5, COOCH3, COOC2H5, CF3, 5 OCF3, OCHF2, OC2F5or P-Sp-, in particular F, Cl, CN, CH3, C2H5, C(CH3)3, CH(CH3)2, OCH3, COCH3or OCF3, most preferably F, Cl, CH3, C(CH3)3, OCH3or COCH3, or P-Sp-. In another preferred embodiment the present invention, the RM composition 10 contains one or more RMs of formula T T 15 wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings P a polymerizable group, 20 Sp a spacer group or a single bond, R11H, F, Cl, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 15, preferably with 1 to 5, C atoms which is optionally optionally fluorinated, or P-Sp, 25 A, B, D, and E are selected from the group consisting of 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, anthracene-9,10-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, dibenzothiophene-2,7-diyl, dibenzofuran-2,7-diyl, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,5-diyl, indole-4,7- 30 diyl, benzothiophene-4,7-diyl, 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-5,8-diyl or indane-2,5-diyl, where, in addition, one or more CH groups in these groups may be replaced by N, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-. 35 C is selected from the group consisting of benzene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene- 1,4-diyl, anthracene-9,10-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, dibenzofuran-2,7-diyl, dibenzothiophene-2,7-diyl, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,5-diyl, P24108 De - 39 - indole-4,7-diyl, benzothiophene-4,7-diyl, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp. 5 and one of rings C and D may also denote a single bond, L F, Cl, -CN, -SCN, P-Sp-, or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are 10 optionally replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O-, CR0=CR00-, -C^C-, , 15 ected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by P-Sp-, F or Cl, or two substituents L that are connected to directly adjacent C atoms may also form a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group 20 with 5, 6, 7 or 8 C atoms, Z11, Z12-O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -S-CO-, -CO-S-, -O-COO-, -CO-NR0-, -NR0-CO-, -NR0-CO-NR00, -NR0-CO-O-, -O-CO-NR0-, -OCH2-, -CH2O-, -SCH2-, -CH2S-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -CF2S-, -SCF2-, -CH2CH2-, -(CH2)n1, 25 -CF2CH2-, -CH2CF2-, -CF2CF2-, -CH=N-, -N=CH-, -N=N-, -CH=CR0-, -CY1=CY2-, -C^C-, -CH=CH-COO-, -OCO-CH=CH- or a single bond, preferably -COO-, -OCO-, -C^C-, or a single bond, most preferably a single bond, 30 R0, R00H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, Y1, Y2H, F, Cl, NCS, or CN, m1, m2 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0, 1 or 2, very preferably 0 or 1, most preferably 0, 35 n1 1, 2, 3 or 4. P24108 De - 40 - The RMs of formula T show a high extraordinary refractive index ne and a high birefringence. 5 Preferably A, B, D and E in formula T are selected from the group consisting of 10 15 , 20 wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings 25 L P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, or alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl which is optionally fluorinated and has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2 C atoms, preferably P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, OC2H5, SC2H5, 30 r 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0, 1 or 2, s 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 0 or 1, t 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0 or 1. 35 More preferably rings A, B, D and / or E in formula T are selected from the group consisting of benzene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene 2,6-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, anthracene-9,10-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, dibenzofuran-2,7- diyl, dibenzothiophene-2,7-diyl, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,5-diyl, indole- P24108 De - 41 - 4,7-diyl, benzothiophene-4,7-diyl, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L and / or P-Sp-. 5 Very preferably one, two, three, four or more of rings A, B, D and / or E in formula T are selected from the group consisting of 10 , 15 F, Cl, or alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl which is optionally fluorinated and has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2 C atoms, preferably P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, OC2H5, SC2H5. 20 Especially preferred are compounds of formula T, in particular wherein n=m=0, wherein the rings B and D are selected from the group consisting of benzene-1,4- diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl or anthracene-9,10-diyl, all of which are optionally mono- or disubstituted by L and / or P-Sp-. 25 Preferably ring C in formula T is selected from the group consisting of 30 wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each 35 occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings P24108 De - 42 - L P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, or alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl which is optionally fluorinated and has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2 C atoms, 5 preferably P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, OC2H5, SC2H5, r 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0, 1 or 2, s 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 0 or 1, 10 t 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0 or 1. More preferably C in formula T is selected from the group consisting of 15 , 20 25 wherein L, on each occurrence identically or differently, denotes P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, or alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl which is optionally fluorinated and has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2 C atoms, preferably P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, OC2H5, SC2H5. 30 Very preferably ring C in formula T is selected from the group consisting of benzene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl or anthracene-9,10-diyl, all of which are optionally mono- or disubstituted by L and / or P-Sp-. 35 Further preferred are compounds of formula T, preferably those wherein n=m=0, wherein the rings B, C and D form a mesogenic group selected from the following formulae or their mirror images: P24108 De - 43 - 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 1 35 2 P24108 De - 44 - 3 5 4 10 5 15 6 20 7 25 8 30 9 35 0 P24108 De - 45 - 1 5 2 3 10 4 5 15 6 20 7 8 25 9 0 30 1 bstituted 35 with one or two groups L, and L and r are as defined in formula T. In formulae TM1 to TM28, preferably L on each occurrence identically or differently denotes P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, or alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl which is P24108 De - 46 - optionally fluorinated and has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2 C atoms, very preferably P-Sp-, methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, thiomethyl or 5 thioethyl, most preferably methyl or ethyl, and r is preferably 0, 1, 2 or 3, very preferably 0, 1 or 2. Very preferred are the groups of formulae TM01 to TM10, especially the groups of formula TM01 to TM07. 10 Very preferred compounds of formula T are selected from the following subformulae: 15 T-1 -2 20 -3 -4 25 -5 -6 30 -7 -8 35 -9 P24108 DeP-SpL L - 47 -Sp-P0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 P24108 De - 48 - 21 5 22 10 23 24 15 25 20 26 27 25 28 30 29 35 30 P24108 De - 49 - 5 31 32 10 33 15 34 35 20 36 37 25 38 30 39 40 35 41 P24108 De - 50 - 2 5 3 4 10 5 15 6 7 20 8 9 25 0 1 30 2 3 35 P24108 De P-SpLL - 51 -(L)rR 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 P24108 De - 52 - 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 P24108 De - 53 - 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 P24108 De - 54 - 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P24108 De - 55 - 5 10 0 1 15 2 3 20 4 25 wherein the naphthalene and phenanthrene groups are optionally substituted with one or two groups L, and P, Sp, L and r, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the meanings given in formula T or one of the preferred meanings given above and below, and R has one of the meanings given for R11in formula T, and preferably denotes OCH3or SCH3, very 30 preferably OCH3. L is preferably selected from alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl having 1 to 6, more preferably 1, 2 or 3 C atoms, very preferably from methyl or ethyl. P is preferably acrylate. Very preferred are the compounds of formulae TM-1 to TM-20, especially the 35 compounds of formulae T-1 to T-16. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the RM composition contains one or more RMs of formula T which contain a -C^C- group (acetylene P24108 De - 56 - group) in the spacer, preferably a -C^C- group that is directly attached to an outer benzene or naphthalene group of the mesogenic core. These RMs are preferably 5 selected from formula A: A 10 wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings 15 P a polymerizable group, Sp a spacer group or a single bond, Sp1a spacer group or a single bond, preferably alkylene with 1 to 12, more 20 preferably with 3 to 6, C atoms, R33H, F, Cl, CN, CH=CH2, alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 6, preferably with 1 to 3, C atoms which is optionally fluorinated or 25 chlorinated, or P-Sp, AA, BAphenylene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, fluorene- 2,7-diyl, dibenzothiophene-2,7-diyl, dibenzofuran-2,7-diyl, benzo[1,2- b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,5-diyl, indole-4,7-diyl, benzothiophene-4,7-diyl, 30 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene- 5,8-diyl where, in addition, one or more CH groups in these groups may be replaced by N, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-. 35 CAphenylene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, preferably phenylene-1,4-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more CH groups in these groups may be replaced by N, and which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-, P24108 De - 57 - wherein preferably not more than one of AA, BAand CAdenote 5 naphthalene-1,4-diyl, L F, Cl, -CN, -SCN, P-Sp-, or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are optionally replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O-, 10 CR0=CR00-, -C^C-, , 15 ected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by P-Sp-, F or Cl, or two substituents L that are connected to directly adjacent C atoms may also form a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group with 5, 6, 7 or 8 C atoms, 20 Z11-O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -S-CO-, -CO-S-, -O-COO-, -CO-NR0-, - NR0-CO-, -NR0-CO-NR00, -NR0-CO-O-, -O-CO-NR0-, -OCH2-, -CH2O-, - SCH2-, -CH2S-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -CF2S-, -SCF2-, -CH2CH2-, -(CH2)n1, - CF2CH2-, -CH2CF2-, -CF2CF2-, -CH=N-, -N=CH-, -N=N-, -CH=CR0-, - 25 CY1=CY2-, -C^C-, -CH=CH-COO-, -OCO-CH=CH- or a single bond, preferably -COO-, -OCO-, -C^C-, or a single bond, most preferably a single bond, R0, R00H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, 30 Y1, Y2H, F, Cl, NCS, or CN, m2 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0, 1 or 2, more preferably 0 or 1, most preferably 0, 35 m3 0 or 1, n1 1, 2, 3 or 4, P24108 De - 58 - s 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 0, 1 or 2. 5 The RMs of formula A show a very high extraordinary refractive index neand a very high birefringence. Moreover, their maximum absorbance peak is shifted towards lower wavelengths, with a steepened pitch of the UV absorbance curve, which results in less coloring of the RMs and polymer films made thereof. 10 In the compounds of formula A, preferably AAand BAare selected from the group consisting of 15 20 wherein at least one of A and BAis selected from phenylene-1,4-diyl(La)nsd napththalene-2,6-diyl, and wherein the individual radicals(L)s, A , independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings 25 L P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, or alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl which is optionally fluorinated and has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2 C atoms, preferably P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, OC2H5, SC2H5, CHO, COCH3, COOCH3 or COOH, 30 r 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0, 1 or 2, s 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 0 or 1, t 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0 or 1. 35 More preferably rings AAand BAin formula A are selected from the group consisting of phenylene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl and naphthalene 2,6-diyl, P24108 De - 59 - all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L and / or P-Sp-, wherein not more than one of A and B may denote naphthalene-1,4-diyl. 5 Very preferably one, two, three, four or more of rings AAand BAin formula A are selected from the group consisting of 10 , 15 and wherein L, on each occurrence identically or differently, denotes P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, or alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl which is optionally fluorinated and has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2 C atoms, preferably P-Sp-, F, Cl, CN, CH3, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, OC2H5 or SC2H5. 20 Especially preferred are compounds of formula A, in particular wherein n=m=0, wherein the ring BAis selected from the group consisting of phenylene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl and naphthalene-2,6-diyl, preferably phenylene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl and naphthalene-2,6-diyl, all of which are optionally mono- 25 or disubstituted by L and / or P-Sp-. Preferably ring CAin formula A is selected from the group consisting of 30nd , 35 Cl, or alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl which is optionally fluorinated and has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2 C atoms, preferably P-Sp-, F, Cl, CN, CH3, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, OC2H5 or SC2H5. P24108 De - 60 - Further preferred are compounds of formula A wherein m=1 and / or at least one of rings BAand CAdenotes naphthalene-2,6-diyl. 5 Further preferred are compounds of formula A wherein m=0, preferably those wherein n=0, wherein rings BAand CAtogether with the phenylene-1,4-diyl group form a group selected from the following formulae or their mirror images, wherein * denotes the linkage to the acetylene group in formula A: 10 AM01 02 15 03 04 20 05 25 06 07 30 08 wherein the naphthalene groups are optionally substituted with one or two groups 35 L, r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0, 1 or 2, and L is as defined in formula A. Further preferred are compounds of formula A wherein m=1, preferably those wherein n=0, wherein rings BAand CAtogether with the naphthalene-2,6-diyl P24108 De - 61 - group form a group selected from the following formulae or their mirror images, wherein * denotes the linkage to the acetylene group in formula A: 5 AM1 2 10 3 4 15 5 20 6 7 25 8 9 30 wherein the naphthalene groups are optionally substituted with one or two groups L, r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0, 1 or 2, and L is as defined in formula A. 35 In formulae AM01 to AM08 and AM1 to AM9, preferably L on each occurrence identically or differently denotes P-Sp-, -CN, F, Cl, or alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl which is optionally fluorinated and has 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2 C atoms, very preferably P-Sp-, F, Cl, CN, CH3, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, OC2H5 P24108 De - 62 - or SC2H5, most preferably CH3 or C2H5, and r is preferably 0, 1, 2 or 3, very preferably 0, 1 or 2. 5 Especially preferred are the groups of formulae AM01, AM02, AM03, AM04, AM1, AM2 and AM3. Very preferred compounds of formula A are selected from the following 10 subformulae: A-1 15 20 25 30 35 - ()r P24108 De - 63 - 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 P24108 De - 64 - 4 5 5 10 6 7 15 8 20 9 25 0 1 30 2 3 35 4 P24108 De - 65 - 5 5 6 10 7 8 15 9 0 20 1 2 25 3 4 30 5 6 35 7 P24108 De - 66 - 8 5 9 0 10 1 15 2 3 20 4 5 25 6 30 7 8 35 9 P24108 De - 67 - 0 5 1 10 2 15 3 4 20 wherein the naphthalene groups are optionally substituted with one or two groups L, and P, Sp, L and r, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the meanings given above, and R has one of the 25 meanings given for R11in formula A, and preferably denotes OCH3 or SCH3, very preferably OCH3. L is preferably selected from F, Cl, CN, CH3, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, OC2H5 or SC2H5. P is preferably acrylate. Further preferred are the direactive compounds of the formulae A and A-1 to A- 30 64 wherein one of the two groups Sp is a single bond and the other group Sp is different from a single bond. In the compounds of formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, P is preferably selected from the group consisting of vinyloxy, 35 acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane and epoxide, very preferably from acrylate and methacrylate, most preferably acrylate. P24108 De - 68 - Further preferred are compounds of formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein all polymerizable groups P that are present 5 in the compound have the same meaning, and very preferably denote acrylate or methacrylate, most preferably acrylate. Further preferred are compounds of formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, which contain one, two, three or four groups P-Sp, 10 very preferably two or three groups P-Sp. Further preferred are compounds of formula T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein R11is P-Sp-. 15 Further preferred are compounds of formula M, T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein R22or R11, respectively, is selected from F, Cl, CN, CF3, CCl3, CH=CH2, or alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 3 C atoms which is optionally fluorinated, more preferably from F, Cl, CN, OCH3, SCH3, OCF3, CF3, CH=CH2, 20 CHO, COCH3, COOCH3, COOC2H5 and CCl3, very preferably from OCH3, OCF3 or CHO, most preferably from OCH3 or OCF3. Further preferred are compounds of formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein Sp1, and / or Sp2if present, denotes -(CH2)s1- 25 , wherein s1 is an integer from 1 to 12, more preferably 3, 4, 5 or 6. Further preferred are compounds of formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein Sp1, and / or Sp2if present, denotes a single bond or -(CH2)p1-, -O-(CH2)p1-, -O-CO-(CH2)p1, or -CO-O-(CH2)p1, wherein p1 is 2, 30 3, 4, 5 or 6, and, if Sp is -O-(CH2)p1-, -O-CO-(CH2)p1or -CO-O-(CH2)p1the O-atom or CO-group, respectively, is linked to the benzene ring. Further preferred are compounds of formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein Sp1, and / or Sp2if present, is a single bond. 35 Further preferred are compounds of formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein Sp1, and / or Sp2if present, is different from a single bond. P24108 De - 69 - Further preferred are compounds of formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae as 5 described above and below, wherein m is 1. Further preferred are compounds of formula T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein at least one of B and C denotes naphthalene-2,6-diyl or naphthalene-1,4-diyl, very preferably naphthalene-2,6- 10 diyl, which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-. Further preferred are compounds of formula T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein L is P-Sp-, F, Cl, -CN, or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent 15 CH2-groups are optionally replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O-, CR0=CR00-, -C^C-, , 20 ected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by P-Sp-, F or Cl, or two substituents L that are connected to directly adjacent C atoms may also form a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group with 5, 6, 7 or 8 C atoms. 25 Very preferred are compounds of formula T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein L is F, Cl, CN or straight chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl having 1 to 6 C atoms or branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl having 3 to 8 C atoms, most preferably F, Cl, CN, CH3, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, 30 OC2H5or SC2H5. Further preferred are compounds of formula T, A and their subformulae as described above and below, wherein Z11and Z12denote -COO-, -OCO-, -C^C- or a single bond, more preferably -C^C- or a single bond, most preferably a single 35 bond. P24108 De - 70 - Further preferred compounds of the formulae T and A and their subformulae are selected from the following preferred embodiments, including any combination 5 thereof: - n = 0, and / or - ring C or CA, respectively, denotes phenylene-1,4-diyl which is substituted by alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkyl with 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2 C atoms, more preferably methyl or ethyl, most preferably ethyl, or 10 - ring C or CA, respectively,denotes naphthalene-2,6-diyl, which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-, and / or - ring B or BA, respectively,denotes naphthalene-2,6-diyl, which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-, and / or - m=1 and / or at least one of B and C, or at least one of BAand CA, 15 respectively,denotes naphthalene-2,6-diyl, which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-, - m=0 and at least one of B and C, or at least one of BAand CA, respectively, denotes naphthalene-2,6-diyl, which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-, 20 - P denotes acrylate or methacrylate and / or - Sp1denotes -(CH2)s1-, wherein s1 is an integer from 1 to 1, preferably 3, 4, 5 or 6, and / or - Sp denotes Sp”-X”, preferably, -Sp"-X"- denotes -(CH2)p1-, -(CH2)p1-O-, -(CH2)p1- O-CO-, -(CH2)p1-CO-O-, -(CH2)p1-O-CO-O-, -(CH2CH2O)q1-CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2-S- 25 CH2CH2-, or -CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, q1 is an integer from 1 to 3, and / or - L is selected from P-Sp-, F, Cl, CN, CH3, OCH3, SCH3, C2H5, OC2H5 or SC2H5, very preferably CH3 or C2H5, and r denotes 1, and / or - ring C is substituted by one L which denotes P-Sp-, preferably acrylate, and / or 30 - R11is P-Sp-, or - R11is F, Cl, CN, OCH3or SCH3, preferably OCH3or SCH3, very preferably OCH3. Very preferred compounds of formula T are listed below: 35 P24108 De - 73 - 14 5 15 10 16 17 15 18 20 19 25 20 30 21 22 35 23 P24108 De - 74 - 24 5 10 25 15 26 20 27 25 28 29 30 30 35 31 P24108 De - 75 - 2 5 3 10OO O O4 5 15 6 7 20 8 9 25 0 1 30 2 35 P24108 De - 76 - 3 5 10 4 5 15 6 7 20 8 25 9 0 30 1 2 35 P24108 De - 78 - 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 P24108 De - 79 - 70 5 71 10 15 72 73 20 74 25 75 30 Especially preferred are the compounds of formula T-3, T-19, T-21, T-24, T-25, T-30, T-47, T-50, T-53, T-59, T-60, T-68, T-70, T-71, T-73 and T-75. Very preferred compounds of formula A are listed below: 35 A1 P24108 De - 81 - A10 5 A11 10 A12 A13 15 O A14 20 A15 25 A16 30 A17 35 A18 P24108 De - 82 - 9 5 0 10 1 2 15 3 20 4 25 The synthesis of the compounds of formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae can be carried by methods known per se to the person skilled in the art from the literature or in analogy thereto, as described for example in WO 2022 / 33908 A1. 30 The compounds of formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae either taken alone or in combination with other RMs in an RM composition, exhibit in particular and preferably at the same time, a high birefringence, exhibit a good solubility in commonly known organic solvents used in mass production, show an improved 35 alignment, have favorable transition temperatures, and show high resistance against yellowing after being exposed to UV light. P24108 De - 83 - Preferably the RM composition contains one or more compounds selected from formulae D, M, T, A and their subformulae. 5 Very preferably the RM composition contains, preferably 1 to 6, very preferably 1 to 4, RMs, preferably selected from D, M, T, A and their subformulae. If the RM composition contains one or more di- or multireactive RMs of formula D 10 or its subformulae, their concentration is preferably from 1 to 50%, very preferably from 5 to 30% of total solids. If the RM composition contains one or more monoreactive RMs of formula M or its subformulae, their concentration is preferably from 1 to 70%, very preferably 15 from 10 to 50% of total solids. If the RM composition contains one or more RMs of formula T or its subformulae, their concentration is preferably from 1 to 70%, very preferably from 10 to 50% of total solids. 20 If the RM composition contains one or more RMs of formula A or its subformulae, their concentration is preferably from 1 to 70%, very preferably from 10 to 50% of total solids. 25 In another preferred embodiment, the RM composition further comprises one or more chiral compounds which are optionally polymerizable and / or isomerizable. In another preferred embodiment the RM composition contains one or more, preferably exactly one, chiral compounds, preferably selected from polymerizable 30 chiral compounds, very preferably selected from mono- or direactive chiral polymerizable compounds. Suitable polymerizable chiral compounds preferably comprise one or more ring elements, linked together by a direct bond or via a linking group and, where two 35 of these ring elements optionally may be linked to each other, either directly or via a linking group, which may be identical to or different from the linking group mentioned. The ring elements are preferably selected from the group of four-, five-, six- or seven-, preferably of five- or six-, membered rings. P24108 De - 84 - Preferred polymerizable chiral compounds are selected from the formulae C1, C2 and C3: 5 1 10 2 15 3 20 25 wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings P0* a polymerizable group, 30 Sp0* a spacer group or a single bond R0* F, Cl, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 15, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, P0*- or P0*-Sp*-, 35 A0, B0, E0, F01,4-phenylene that is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups L, or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, P24108 De - 85 - L F, Cl, CN, P-Sp-, or alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 5 C atoms that is optionally 5 fluorinated, X1, X2-O-, -COO-, -OCO-, -O-CO-O- or a single bond, Z0* -COO-, -OCO-, -O-CO-O-, -OCH2-, -CH2O-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -CH2CH2-, - 10 (CH2)4-, -CF2CH2-, -CH2CF2-, -CF2CF2-, -C^C-, -CH=CH-, -CH=CH-COO-, - OCO-CH=CH- or a single bond, preferably -COO-, -OCO- or a single bond, a0 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0 or 1, 15 b0 0 or an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6, t0 0, 1, 2 or 3, z0 0 or 1, preferably 1, 20 and wherein the naphthalene rings can additionally be substituted with one or more identical or different groups L. Further preferred are the stereoisomers of formula C2 wherein the central 25 isosorbide unit is replaced by an isomannide or isoidide unit. The compounds of formula C1 are preferably selected from the following formula: 30 -1 35 wherein A0, B0, Z0*, X2, P0*, a and b have the meanings given in formula Ca or one of the preferred meanings given above and below, and (OCO) denotes -O- CO- or a single bond. P24108 De - 86 - Especially preferred compounds of formula C are selected from the group 5 consisting of the following subformulae: 10 -1 15 -2 20 -3 25 30 -4 35 P24108 De - 87 - 5 6 7 8 9 P24108 De - 88 - wherein R* is -X2-(CH2)t-P0* as defined in formula C1-1, and the benzene and naphthalene rings are unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 groups L as 5 defined above and below. In case one or more polymerizable chiral compounds are present, their concentration in the RM composition is preferably from 0.1 to 10 %, more preferably from 0.5 to 8 % by weight of total solids. 10 Preferably the polymerizable chiral compounds have alone or in combination with each other an absolute value of the helical twisting power (IHTPtotalI) of 20 µm-1or more, preferably of 40 µm-1or more, more preferably in the range of 60 µm-1or more, most preferably in the range of 80 µm-1or more to 260 µm-1. 15 In another preferred embodiment the RM composition according to the present invention does not contain any chiral compounds. The RM mixture contained in the RM composition preferably exhibits a nematic 20 phase or, in case a chiral compound is present, a chiral nematic (also referred to as “cholesteric”) LC phase, or a chiral smectic LC phase and a chiral nematic LC phase, very preferably a nematic or chiral nematic LC phase at room temperature. 25 The RM mixture contained in the RM composition preferably has a birefringence (^n) in the range from 0.18 to 0.8, more preferably in the range from 0.20 to 0.7 and even more preferably in the range from 0.25 to 0.6. In another preferred embodiment the RM composition according to the present 30 invention, in addition to the polymerizable compounds of formula D, M, T and A or their subformulae, comprises one or more chiral isomerizable compounds, preferably selected from chiral photoisomerizable compounds. The chiral isomerizable compounds can be polymerizable or not polymerizable. 35 They can be non-mesogenic compounds or mesogenic compounds. If the chiral isomerizable compounds are polymerizable they can be monoreactive or multireactive. P24108 De - 89 - In a preferred embodiment the RM composition according to the present invention comprises one or more chiral isomerizable compounds which are 5 polymerizable. In another preferred embodiment the RM composition according to the present invention contains exactly one chiral isomerizable compound. 10 Further preferably the RM composition contains only chiral isomerizable compounds which are polymerizable, preferably selected from mono- or direactive chiral isomerizable compounds. Further preferably the RM composition does not contain a chiral compound which 15 does not contain an isomerizable group, in particular does not contain a photoisomerizable group. In another preferred embodiment the RM composition according to the present invention does not contain any other chiral compounds in addition to the chiral 20 isomerizable compound(s). Suitable polymerizable chiral isomerizable compounds preferably comprise one or more ring elements, linked together by a direct bond or via a linking group and, where two of these ring elements optionally may be linked to each other, either 25 directly or via a linking group, which may be identical to or different from the linking group mentioned. The ring elements are preferably selected from the group of four-, five-, six- or seven-, preferably of five- or six-, membered rings. Preferred chiral isomerizable compounds are selected of formula I*: 30 R3-(A3-Z3)m-G(-(Z4-A4)l-R4)kI* wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings 35 R3, R4H, F, Cl, CN, P-Sp- or an alkyl radical with up to 25 C atoms which may be unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted by halogen or CN, it being also possible for one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups to be replaced, P24108 De - 90 - in each case independently from one another, by -O-, -S-, -NH-, - N(CH3)-, -CO-, -COO- -OCO-, -OCO-O-, -S-CO-, -CO-S- or -C^C- in 5 such a manner that oxygen atoms are not linked directly to one another, P a polymerizable group, Sp a spacer group or a single bond, 10 Z3, Z4-CO-O-, -O-CO-, -CH2CH2-, -OCH2-, -CH2O-, -CH=CH-, -CH=CH-CO-O-, -O-CO-CH=CH-, -CH=C(CN)-CO-O-, -O-CO-C(CN)=CH-, -N=N-, - CH=N-, -N=CH-, -C^C-, or a single bond, 15 A3, A4an alicyclic, heterocyclic, aromatic or heteroaromatic group with 4 to 20 ring atoms, which is monocyclic or polycyclic and which is optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-, G a chiral group, 20 L F, Cl, -CN, -SCN, P-Sp-, or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2-groups are optionally replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, -O-CO-O-, CR0=CR00-, -C^C-, 25 , ected with 30 each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by P-Sp-, F or Cl, or two substituents L that are connected to directly adjacent C atoms may also form a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group with 5, 6, 7 or 8 C atoms, 35 m, l independently of each other 0, 1, 2 or 3, k 0, 1 or 2, P24108 De - 91 - wherein the compound contains at least one isomerizable group, which is preferably a photoisomerizable group. 5 In the compounds of formula I* and its subformulae as described above and below, if R3or R4is an alkyl or alkoxy radical, i.e. where the terminal CH2group is replaced by -O-, this may be straight-chain or branched. It is preferably straight- chain, has 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms and accordingly is preferably ethyl, 10 propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, heptoxy, or octoxy, furthermore methyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, methoxy, nonoxy, decoxy, undecoxy, dodecoxy, tridecoxy or tetradecoxy, for example. 15 Oxaalkyl, i.e. where one CH2 group is replaced by -O-, is preferably straight-chain 2-oxapropyl (=methoxymethyl), 2- (=ethoxymethyl) or 3-oxabutyl (=2- methoxyethyl), 2-, 3-, or 4-oxapentyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-oxahexyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6- oxaheptyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-oxaoctyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-oxanonyl or 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-,7-, 8- or 9-oxadecyl, for example. 20 Preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein at least one of R3and R4, preferably both R3and R4, denote P-Sp-. Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein 25 at least one of R3and R4, preferably both R3and R4, is different from P-Sp-, and preferably denotes alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to C atoms, and one of R3and R4may also denote F, Cl or CN. Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein 30 A3and A4are selected from the group consisting of 1,4-phenylene, 1,3- phenylene, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, anthracene-2,7-diyl, anthracene-9,10-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, dibenzothiophene-2,7-diyl, dibenzofuran-2,7-diyl, benzo[1,2- b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,5-diyl, indole-4,7-diyl, benzothiophene-4,7-diyl, coumarine, 35 flavone, where, in addition, one or more CH groups in these groups may be replaced by N, cyclohexane-1,4-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more non- adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by O and / or S, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, bicycle[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane- P24108 De - 92 - 2,6-diyl, piperidine-1,4-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, indane-2,5-diyl, octahydro-4,7-methanoindane- 5 2,5-diyl, 2-benzylidene-1-indanone, chalcone, chromone and pentalenone, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-. Very preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein A3and A4are selected from the group consisting of 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,4- 10 diyl, naphthalene 2,6-diyl, 1,4-cyclohexylene in which, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by O and / or S, 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)octylene, piperidine-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2,6-diyl, very preferably 1,4-phenylene or 1,4-cyclohexylene, all of which are optionally 15 substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp. Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein Z3and Z4independently of each other denote -CO-O-, -O-CO- or a single bond. 20 Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein L is selected from F, Cl, CN, CH3, C2H5, OCH3, OC2H5, COCH3, COC2H5, CF3, OCF3, P-Sp-, in particular F, Cl, CN, CH3, C2H5, OCH3, COCH3 or OCF3 , most preferably F, CH3, OCH3 or COCH3. 25 Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein P is selected from the group consisting of vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane and epoxide, very preferably from acrylate and methacrylate, most preferably acrylate. 30 Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein Sp denotes a single bond or -(CH2)p1-, -O-(CH2)p1-, -O-CO-(CH2)p1, or -CO-O- (CH2)p1, wherein p1 is an integer from 2 to 10, preferably 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and, if Sp is -O-(CH2)p1-, -O-CO-(CH2)p1 or -CO-O-(CH2)p1 the O-atom or CO-group, respectively, is linked to the benzene ring. 35 Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein all polymerizable groups P that are present in the compound have the same P24108 De - 93 - meaning, and very preferably denote acrylate or methacrylate, most preferably acrylate. 5 Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those which contain one, two, three or four groups P-Sp, very preferably two or three groups P-Sp. 10 Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein at least one group Sp is a single bond. Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein at least one group Sp is a single bond and at least one group Sp is different from 15 a single bond. Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein at least one group Sp is different from a single bond, and is selected from - (CH2)p1-, -O-(CH2)p1-, -O-CO-(CH2)p1, or -CO-O-(CH2)p1, wherein p1 is an integer 20 from 2 to 10, preferably 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and, if Sp is -O-(CH2)p1-, -O-CO-(CH2)p1 or -CO-O-(CH2)p1 the O-atom or CO-group, respectively, is linked to the benzene ring. In the event that Raor Rbis a group of formula P-Sp-, the spacer groups on each 25 side of the mesogenic core may be identical or different. In the compounds of formula I* and its subformulae as described above and below, m and l are preferably 0 or 1. 30 In the compounds of formula I* and its subformulae as described above and below, q is preferably 0 or 1, very preferably 0. Of the compounds of formula I*, the following are especially preferred: 35 R*-G-R**I*1 R*-A3-Z3-G-R** I*2 *3 *4 P24108 De - 94 - P-Sp-A3-Z3-G-R** I*5 P-Sp-G-Z4-A4-R** I*6 5 P-Sp-A3-Z3-G-Z4-A4-R** I*7 P-Sp-G-Sp-P I*8 P-Sp-A3-Z3-G-Sp-P I*9 P-Sp-A3-Z3-G-Z4-A4-Sp-P I*10 P-Sp-A3-Z3-A3-Z3-G-Z4-A4-Sp-P I*11 10 P-Sp-A3-Z3-A3-Z3-G-Z4-A4-Z4-A4-Sp-P I*12 wherein P, Sp, A3, A4, Z3, Z4and G have the meanings given for formula I* or one of their preferred meanings as described above and below, R* has one of the meanings of R3which is different from P-Sp-, and R** has one of the meanings of 15 R4which is different from P-Sp-. Of these preferred compounds, particularly preferred are those of formula I*8 to I*10, very particularly preferred those of formula I*8. 20 A smaller group of particularly preferred compounds of the formulae I*1 to I*10 is listed below. For reasons of simplicity, Phe is 1,4-phenylene which is optionally substituted in 2- and / or 3-position with L, and Cyc is 1,4-cyclohexylene. Particularly preferred compounds of the formula I*2, I3, I*5, I*6, I*7, I*9 and I*10 25 are those of the following formulae: R*-Phe-Z3-G-R** I*2-1 R*-Cyc-Z3-G-R** I*2-2 R*-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-R** I*3-1 30 R*-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-R** I*3-2 R*-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-R** I*3-3 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-G-R** I*5-1 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-G-R** I*5-2 P-Sp-G-Z4-Phe-R** I*6-1 35 P-Sp-G-Z4-Cyc-R** I*6-2 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-R** I*7-1 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-R** I*7-2 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-R** I*7-3 P24108 De - 95 - P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-R** I*7-4 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-G-Sp-P I*9-1 5 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-G-Sp-P I*9-2 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-Sp-P I*10-1 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*10-2 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*10-3 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-Sp-P I*11-1 10 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-Sp-P I*11-2 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-Sp-P I*11-3 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*11-4 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*11-5 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*11-6 15 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*11-7 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-Z4-Phe-Sp-P I*12-1 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-Z4-Phe-Sp-P I*12-2 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-Z4-Phe-Sp-P I*12-3 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Z4-Phe-Sp-P I*12-4 20 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Phe-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*12-5 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*12-6 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-Phe-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*12-7 P-Sp-Phe-Z3-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*12-8 P-Sp-Cyc-Z3-Cyc-Z3-G-Z4-Cyc-Z4-Cyc-Sp-P I*12-9 25 wherein P, Sp, Z3, Z4and G have the meanings given for formula I* or one of their preferred meanings as described above and below, R* has one of the meanings of R3in formula I* which is different from P-Sp-, and R** has one of the meanings of R4in formula I* which is different from P-Sp-. 30 Preferably in the compounds of formulae I*2-1 to I*7-4 R* and R** are independently of each other alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 12 C atoms, or alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 12 C atoms and the other is F, Cl or CN. Furthermore -Sp- is preferably alkylene or alkyleneoxy with 1 to 12 C atoms, P is preferably acrylate 35 or methacrylate, and Z3and Z4are independently of each other denote - CO-O-, - O-CO- -CH=CH-CO-O-, -O-CO-CH=CH-, -CH=C(CN)-CO-O-, -O-CO-C(CN)=CH- , -CH=N-, -N=CH-, -N=N- or a single bond, more preferably -CO-O-, -O-CO- or a single bond. P24108 De - 96 - Preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein G 5 denotes or contains a photoisomerizable group. Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein Z3and / or Z4independently of each other denote -CH=CH-CO-O-, -O-CO- CH=CH-, -CH=C(CN)-CO-O-, -O-CO-C(CN)=CH-, -CH=N-, -N=CH- or -N=N-. 10 Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those containing an isomerizable group selected from stilbene, (1,2-difluoro-2-phenyl- vinyl)-benzene, cinnamate,^^-cyanocinnamate, 4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one, Schiff base, 2-benzyliden-1-indanone, chalcone, coumarin, chromone, pentalenone or 15 azobenzene. Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein the chiral group G is selected or derived from dianhydrohexitol, preferably isosorbide, isomannide or isoidide, 1,1’-bi-2-naphthol (binol), 1,2-diphenyl-1,2- 20 ethanediol (hydrobenzoin), 2-benzylidene-p-menthan-3-one and menthyl cinnamate ((1R,2S,5R)-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl (2E)-3-phenyl-2- propenoate). Very preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein 25 the chiral group G is selected of formula A: A 30 wherein X is -CO-O-, -CH=CH-CO-O-, -CH=C(CN)-CO-O-, in each of which the ester O-atom is linked to the furan ring, or -N=N-, q is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and L has 35 the meaning of formula I* or one of its preferred meanings as given above and below. P24108 De - 97 - Formula A includes the following stereoisomers based on the corresponding dianhydrohexitols: 5 i 10 ii 15 20 iii wherein X, L and q have the meanings given in formula A, and wherein Ai is 25 based on isosorbide, Aii is based on isomannide and Aiii is based on isoidide. Especially preferred is Ai. Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein one or both of Z3and Z4independently of each other denote -CH=CH-CO-O-, -O- 30 CO-CH=CH-, -CH=C(CN)-CO-O-, -O-CO-C(CN)=CH-, -CH=N-, -N=CH- or -N=N-, and / or wherein G is of formula A, preferably Ai, and X denotes -CH=CH-CO-O-, - CH=C(CN)-CO-O- or -N=N-. Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein 35 G is of formula A, preferably formula Ai, and X denotes -CH=CH-CO-O-, - CH=C(CN)-CO-O- or -N=N-, very preferably -CH=CH-CO-O-. P24108 De - 98 - Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are those wherein the chiral group G is selected from the following formulae 5 C 10 D 15 20 E 25 F 30 G 35 wherein P24108 De - 99 - X, L and q have the meanings given in formula A or one of the preferred meanings as given above and below, 5 R11and R12independently of each other denote -(Z4-A4)l-R4as defined in formula I*, or R11and R12together with the O atoms form a cyclic group or a spirocyclic group which is optionally substituted by a group -(Z4-A4)l-R4as defined in formula I*, R13and R14independently of each other denote R3-(A3-Z3)m- as defined in 10 formula I*, a1 and a2 independently of each other are 0, 1 or 2, and the dashed lines represent a linkage to the adjacent group(s) in formula I*. Preferred compounds of formula I* are selected from the following formulae: 15 A 20 25 B 30 35 P24108 De - 100 - 5 F 10 G 15 wherein R3, R4, Z4, A4, L and q have the meanings given in formula I* or one of the preferred meanings as given above and below, l1 is 0, 1 or 2, R13, R14, a1 and a2 have the meanings given in formula G or one of the preferred meanings as 20 given above and below, R15denotes -(Z4-A4)l-R4as defined in formula I* and X11and X12denote -O-CO-CH=CH-. Very preferred compounds of formula I*A are selected from the following subformulae: 25 30 A1 35 P24108 De - 102 - 5 3 10 wherein P, Sp, L and q have the meanings given in formula I* or one of the preferred meanings as given above and below, R* has one of the meanings of R3in formula I* which is different from P-Sp-, and R** has one of the meanings of R415 in formula I* which is different from P-Sp-. Especially preferred are the compounds of formula I*A3. Further preferred are the stereoisomers of formula I*A, I*B, I*A1, I*A2 and I*A3 20 wherein the central isosorbide unit is replaced by an isomannide or isoidide unit. In the compounds of formula I*A, I*B, I*A1, I*A2 and I*A3, P is preferably acrylate or methacrylate, very preferably acrylate, Sp is preferably -O-(CH2)p1-, -O-CO- (CH2)p1- or -CO-O-(CH2)p1-,, very preferably -O-(CH2)p1-, wherein the O-atom or 25 CO-group, respectively, is linked to the benzene ring, p1 is an integer from 1 to 6, more preferably 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, and R4is preferably P-Sp-. Further preferred compounds of formula I* and its subformulae are selected from the following formulae: 30 1 35 P24108 De - 103 - 2 1 2 3 4 1 P24108 De 10 15 R* CHOO 20 OCHO - 105 - 5 (L)q(L)qSp-P 25 0 30 1 35 P24108 De - 106 - 5 2 10 3 15 4 20 25 5 30 6 35 P24108 De - 107 - 5 1 10 2 15 G1 20 wherein P, Sp, R*, R**, L and q have the meanings given in formula I* and I*A1 25 or one of the preferred meanings as given above and below, R16and R17independently of each other denote alkyl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, very preferably methyl, ethyl or propyl, and R18denotes P-Sp-, H or alkyl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, very preferably H. 30 In the compounds of formulae I*C1 to I*G1, P is preferably acrylate or methacrylate, very preferably acrylate, Sp is preferably -O-(CH2)p1-, -O-CO- (CH2)p1- or -CO-O-(CH2)p1-, very preferably -O-(CH2)p1-, wherein the O-atom or CO-group, respectively, is linked to the benzene ring, p1 is an integer from 1 to 6, more preferably 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, R* and R** are preferably, independently of each 35 other, alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 12, very preferably 1 to 6, C atoms. The compounds of formula IA* can be prepared for example according to or in analogy to the method described in GB 2314839 A. The compounds of formulae P24108 De - 108 - I*E1 to I*E15 can be prepared for example according to or in analogy to the method described in WO 02 / 40614 A1. 5 Preferably the utilized chiral isomerizable compounds have each alone or in combination with each other an absolute value of the helical twisting power (IHTPtotalI) of 20 µm-1or more, preferably of 40 µm-1or more, more preferably in the range of 60 µm-1or more, most preferably in the range of 80 µm-1or more to 10 260 µm-1. In case the RM composition contains two or more chiral isomerizable compounds, these compounds may have the same or opposite twist sense. 15 In a preferred embodiment, the RM composition contains only one chiral isomerizable compound, very preferably selected from formula I* or its subformulae, which is preferably polymerizable, i.e., which contains at least one group P-Sp-. 20 In another preferred embodiment the RM composition does not contain any other chiral compounds than those of formula I*. Preferably the proportion of the chiral isomerizable compounds, especially those selected from formula I* or its subformulae, in the RM composition according to 25 the present invention as a whole is in the range from 0.1 to 10 % by weight, very preferably in the range from 0.2 to 8.5 % by weight, most preferably in the range from 0.5 to 4 % by weight of total solids In another preferred embodiment the RM composition contains one or more chiral 30 compounds which are not isomerizable. By adding one or more non-isomerizable chiral compounds it is possible to adjust the central wavelength of the reflection band of the RM composition. In case the RM composition contains a chiral isomerizable compound, the additional non- 35 isomerizable chiral compound can have the same twist sense or opposite twist sense than the chiral isomerizable compound. Accordingly the reflection waveband of the RM composition will be shifted to shorter or longer wavelengths, respectively. P24108 De - 109 - In another preferred embodiment the RM composition contains one or more, 5 preferably exactly one, chiral isomerizable and polymerizable compound, especially selected from formula I* or its subformulae, and additionally contains one or more, preferably exactly one, polymerizable chiral compound which is not isomerizable, and which very preferably has opposite twist sense than the chiral isomerizable and polymerizable compound, and is preferably selected from 10 formula C or its subformulae. In another preferred embodiment the RM composition according to the present invention additionally comprises one or more chiral compounds which are not polymerizable and not isomerizable. These chiral compounds may be non- 15 mesogenic compounds or mesogenic compounds. The chiral, non-isomerizable compounds can have the same twist sense or opposite twist sense than the chiral isomerizable compound. Thereby it is possible to shift the reflection waveband of the RM composition to shorter or 20 longer wavelengths as described above. Preferred non-polymerizable and non-isomerizable chiral compounds are selected from the group consisting of compounds of formulae C-I to C-III, 25 -I 30 -II 35 P24108 De - 110 - 5 III 10 wherein formula C-II and C-III include the respective (S,S) enantiomers, and wherein E and F are each independently 1,4-phenylene or trans-1,4-cyclo- hexylene, v is 0 or 1, Z0is -COO-, -OCO-, -CH2CH2- or a single bond, and Rcis alkyl, alkoxy or alkanoyl with 1 to 12 C atoms. 15 Further preferred are the stereoisomers of formula C-II wherein the central isosorbide unit is replaced by an isomannide or isoidide unit. The compounds of formula C-I and their synthesis are described in EP1389199 A1. The compounds of formula C-II and their synthesis are described in 20 WO98 / 00428 A1. The compounds of formula C-III and their synthesis are described in GB2328207 A. Further preferred additional chiral dopants are e.g. the commercially available R / S-6011, R / S-5011, R / S-4011, R / S-3011, R / S-2011, R / S-1011, R / S-811 and 25 CB-15 (from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The amount of the non-polymerizable chiral dopants in the RM composition is preferably from 0.1 to 10 %, more preferably from 0.5 to 8 % by weight of total solids. 30 The total proportion of the compounds selected from formula D, M, T, A and their subformulae and optionally from formulae C1, C2, C3, D, M, I* and their subformulae, in the RM composition according to the present invention is preferably from 85 to 100%, more preferably from 85 to 99%, very preferably from 35 90 to 99% of total solids, i.e., excluding the solvents. In a preferred embodiment the RM composition additionally comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of polymerization initiators, surfactants, P24108 De - 111 - stabilisers, catalysts, sensitizers, inhibitors, chain-transfer agents, co-reacting monomers, reactive thinners, surface-active compounds, lubricating agents, wetting 5 agents, dispersing agents, hydrophobing agents, adhesive agents, flow improvers, degassing or defoaming agents, deaerators, diluents, reactive diluents, auxiliaries, colourants, dyes, pigments and nanoparticles. In another preferred embodiment the present invention, the RM composition do 10 not contain a compound with at least one CF3 or CF2 group (PFAS), and very preferably the RM composition do not contain a compound with a polyfluorinated alkyl or aryl group or a perfuorocarbon group. More preferably the RM composition do not contain a compound with a fluorinated aliphatic C atom, most preferably the RM composition do not contain a compound with a fluorinated C 15 atom. The RM mixtures and RM compositions according to this preferred embodiment do thus enable a reduction of perfluorocarbons. The RM composition as described above and below, which do not contain a PFAS, more preferably do not contain a perfluorocarbon compound, very 20 preferably do not contain compound with a polyfluorinated C atom, and most preferably do not contain a compound with a fluorinated C atom, are another object of the invention. In a preferred embodiment the RM composition comprises one or more specific 25 antioxidant additives, preferably selected from the Irganox® series, e.g. the commercially available antioxidants Irganox®1076 and Irganox®1010, from Ciba, Switzerland. In another preferred embodiment, the RM composition comprises a combination 30 of one or more, more preferably of two or more photoinitiators, for example, selected from the commercially available Irgacure® or Darocure® (Ciba AG) series, in particular, Irgacure 127, Irgacure 184, Irgacure 369, Irgacure 651, Irgacure 817, Irgacure 907, Irgacure 1300, Irgacure, Irgacure 2022, Irgacure 2100, Irgacure 2959, or Darcure TPO, further selected from the commercially 35 available OXE02 (Ciba AG), NCI 930, N1919T (Adeka), SPI-03 or SPI-04 (Samyang), TR-PBG 304 or TR-PGB 345 (Tronly). P24108 De - 112 - The photoinitiator is preferably selected such that it has an absorption maximum which is different from, very preferably at least 15 nm higher or lower than, the 5 absorption maximum of the chiral photoisomerizable compound. The concentration of the polymerization initiator(s) as a whole in the RM mixure or RM composition is preferably from 0.1 to 6%, very preferably from 0.3 to 5%, more preferably from 0.7 to 4%. 10 In another preferred embodiment the RM composition optionally comprises one or more additives selected from polymerizable non-mesogenic compounds (reactive thinners). The amount of these additives in the RM composition is preferably from 0 to 30 %, very preferably from 0 to 25 % of total solids. 15 The reactive thinners used are not only substances which are referred to in the actual sense as reactive thinners, but also auxiliary compounds already mentioned above which contain one or more complementary reactive units, for example hydroxyl, thiol-, or amino groups, via which a reaction with the 20 polymerizable units of the liquid-crystalline compounds can take place. The substances which are usually capable of photopolymerization include, for example, mono-, bi- and polyfunctional compounds containing at least one olefinic double bond. Examples thereof are vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, for 25 example of lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid, and of dicarboxylic acids, for example of succinic acid, adipic acid, allyl and vinyl ethers and methacrylic and acrylic esters of monofunctional alcohols, for example of lauryl, myristyl, palmityl and stearyl alcohol, and diallyl and divinyl ethers of bifunctional alcohols, for example ethylene glycol and 1,4-butanediol. 30 Also suitable are, for example, methacrylic and acrylic esters of polyfunctional alcohols, in particular those which contain no further functional groups, or at most ether groups, besides the hydroxyl groups. Examples of such alcohols are bifunctional alcohols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and their more 35 highly condensed representatives, for example diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol etc., butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, alkoxylated phenolic compounds, such as ethoxylated and propoxylated bisphenols, cyclohexanedimethanol, trifunctional P24108 De - 113 - and polyfunctional alcohols, such as glycerol, trimethylolpropane, butanetriol, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, 5 mannitol, and the corresponding alkoxylated, in particular ethoxylated and propoxylated alcohols. Other suitable reactive thinners are polyester (meth)acrylates, which are the (meth)acrylic ester of polyesterols. 10 Examples of suitable polyesterols are those which can be prepared by esterification of polycarboxylic acids, preferably dicarboxylic acids, using polyols, preferably diols. The starting materials for such hydroxyl-containing polyesters are known to the person skilled in the art. Dicarboxylic acids which can be 15 employed are succinic, glutaric acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, o-phthalic acid and isomers and hydrogenation products thereof, and esterifiable and transesterifiable derivatives of said acids, for example anhydrides and dialkyl esters. Suitable polyols are the abovementioned alcohols, preferably ethyleneglycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 20 neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol and polyglycols of the ethylene glycol and propylene glycol type. Suitable reactive thinners are furthermore 1,4-divinylbenzene, triallyl cyanurate, acrylic esters of tricyclodecenyl alcohol of the following formula 25 30 also known under the name dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, and the allyl esters of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and cyanoacrylic acid. Of the reactive thinners which are mentioned by way of example, those 35 containing photopolymerizable groups are used in particular and in view of the abovementioned preferred compositions. This group includes, for example, dihydric and polyhydric alcohols, for example ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and more highly condensed representatives P24108 De - 114 - thereof, for example diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol etc., butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, 5 cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, butanetriol, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol and the corresponding alkoxylated, in particular ethoxylated and propoxylated alcohols. 10 The group furthermore also includes, for example, alkoxylated phenolic compounds, for example ethoxylated and propoxylated bisphenols. These reactive thinners may furthermore be, for example, epoxide or urethane (meth)acrylates. 15 Epoxide (meth)acrylates are, for example, those as obtainable by the reaction, known to the person skilled in the art, of epoxidized olefins or poly- or diglycidyl ether, such as bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, with (meth)acrylic acid. 20 Urethane (meth)acrylates are, in particular, the products of a reaction, likewise known to the person skilled in the art, of hydroxylalkyl (meth)acrylates with poly- or diisocyanates. Such epoxide and urethane (meth)acrylates are included amongst the 25 compounds listed above as “mixed forms”. If reactive thinners are used, their amount and properties must be matched to the respective conditions in such a way that, on the one hand, a satisfactory desired effect, for example the desired colour of the composition according to the 30 invention, is achieved, but, on the other hand, the phase behaviour of the liquid- crystalline composition is not excessively impaired. The low-crosslinking (high- crosslinking) liquid-crystalline compositions can be prepared, for example, using corresponding reactive thinners which have a relatively low (high) number of reactive units per molecule. 35 The group of diluents include, for example: P24108 De - 115 - C1-C4-alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol and, in particular, the C5-C12-alcohols n-pentanol, n- 5 hexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n-nonanol, n-decanol, n-undecanol and n- dodecanol, and isomers thereof, glycols, for example 1,2-ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,2-, 2,3- and 1,4-butylene glycol, di- and triethylene glycol and di- and tripropylene glycol, ethers, for example methyl tert-butyl ether, 1,2-ethylene glycol mono- and dimethyl ether, 1,2-ethylene glycol mono- and - 10 diethylether, 3-methoxypropanol, 3-isopropoxypropanol, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, ketones, for example acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone), C1-C5-alkyl esters, for example methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate and amyl acetate, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, for example pentane, 15 hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, petroleum ether, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, tetralin, decalin, dimethylnaphthalene, white spirit, Shellsol® and Solvesso® mineral oils, for example gasoline, kerosine, diesel oil and heating oil, but also natural oils, for example olive oil, soya oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil and sunflower oil. 20 It is of course also possible to use mixtures of these diluents in the compositions according to the invention. So long as there is at least partial miscibility, these diluents can also be mixed 25 with water. Examples of suitable diluents here are C1-C4-alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol and sec-butanol, glycols, for example 1,2-ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,2-, 2,3- and 1,4-butylene glycol, di- and triethylene glycol, and di- and tripropylene glycol, ethers, for example tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, ketones, for example acetone, 30 methyl ethyl ketone and diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone), and C1-C4-alkyl esters, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl acetate. The diluents are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 10.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, based on the total weight of 35 the RM composition. In another preferred embodiment the RM composition comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of antifoams and deaerators (c1)), P24108 De - 116 - lubricants and flow auxiliaries (c2)), thermally curing or radiation-curing auxiliaries (c3)), substrate wetting auxiliaries (c4)), wetting and dispersion auxiliaries (c5)), 5 hydrophobicizing agents (c6)), adhesion promoters (c7)) and auxiliaries for promoting scratch resistance (c8)), wherein the additives of groups cannot always strictly be delimited from one another in their action. For example, lubricants and flow auxiliaries often also act as antifoams and / or 10 deaerators and / or as auxiliaries for improving scratch resistance. Radiation- curing auxiliaries can also act as lubricants and flow auxiliaries and / or deaerators and / or as substrate wetting auxiliaries. In individual cases, some of these auxiliaries can also fulfil the function of an adhesion promoter (c8)). 15 Corresponding to the above-said, a certain additive can therefore be classified in a number of the groups c1) to c8) described below. The antifoams in group c1) include silicon-free and silicon-containing polymers. The silicon-containing polymers are, for example, unmodified or modified 20 polydialkylsiloxanes or branched copolymers, comb or block copolymers comprising polydialkylsiloxane and polyether units, the latter being obtainable from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. The deaerators in group c1) include, for example, organic polymers, for example 25 polyethers and polyacrylates, dialkylpolysiloxanes, in particular dimethylpolysiloxanes, organically modified polysiloxanes, for example arylalkyl- modified polysiloxanes, and fluorosilicones. The action of the antifoams is essentially based on preventing foam formation or 30 destroying foam that has already formed. Antifoams essentially work by promoting coalescence of finely divided gas or air bubbles to give larger bubbles in the medium to be deaerated, for example the compositions according to the invention, and thus accelerate escape of the gas (of the air). Since antifoams can frequently also be employed as deaerators and vice versa, these additives have 35 been included together under group c1). Such auxiliaries are, for example, commercially available from Tego as TEGO® Foamex 800, TEGO® Foamex 805, TEGO® Foamex 810, TEGO® Foamex 815, P24108 De - 117 - TEGO® Foamex 825, TEGO® Foamex 835, TEGO® Foamex 840, TEGO® Foamex 842, TEGO® Foamex 1435, TEGO® Foamex 1488, TEGO® Foamex 5 1495, TEGO® Foamex 3062, TEGO® Foamex 7447, TEGO® Foamex 8020, Tego® Foamex N, TEGO® Foamex K 3, TEGO® Antifoam 2-18,TEGO® Antifoam 2-18, TEGO® Antifoam 2-57, TEGO® Antifoam 2-80, TEGO® Antifoam 2-82, TEGO® Antifoam 2-89, TEGO® Antifoam 2-92, TEGO® Antifoam 14, TEGO® Antifoam 28, TEGO® Antifoam 81, TEGO® Antifoam D 90, TEGO® 10 Antifoam 93, TEGO® Antifoam 200, TEGO® Antifoam 201, TEGO® Antifoam 202, TEGO® Antifoam 793, TEGO® Antifoam 1488, TEGO® Antifoam 3062, TEGOPREN® 5803, TEGOPREN® 5852, TEGOPREN® 5863, TEGOPREN® 7008, TEGO® Antifoam 1-60, TEGO® Antifoam 1-62, TEGO® Antifoam 1-85, TEGO® Antifoam 2-67, TEGO® Antifoam WM 20, TEGO® Antifoam 50, TEGO® 15 Antifoam 105, TEGO® Antifoam 730, TEGO® Antifoam MR 1015, TEGO® Antifoam MR 1016, TEGO® Antifoam 1435, TEGO® Antifoam N, TEGO® Antifoam KS 6, TEGO® Antifoam KS 10, TEGO® Antifoam KS 53, TEGO® Antifoam KS 95, TEGO® Antifoam KS 100, TEGO® Antifoam KE 600, TEGO® Antifoam KS 911, TEGO® Antifoam MR 1000, TEGO® Antifoam KS 1100, 20 Tego® Airex 900, Tego® Airex 910, Tego® Airex 931, Tego® Airex 935, Tego® Airex 936, Tego® Airex 960, Tego® Airex 970, Tego® Airex 980, and Tego® Airex 985, and from BYK as BYK®-011, BYK®-019, BYK®-020, BYK®-021, BYK®-022, BYK®-023, BYK®-024, BYK®-025, BYK®-027, BYK®-031, BYK®- 032, BYK®-033, BYK®-034, BYK®-035, BYK®-036, BYK®-037, BYK®-045, 25 BYK®-051, BYK®-052, BYK®-053, BYK®-055, BYK®-057, BYK®-065, BYK®- 066, BYK®-070, BYK®-080, BYK®-088, BYK®-141 and BYK®-A 530. The auxiliaries in group c1) are optionally employed in the RM composition in a proportion of from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 2.0% by 30 weight of total solids. In group c2), the lubricants and flow auxiliaries typically include silicon-free, but also silicon-containing polymers, for example polyacrylates or modifiers, low- molecular-weight polydialkylsiloxanes. The modification consists in some of the 35 alkyl groups having been replaced by a wide variety of organic radicals. These organic radicals are, for example, polyethers, polyesters or even long-chain alkyl radicals, the former being used the most frequently. P24108 De - 118 - The polyether radicals in the correspondingly modified polysiloxanes are usually built up from ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide units. Generally, the higher 5 the proportion of these alkylene oxide units in the modified polysiloxane, the more hydrophilic is the resultant product. Such auxiliaries are, for example, commercially available from Tego as TEGO® Glide 100, TEGO® Glide ZG 400, TEGO® Glide 406, TEGO® Glide 410, 10 TEGO® Glide 411, TEGO® Glide 415, TEGO® Glide 420, TEGO® Glide 435, TEGO® Glide 440, TEGO® Glide 450, TEGO® Glide A 115, TEGO® Glide B 1484 (can also be used as antifoam and deaerator), TEGO® Flow ATF, TEGO® Flow 300, TEGO® Flow 460, TEGO® Flow 425 and TEGO® Flow ZFS 460. Suitable radiation-curable lubricants and flow auxiliaries, which can also be used 15 to improve the scratch resistance, are the products TEGO® Rad 2100, TEGO® Rad 2200, TEGO® Rad 2500, TEGO® Rad 2600 and TEGO® Rad 2700, which are likewise obtainable from TEGO. Such-auxiliaries are available, for example, from BYK as BYK®-300 BYK®-306, 20 BYK®-307, BYK®-310, BYK®-320, BYK®-333, BYK®-341, Byk® 354, Byk®361, Byk®361N, BYK®388. The auxiliaries in group c2) are optionally employed in the composition in a proportion of from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 2.0% by 25 weight of total solids. In group c3), the radiation-curing auxiliaries include, in particular, polysiloxanes having terminal double bonds which are, for example, a constituent of an acrylate group. Such auxiliaries can be crosslinked by actinic or, for example, electron 30 radiation. These auxiliaries generally combine a number of properties together. In the uncrosslinked state, they can act as antifoams, deaerators, lubricants and flow auxiliaries and / or substrate wetting auxiliaries, while, in the crosslinked state, they increase, in particular, the scratch resistance, for example of coatings or films which can be produced using the compositions according to the invention. 35 The improvement in the gloss properties, for example of precisely those coatings or films, is regarded essentially as a consequence of the action of these auxiliaries as antifoams, deaerators and / or lubricants and flow auxiliaries (in the uncrosslinked state). P24108 De - 119 - Examples of suitable radiation-curing auxiliaries are the products TEGO® Rad 5 2100, TEGO® Rad 2200, TEGO® Rad 2500, TEGO® Rad 2600 and TEGO® Rad 2700 available from TEGO and the product BYK®-371 available from BYK. Thermally curing auxiliaries in group c3) contain, for example, primary OH groups which are able to react with isocyanate groups, for example of the binder. 10 Examples of thermally curing auxiliaries which can be used are the products BYK®-370, BYK®-373 and BYK®-375 available from BYK. The auxiliaries in group c3) are optionally employed in the RM composition in a 15 proportion of from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 3.0% by weight of total solids. The substrate wetting auxiliaries in group c4) serve, in particular, to increase the wettability of the substrate to be printed or coated, for example, by printing inks or 20 coating compositions, for example compositions according to the invention. The generally attendant improvement in the lubricant and flow behaviour of such printing inks or coating compositions has an effect on the appearance of the finished (for example crosslinked) print or coating. 25 A wide variety of such auxiliaries are commercially available, for example from Tego as TEGO® Wet KL 245, TEGO® Wet 250, TEGO® Wet 260 and TEGO® Wet ZFS 453 and from BYK as BYK®-306, BYK®-307, BYK®-310, BYK®-333, BYK®-344, BYK®-345, BYK®-346 and Byk®-348. 30 The auxiliaries in group c4) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the liquid-crystalline composition. The wetting and dispersion auxiliaries in group c5) serve, in particular, to prevent 35 the flooding and floating and the sedimentation of pigments and are therefore, if necessary, suitable in particular in pigmented compositions according to the invention. P24108 De - 120 - These auxiliaries stabilize pigment dispersions essentially through electrostatic repulsion and / or steric hindrance of the pigment particles containing these 5 additives, where, in the latter case, the interaction of the auxiliary with the ambient medium (for example binder) plays a major role. Since the use of such wetting and dispersion auxiliaries is common practice, for example in the technical area of printing inks and paints, the selection of a 10 suitable auxiliary of this type generally does not present the person skilled in the art with any difficulties, if they are used. Such wetting and dispersion auxiliaries are commercially available, for example from Tego, as TEGO® Dispers 610, TEGO® Dispers 610 S, TEGO® Dispers 15 630, TEGO® Dispers 700, TEGO® Dispers 705, TEGO® Dispers 710, TEGO® Dispers 720 W, TEGO® Dispers 725 W, TEGO® Dispers 730 W, TEGO® Dispers 735 W and TEGO® Dispers 740 W and from BYK as Disperbyk®, Disperbyk®-107, Disperbyk®-108, Disperbyk®-110, Disperbyk®-111, Disperbyk®-115, Disperbyk®-130, Disperbyk®-160, Disperbyk®-161, 20 Disperbyk®-162, Disperbyk®-163, Disperbyk®-164, Disperbyk®-165, Disperbyk®-166, Disperbyk®-167, Disperbyk®-170, Disperbyk®-174, Disperbyk®-180, Disperbyk®-181, Disperbyk®-182, Disperbyk®-183, Disperbyk®-184, Disperbyk®-185, Disperbyk®-190, Anti-Terra®-U, Anti-Terra®- U 80, Anti-Terra®-P, Anti-Terra®-203, Anti-Terra®-204, Anti-Terra®-206, BYK®- 25 151, BYK®-154, BYK®-155, BYK®-P 104 S, BYK®-P 105, Lactimon®, Lactimon®-WS and Bykumen®. The amount of the auxiliaries in group c5) used on the mean molecular weight of the auxiliary. In any case, a preliminary experiment is therefore advisable, but this 30 can be accomplished simply by the person skilled in the art. Another preferred group of auxiliaries, which can be allocated to group c2), c4) or c5), includes wetting-, flow- and leveling agents, in particular based on non-ionic fluorosurfactants, which are commercially available from Synthomer under the 35 PolyfoxTMseries, for example PolyfoxTMPF-656. The hydrophobicizing agents in group c6) can be used to give water-repellent properties to prints or coatings produced, for example, using compositions P24108 De - 121 - according to the invention. This prevents or at least greatly suppresses swelling due to water absorption and thus a change in, for example, the optical properties 5 of such prints or coatings. In addition, when the composition is used, for example, as a printing ink in offset printing, water absorption can thereby be prevented or at least greatly reduced. Such hydrophobicizing agents are commercially available, for example, from 10 Tego as Tego® Phobe WF, Tego® Phobe 1000, Tego® Phobe 1000 S, Tego® Phobe 1010, Tego® Phobe 1030, Tego® Phobe 1010, Tego® Phobe 1010, Tego® Phobe 1030, Tego® Phobe 1040, Tego® Phobe 1050, Tego® Phobe 1200, Tego® Phobe 1300, Tego® Phobe 1310 and Tego® Phobe 1400. 15 The auxiliaries in group c6) are optionally employed in the RM composition in a proportion of from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 3.0% by weight of total solids. Adhesion promoters from group c7) serve to improve the adhesion of two 20 interfaces in contact. It is directly evident from this that essentially the only fraction of the adhesion promoter that is effective is that located at one or the other or at both interfaces. If, for example, it is desired to apply liquid or pasty printing inks, coating compositions or paints to a solid substrate, this generally means that the adhesion promoter must be added directly to the latter or the 25 substrate must be pre-treated with the adhesion promoters (also known as priming), i.e. this substrate is given modified chemical and / or physical surface properties. If the substrate has previously been primed with a primer, this means that the 30 interfaces in contact are that of the primer on the one hand and of the printing ink or coating composition or paint on the other hand. In this case, not only the adhesion properties between the substrate and the primer, but also between the substrate and the printing ink or coating composition or paint play a part in adhesion of the overall multilayer structure on the substrate. 35 Adhesion promoters in the broader sense which may be mentioned are also the substrate wetting auxiliaries already listed under group c4), but these generally do not have the same adhesion promotion capacity. P24108 De - 122 - In view of the widely varying physical and chemical natures of substrates and of 5 printing inks, coating compositions and paints intended, for example, for their printing or coating, the multiplicity of adhesion promoter systems is not surprising. Adhesion promoters based on silanes are, for example, 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- 10 aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, N-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-aminoethyl-3-aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, N-methyl-3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-ureidopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane and 15 vinyltrimethoxysilane. These and other silanes are commercially available from Hüls, for example under the tradename DYNASILAN®. Corresponding technical information from the manufacturers of such additives should generally be used or the person skilled in the art can obtain this 20 information in a simple manner through corresponding preliminary experiments. However, if these additives are to be added as auxiliaries from group c7) to the RM composition according to the invention, their proportion optionally corresponds to from about 0 to 5.0% by weight of total solids. These 25 concentration data serve merely as guidance, since the amount and identity of the additive are determined in each individual case by the nature of the substrate and of the printing / coating composition. Corresponding technical information is usually available from the manufacturers of such additives for this case or can be determined in a simple manner by the person skilled in the art through 30 corresponding preliminary experiments. The auxiliaries for improving the scratch resistance in group c8) include, for example, the abovementioned products TEGO® Rad 2100, TEGO® Rad 2200, TEGO® Rad 2500, TEGO® Rad 2600 and TEGO® Rad 2700, which are 35 available from Tego. For these auxiliaries, the amount data given for group c3) are likewise suitable, i.e. these additives are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to P24108 De - 123 - 5.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the liquid-crystalline composition. 5 Examples which may be mentioned of light, heat and / or oxidation stabilizers are the following: alkylated monophenols, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6- 10 dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol, 2-(α- methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6- tricyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, nonylphenols which have a linear or branched side chain, for example 2,6-dinonyl-4-methylphenol, 15 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methylundec-1′-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methylheptadec- 1′-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methyltridec-1′-yl)phenol and mixtures of these compounds, alkylthiomethylphenols, such as 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert- butylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6- ethylphenol and 2,6-didodecylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol, 20 Hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4- methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydrocrainone, 2,6- diphenyl-4-octadecyloxyphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- 25 hydroxyphenyl stearate and bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)adipate, Tocopherols, such as α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and mixtures of these compounds, and tocopherol derivatives, such as tocopheryl acetate, succinate, nicotinate and polyoxyethylenesuccinate (“tocofersolate”), 30 hydroxylated diphenyl thioethers, such as 2,2′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4- methylphenol), 2,2′-thiobis(4-octylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3- methylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 4,4′-thiobis(3,6-di-sec- amylphenol) and 4,4′-bis(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)disulfide, 35 Alkylidenebisphenols, such as 2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis[4-methyl-6-(α- methylcyclohexyl)phenol], 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2′- P24108 De - 124 - methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2′-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4- 5 isobutylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis[6-(α-methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 2,2′- methylenebis[6-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di- tert-butylphenol), 4,4′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 1,1-bis(5-tert- butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane, 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2- hydroxybenzyl)-4-methylphenol, 1,1,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2- 10 methylphenyl)butane, 1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-3-n-dodecyl- mercaptobutane, ethylene glycol bis[3,3-bis(3′-tert-butyl-4′- hydroxyphenyl)butyrate], bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5- methylphenyl)dicyclopentadiene, bis[2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylbenzyl)- 6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl]terephthalate, 1,1-bis(3,5-dimethyl-2- 15 hydroxyphenyl)butane, 2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2- bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-4-n-dodecyl-mercaptobutane and 1,1,5,5-tetrakis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)pentane, O-, N- and S-benzyl compounds, such as 3,5,3′,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4′- 20 dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl 4-hydroxy-3,5- dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tridecyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert- butylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine, bis(4- tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)dithioterephthalate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)sulfide and isooctyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- 25 hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate, aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds, such as 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethyl-benzene, 1,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-benzene and 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- 30 hydroxybenzyl)phenol, Triazine compounds, such as 2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- 35 hydroxyphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)- 1,2,3-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 1,3,5- tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)isocyanurate, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert- butyl-4-hydroxyphenylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- P24108 De - 125 - hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate and 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, 5 Benzylphosphonates, such as dimethyl 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzylphosphonate, diethyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzylphosphonate and dioctadecyl 5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3- 10 methylbenzylphosphonate, Acylaminophenols, such as 4-hydroxylauroylanilide, 4-hydroxystearoylanilide and octyl N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate, 15 Propionic and acetic esters, for example of monohydric or polyhydric alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9- nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxalamide, 3- 20 thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane and 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]-octane, Propionamides based on amine derivatives, such as N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamine, N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- 25 hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamine and N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazine, Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and ascorbic acid derivatives, such as ascorbyl palmitate, laurate and stearate, and ascorbyl sulfate and phosphate, 30 Antioxidants based on amine compounds, such as N,N′-diisopropyl-p- phenylenediamine, N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1,4- dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p- phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′- 35 dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-bis(2- naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N- (1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(1-methylheptyl)-N′-phenyl- p-phenylenediamine, N-cyclohexyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 4-(p- P24108 De - 126 - toluenesulfamoyl)diphenylamine, N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p- phenylenediamine, diphenylamine, N-allyldiphenylamine, 4- 5 isopropoxydiphenylamine, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1- naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, octyl-substituted diphenylamine, such as p,p′-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine, 4-n-butylaminophenol, 4-butyrylaminophenol, 4-nonanoylaminophenol, 4-dodecanoylaminophenol, 4- octadecanoylaminophenol, bis[4-methoxyphenyl)amine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4- 10 dimethylaminomethylphenol, 2,4-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4′- diaminodiphenylmethane, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 1,2-bis[(2-methylphenyl)amino]ethane, 1,2-bis(phenylamino)propane, (o- tolyl)biguanide, bis[4-(1′,3′-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]amine, tert-octyl-substituted N- phenyl-1-naphthylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl / tert- 15 octyldiphenylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated nonyldiphenylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated dodecyldiphenylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated isopropyl / isohexyldiphenylamine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyldiphenylamine, 2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazine, phenothiazine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl / tert- 20 octylphenothiazine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-octylphenothiazine, N- allylphenothiazine, N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-1,4-diaminobut-2-ene, N,N-bis(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)hexamethylenediamine, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin- 4-yl)sebacate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one and 2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4-ol, 25 Phosphines, Phosphites and phosphonites, such as triphenylphosnine triphenylphosphite, diphenyl alkyl phosphite, phenyl dialkyl phosphite, tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, trilauryl phosphite, trioctadecyl phosphite, distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, diisodecyl 30 pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, diisodecyloxy pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, bis(2,4,6-tris(tert-butylphenyl))pentaerythritol diphosphite, tristearyl sorbitol triphosphite, tetrakis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)4,4′- 35 biphenylenediphosphonite, 6-isooctyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12H- dibenz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphocine, 6-fluoro-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12-methyl- dibenz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphocine, bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)methyl phosphite and bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)ethyl phosphite, P24108 De - 127 - 2-(2′-Hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, such as 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′- 5 methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-(1,1,3,3- tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-5- chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)-5- chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′-sec-butyl-5′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 10 2-(2′-hydroxy-4′-octyloxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-amyl-2′- hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3,5′-bis-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-2′- hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, a mixture of 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2- octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl-5′-[2-(2- ethylhexyloxy)carbonylethyl]-2′-hydroxy phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert- 15 butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′- tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert- butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′-tert-butyl- 5′-[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)carbonylethyl]-2′-hydroxy phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3′- dodecyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)benzotriazole and 2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy- 20 5′-(2-isooctyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl benzotriazole, 2,2′-methylenebis[4-(1,1,3,3- tetramethylbutyl)-6-benzotriazol-2-ylphenol]; the product of complete esterification of 2-[3′-tert-butyl-5′-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)-2′-hydroxyphenyl]-2H- benzotriazole with polyethylene glycol 300; 25 sulfur-containing peroxide scavengers and sulfur-containing antioxidants, such as esters of 3,3′-thiodipropionic acid, for example the lauryl, stearyl, myristyl and tridecyl esters, mercaptobenzimidazole and the zinc salt of 2- mercaptobenzimidazole, dibutylzinc dithiocarbamates, dioctadecyl disulfide and pentaerythritol tetrakis(β-dodecylmercapto)propionate, 30 2-hydroxybenzophenones, such as the 4-hydroxy, 4-methoxy, 4-octyloxy, 4- decycloxy, 4-dodecyloxy, 4-benzyloxy, 4,2′,4′-trihydroxy and 2′-hydroxy-4,4′- dimethoxy derivatives, 35 Esters of unsubstituted and substituted benzoic acids, such as 4-tert-butylphenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoylresorcinol, bis(4-tert- butylbenzoyl)resorcinol, benzoylresorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert- butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, P24108 De - 128 - octadecyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert- butylphenyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 5 Acrylates, such as ethyl α-cyano-β,β-diphenylacrylate, isooctyl α-cyano-β,β- diphenylacrylate, methyl α-methoxycarbonylcinnamate, methyl α-cyano-β-methyl- p-methoxycinnamate, butyl-α-cyano-β-methyl-p-methoxycinnamate and methyl- α-methoxycarbonyl-p-methoxycinnamate, sterically hindered amines, such as 10 bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)succinate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate, bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4- yl)-n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmalonate, the condensation product of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, the 15 condensation product of N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-tert-octylamino-2,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)nitrilotriacetate, tetrakis(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylate, 1,1′-(1,2- ethylene)bis(3,3,5,5-tetramethylpiperazinone), 4-benzoyl-2,2,6,6- 20 tetramethylpiperidine, 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, bis(1,2,2,6,6- pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)2-n-butyl-2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)malonate, 3-n-octyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, bis(1- octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)succinate, the condensation product of N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6- 25 tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-morpholino-2,6-dichloro- 1,3,5-triazine, the condensation product of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(4-n-butylamino- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine and 1,2-bis(3- aminopropylamino)ethane, the condensation product of 2-chloro-4,6-di(4-n- butylamino-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine and 1,2-bis(3- 30 aminopropylamino)ethane, 8-acetyl-3-dodecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,3,8- triazaspiro[4.5]-decane-2,4-dione, 3-dodecyl-1-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, 3-dodecyl-1-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4- yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, a mixture of 4-hexadecyloxy- and 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine, the condensation product of N,N′-bis(2,2,6,6- 35 tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-cyclohexylamino-2,6- dichloro-1,3,5-triazine, the condensation product of 1,2-bis(3- aminopropylamino)ethane and 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, 4-butylamino-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine, N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-dodecylsuccinimide, P24108 De - 129 - N-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-dodecylsuccinimide, 2-undecyl-7,7,9,9- tetramethyl-1-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxo-spiro[4.5]-decane, the condensation product of 5 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-2-cycloundecyl-1-oxa-3,8-diaza-4-oxospiro-[4.5]decane and epichlorohydrin, the condensation products of 4-amino-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine with tetramethylolacetylenediureas and poly(methoxypropyl-3-oxy)-[4(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl)piperidinyl]-siloxane, 10 Oxalamides, such as 4,4′-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2′-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2′- dioctyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2,2′-didodecyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butoxanilide, 2- ethoxy-2′-ethyloxanilide, N,N′-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxalamide, 2-ethoxy-5- tert-butyl-2′-ethoxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyl-5,4′-di-tert- butoxanilide, and mixtures of ortho-, para-methoxy-disubstituted oxanilides and 15 mixtures of ortho- and para-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides, and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines, such as 2,4,6-tris-(2-hydroxy-4- octyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4- dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4- 20 dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-propyloxyphenyl)-6-(2,4- dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(4- methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4- dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-tridecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4- dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3- 25 butyloxypropoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2- hydroxy-3-octyloxypropoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[4- (dodecyloxy / tridecyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bis(2,4- dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3- dodecyloxypropoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bis-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2- 30 hydroxy-4-hexyloxyphenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4- methoxyphenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris[2-hydroxy-4-(3-butoxy-2- hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(4- methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine. 35 In a preferred embodiment the RM composition is dissolved in a suitable solvent, which are preferably selected from organic solvents. P24108 De - 130 - The solvents are preferably selected from ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl propyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 5 cyclopentanone or cyclohexanone; acetates such as methyl, ethyl or butyl acetate or methyl acetoacetate; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol; licyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane or cyclohexane; halogenated hydrocarbons such as di- or trichloromethane; glycols or their esters such as, PGME (propylene glycol 1-methyl ether), PGMEA (propyl glycol monomethyl 10 ether acetate) or DPMAc (di(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate), ^- butyrolactone, menthyl isovalerate, or binary, ternary or higher mixtures of the aforementioned solvents. The total concentration of all solids, including the RMs, in the RM formulation is 15 preferably from 5 to 50%, more preferably from 5 to 40%, most preferably from 10 to 35% by weight. Preferably, the RM composition or RM formulation comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of the following components or 20 any combination thereof: a) one or more compounds of formula I, b) one or more multi – or direactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from compounds of formula D and its subformulae, and / or 25 c) one or more monoreactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from compounds of formula M and its subformulae, and / or d) one or more polymerizable mesogenic compounds selected from compounds of formula T and A and their subformulae, and / or e) one or more polymerizable chiral compounds, preferably selected from 30 formula C or its subformulae, and / or f) one or more chiral isomerizable compounds, which can be polymerizable or non-polymerizable, preferably selected from formula I*, g) one or more non-polymerizable and non-isomerizable chiral compounds, preferably selected from formulae C-I, C-II and C-III, and / or 35 h) one or more photoinitiators, and / or i) one or more antioxidative additives, and / or j) one or more adhesion promotors, and / or k) one or more surfactants, and / or P24108 De - 131 - l) one or more mono-, di- or multireactive polymerizable non-mesogenic compounds, and / or 5 m) one or more dyes showing an absorption maximum at the wavelength used to initiate photo polymerization, and / or n) one or more chain transfer agents, and / or o) one or more (UV) stabilizers, and / or p) one or more lubricants and flow auxiliaries, and 10 q) one or more diluents, and / or r) a non-polymerizable nematic component, and s) one or more organic solvents. More preferably, the RM composition or RM formulation comprises: 15 1) one or more compounds of formula I, 2) one or more compounds of formula T or A, or their preferred subformulae, and 3) optionally one or more, preferably two or more, direactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from formula Da-1, 20 4) optionally one or more, preferably two or more, monoreactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from formulae M-1, M-4, M-6 and M-8 to M10, and / or 5) optionally one or more polymerizable chiral compounds, preferably selected from formulae C or its subformulae, and / or 25 6) optionally one or more chiral isomerizable compounds, preferably selected from formula I*, more preferably from formula I*A, or their corresponding preferred subformulae, and / or 7) optionally one or more non-polymerizable and non-isomerizable chiral compounds, preferably selected from formulae C-I, C-II and C-III, and / or 30 8) optionally one or more antioxidative additives, and / or 9) optionally one or more photoinitiators, and 10) one or more organic solvents, at least one of which is selected from formulae S1 and S2. or any combination of the aforementioned components 1) to 9), provided that 35 component 9) and at least one of components 1) to 3) are present. The RM compositions and RM formulations can be prepared in a manner con- ventional per se, for example by mixing one or more of the above-mentioned P24108 De - 132 - RMs as defined above, and optionally with further additives and dissolving these RMs and additives in a solvent or solvent blend. 5 The invention further relates to a process of preparing a polymer or polymer film from an RM composition or RM formulation as described above and below, comprising the steps of depositing a layer of the RM composition or RM formulation onto a substrate, optionally removing the solvents, optionally 10 annealing the layer containing the RMs, preferably aligning the RMs into uniform orientation, and polymerizing the RMs, preferably at a temperature where the RMs exhibit a liquid crystal phase. Preferably the RMs are aligned into uniform orientation. Further preferably 15 alignment and polymerization of the RMs are carried out at a temperature where the RMs or the RM mixture exhibit a liquid crystal phase, preferably a nematic or a cholesteric (chiral nematic) phase. A preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a process of preparing a 20 polymer film, comprising, preferably consisting of, the steps of - depositing a layer of an RM composition or RM formulation as described above and below onto a substrate, which is optionally provided with an alignment layer, - removing any solvents present, 25 - optionally annealing the RM layer (i.e., without solvents), preferably at a temperature where the RM mixture exhibit a nematic or cholesteric phase, - irradiating the RM layer with actinic radiation, preferably with UV radiation, causing polymerization of the RMs and formation of a polymer film, - optionally removing the polymer film from the substrate. 30 In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, especially if the RM composition or RM formulation contains a photoisomerizable chiral compound which is preferably also polymerizable as described above and below, the process of preparing the polymer film comprises two UV irradiation steps, and 35 more precisely comprises, preferably consists of, the steps of - depositing a layer of the RM composition or RM formulation as described above and below onto a substrate, which is optionally provided with an alignment layer, P24108 De - 133 - - removing any solvents present, - optionally annealing the RM layer (i.e., without solvents), preferably at a 5 temperature where the RM mixture is in the cholesteric phase, - a first step of irradiation of the RM layer with actinic radiation, preferably with UV radiation, in air (1stUV step), - optionally annealing the RM layer, preferably at a temperature where the RM mixture is in the cholesteric phase, and 10 - a second step of irradiation of the RM layer with actinic radiation, preferably with UV radiation, in an inert gas atmosphere (2ndUV step), - optionally removing the formed polymer film from the substrate. The invention further relates to a polymer or polymer film obtainable by one of the 15 processes as described above and below. Preferably in the processes according to the present invention all printing, irradiation or UV exposure steps are carried out at room temperature. 20 In case of the two-step irradiation process according to the second preferred embodiment, the first irradiation or 1stUV step causes photoisomerization of the chiral compound comprising the photoisomerizable group and provides the chiral structure with the biased helical pitch. The second irradiation or 2ndUV step causes photopolymerization of the polymerizable mesogenic compounds and 25 thereby fixes the chiral structure. This process can be advantageously used to obtain a chiral pitch gradient in the film thickness direction, wherein the chiral rotation angle increases or decreases incrementally through the film thickness. After the RM composition or RM formulation is deposited onto the substrate, the 30 solvents are evaporated off before polymerization. In most cases, it is suitable to heat the mixture in order to facilitate the evaporation of the solvent. The RM composition or RM formulation can be deposited onto the substrate by conventional coating or printing techniques which are known to the expert, 35 including but not limited to spin coating, bar coating, slot die coating, inkjet printing, nozzle printing, screen printing, flexographic printing, offset printing, reel- to-reel printing, letter press printing, gravure printing, rotogravure printing, intaglio P24108 De - 134 - printing, pad printing, heat-seal printing, or printing by means of a stamp or printing plate. Very preferred are printing methods, especially inkjet printing. 5 Suitable substrate mediums and substrates are known to the expert and described in the literature, as for example conventional substrates used in the optical films industry, such as glass or plastic. Especially suitable and preferred substrates for polymerization are polyester such as polyethyleneterephthalate 10 (PET) or polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN), polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polycarbonate (PC), triacetylcellulose (TAC), cyclo-olefin polymers (COP), or commonly known color filter materials, preferably triacetylcellulose (TAC), cyclo-olefin polymers (COP), or commonly known colour filter materials. 15 In another preferred embodiment the substrate has a surface grating or surface pattern, preferably a diffraction grating, very preferably a PB grating. In another preferred embodiment the substrate is prepared from a photoalignment layer (PAL) which is patterned by laser interferometry to create a grating pattern with a defined pitch. 20 If the RMs do not align spontaneously on the chosen substrate into the desired orientation, an additional alignment layer capable of inducing the desired alignment can be used adjacent to the RM layer. For example, planar alignment can be promoted by coating the substrate with a polyimide layer, and then 25 rubbing the alignment layer with a velvet cloth. Other suitable planar alignment layers are known in the art, like for example rubbed polyimide or alignment layers prepared by photoalignment as described in US 5,602,661, US 5,389,698 or US 6,717,644. 30 In general, reviews of alignment techniques are given for example by I. Sage in "Thermotropic Liquid Crystals", edited by G. W. Gray, John Wiley & Sons, 1987, pages 75-77; and by T. Uchida and H. Seki in "Liquid Crystals - Applications and Uses Vol.3", edited by B. Bahadur, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore 1992, 35 pages 1-63. A further review of alignment materials and techniques is given by J. Cognard, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.78, Supplement 1 (1981), pages 1-77. P24108 De - 135 - In a preferred embodiment, the process according to the invention contains a process step where the RM composition or RM formulation is allowed to rest for a 5 period of time in order to evenly redistribute the polymerizable LC medium on the substrate (herein referred to as “annealing”). In a preferred embodiment, after providing the RM composition or RM formulation onto the substrate, the RM layer is annealed for a given period of time and at a 10 given temperature. The annealing time is preferably between 10 seconds and 1 hour, preferably between 20 seconds and 10 minutes and most preferably between 30 seconds and 5 minutes. 15 The annealing is preferably performed at a temperature from room temperature to 100°C, very preferably at room temperature. The RM compositions does preferably essentially consist of compounds, like 20 RMs, that align spontaneously when being deposited as a mixture onto the substrate. Therefore, preferably the RM composition is not subjected to heat treatment to align the mesogenic or liquid-crystalline compounds before the UV exposure. 25 If necessary, the layer can be cooled down to room temperature after annealing at an elevated temperature. The cooling can be performed actively with the help of cooling aids or passively just by letting the layer stack rest for a given time. Photopolymerization of the RM layer (hereinafter also referred to as “curing”) is 30 preferably achieved by exposing it to actinic radiation. Actinic radiation means irradiation with light, like UV light, IR light or visible light, irradiation with X-rays or gamma rays, or irradiation with high-energy particles, such as ions or electrons. Preferably, polymerization is carried out by photo irradiation, in particular with UV light. As a source for actinic radiation, for example a single UV lamp or a set of 35 UV lamps can be used. When using a high lamp power the curing time can be reduced. Another possible source for photo radiation is a laser, like e.g. a UV laser, an IR laser, or a visible laser. P24108 De - 136 - The curing time is dependent, inter alia, on the reactivity of the RMs and other polymerizable components, the thickness of the RM layer, and the power and 5 selected wavelength of the UV lamp. By optimizing the curing time and the curing temperature it is also possible to improve the alignment quality of the polymer film. 10 The curing time is preferably ^ 5 minutes, very preferably ^ 3 minutes, more preferably ≤ 90 seconds, most preferably from 30 to 90 seconds. For mass production, curing times of ≤ 60 seconds or even ^ 30 seconds are preferred. The curing temperature is preferably from room temperature to 50°C, very 15 preferably from 35 to 45°C. For curing at 35°C or higher temperature the curing time is preferably at least 50 seconds, more preferably from 50 to 90 seconds. A suitable UV radiation power in the 1stUV step is preferably in the range from 5 to 300 mWcm-2, more preferably in the range from 50 to 250 mWcm-2and most 20 preferably in the range from 100 to 180 mWcm-2. In connection with the applied UV radiation and as a function of time, a suitable UV dose is preferably in the range from 20 to 1000 mJcm-2, more preferably in the range from 30 to 800 mJcm-2, very preferably in the range from 40 to 500 mJcm-2, 25 most preferably in the range from 40 to 200 mJcm-2. In case of the two-step irradiation process according to the second preferred embodiment, the first irradiation step or 1stUV step for isomerizing the chiral compound is preferably performed in air. Preferably the first irradiation step or 1st30 UV step is preferably performed at room temperature. A suitable UV radiation power for the photopolymerization is preferably in the range from 100 to 1000 mWcm-2, more preferably in the range from 200 to 800 mWcm-2and most preferably in the range from 300 to 600 mWcm-2. 35 In connection with the applied UV radiation and as a function of time, a suitable UV dose is preferably in the range from 25 to 16500 mJcm-2, more preferably in P24108 De - 137 - the range from 50 to 7200 mJcm-2, very preferably in the range from 100 to 3500 mJcm-2and most preferably in the range from 200 to 2000 mJcm-2. 5 Photopolymerization (or the second irradiation step or 2ndUV step of the two-step process) is preferably performed under an inert gas atmosphere, preferably in a nitrogen atmosphere. Further preferably photopolymerization (or the second irradiation step or 2ndUV step in the two-step process) is preferably performed at 10 room temperature. The preferred thickness and retardation of a polymer film according to the present invention is determined by the optical properties desired from the film or the final product. 15 For optical applications of the polymer film, it preferably has a thickness of from 0.05 to 10 μm, very preferably from 0.05 to 2 μm, in particular from 0.08 to 1 μm. In a preferred embodiment, the polymer film according to the present invention 20 shows planar alignment, i.e., the LC molecules are oriented parallel to the film plane and the helical axis is oriented substantially perpendicular to the film plane. In another preferred embodiment the polymer film according to the present invention shows tilted alignment, i.e., the LC molecules are oriented at an angle 25 to the film plane and the helical axis is oriented at an angle to the film plane, also referred as tilt angle. In a tilted film, the tilt angle between the helix axis and the axis normal to the film plane is from 5° to 45°, very preferably from 15° to 45°. In another preferred embodiment, the tilt angle between the helix axis and the 30 axis normal to the film plane is from 0 to 15°, very preferably from 0 to 5°. Planar alignment can be induced for example by providing an alignment layer on the substrate, for example a polyimide alignment layer, as described above. Tilted alignment can be achieved for example by adding an alignment additive to 35 the chiral RM mixture, or by using a substrate with a surface grating or pattern, e.g. a PB grating. P24108 De - 138 - The optical retardation (^^^^) of a polymer film as a function of the wavelength of the incident beam (^) is given by the following equation (7): 5 ^^^^^^^^^^^n∙d) / ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (7)^^ wherein (^n) is the birefringence of the film, (d) is the thickness of the film and ^ is the wavelength of the incident beam. 10 The birefringence and accordingly optical retardation depends on the thickness of a film and the tilt angle of optical axis in the film (cf. Berek’s compensator). Therefore, the skilled expert is aware that different optical retardations or different birefringence can be induced by adjusting the orientation of the liquid-crystalline 15 molecules in the polymer film. The birefringence (^n) of the polymer film according to the present invention is preferably in the range from 0.1 to 0.8, more preferably from 0.2 to 0.7. 20 After photopolymerization, the resulting polymer film can be removed from the substrate and combined with other substrates or optical films by a laminating process known by the skilled person. Suitable substrates and optical films are given above and include especially polarisers, in particular linear polarisers, photoalignment layers, or diffraction gratings, for example PB gratings. 25 The polymer film according to the present invention has good adhesion to plastic substrates, in particular to TAC, COP, and colour filters. Accordingly, it can be used as adhesive or base coating for subsequent polymerized RM layers or LC layers which otherwise would not well adhere to the substrates. 30 The polymer film of the present invention can also be used as alignment film or substrate for other liquid-crystalline or RM materials. The inventors have found that the polymer film obtainable from a RM composition or RM formulation as described above and below, is in particular useful for multilayer applications due 35 to its improved dewetting characteristics. In this way, stacks of optical films or preferably polymerized LC films can be prepared. P24108 De - 139 - A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a process of preparing an optical element, comprising the steps of: 5 A1) providing a first layer of an RM composition or RM formulation according to the invention onto a substrate, preferably a substrate which has a surface grating or pattern, preferably by a printing method, very preferably by inkjet printing, A2) removing any solvents present, A3) optionally annealing the first RM layer (i.e., without solvents), preferably at a 10 temperature where it is in the nematic or chiral nematic phase, A4) polymerising the RM layer, preferably by exposure to UV light, under an inert atmosphere, B1) providing a second layer of an RM composition or RM formulation according to the invention on to the first layer, preferably by a printing method, very 15 preferably by inkjet printing, B2) removing any solvents present, B3) optionally annealing the second RM layer (i.e., without solvents), preferably at a temperature where it is in the nematic or chiral nematic phase, B4) polymerising the RM layer, preferably by exposure to UV light, under an inert 20 atmosphere. A third, fourth or further layers can be prepared by repeating process steps B1) to B4) using the same or a different RM composition or RM formulation. 25 The RM composition or RM formulation of the first layer and the RM composition or RM formulation of the second layer are preferably different from each other. In a preferred embodiment the RM compositions or RM formulations used for preparation of the first and second layer, respectively, contain different amounts of a chiral compound(s) and / or contain chiral compounds with different HTP. As a 30 consequence the helical pitch of the first and second layer will be different from each other. Alternatively, an RM mixture or RM containing a chiral dopant (chiral mixture) is blended with an RM mixture or RM formulation that does not contain a chiral compound (achiral mixture), which allows to easily vary the amount of the chiral dopant in the blend of the chiral and achiral mixture, and thereby to easily 35 adjust the helical pitch of the final layer and polymer film. First and second layers can then be prepared from such RM mixtures or blended RM mixtures. Very preferably the RM composition or RM formulation of the second layer contains a higher amount of the same chiral compound than the RM composition or RM P24108 De - 140 - formulation of the first layer, and / or the RM composition or RM formulation of the second layer contains a chiral compound with a higher HTP than the RM mixture 5 or formulation of the first layer. Preferably the helical pitch in the first layer is longer than the helical pitch in the second layer. The RM compositions and RM formulations and methods of the present invention do thus allow a simple way of preparing a multilayer of two or more chiral LC 10 polymer films, by using an achiral RM host mixture comprising, or consisting of, one or more compounds selected from formulae D, M, A and T. This achiral RM host mixture can be used for the preparation of each individual layer. Chiral RM mixtures for use in the first, second or further layers, respectively, are prepared by adding different amounts of the same chiral compound to the RM host mixture, 15 or by adding chiral compounds with differing HTP to the RM host mixture. The invention further relates to an optical, electrooptical or electronic device or a component comprising an RM composition or RM formulation or a polymer film as described above and below. 20 Preferred components include a PVH, diffraction grating, PBG or Bragg PG, lens, PB lens, optical waveguide, polarization beam splitter, quarter wave foil (QWF) or half wave foil (HWF), comprising a polymer film obtained from an RM formulation according to the present invention as described above and below. 25 The polymer film according to the present invention can be used in displays of the transmissive or reflective type. It can be used in conventional OLED displays or LCDs, in particular LCDs. 30 The present invention is described above and below with particular reference to the preferred embodiments. It should be understood that various changes and modifications might be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 35 Many of the compounds or mixtures thereof mentioned above and below are commercially available. All of these compounds are either known or can be prepared by methods which are known per se, as described in the literature (for example in the standard works such as Houben-Weyl, Methoden der P24108 De - 141 - Organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart), to be precise under reaction conditions which are known and suitable 5 for said reactions. Use may also be made here of variants which are known per se, but are not mentioned here. It will be appreciated that variations to the foregoing embodiments of the invention can be made while still falling within the scope of the invention. 10 Alternative features serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose may replace each feature disclosed in this specification, unless stated otherwise. Thus, unless stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features. 15 All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and / or steps are mutually exclusive. In particular, the preferred features of the invention are applicable to all aspects of the invention and may be used in any combination. Likewise, features described in non-essential combinations may be 20 used separately (not in combination). It will be appreciated that many of the features described above, particularly of the preferred embodiments, are inventive in their own right and not just as part of an embodiment of the present invention. Independent protection may be sought 25 for these features in addition to or alternative to any invention presently claimed. Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all temperature values indicated in the present application, such as, for example, for the melting point T(K,N), the transition from the smectic (S) to the nematic (N) phase T(S,N) and the clearing point T(N,I), are 30 quoted in degrees Celsius (°C). Furthermore, K denotes the crystalline state, N denotes the nematic phase, and I denotes the isotropic phase. The data between these symbols represent the transition temperatures. Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all physical properties have been and are 35 determined according to "Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", Status Nov.1997, Merck KGaA, Germany and are given for a temperature of 20 °C, unless explicitly stated otherwise. P24108 De - 142 - Above and below, percentages are per cent by weight unless stated otherwise. All temperatures are given in degrees Celsius. All boiling points are given for 5 atmospheric pressure. Above and below, m.p. denotes the melting point, TNIand cl.p. denote the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature (or clearing point), Tg denotes glass transition temperature. Furthermore, C denotes the crystalline state, N 10 denotes the nematic phase, SA, SB etc. denotes the smectic A phase, smectic B phase etc., SX denotes an unidentified smectic phase, X denotes an unidentified mesophase and I denotes the isotropic phase. The values between these symbols represent the transition temperature in °C. Unless stated otherwise, the onset temperature is given for TNI. ^n denotes the optical anisotropy or 15 birefringence (^n = ne - no, where no denotes the refractive index perpendicular to the longitudinal molecular axes and ne denotes the refractive index parallel thereto) at 589 nm and room temperature. The optical and electro optical data are measured at 20°C, unless expressly stated otherwise. 20 "Clearing point" and "clearing temperature" mean the temperature of the transition from an LC phase into the isotropic phase. Unless stated otherwise, the percentages of individual solid compounds in an RM mixture as described above and below refer to the total amount of solids in the 25 mixture, i.e., without any solvents. Unless stated otherwise, all optical, electro-optical properties and physical parameters like birefringence, permittivity, electrical conductivity, electrical resistivity and sheet resistance, refer to a temperature of 20°C. 30 The invention will now be described in more detail by reference to the following working examples, which are illustrative only and do not limit the scope of the invention. 35 Example 1 Compound IA1a1 is prepared as follows. P24108 De - 143 - 5 IA1a1 10 To a stirred solution of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (1.00 g; 1.88 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in acetone (10.00 ml; 10 V) is added potassium carbonate (0.31 g; 2.26 mmol; 1.20 eq.). After 30 minutes iodomethane (0.23 ml; 3.77 mmol; 2.00 eq.) is added and N,N-dimethylformamide (0.05 ml; 0.65 mmol; 0.34 eq.) are added. After 18 hours additional potassium carbonate (0.61 g; 15 4.41mmol; 2.35 eq.) and iodomethane (0.73 ml; 3.77 mmol; 6.30 eq.) are added and heated to 35°C for 94 hours to afford 45% conversion to product. The reaction mixture is precipitated into dilute HCl and the solid collected dried. The crude product is dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 ml; 5 V), potassium carbonate (0.31 g; 6.15 mmol; 3.27 eq.) and iodomethane (1.00 ml; 16.4 mmol; 20 8.7 eq.) is added and the reaction continued for 24 hours at 40°C. After this time the reaction mixture is poured into water and acidified with dilute HCl. The precipitate is collected as an off white solid (0.74 g) and dried over vacuum, which is purified by column chromatography eluting with 2-30% DCM in petrol (b.p.40-60°C). The product containing fractions are combined and reduced to 25 give a colourless oil which slowly crystalises to a white solid (0.43 g, 98% GCMS) 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.05 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.91 – 2.83 (m, 2H), 2.64 – 2.56 (m, 2H), 1.60 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (s, 18H), 1.25 (br. s, 30H), 0.91 – 0.85 (m, 3H). 30 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.29, 157.82, 143.45, 134.35, 126.34, 64.67, 64.15, 36.24, 35.69, 32.12, 31.94, 30.99, 30.32, 29.71, 29.68, 29.67, 29.66, 29.60, 29.53, 29.37, 29.28, 28.65, 25.93, 22.70, 14.13. 35 Example 2 A series of RM compositions with varying concentrations of the additive IA1a1 of formula I according to the invention is formulated as described below. For P24108 De - 144 - comparison purposes, a series of RM compositions with varying concentrations of conventional, commercially available surfactants, wetting or aligning agents is 5 formulated. Formulations and polymer films are then prepared from these compositions and the alignment and wetting are evaluated as described below. The RM compositions R2x with varying additives are formulated as follows: 10 R2x % Composition I ®1076 010% 15 TR-PBG 345 is a photoinitiator commercially available from Tronly. Irganox ®1076 is 20 a stabilizer commercially available from Ciba. C1-1-6a 25 a 30 35 P24108 De - 145 - Each composition is dissolved to 20% solids in a solvent blend of Ethyl 5 Benzoate:Cyclohexanone 2:1. A host formulation is formulated with the same composition and same solvents as Rx but without the additive X. The formulations made from the various compositions Rx are then blended down with the 0% additive host formulation to 10 create a range of additive concentrations (e.g., 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.125% additive). Polymer films with a first layer L1 are made from these formulations according to the following method: 15 • Spin coat on PI glass at 2000rpm • Anneal at 60°C for 60s • Cure using Dr Honle UVA Cube 2000 (100mW cm-2 for 60s in N2) 20 The alignment quality of the first layer L1 is then evaluated via polarization microscopy. The presence of a fingerprint texture is deemed to be a fail and the absence of a fingerprint texture is a pass. This shows whether the film is aligning as a standing helix as expected or as a lying helix which is unwanted. 25 A second layer L2 of the same formulation is then coated directly on top of the first layer L1 and processed in the same way. Once cured, the film stack is evaluated to see whether there is any dewetting of the second layer L2 when coated on the first layer L1. If there are dewets then this is a fail as this cannot be used to make a multilayer stack, however if there are no dewets then the 30 alignment quality of the second layer L2 is evaluated in a similar way to the first layer L1. The results are shown in Table 2.1 below. 35 Table 2.1 – Polymer films with Additive X in varying concentrations (X=fail, O=pass) P24108 De - 146 - Film No.1)Additive % Conc. L1 L2 Additive Alignment Wetting 11C 1.00% X X 5 12C BYK 3565 0.50% X X 13C 0.25% X X 21C Tego G 1.00% X X 22C lide 0.50% O X 23C 440 0.25% X X 31C 1.00% X X 10 32C BYK 3451 0.50% X X 33C 0.25% X X 41C 1.00% X X 42C Dynol 810 0.50% X X 43C 0.25% X X 51C Dyn 1.00% X X 52C oadd F- 0.50% 53C 6 X X 15 08 0.25% X X 61C Su 1.00% X X 62C rfynol 104 PA 0.50% X X 63C 0.25% X X 71C 1.00% X X 72C Byk 337 0.50% X X 20 73C 0.25% X X 81C 1. C Te 00% X X 82 go Wet C KL 2 0.50% X X 83 45 0.25% X X 91C 1.00% O X 92C Dynol 980 0.50% X X 25 93C 0.25% X X 101C Tego We 1.00% X X 102C t 260 0.50% X X 103C 0.25% X X 21 1.00% O X 22 IA1a1 0.50% O O 23 0.25% O O 301)11C – 103C = Reference Examples, 21 – 23 = Invention Examples The additives of the Tego and Dynol series are commercially available from Evonik. The additives of the Byk series are commercially available from Byk. The additives of the Dynoadd series are commercially available from Dynoadd. 35 As can be seen from Table 2.1, of the various additives tried at various concentrations, only the additive IA1 according to the present invention is able to give both good alignment of layer L1 and good wetting of layer L2. P24108 De - 147 - Example 3 5 RM composition R31 according to the present invention, comprising the additive IA1a1 of formula I, is formulated as follows: R31 % Composition 10 IA1 1 037% 15 For comparison purposes RM composition RC31, wherein additive IA1a1 of formula I is replaced by the fluorinated surfactant Polyfox PF656 (commercially available from Synthomer), is formulated as follows: 20 RC32 % Composition I ®1076 25 30 Formulations are made by dissolving the respective composition at 10% solids in a solvent blend of MEK : Cyclopentanone : MIBK : 2-Undecanone (1:2:1:2). Polymer films are made from the formulations according to the following method: • Spin coat on PI glass at 2500rpm 35 • Anneal at 80°C for 60s • Cure using Dr Honle UVA Cube 2000 (100mW cm-2 for 60s in N2) P24108 De - 148 - The surface energy of the cured films is measured using an FTA1000 instrument. First by collecting the contact angle of droplets of water and diiodomethane, the 5 surface energy of the film can then be calculated according to the Owens-Wendt- Rabel & Kaelble Model. In this test, a lower surface energy means that it is more difficult to achieve good layer two wetting and therefore a second layer is more likely to bead and dewet when coating on top. 10 Table 3.1 – Contact Angle of Water Contact Angle of Water / ° 15 Table 3.2 – Contact Angle of Diiodomethane 20 Contact Angle of Diiodomethane / ° 25 Table 3.3 – Calculated Surface Energy Calculated Surface Energy / mN / m 30 35 From Tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 it can be seen that the polymer film 31 made from composition R31 with the additive IA1a1 according to this invention has a high total surface energy, and thus a lower risk of dewetting from a second coated layer, compared to the polymer film C31 made from composition RC31 with the P24108 De - 149 - fluorinated additive Polyfox PF656. This allows many layers of films to be stacked without increasing the chances of dewetting occurring. 5 Example 4 RM composition R41 according to the present invention, comprising the additive IA1a1 of formula I, is formulated as follows: 10 R41 % Composition IA1 1 025% 15 A7 20 For comparison purposes RM composition RC41, wherein the additive IA1a1 of formula I is replaced by the structurally analogous compound Irganox®1076, is 25 formulated as follows: R41 % Composition I ®1076 025% 30 35 Formulations are made by dissolving the respective composition at 10% solids in a solvent blend of Methyl ethyl ketone : Cyclopentanone : Methyl isobutyl ketone : 2-undecanone 1:2:1:2. The formulations are then each spin coated on rubbed polyimide glass (1000rpm 30s, anneal 80°C 30s) to give chiral nematic films 350- P24108 De - 150 - 400nm in thickness. The quality of the alignment of the films is then assessed by polarization microscopy. 5 The polymer film made from the formulation based on composition R41 with compound IA1a1 shows the desired reflective standing helix CLC texture, whereas the polymer film made from the formulation based on composition RC41 with Irganox ®1076 only shows a nematic fingerprint texture. 10 Example 5 RM composition R51 according to the present invention, comprising the additive IA1a1 of formula I, is formulated as follows: 15 R51 % Composition IA1 1 037% 20 For comparison purposes RM composition RC51, wherein additive IA1a1 of 25 formula I is replaced by Irganox®1076, is formulated as follows: RC51 % Composition I ®1076 037% 30 35 Formulations are made by dissolving the respective composition at 10% solids in a solvent blend of MEK : Cyclopentanone : MIBK : 2-Undecanone (1:2:1:2). P24108 De - 151 - These formulations are then blended to give a series of formulations wherein the proportions of compound IA1a1 and Irganox®1076 both vary between 0 and 5 0.37%, as shown in Table 5.1 below. Two-layer polymer films are then prepared from these formulations as follows: • First layer (L1) spin coated at 2500rpm on rubbed polyimide coated glass 10 • Annealed at 80°C for 60s • Cured in Dr Honle UVA2000 (100mWcm-2 for 60s in N2) • Alignment quality observed and if good alignment seen, second layer coated • Second layer (L2) coated at 900rpm on top of the first layer L1 15 • Annealed at 60°C for 60s • Cured in Dr Honle UVA2000 (100mWcm-2 for 60s in N2) The alignment quality of layer L1 and the wetting of layer L2 are evaluated by polarization microscopy. The results are summarized in Table 5.1. 20 Table 5.1 – Alignment and Wetting in CLC Two-Layer Stack (X=fail, O=pass) Film No.1)% Conc. % Conc. L1 IA1a1 Irganox®1076 Alignment L2 Wetting 25 5C 0% 0.37% X - 51 0.37% 0% O O 52 0.30%0.07%O O 53 0.28% 0.09% O O 54 0.22% 0.15% O O 1)5C = Reference Example, 51-55 = Invention Examples 30 From Table 5.1 it can be seen that good alignment and wetting can be achieved by using RM compositions and formulations comprising the compound IA1a1 of formula I according to the invention, whereas the polymer film made from a composition and formulation without the compound of formula I does not show 35 good alignment or wetting. RM composition R52 according to the present invention, comprising the additive IA1a1 of formula I, is formulated as follows: P24108 De - 152 - R52 % Composition 5 IA1 1 050% 10 A formulation is prepared from composition R52 as described above. A second formulation is prepared by blending this formulation with the formulation made from RC5 (containing Irganox ®1076) as described above. Two-layer polymer 15 films are prepared from these formulations and the alignment and wetting are evaluated as described above. The results are summarized in Table 5.2. Table 5.2 – Alignment and Wetting in CLC Two-Layer Stack (X=fail, O=pass) 20 % C % Conc. Film No. onc. L1 IA1a1 Irganox®1076 Alignment L2 Wetting 56 0.50%0%O O 57 0.39% 0.08% O O From Table 5.2 it can be seen that both film stacks show good alignment and 25 good wetting. Polymer films with varying thickness are prepared as described above from the formulation used for preparing polymer film No.57. The alignment is evaluated as described above. The results are summarized in Table 5.3. 30 Table 5.3 – Alignment and Layer Thickness (X=fail, O=pass) Film No. % Conc. % Conc. L1 IA1a1 Irganox®1076 Thickness L1 Alignmrnt 35 58 0.39%0.08%200nm O 59 0.39% 0.08% 100nm O 60 0.39% 0.08% 80nm O P24108 De - 153 - From Table 5.3 it can be seen that good alignment can be achieved even down to very thin films with 80nm thickness. 5 Example 6 Compound IA1a2 is prepared as follows: 10 15 IA1a2 20 Ethyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-ethoxyphenyl)propanoate To a stirred solution of 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (2.50 g; 8.98 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (25.00 ml; 10 V) is added potassium carbonate (5.59 g; 40.41 mmol; 4.50 eq.). The mixture is stirred for 30 minutes and iodoethane (2.89 ml; 35.92 mmol; 4.00 eq.) is added. The reaction 25 mixture is heated to 65°C and the reaction left to stir for 72 hours. Additional potassium carbonate (2.48 g; 17.96 mmol; 2.00 eq.) and iodoethane (2.88 ml; 36 mmol; 4.00 eq.) and heating continued for 40 hours. The reaction mixture is poured reaction mixture into water and neutralised with dilute HCl, the resultant orange suspension is extracted with EtOAc and the organics washed with water 30 (x2) and then brine. The organics are dried over MgSO4, filtered and reduced to give an orange oil (3.64 g) columned 0-5% EtOAc in petrol. Early fractions are reduced to give an orange oil (0.73g, 92.4% GCMS). 3-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid 35 To a solution of ethyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-ethoxyphenyl)propanoate (0.73 g; 2.18 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in tetrahydrofuran (10.00 ml; 123.29 mmol; 56.49 eq.) is added lithium hydroxide (0.10 g; 4.36 mmol; 2.00 eq.) in water (3.00 ml; 166.53 mmol; 76.30 eq.). The mixture is placed under Ar and heated to 50 °C for 6 hours. P24108 De - 154 - Allowed to cool to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction is diluted with water and acidified with dilute HCl to achieve a pH of 6. The suspension is 5 then extracted with EtOAc, washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and reduced to give a light yellow solid (0.6g, 95% GCMS). Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-ethoxyphenyl)propanoate (IAa2) To a stirred solution of octadecan-1-ol (0.56 g; 2.06 mmol; 1.05 eq.), DMAP (0.06 10 g; 0.49 mmol; 0.25 eq.) and DCC (0.42 g; 2.06 mmol; 1.05 eq.) in dichloromethane (3.00 ml; 5 V) under Ar at ~0°C is added 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- ethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (0.60 g; 1.96 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in dichloromethane (4.50 ml; 8 V). The solution is then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 20 hours. The mixture is filtered to remove DCU precipitates and then 15 the filtrate washed with water and gently acidified with dilute HCl and extracted with DCM, dried over MgSO4, filtered and reduced to give crude product as a light brown oil (0.99 g) which slowly crystalised. The material is melted into petrol (5mL) to give a hazy suspension and then loaded onto silica and columned 2-4% EtOAc in petrol 40-60. Best fractions are combined and reduced to give a yellow 20 oil (0.2 g, 99.6% GCMS) which slowly crystalises. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.04 (s, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (t, 2H), 2.60 (t, 2H), 1.64 – 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.44 – 1.35 (m, 21H), 1.25 (br. s, 30H), 0.88 (t, 3H). 25 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.31, 156.22, 143.40, 134.12, 126.45, 71.48, 64.66, 36.24, 35.76, 32.11, 31.94, 30.98, 29.71, 29.69, 29.67, 29.66, 29.60, 29.53, 29.38, 29.29, 28.65, 25.93, 22.71, 14.95, 14.13. 30 Example 7 Compound IB1a1 is prepared as follows: 35 P24108 De - 155 - 5 IB1a1 10 Methyl 3-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propanoate To a stirred solution of 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propanoic acid (1.05 g; 5.41 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (10.50 ml; 10 V) is added potassium carbonate (3.36 g; 24.33 mmol; 4.50 eq.). The mixture is sonicated for 15 10 minutes and iodomethane (1.35 ml; 21.62 mmol; 4.00 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is heated to 40°C and the reaction left to stir for 5 hours and then left to stir at room temperature for 3 days. The reaction mixture is poured reaction mixture into water and neutralised with dilute HCl and extracted with EtOAc, washed with water and brine then dried over MgSO4, charcoal is added 20 and then filtered and reduce to give an off colourless oil (0.99 g, 98.9% by GCMS). 3-(4-Methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propanoic acid To a solution of methyl 3-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propanoate (0.99 g; 25 4.45 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in tetrahydrofuran (10.00 ml; 123.29 mmol; 27.68 eq.) is added lithium hydroxide (0.21 g; 8.91 mmol; 2.00 eq.) in water (4.00 ml; 222.04 mmol; 49.85 eq.). The mixture is placed under N2 and heated to 50 °C for 6 hours, allowed to cool to room temperature and stirred overnight. The mixture is diluted with water and acidified with dilute HCl to achieve a pH of 2-3. The white 30 suspension is then extracted with EtOAc, washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and reduced to give an off colourless oil (0.78g, 98.5% GCMS). Octadecyl 3-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propanoate (IB1a1) 35 To a stirred solution of octadecan-1-ol (1.06 g; 3.93 mmol; 1.05 eq.), DMAP (0.11 g; 0.94 mmol; 0.25 eq.) and DCC (0.81 g; 3.93 mmol; 1.05 eq.) in dichloromethane (4.00 ml; 5 V) under Ar at ~0°C is added 3-(4-methoxy-3,5- dimethylphenyl)propanoic acid (0.78 g; 3.75 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in dichloromethane P24108 De - 156 - (5.00 ml; 6 V). The solution is then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 20 hours. The mixture is filtered to remove DCU precipitates and then 5 the filtrate washed with water and gently acidified with dilute HCl and extracted with DCM, dried over MgSO4, filtered and reduced to give crude product as an off colourless oil (1.61g) which slowly crystalises. The material is melted into petrol (5mL) to give a hazy suspension and then loaded onto silica and columned 2- 10% EtOAc in petrol 40-60. Reduced product fractions to give a white low melting 10 solid (1.32 g, 99.1% GCMS). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.83 (s, 2H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.83 (t, J = 8.6, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (dd, J = 8.6, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (s, 6H), 1.64 – 1.55 (m, 2H), 1.30 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 4H), 1.25 (br. s, 26H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.3, 6.8 Hz, 3H). 15 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.14, 155.34, 135.84, 130.69, 128.60, 64.62, 59.67, 36.10, 31.94, 30.35, 29.72, 29.69, 29.68, 29.67, 29.60, 29.54, 29.38, 29.28, 28.64, 25.92, 22.71, 16.05, 14.13. 20 Example 8 Compound IA1a3 is prepared as follows: 25 30 IA1a3 Methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoate 35 To a stirred solution of 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (3.50 g; 12.57 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (35.00 ml; 10 V) is added potassium carbonate (7.82 g; 56.58 mmol; 4.50 eq.). The mixture is sonicated for 10 minutes and iodomethane (3.13 ml; 50.29 mmol; 4.00 eq.) is added and P24108 De - 157 - stirred at 40°C for 72 hours. Further potassium carbonate (3.48 g; 25.14 mmol; 2.00 eq.) is added the mixture sonicated again then iodomethane (1.57 ml; 25.14 5 mmol; 2.00 eq.), after leaving overnight at 40°C the reaction worked up extracting with EtOAc, washing with water and brine, dried and reduced to give an orange oil (3.74 g). This oil is returned to reaction conditions with potassium carbonate (4.22 g; 30.53 mmol; 2.43 eq.) and iodomethane (2.00 ml; 32.13 mmol; 2.56 eq.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (20.00 ml; 257.20 mmol; 20.46 eq.) and stir at 40°C 10 overnight. The reaction mixture is poured into water and acidified with dilute HCl, extracted with EtOAc, washed with water and brine and dried over MgSO4, filtered and reduced to give a yellow oil. This oil is then columned eluting with 1- 10% EtOAc in Petrol, to give yellow oil (2.49 g, 99% GCMS). 15 3-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid To a solution of methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoate (2.49 g; 8.13 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in tetrahydrofuran (15.00 ml; 184.94 mmol; 22.76 eq.) is added lithium hydroxide (0.39 g; 16.25 mmol; 2.00 eq.) in water (6.50 ml; 360.81 mmol; 44.40 eq.). The mixture is placed under N2and heated to 50 °C for 2 20 hours. The cooled reaction mixture is diluted with water and acidified with dilute HCl (2M, 8mL) to achieve a pH of 2-3. This is then left to stand and the suspended oily product solidified and settled out. This is collected by vacuum filtration and washed well with water and then placed in a vacuum oven to give a slightly off white solid (2.07g, 100% GCMS). 25 Dodecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoate (IA1a3) To a stirred solution of dodecan-1-ol (0.50 g; 2.69 mmol; 1.05 eq.), DMAP (0.08 g; 0.64 mmol; 0.25 eq.) and DCC (0.56 g; 2.69 mmol; 1.05 eq.) in dichloromethane (3.75 ml; 5 V) under Ar at ~0°C is added 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- 30 methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (0.75 g; 2.56 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in dichloromethane (4.25 ml; 6 V). The solution is stirred for 2.5 hours at room temperature then filtered to remove DCU precipitates. The filtrate is washed with water and gently acidified with dilute HCl and extracted with DCM, dried over MgSO4, filtered and reduced to give crude product as a cloudy oil. The material is mixed into petrol 35 (5mL) to give a hazy suspension and then loaded onto silica and columned 2- 10% EtOAc in petrol 40-60. Product fractions are combined, and a spatula tip of citric acid added and left to stand for 18 hours. The mixture is filtered and washed well with water and brine, dried over MgSO4 filtered and reduced to give an oil P24108 De - 158 - with a precipitate present. The oil is dissolved in petrol then filtered through a 0.2μm PTFE filter and reduced to afford light yellow cloudy oil (0.46g, 99.7% 5 GCMS). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.05 (s, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.88 (t, J = 8.9, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (t, 2H), 1.64 – 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 18H), 1.36 – 1.25 (m, 4H), 1.26 (br. s, 14H), 0.88 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 10 13C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.29, 157.82, 143.45, 134.36, 126.35, 64.67, 64.14, 36.25, 35.70, 32.12, 31.92, 30.99, 29.65, 29.63, 29.59, 29.52, 29.35, 29.27, 28.65, 25.93, 22.70, 14.13. 15 Example 9 epared as follows: 20 25 IA2a1 30 Methyl 3-(3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoate To a stirred solution of 3-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (1.10 g; 4.95 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (11.00 ml; 10 V) is added potassium carbonate (3.08 g; 22.27 mmol; 4.50 eq.). The mixture is sonicated for 35 10 minutes and iodomethane (1.23 ml; 19.79 mmol; 4.00 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is heated to 40°C and the reaction left to stir for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is acidified with dilute HCl (2M, 7mL) to ~pH 7 and extracted with EtOAc, washed with water and brine the dried over MgSO4, charcoal added then P24108 De - 159 - filtered and reduce to give a yellow oil, which is columned 1-10% EtOAc in petrol to give a colourless oil (1.06 g, 97% GCMS). 5 3-(3-Tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid To a solution of methyl 3-(3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoate (1.06 g; 4.23 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in tetrahydrofuran (7.00 ml; 86.30 mmol; 7 V) is added lithium hydroxide (0.20 g; 8.47 mmol; 2.00 eq.) in water (3.34 ml; 185.18 mmol; 3 V). 10 The mixture is placed under N2 and heated to 50 °C for 2 hours. The cooled mixture is diluted with water to give a turbid solution, this is washed twice with DCM and the aqueous layer is acidified with dilute HCl. The aqueous layer is then extracted with EtOAc and the organics washed well with water then brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and reduced to afford a colourless oil which quickly 15 crystalises into a white solid (0.82g, 99.7% GCMS). Octadecyl 3-(3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoate (IA2a1) To a stirred solution of octadecan-1-ol (0.99 g; 3.64 mmol; 1.05 eq.), DMAP (0.11 g; 0.87 mmol; 0.25 eq.) and DCC (0.73 g; 3.54 mmol; 1.02 eq.) in 20 dichloromethane (4.10 ml; 5 V) under Ar at ~0°C is added 3-(3-tert-butyl-4- methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (0.82 g; 3.47 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in dichloromethane (4.10 ml; 5 V). The solution is then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 3 hours. The mixture is filtered to remove DCU precipitates and then the filtrate washed with water and gently acidified with dilute HCl and extracted 25 with DCM, dried over MgSO4, filtered and reduced to give crude product as a cloudy colourless oil. The material is mixed into petrol (5mL) to give a hazy suspension and then loaded onto silica and columned 0-10% EtOAc in petrol 40- 60 to give a colourless oil (1.07 g, 99.4% GCMS). 301H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.09 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 2.88 (t, J = 8.8, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.62 – 2.55 (m, 2H), 1.60 (p, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 1.34 – 1.27 (m, 4H), 1.25 (s, 26H), 0.88 (t, 3H). 3513C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.26, 157.00, 138.20, 132.05, 126.69, 126.37, 111.57, 64.63, 55.07, 36.38, 34.77, 31.94, 30.58, 29.74, 29.72, 29.69, 29.68, 29.67, 29.61, 29.53, 29.38, 29.28, 28.65, 25.93, 22.71, 14.13. P24108 De - 160 - Example 10 5 A series of RM compositions Rx with one of the additives IA1a2, IB1a1, IA1a3 and IA2a1 from Examples 6 to 9 (“Additive X”) is formulated as follows: Rx % Composition I ®1076 010% 10 15 Each composition is dissolved to 30% solids in a solvent blend of MEK : Cyclopentanone : MIBK : 2-Undecanone (1:2:1:2). A host formulation is formulated with the same composition and same solvents as Rx but without the 20 additive X. Formulations made from the various compositions Rx are then blended down with the 0% additive host formulation to create a range of additive concentrations (e.g., 1%, 0.5%, 0.25% additive). Two-layer stacks of polymer films L1 and L2 are prepared from these 25 formulations and the alignment of layer L1 and the wetting of layer L2 evaluated as described in Example 2. The results are shown in Table 10.1 below. Table 10.1 – Alignment and Wetting in CLC Two-Layer Stack (X=fail, O=pass) 30 Film No. Additive % Conc. L1 L2 Additive Alignment Wetting 35 wetting.

Claims

P24108 De - 161 - Patent Claims 5 1. A composition comprising one or more reactive mesogens (RM) and further comprising a compound of formula I 10 Iwherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings 15 R1alkyl with 6 to 40, preferably 10 to 30, C-atoms, wherein one or more CH2-groups are optionally replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O- , -O-CO-, -O-CO-O-, CR0=CR00-, -C^C-, 20,ected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each 25 optionally replaced by F or Cl, preferably alkyl with 10 to 30 C atoms wherein one CH2 group is replaced by -CO-O- or -O-CO-, R2alkyl with 1 to 6 C atoms, preferably methyl or ethyl, very preferably methyl, 30 R3, R4H or alkyl with 1 to 8 C atoms, preferably alkyl with 3 to 8 C atoms which is preferably branched, very preferably methyl or tert-butyl.

2. The composition according to Claim 1, characterized in that the compound 35 of formula I is selected from formula IA and IB:P24108 De - 162 - 5 A 10 Bwherein R1, R2and R3independently of each other have one of the 15 meanings given in Claim 1.

3. The composition according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the compound of formula I is selected from formula IA1, IA2, IB1 and IB2: 20 1 25 2 30 1 35 2P24108 De - 163 - wherein R1and R2independently of each other have one of the meanings given in Claim 1. 5 4. The composition according to one or more of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the compound of formula I is selected from formula IA1a, IA2a, IB1a and IB2a: 10 1a 15 2a 20 1a 25 2a 30wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings 35 R1Aalkyl with 12 to 25, preferably 12 to 22, C atoms, which is preferably straight-chain, very preferably n-dodecyl or n-octadecyl, most preferably n-octadecyl,P24108 De - 164 - R2alkyl with 1 to 6 Catoms, preferably methyl or ethyl, very preferably 5 methyl.

5. The composition according to one or more of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it comprises one or more RMs selected from formulae D and M 10 P1-Sp1-MG-Sp2-P2D P1-Sp1-MG-R22M wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each 15 occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings P1, P2a polymerizable group, Sp1, Sp2a spacer group or a single bond, 20 MG a rod-shaped mesogenic group, which is preferably selected of formula MG -(A1-Z1)n-A2- MG 25 A1and A2an aromatic or alicyclic group, which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, and is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L, 30 L P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, -CN, -NO2, -NCO, -NCS, -OCN, -SCN, - C(=O)NRxRy, -C(=O)ORx, -C(=O)Rx, -NRxRy, -OH, -SF5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl or heteroaryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or 35 alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl,P24108 De - 165 - Rxand RyH or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms, 5 Z1-O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -S-CO-, -CO-S-, -O-COO-, -CO- NR00- -NR00-CO- -NR00-CO-NR000-NR00-CO-O- -O-CO-NR00-, 10COO-, -OCO- or a single bond, Y1and Y2H, F, Cl or CN, 15 R22P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, -CN, -NO2 , -NCO, -NCS, -OCN, -SCN, - C(=O)NRxRy, -C(=O)X, -C(=O)ORx, -C(=O)Ry, -NRxRy, -OH, - SF5, optionally substituted silyl, straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, 20 wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, X halogen, preferably F or Cl, 25 n 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 or 2, most preferably 2, n1 an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4.

6. The composition according to one or more of Claims 1 to 5, characterized 30 in that it comprises one or more RMs selected from formulae T and A T 35 AP24108 De - 166 - wherein the individual radicals, independently of each other and on each 5 occurrence identically or differently, have the following meanings P a polymerizable group, Sp a spacer group or a single bond, 10 Sp1a spacer group or a single bond, preferably alkylene with 1 to 12, more preferably with 3 to 6, C atoms, R11H, F, Cl, CN, alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, 15 alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 15, preferably with 1 to 5, C atoms which is optionally optionally fluorinated, or P-Sp, R33H, F, Cl, CN, CH=CH2, alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 6, 20 preferably with 1 to 3, C atoms which is optionally fluorinated or chlorinated, or P-Sp, A, B, D, and E are selected from the group consisting of 1,4-phenylene, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, 25 anthracene-9,10-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, dibenzothiophene-2,7-diyl, dibenzofuran-2,7-diyl, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,5-diyl, indole-4,7-diyl, benzothiophene-4,7-diyl, 9,10-dihydro- phenanthrene-2,7-diyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-5,8-diyl or indane-2,5-diyl, where, in addition, one or more CH groups in 30 these groups may be replaced by N, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-, C is selected from the group consisting of benzene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, anthracene-9,10-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, 35 dibenzofuran-2,7-diyl, dibenzothiophene-2,7-diyl, benzo[1,2-b:4,5- b']dithiophene-2,5-diyl, indole-4,7-diyl, benzothiophene-4,7-diyl, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P- Sp,P24108 De - 167 - and one of rings C and D may also denote a single bond, 5 AA, BAphenylene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, fluorene-2,7-diyl, dibenzothiophene-2,7-diyl, dibenzofuran-2,7-diyl, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,5-diyl, indole-4,7-diyl, benzothiophene-4,7-diyl, 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene-2,7-diyl or 10 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-5,8-diyl where, in addition, one or more CH groups in these groups may be replaced by N, all of which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-. CAphenylene-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-1,4-diyl, or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, 15 preferably phenylene-1,4-diyl or naphthalene-2,6-diyl, in which, in addition, one or more CH groups in these groups may be replaced by N, and which are optionally substituted by one or more groups L or P-Sp-, 20 wherein preferably not more than one of AA, BAand CAdenote naphthalene-1,4-diyl, L F, Cl, -CN, -SCN, P-Sp-, or straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2- 25 groups are optionally replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO-, - O-CO-O-, CR0=CR00-, -C^C-, , 30connected with each other, and wherein one or more H atoms are each optionally replaced by P-Sp-, F or Cl, or two substituents L that are connected to directly adjacent C atoms may also form a 35 cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group with 5, 6, 7 or 8 C atoms, Z11, Z12-O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -S-CO-, -CO-S-, -O-COO-, -CO-NR0-, -NR0-CO-, -NR0-CO-NR00, -NR0-CO-O-, -O-CO-NR0-,P24108 De - 168 - , 2-, 5 bly-COO-, -OCO-, -C^C-, or a single bond, most preferably a single bond, 10 R0, R00H or alkyl having 1 to 12 C atoms, Y1, Y2H, F, Cl, NCS, or CN, m1, m2 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 0, 1 or 2, very preferably 0 or 1, most 15 preferably 0, m3 0 or 1, n1 1, 2, 3 or 4, 20 s 0, 1, 2 or 3, preferably 0, 1 or 2.

7. The composition according to one or more of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it further comprises one or more chiral compounds which are 25 optionally polymerizable and / or isomerizable.

8. The composition according to one or more of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it further comprises one or more additives, preferably selected from the group consisting of polymerization initiators, surfactants, stabilisers, 30 catalysts, sensitizers, inhibitors, chain-transfer agents, co-reacting monomers, reactive thinners, surface-active compounds, lubricating agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, hydrophobing agents, adhesive agents, flow improvers, degassing or defoaming agents, deaerators, diluents, reactive diluents, auxiliaries, colourants, dyes, pigments and 35 nanoparticles.

9. The composition according to one or more of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it does not contain a compound with at least one CF3 or CF2 groupP24108 De - 169 - (PFAS), and preferably does not contain a compound with a polyfluorinated alkyl or aryl group or a perfluorocarbon group. 5 10. A formulation comprising a according to one or more of Claims 1 to 9 and one or more solvents, preferably selected from organic solvents.

11. A polymer or polymer film, obtainable or obtained from a composition or 10 formulation according to one or more of Claims 1 to 10.

12. A a process of preparing a polymer or polymer film according to Claim 11, comprising the steps of depositing a layer of a composition or formulation according to one or more of Claims 1 to 9 onto a substrate, preferably 15 removing any solvents present, optionally annealing the layer, and polymerizing the RM or RM mixture, preferably at a temperature where it exhibits a liquid crystal phase.

13. Use of the composition, formulation, polymer or polymer film according to 20 one or more of Claims 1 to 11 in optical, electrooptical or electronic components or devices.

14. An optical, electrooptical or electronic device or a component thereof, comprising a composition, formulation, polymer or polymer film according to 25 one or more of Claims 1 to 11.

15. The component of Claim 14, which is selected from optical retardation films like A plates, C plates, O plates, quarter wave foils (QWF) or half wave foils (HWF), polarizers, optical compensators, reflective films, diffraction or 30 surface gratings, Bragg polarization gratings (Bragg PG), polarization volume gratings (PVG), polarization volume holograms (PVH), Pancharatnam Berry (PB) gratings, furthermore nonmechanical beam steering elements, optical waveguides, optical couplers or combiners, polarization beam splitters, partial mirrors, reflective films, alignment layers, 35 colour filters, antistatic protection sheets, electromagnetic interference protection sheets, lenses for light guides, focusing and optical effects, polarization controlled lenses, PB lenses and IR reflection films.P24108 De - 170 - 16. The device of Claim 14, which is selected from liquid crystal displays, organic light emitting diodes, autostereoscopic 3D displays, see-through 5 near-eye displays, AR / VR systems, goggles for AR / VR applications, switchable windows, spatial light modulators, optical data storage devices, optical sensors, holographic devices, spectrometers, optical telecommunication systems, polarimeters or front- / backlights. 10 15 20 25 30 35

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